Curriculum Map: Pre-Calculus 2014 Course: Precalculus Subtopic: Calculus Grade(s): None specified Unit: Unit 1: Functions and Their Graphs Subject: Mathematics Timeline: 9 Weeks Stage One - Desired Results Established Goals (State and Common Core Standards, Assessment Anchors, and Eligible Content): NATIONAL: US Common Core State Standards (2010) MA.F-IF.A.1 (Advanced) Understand that a function from one set (called the domain) to another set (called the range) assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range. If f is a function and x is an element of its domain, then f(x) denotes the output of f corresponding to the input x. The graph of f is the graph of the equation y = f(x). MA.F-IF.A.2 (Advanced) Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains, and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of a context. MA.F-IF.B.4 (Advanced) For a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features given a verbal description of the relationship. MA.F-IF.B.5 (Advanced) Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes. MA.F-IF.C.7.A (Advanced) Graph linear and quadratic functions and show intercepts, maxima, and minima. MA.F-IF.C.7.B (Advanced) Graph square root, cube root, and piecewise-defined functions, including step functions and absolute value functions. MA.F-BF.A.1.C (Advanced) Compose functions. MA.F-BF.B.4.A (Advanced) Solve an equation of the form f(x) = c for a simple function f that has an inverse and write an expression for the inverse. Big Ideas: Students will understand that: You can use numerical, algebraic, and graphical models to solve problems and represent function as well as translate from one model to another. You can determine the domain and range for functions, analyze function characteristics and represent function transformations both algebraically and graphically. You can build new functions from basic functions by adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, and composing functions. Concepts:Students will know... Essential Questions: How do you locate points and find the distance and midpoint between two points on the Cartesian plane? How do you identify intercepts and symmetry in order to sketch graphs of equations? How do you find the slope of a line and use it to write an equation for the line? What are the important defining characteristics and representations of a function? How is the graph of a function used to determine the key elements of that function? What are the characteristics of the most commonly used functions in algebra? How do you write equations and draw graphs for the simple transformations of a parent function? How do you combine two parent functions to form a new function? What is the inverse of a function, and how do you represent it graphically and algebraically. How do you write equations to model real-world data and identify different models of variation? Competencies (including Transfer goals):Students will be able Page 1 of 15 to independently use their learning to... Work with rectangular coordinates involving plotting points in the Cartesian plane, using the Distance and Midpoint formulas, and modeling and solving real-life problems using the coordinate plane. Sketch graphs of equations, identify x- and y-intercepts, using symmetry to graph equations, writing equations and sketching graphs of circles, and using graphs of equations to solve real-life problems. Write linear equations in two variables and use slope to identify parallel and perpendicular lines. Determine whether a relation is a function and find the domains of functions. Analyze graphs of functions including the use of the Vertical Line Test, finding zeroes of functions, and determining relative minimum and maximums. Identify parent functions. Transform functions including using vertical and horizontal shifts, reflections, and nonrigid transformations to sketch graphs. Add, subtract, multiply, and divide functions and find the composition of functions. Find inverse functions algebraically and use the Horizontal-Line Test to determine whether functions are one-to-one. Use mathematical models for direct, inverse, combined, and joint variation. Distance and Midpoint Formulas Intercepts, symmetry, and slope of graphs Parent functions Cartesian Plane Parallel and perpendicular lines Linear extrapolation Funcion, domain, and range Dependent and independent variables Vertical and Horizontal Line Test Zeros of a function Secant line Vertical and horizontal shifts/stretches Composition of functions Inverse functions Direct, inverse, and joint variation Stage Two - Assessment Evidence Performance Tasks/Products/Projects Exit slips Quizzes Worksheets Homework (Bookwork) Problems done by students on dry-erase boards Project Classwork on SmartBoard Other Evidence (Tests, quizzes, etc) Stage Three - Learning Plan Learning Activities: Learn what functions are and the vocabulary associated with them. Complete assigned bookwork which includes algebraic and graphical representations along with real world examples of how and when functions are used. Making posters of parent functions within a group. Various activity worksheets which requires students to apply and evaluate the knowledge and skills learned. Quizzes and tests to have students show mastery of concepts learned. Flipcharts to show examples of functions and to monitor students’ progress as they learn the topics. Project using mathematical modeling having students’ research data and find the function to represent the data for their topic. They will then use their model to predict future values. Materials and Resources: Textbook (Chapter 1) SmartBoard Page 2 of 15 Unit: Unit 2: Polynomial and Rational Functions Subject: Mathematics Timeline: 4 Weeks Stage One - Desired Results Established Goals (State and Common Core Standards, Assessment Anchors, and Eligible Content): NATIONAL: US Common Core State Standards (2010) MA.F-IF.B.4 (Advanced) For a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features given a verbal description of the relationship. MA.F-IF.C.7.A (Advanced) Graph linear and quadratic functions and show intercepts, maxima, and minima. MA.F-IF.C.7.B (Advanced) Graph square root, cube root, and piecewise-defined functions, including step functions and absolute value functions. MA.F-IF.C.7.C (Advanced) Graph polynomial functions, identifying zeros when suitable factorizations are available, and showing end behavior. MA.F-IF.C.7.D (Advanced) Graph rational functions, identifying zeros and asymptotes when suitable factorizations are available, and showing end behavior. MA.F-IF.C.8.A (Advanced) Use the process of factoring and completing the square in a quadratic function to show zeros, extreme values, and symmetry of the graph, and interpret these in terms of a context. Big Ideas: Students will understand that: Essential Questions: You can identify, analyze, and sketch polynomial functions as well as solve polynomial equations and inequalities. You can identify, analyze and sketch power functions. You can identify, analyze, and sketch rational functions as well as solve rational equations and inequalities. Concepts:Students will know... How do you sketch graphs and write equations for parabolas? How do you sketch the graphs of polynomial functions? How do you divide a polynomial by another polynomial and interpret the result? How do you find all zeros of a polynomial function? How do you sketch the graph of the rational function f(x) = N(x) / D(x)? Competencies (including Transfer goals):Students will be able to independently use their learning to... Analyze and write quadratic functions in standard form and use results to find minimum and maximum values in real-life applications. Use transformations and find/use the real zeroes of polynomial functions to sketch their graphs. Use long division and synthetic division to divide polynomials by other polynomials. Use the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra to determine the number of zeroes of polynomial functions. Find zeroes of polynomial functions by using various methods including factoring, Descartes’s Rule of Signas, etc. Find the domain and vertical/horizontal/slant asymptotes to help sketch the graphs of rational functions. Use rational functions to model and solve real-life problems. Quadratic functions Parabolas Maximum and Minimums Intermediate Value Theorem Leading Coefficient Test Long Division of Polynomials Synthetic Division Remainder Theorem Fundamental Theorem of Algebra Rational Zero Test Linear Factorization Theorem Descartes' Rule of Signs Rational Functions Vertical, Horizontal, and Slant Asymptote Stage Two - Assessment Evidence Performance Tasks/Products/Projects Exit slips Quizzes Worksheets Homework (Bookwork) Problems done by students on dry-erase boards Project Classwork on SmartBoard Other Evidence (Tests, quizzes, etc) Stage Three - Learning Plan Page 3 of 15 Learning Activities: Learn what polynomial and rational functions are and the vocabulary associated with them. Complete assigned bookwork which includes quadratic and polynomial functions. Various activity worksheets which requires students to apply and evaluate the knowledge and skills learned. Quizzes and tests to have students show mastery of concepts learned. Flipcharts to show examples of polynomial functions and to monitor students’ progress as they learn the topics. Project modeling quadratic functions and students will use their model to predict values. Materials and Resources: Textbook (Chapter 2) SmartBoard Page 4 of 15 Unit: Unit 3: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Subject: Mathematics Timeline: 4 Weeks Stage One - Desired Results Established Goals (State and Common Core Standards, Assessment Anchors, and Eligible Content): NATIONAL: US Common Core State Standards (2010) MA.F-IF.C.7.E (Advanced) Graph exponential and logarithmic functions, showing intercepts and end behavior, and trigonometric functions, showing period, midline, and amplitude. MA.F-IF.C.8.B (Advanced) Use the properties of exponents to interpret expressions for exponential functions. MA.F-BF.B.5 (Advanced) Understand the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms and use this relationship to solve problems involving logarithms and exponents. MA.F-LE.A.1.C (Advanced) Recognize situations in which a quantity grows or decays by a constant percent rate per unit interval relative to another. MA.F-LE.A.2 (Advanced) Construct linear and exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric sequences, given a graph, a description of a relationship, or two input-output pairs (include reading these from a table). MA.F-LE-A.3 (Advanced) Observe using graphs and tables that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually exceeds a quantity increasing linearly, quadratically, or (more generally) as a polynomial function. MA.F-LE.A.4 (Advanced) For exponential models, express as a logarithm the solution to ab to the ct power = d where a, c, and d are numbers and the base b is 2, 10, or e; evaluate the logarithm using technology. Big Ideas: Students will understand that: Essential Questions: You can identify, analyze, and graph exponential and logarithmic functions to form a model of real life situations. You can convert equations between logarithmic form and exponential form, evaluate common and natural logarithms, and graph common and natural logarithmic functions. You can apply the properties of logarithms to evaluate expressions, graph functions, and solve application problems using equations. How do you write and graph exponential functions? How do you recognize, evaluate, and graph logarithmic functions? How do you rewrite logarithmic expressions to simplify or evaluate them? How do you solve exponential and logarithmic equations? How do you use exponents and logarithms to model a variety of situations? Concepts:Students will know... Exponential Functions Natural Base e Logarithmic and Natural Logarithmic Functions One-to-One Property Change of Base Formula Properties of Logarithms Exponential Growth and Decay Gaussian Model Logistic Growth Model Competencies (including Transfer goals):Students will be able to independently use their learning to... Recognize, evaluate, and graph exponential functions with base a and base e. Recognize, evaluate, and graph logarithmic and natural logarithmic functions. Use properties of logarithms to evaluate, rewrite, expand, or condense logarithmic expressions. Solve exponential and logarithmic equations. Use exponential growth and decay functions to model and solve real-life problems. Use logarithmic functions to model and solve real-life problems. Stage Two - Assessment Evidence Performance Tasks/Products/Projects Exit slips Quizzes Worksheets Homework (Bookwork) Problems done by students on dry-erase boards Project Classwork on SmartBoard Page 5 of 15 Other Evidence (Tests, quizzes, etc) Stage Three - Learning Plan Learning Activities: Learn what exponential and logarithmic functions are and the vocabulary associated with them. Complete assigned bookwork which includes exponential and logarithmic functions. Making posters of exponential and logarithmic functions within a group. Various activity worksheets which requires students to apply and evaluate the knowledge and skills learned. Quizzes and tests to have students show mastery of concepts learned. Flipcharts to show examples of exponential/logarithmic functions and to monitor students’ progress as they learn the topics. Project using compound interest to show exponential growth. Materials and Resources: Textbook (Chapter 3) SmartBoard Page 6 of 15 Unit: Unit 4: Trigonometry Subject: Mathematics Timeline: 6 Weeks Stage One - Desired Results Established Goals (State and Common Core Standards, Assessment Anchors, and Eligible Content): NATIONAL: US Common Core State Standards (2010) MA.F-TF.A.1 (Advanced) Understand radian measure of an angle as the length of the arc on the unit circle subtended by the angle. MA.F-TF.A.2 (Advanced) Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle. MA.F-TF.A.3 (Advanced) Use special triangles to determine geometrically the values of sine, cosine, tangent for pi/3, pi/4 and pi/6, and use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for pi–x, pi+x, and 2pi–x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number. MA.F-TF.A.4 (Advanced) Use the unit circle to explain symmetry (odd and even) and periodicity of trigonometric functions. MA.F-TF.B.6 (Advanced) Understand that restricting a trigonometric function to a domain on which it is always increasing or always decreasing allows its inverse to be constructed. MA.F-TF.B.7 (Advanced) Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions using technology, and interpret them in terms of the context. MA.F-TF.C.8 (Advanced) Prove the Pythagorean identity sin²(theta) + cos²(theta) = 1 and use it to find sin(theta), cos(theta), or tan(theta) given sin(theta), cos(theta), or tan(theta) and the quadrant of the angle. MA.F-TF.C.9 (Advanced) Prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and use them to solve problems. Big Ideas: Students will understand that: You can define the six trigonometric functions as well as solve and apply problems involving the trigonometric functions of real numbers and the properties of the sine and cosine as periodic functions. You can generate and analyze the graphs of the 6 trigonometric functions and explore various transformations of these graphs. You can relate the concept of inverse functions to trigonometric functions. Concepts:Students will know... Angles Radian and Degree Measures Arc Length Area of a Sector of a Circle Unit Circle Trigonometric Functions Even and Odd Functions Trigonometric Identities Reference Angles Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers Sine and Cosine Curves Amplitude and Period Mathematical Modeling Reciprocal Functions Damped Trigonometric Graphs Inverse Trigonometric Functions Harmonic Motion Essential Questions: How do you describe angles and angular movement? How do you evaluate trigonometric functions by using the unit circle? How do you use trigonometry to find unknown side lengths and angles in right triangles? How do you evaluate trigonometric functions of any angle? How do you sketch the graphs of sine and cosine functions? How do you sketch the graphs of other trigonometric functions? How do you evaluate and graph the inverses of trigonometric functions? How do you use trigonometric functions to solve real-life problems? Competencies (including Transfer goals):Students will be able to independently use their learning to... Describe angles, use radian and degree measures, and use angles to model and solve real-life problems. Identify a unit circle and describe its relationship to real numbers. Evaluate trigonometric functions using the unit circle. Use a calculator to evaluate trigonometric functions. Use the fundamental trigonometric identities and use trigonometric functions to model and solve real-life problems. Evaluate trigonometric functions of any angle and of real numbers. Sketch the graphs of basic sine and cosine functions and sketch translations of sine and cosine graphs. Sketch the graphs of tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions. Evaluate and graph the inverse sine function and other inverse trigonometric functions. Evaluate the composition of trigonometric functions. Solve real-life problems involving right triangles, directional Page 7 of 15 bearings, and harmonic motion. Stage Two - Assessment Evidence Performance Tasks/Products/Projects Exit slips Quizzes Worksheets Homework (Bookwork) Problems done by students on dry-erase boards Project Classwork on SmartBoard Other Evidence (Tests, quizzes, etc) Stage Three - Learning Plan Learning Activities: Learn what trigonometric functions are and the vocabulary associated with them. Complete assigned bookwork which includes trigonometric functions. Making posters of trigonometric functions within a group. Various activity worksheets which requires students to apply and evaluate the knowledge and skills learned. Quizzes and tests to have students show mastery of concepts learned. Flipcharts to show examples of trigonometric functions and to monitor students’ progress as they learn the topics. Unit circle project. Materials and Resources: Textbook (Chapter 4) SmartBoard Page 8 of 15 Unit: Unit 5: Analytic Trigonometry Subject: Mathematics Timeline: 4 Weeks Stage One - Desired Results Established Goals (State and Common Core Standards, Assessment Anchors, and Eligible Content): NATIONAL: US Common Core State Standards (2010) MA.F-TF.C.8 (Advanced) Prove the Pythagorean identity sin²(theta) + cos²(theta) = 1 and use it to find sin(theta), cos(theta), or tan(theta) given sin(theta), cos(theta), or tan(theta) and the quadrant of the angle. MA.F-TF.C.9 (Advanced) Prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and use them to solve problems. Big Ideas: Students will understand that: Essential Questions: You can use the fundamental identities to simplify trigonometric expressions and solve trigonometric equations. You can determine whether an equation is an identity and confirm identities analytically. Concepts:Students will know... How do you rewrite trigonometric expressions in order to simplify and evaluate functions? How do you verify a trigonometric identity? How do you solve trigonometric equations written in quadratic form or containing more than one angle? How do you simplify expressions and solve equations that contain sums or differences of angles? How do you rewrite trigonometric expressions that contain functions of multiple or half-angles, or functions that involve squares or products of trigonometric expressions. Competencies (including Transfer goals):Students will be able to independently use their learning to... Recognize and write the fundamental trigonometric identities. Use the fundamental trigonometric identities to evaluate trigonometric functions, simplify trigonometric expressions, and rewrite trigonometric expressions. Verify trigonometric identities. Use standard algebraic techniques to solve trigonometric equations. Solve trigonometric equations of quadratic type and trigonometric equations involving multiple angles. Use inverse trigonometric functions to solve trigonometric equations. Use sum and difference formulas to evaluate trigonometric functions, verify identities, and solve trigonometric equations. Use multiple-angle, power-reducing, half-angle, product-to-sum, sum-to-product formulas to rewrite and evaluate trigonometric functions. Use trigonometric formulas to rewrite real-life models. Fundamental Trigonometric Identities Verifying Trigonometric Identities Solving Trigonometric Equations Sum and Difference Formulas Multiple-Angle Formulas Power-Reducing Formulas Half-Angle Formulas Sum-to-Product Formula Stage Two - Assessment Evidence Performance Tasks/Products/Projects Exit slips Quizzes Worksheets Homework (Bookwork) Problems done by students on dry-erase boards Project Classwork on SmartBoard Other Evidence (Tests, quizzes, etc) Stage Three - Learning Plan Learning Activities: Learn what trigonometric identities are and the vocabulary associated with them. Complete assigned bookwork which includes trigonometric identities and equations. Page 9 of 15 Various activity worksheets which requires students to apply and evaluate the knowledge and skills learned. Quizzes and tests to have students show mastery of concepts learned. Flipcharts to show examples of trigonometric identities and to monitor students’ progress as they learn the topics. Materials and Resources: Textbook (Chapter 5) SmartBoard Page 10 of 15 Unit: Unit 6: Additional Topics in Trigonometry Subject: Mathematics Timeline: 2 Weeks Stage One - Desired Results Established Goals (State and Common Core Standards, Assessment Anchors, and Eligible Content): Big Ideas: Students will understand that: Essential Questions: You can apply the law of sines and law of cosines and use these to solve real-world problems. Concepts:Students will know... How do you use trigonometry to solve and find the areas of oblique triangles? Competencies (including Transfer goals):Students will be able to independently use their learning to... Law of Sines Area of an Oblique Triangle Law of Cosines Heron's Area Formula Use the Law of Sines to solve oblique triangles (AAS, ASA, or SSA). Find the areas of oblique triangles. Use the Law of Sines to model and solve real-life problems. Use the Law of Cosines to solve oblique triangles (SSS or SAS). Use the Law of Cosines to model and solve real-life problems. Use Heron’s Area Formula to find the area of a triangle. Stage Two - Assessment Evidence Performance Tasks/Products/Projects Exit slips Quizzes Worksheets Homework (Bookwork) Problems done by students on dry-erase boards Project Classwork on SmartBoard Other Evidence (Tests, quizzes, etc) Stage Three - Learning Plan Learning Activities: Learn what the Law of Sines and Cosines are and the vocabulary associated with them. Complete assigned bookwork which includes Law of Sines and Cosines. Various activity worksheets which requires students to apply and evaluate the knowledge and skills learned. Quizzes and tests to have students show mastery of concepts learned. Flipcharts to show examples of the Law of Sines and Cosines along with Heron’s Formula and to monitor students’ progress as they learn the topics. Materials and Resources: Textbook (Chapter 6) WhiteBoard Page 11 of 15 Unit: Unit 7: Sequences and Series Subject: Mathematics Timeline: 4 Weeks Stage One - Desired Results Established Goals (State and Common Core Standards, Assessment Anchors, and Eligible Content): NATIONAL: US Common Core State Standards (2010) MA.F-BF.A.2 (Advanced) Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula, use them to model situations, and translate between the two forms. Big Ideas: Students will understand that: Essential Questions: You can describe a sequence as a function where the domain is the set of natural numbers. You can represent sequences and series using various notations. You can discover and justify the formula for a finite arithmetic series. You can discover and justify the formulas for finite and infinite geometric series. Concepts:Students will know... How do you represent a sequence of numbers or the sum of a sequence? How do you find the nth term or partial sum of an arithmetic sequence? How do you find terms and sums of geometric sequences? How do you use mathematical induction to find and prove formulas for sums of sequences and series? Competencies (including Transfer goals):Students will be able to independently use their learning to... Sequences Factorial Notation Summation Notation Properties of Sums Series Arithmetic Sequences Sum of a Finite Arithmetic Sequence Geometric Sequences Sum of a Finite Geometric Sequence Geometric Series Mathematical Induction Pattern Recognition Sums of Powers of Integers Finite Differences Use sequence notation to write the terms of sequences. Use factorial notation and summation notation to write sums. Find the sums of series. Recognize, write, and find the nth terms of arithmetic sequences. Find nth partial sums of arithmetic sequences. Recognize, write, and find the nth terms of geometric sequences. Find the sum of a finite and infinite geometric series. Use mathematical induction to prove statements involving a positive integer n. Use pattern recognition and mathematical induction to write a formula for the nth term of a sequence. Find the finite differences of sequences. Use the Binomial Theorem to calculate binomial coefficients. Use Pascal’s Triangle to calculate binomial coefficients. Use binomial coefficients to write binomial expansions. Stage Two - Assessment Evidence Performance Tasks/Products/Projects Exit slips Quizzes Worksheets Homework (Bookwork) Problems done by students on dry-erase boards Project Classwork on SmartBoard Other Evidence (Tests, quizzes, etc) Stage Three - Learning Plan Learning Activities: Learn what arithmetic sequences and partial sums are and geometric sequences and series are and the vocabulary associated with them. Complete assigned bookwork which includes arithmetic sequences and geometric sequences and series. Various activity worksheets which requires students to apply and evaluate the knowledge and skills learned. Quizzes and tests to have students show mastery of concepts learned. Flipcharts to show examples of the arithmetic sequences and geometric sequences and series and to monitor students’ progress as they learn the topics. Page 12 of 15 Materials and Resources: Textbook (Chapter 9) SmartBoard Page 13 of 15 Unit: Unit 8: Topics in Analytic Geometry Subject: Mathematics Timeline: 3 Weeks Stage One - Desired Results Established Goals (State and Common Core Standards, Assessment Anchors, and Eligible Content): Big Ideas: Students will understand that: Essential Questions: You can analysis of lines with trigonometry and a distance formula. You can solve problems involving conic sections, eventually classifying a conic by its equation in general form. Concepts:Students will know... How do you find the angle of inclination of a line and the distance between a point and a line? How do you recognize each conic section and solve problems involving parabolas? How do you solve problems involving ellipses? How do you solve problems involving hyperbolas and classify a conic section on the basis of its general equation? Competencies (including Transfer goals):Students will be able to independently use their learning to... Inclination of a Line Angle Between Two Lines Distance Between a Point and a Line Conics Parabolas Ellipses Eccentricity Hyperbolas Asymptotes of a Hyperbola General Equations of Conics Find the inclination of a line and the distance between a point and a line. Recognize a conic as the intersection of a plane and a doublenapped cone. Write equations of parabolas in standard form and graph parabolas. Write equations of ellipses in standard form and graph ellipses. Find eccentricities of ellipses. Write equations of hyperbolas in standard form. Find asymptotes of and graph hyperbolas. Classify conics from their general equations. Stage Two - Assessment Evidence Performance Tasks/Products/Projects Exit slips Quizzes Worksheets Homework (Bookwork) Problems done by students on dry-erase boards Project Classwork on SmartBoard Other Evidence (Tests, quizzes, etc) Stage Three - Learning Plan Learning Activities: Learn what conic sections are and the vocabulary associated with them. Complete assigned bookwork which includes finding the inclination of a line and solving problems using conic sections. Various activity worksheets which requires students to apply and evaluate the knowledge and skills learned. Quizzes and tests to have students show mastery of concepts learned. Flipcharts to show examples of the conic sections and to monitor students’ progress as they learn the topics. Materials and Resources: Textbook (Chapter 10) SmartBoard Page 14 of 15 Page 15 of 15
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