COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF IDEAS AND CULTURES
Doctoral Study (3rd level)
MILLENNIA BETWEEN THE ADRIATIC AND THE DANUBE
Archaeological module
Programme Coordinator:
Prof. Jana Horvat, PhD
The main archaeological sources will be presented as well as the important research results, key
issues and modern research methods in archaeology. Particular emphasis will be on the theoretical
and practical approach to interdisciplinary research between archaeology and the natural sciences.
Research will be carried out in the form of synthetic transregional studies. Students will be able to
take part in international scientific meetings and stimulated to write scientific papers. The
importance will be given to the critical examination of sources and critical reading of the
archaeological literature. The themes connected with the Mediterranean area, the Balkans and
Central Europe will be in focus.
The following themes will be emphasized:
 the Neolithic and Eneolithic period in the northern Adriatic;
 the pile-dwellings in the southeastern Alpine area;
 the interdisciplinary research of waterlogged archaeological sites;
 the archaeological analyses of non-ceramic finds of the Early and Late Iron Age;
 the chronological systems of the Late La Tène period;
 hoards of tools in the La Tène and Roman periods;
 important aspects of Roman material culture as a basis for understanding the economic, social
and historical development;
 processes of Romanization;
 settlement development, urbanisation and rural areas in the Roman period.
The study program consists of:
1. the set of lectures and discussion classes that deepen the understanding of archaeological
issues, research results and methodology of research work,
2. the range of specialized topics related to the individual study field.
Students will be involved in the current research.
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General elective courses
Archaeological Analyses of Iron Age Non-Ceramic Finds
Programme: Comparative Studies of Ideas and Cultures (3rd level)
Module: Millennia between the Adriatic and the Danube
Course code: 13
Year of study: Without
Course principal: Assoc. Prof. Anton Velušček, PhD
Lecturer: Dragan Božič, PhD
ECTS: 6
Workload: lectures 60 hours, seminar 30 hours
Course type: general elective
Languages: Slovene
Learning and teaching methods: lectures, discussions classes
Objectives and competences
Non-ceramic finds represent a very important part of the small finds at Iron Age sites, such as
settlements, cult places, cemeteries, hoards, or water sites. Knowing about and studying these is
crucial for chronological and cultural determination of the site, to assess economic and handcraft
activities, settlement changes, clothing, military techniques, trade, burial customs, cult practices, and
so on. Non-ceramic finds comprise objects made of non-precious and precious metals or alloys, glass,
amber, bone, wood, and so on. Based on their function, they can be classified into numerous groups.
A special group is objects imported from the Mediterranean world. The aim of this course is
thorough acquaintance with the types of non-ceramic finds and research methods, as well as using
their evidence to reconstruct historical development.
Prerequisites
None required.
Content (Syllabus outline)
1. Research methods on non-ceramic Archaeological finds:
 Archaeological sources, typology, chronology, distribution, function
2. Metal finds:
 Weaponry
 Clothing accessories
 Tools
 Equipment
 Harnesses
 Carts
 Vessels
3. Non-ceramic and imported finds:
 Glass and amber finds
 Bone finds
 Wooden finds
 Imported finds
4. Evidence of non-ceramic finds for reconstructing historical development
Readings
The Hallstatt period
 Egg, M. 1986. Italische Helme. Studien zu den ältereisenzeitlichen Helmen Italiens und der
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Alpen. Mainz.
 Egg, M. 1996. Das hallstattzeitliche Fürstengrab von Strettweg bei Judenburg in der
Obersteiermark. Mainz.
 Gabrovec, S. 1987. Jugoistočnoalpska regija sa zapadnom Panonijom. Dolenjska grupa,
Svetolucijska grupa, Notranjska grupa in Ljubljanska grupa. V: Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja
5, Željezno doba, Sarajevo: 29-181.
 Gabrovec, S. 1999. 50 Jahre Archäologie der älteren Eisenzeit in Slowenien. Arheološki vestnik
50: 145-188.
 Glasperlen der vorrömischen Eisenzeit 1, 1983 – 4, 1995. Mainz, Espelkamp.
 Guštin, M. 1979. Notranjska. K začetkom železne dobe na severnem Jadranu. Ljubljana.
 Guštin, M. in A. Preložnik 2005. Sajevce. Arheološki vestnik 56: 113-168.
 Hochdorf 1, 1985 – 6, 2006. Stuttgart.
 Lucke, W. in O.-H. Frey 1962. Die Situla in Providence (Rhode Island). Ein Beitrag zur Situlenkunst
des Osthallstattkreises. Berlin.
 Marzatico, F. in P. Gleirscher ur. 2004. Guerrieri, principi ed eroi fra il Danubio e il Po dalla
Preistoria all’Alto Medioevo. Trento.
 Ogrin, M. 1998. Trortasta fibula v Sloveniji. Arheološki vestnik 49: 101-132.
 Parzinger, H. 1988. Chronologie der Späthallstatt- und Frühlatène-Zeit. Studien zu Fundgruppen
zwischen Mosel und Save. Weinheim.
 Pettarin, S. 2006. Le necropoli di San Pietro al Natisone e Dernazzacco. Roma.
 Prähistorische Bronzefunde, Abt. I-XX. München, Stuttgart.
 Svoljšak, D. in A. Pogačnik 2001-2002. Tolmin, prazgodovinsko grobišče 1-2. Ljubljana.
 Tecco Hvala, S., J. Dular in E. Kocuvan 2004. Železnodobne gomile na Magdalenski gori.
Ljubljana.
 Teržan, B. 1976. Certoška fibula. Arheološki vestnik 27: 317-536.
 Teržan, B. 1990. Starejša železna doba na Slovenskem Štajerskem. Ljubljana.
 Tomedi, G. 2004. Das hallstattzeitliche Gräberfeld von Frög. Budapest.
 Trachsel, M. 2004. Untersuchungen zur relativen und absoluten Chronologie der Hallstattzeit.
Bonn.
The La Tène period
 Božič, D. 1999. Die Erforschung der Latènezeit in Slowenien seit Jahr 1964. Arheološki vestnik
50: 189-213.
 Božič, D. in M. Feugère 2004. Les instruments de l'écriture. Gallia 61: 21-41.
 Brunaux, J.-L. in A. Rapin 1988. Gournay 2, Boucliers et lances. Dépôts et trophées. Paris.
 Déchelette, J. 1927. Manuel d’archéologie préhistorique, celtique et gallo-romaine 4, Second
âge du fer ou époque de La Tène. Paris.
 Demetz, S. 1999. Fibeln der Spätlatène- und frühen römischen Kaiserzeit in den Alpenländern.
Rahden/Westf.
 Endert, D. van 1991. Die Bronzefunde aus dem Oppidum von Manching. Stuttgart.
 Feugère, M. 1994. Les casques antiques. Paris.
 Feugère, M. in C. Rolley ur. 1991. La vaisselle tardo-républicaine en bronze. Dijon.
 Gebhard, R. 1989. Der Glasschmuck aus dem Oppidum von Manching. Stuttgart.
 Gebhard, R. 1991. Die Fibeln aus dem Oppidum von Manching. Stuttgart.
 Gostenčnik, K. 2005. Die Beinfunde vom Magdalensberg. Klagenfurt.
 Guštin, M. 1991. Posočje. Posočje in der jüngeren Eisenzeit. Ljubljana.
 Jacobi, G. 1974. Werkzeug und Gerät aus dem Oppidum von Manching. Wiesbaden.
 Lejars, Th. 1994. Gournay 3, Les fourreaux d'épée. Paris.
 Schönfelder, M. 2002. Das spätkeltische Wagengrab von Boé (Dép. Lot-et-Garonne). Mainz.
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Assessment
Active participation in lectures and discussion classes, preparation of a term project, and an exam.
Assessment:
 The ability to analytically understand individual problems, ability to select a bibliography, ability
to exercise analytical and critical thinking, ability to form an argument, and a high level of
written language will be demonstrated in the term project.
 The oral exam assesses what students have learned through lectures, through reading and
analysing the literature, and their ability to understand and present the issues covered.
Interdisciplinary Research of Archaeological Sites
Programme: Comparative Studies of Ideas and Cultures (3rd level)
Module: Millennia between the Adriatic and the Danube
Course code: 14
Year of study: Without
Course principal: Assoc. Prof. Velušček Anton, PhD
ECTS: 6
Workload: lectures 60 hours, seminar 30 hours
Course type: general elective
Languages: Slovene
Learning and teaching methods: lectures, discussions classes
Objectives and competences
This course offers a unique opportunity to fully understand man, his activities, and his environment
in the past. In Slovenia this type of a research approach is developing mainly in investigations of
Paleolithic cave sites and the pile dwellings in the Ljubljansko barje (Ger. das Laibacher Moor). The
basic aim of this course is to ensure the highest quality learning at the graduate level, based mainly
on the results of interdisciplinary studies of the Ljubljansko barje pile dwellings.
Prerequisites
At least a passive understanding of German, English, and Italian is recommended.
Content (Syllabus outline)
Study of an archaeological site has developed into collaboration by researchers in various disciplines.
Students focus on the topics of modern research approaches to archaeological sites and settlement
patterns in archaeological periods, which is highly dependent on the environment and type of
economy. Special attention is paid to topics related to the pile dwellings in the Ljubljansko barje.
Students learn the basics of dendrochronology, palynology, and archeozoology. During graduate
study, students are introduced to research work in practice.
1. Methodology of archaeological research on sites and colonization in archaeological periods:
 History of research
 Methodology
 Dendrochronology
 Palynology
 Archaeozoology
Readings
 Miracle, P. T. in S. Forenbaher ur. 2006. Prehistoric herders of northern Istria. The archaeology
of Pupićina Cave. Vol. 1. Monografije i katalozi 14. Pula.
 Velušček, A. ur. 2006. Resnikov prekop, najstarejša koliščarska naselbina na Ljubljanskem barju.
Ljubljana: Založba ZRC.
 Menotti, F. ur. 2004. Living on the lake in prehistroic Europe: 150 years of lake-dwelling
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research. London, New York.
Turk, I. ur. 2004. Viktorjev spodmol in Mala Triglavca: prispevki k poznavanju mezolitskega
obdobja v Sloveniji. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC.
Velušček, A. ur. 2004. Hočevarica: eneolitsko kolišče na Ljubljanskem barju. Ljubljana: Založba
ZRC.
Reitz, E. J. in E. S. Wing. 1999. Zooarchaeology. Cambridge manuals in archaeology. Cambridge:
Cambridg University Press.
Schweingruber, F. H. 1992. Baum und Holz in der Dendrochronologie. Eidgenössische
Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft. Birmensdorf.
Moore, P. D., Webb, J. A. in M. E. Collinson. 1991. Pollen analysis (Second edition). Oxford:
Blackwell Science.
Assessment
Students have two obligations: a written paper and an oral exam based on the paper. A practicum is
also required.
The Pile-Dwelling Period in the Southeastern Alpine Region
Programme: Comparative Studies of Ideas and Cultures (3rd level)
Module: Millennia between the Adriatic and the Danube
Course code: 15
Year of study: Brez letnika
Course principal: Assoc. Prof. Velušček Anton, PhD
ECTS: 6
Workload: lectures 60 hours, seminar 30 hours
Course type: general elective
Languages: Slovene
Learning and teaching methods: lectures, discussions classes
Objectives and competences
During the fifth millennium BC, Neolithic people settled lakeshores in central Europe by creating a
special type of a settlement known as pile dwellings. The first pile dwellers appeared in the
Ljubljansko barje (Ger. das Laibacher Moor) in the second quarter of the fifth millennium BC. They
introduced pottery, agriculture, and animal husbandry. The last documented pile dwelling in the area
is dated to the first half of the second millennium BC. The basic aim of this course is to ensure the
highest quality learning at the graduate level. Special attention is paid to research on the Neolithic
and Eneolithic periods in Slovenia.
Prerequisites
At least a passive understanding of German, English, and Italian is recommended.
Content (Syllabus outline)
Students become acquainted with the main topics of Neolithic and Eneolithic research in central
Slovenia. The central part of Slovenia was settled relatively late in the first half of the fifth millennium
BC by the first farmers, potters, and probably prospectors for copper minerals. The area was then
occupied in the fourth and third millennia BC. It is assumed there was no continuity of settlement.
The periods of occupation were highly dependent on climatic conditions and other events. This
course acquaints students with some aspects of the colonization of Slovenia and neighbouring lands.
Special attention is paid to research on economic opportunities and activities in Neolithic and
Eneolithic society. Students are introduced to research work in practice. Work with archaeological
artefacts (pottery, copper objects, etc.) is planned.
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1. The Neolithic and Eneolithic periods in central Slovenia:
 History of research
 Archaeological sources
 Settlement pattern
 Chronometry
 Relative chronology
 Absolute chronology
 Comparative studies
2. Economic activities in the Neolithic and Eneolithic periods:
 History of research
 Archaeological sources
 Wetland archaeology
Readings
 Gaspari, A. ur. 2006. Zalog pri Verdu, tabor kamenodobnih lovcev na zahodnem robu
Ljubljanskega barja. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC.
 Velušček, A. ur. 2006. Resnikov prekop, najstarejša koliščarska naselbina na Ljubljanskem barju.
Ljubljana: Založba ZRC.
 Menotti, F. ur. 2004. Living on the lake in prehistroic Europe: 150 years of lake-dwelling
research. London, New York.
 Velušček, A. ur. 2004. Hočevarica – eneolitsko kolišče na Ljubljanskem barju. Ljubljana: Založba
ZRC.
 Velušček, A. 2004. Past and present lake-dwelling studies in Slovenia: Ljubljansko barje (the
Ljubljana Marsh). V: Menotti, F. ur. Living on the lake in prehistroic Europe: 150 years of lake–
dwelling research. London, New York: 69-82.
 Čufar, K. in A. Velušček 2002. Dendrokronološke raziskave kolišč na Ljubljanskem barju – stanje
2001. Arheološki vestnik 53, 59-67.
 Velušček, A. 1999. Neolithic and Eneolithic Investigations in Slovenia. Arheološki vestnik 50, 5979.
 Korošec, P. in J. Korošec 1969. Najdbe s koliščarskih naselbin pri Igu na Ljubljanskem barju.
Arheološki katalogi Slovenije 3. Ljubljana.
Assessment
Students have two obligations: a written paper and an oral exam based on the paper. A practicum is
also required.
Chronological Systems of the Late La Tène Period from the Iberian Peninsula
to the Lower Danube
Programme: Comparative Studies of Ideas and Cultures (3rd level)
Module: Millennia between the Adriatic and the Danube
Course code: 16
Year of study: Without
Course principal: Assoc. Prof. Anton Velušček, PhD
Lecturer: Dragan Božič, PhD
ECTS: 6
Workload: lectures 60 hours, seminar 30 hours
Course type: general elective
Languages: Slovene
Learning and teaching methods: lectures, discussions classes
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Objectives and competences
One of the main conditions for recognizing the historical development of prehistoric communities
(characterized by romanization in the Late La Tène period) is adequate age determination of finds
and sites, made possible by various chronological systems. The actual state of research in this
research field involves several different systems. These are not compatible and are often constructed
on false suppositions; in some points they are demonstrably wrong. This course provides a thorough
and critical familiarity with the existing chronological systems of the Late La Tène period from the
Iberian Peninsula, across southern France, northern Italy, and the south-eastern Alpine region, to the
Lower Danube, and presents the archaeological sources available for carrying out relative and
absolute chronologies along with a method of construction of new regional chronological systems as
well as a supra-regional chronological system.
Prerequisites
At least a passive understanding of German, English, Italian, and French is recommended.
Content (Syllabus outline)
Adequate chronological systems are indispensable for relative and absolute determination of closedfind complexes (e.g., graves, hoards, settlement objects and closed complexes, and wells) and
archaeological material that cannot be closely dated based on its find environment (e.g., water finds,
metal detector finds from settlements, and finds from unpreserved grave groups). The existing
chronological systems differ in the number of phases, their names, their content and absolute age.
Special attention will be paid to presenting the archaeological sources available for creating relative
chronological phases. To determine absolute chronology, rare dendrochronological data as well as
some imported objects (e.g., Roman republican coins, pottery, silver and bronze vessels),
archaeologically recognizable historical events (e.g., the capture of Alesia in France), and shipwrecks
can be used. Imported objects (e.g., silver and bronze vessels) enable parallelization of the
chronological systems of the Late La Tène period from the Iberian Peninsula to the Lower Danube.
1. Chronological systems of the Late La Tène period:
 History of research
 Archaeological sources
 Relative chronology
 Absolute chronology
 Continuity and discontinuity
 Local, regional, and supra-regional chronological systems
2. Regional chronological systems:
 Iberian Peninsula, southern France, northern Italy, south-eastern Alps, Croatian-Serbian
Danube basin, Lower Danube
3. Parallelization of regional chronological systems of the Late La Tène period
4. Supra-regional chronological system
Readings
 Božič, D. 1981. Relativna kronologija mlajše železne dobe v jugoslovanskem Podonavju.
Arheološki vestnik 32: 315-347.
 Božič, D. 1999. Die Erforschung der Latènezeit in Slowenien seit Jahr 1964. Arheološki vestnik
50: 189-213.
 De Marinis, R. 1986. L’età gallica in Lombardia (IV – I secolo a.C.): risultati delle ultime ricerche e
problemi aperti. V: Atti del 2° Convegno Archeologico Regionale, Como: 93-173.
 Duval, A., J.-P. Morel in Y. Roman ur. 1990. Gaule interne et Gaule méditerranéenne aux IIe et
Ier siècles avant J.-C. : confrontations chronologiques. Paris.
 Feugère, M. in C. Rolley ur. 1991. La vaisselle tardo-républicaine en bronze. Dijon.
 Gamper, P. 2006. Die latènezeitliche Besiedlung am Ganglegg in Südtirol. Rahden/Westf.
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Guštin, M. 1991. Posočje. Posočje in der jüngeren Eisenzeit. – Ljubljana.
Luik, M. 2002. Die Funde aus den römischen Lagern um Numantia im Römisch-Germanischen
Zentralmuseum. Mainz.
Martin-Kilcher, S. 1998. Gräber der späten Republik und der frühen Kaiserzeit am Lago
Maggiore: Tradition und Romanisierung. V: Bestattungssitte und kulturelle Identität, Köln: 191252.
Rustoiu, A. 1997. Fibulele din Dacia preromană (sec. II î.e.n. – I e.n.). Bucureşti.
Assessment
Active participation in lectures and discussion classes, preparation of a term project, and an exam.
Assessment:
 The ability to analytically understand individual problems, ability to select a bibliography, ability
to engage in analytical and critical thinking, ability to form an argument, and a high level of
written language will be demonstrated in the term project.
 The oral exam assesses what students have learned through lectures, through reading and
analysing the literature, and their ability to understand and present the issues covered.
The Neolithic and Eneolithic Periods in the Northern Adriatic
P rogramme: Comparative Studies of Ideas and Cultures (3rd level)
Module: Millennia between the Adriatic and the Danube
Course code: 17
Year of study: Brez letnika
Course principal: Assoc. Prof. Anton Velušček, PhD
ECTS: 6
Workload: lectures 60 hours, seminar 30 hours
Course type: general elective
Languages: Slovene
Learning and teaching methods: lectures, discussions classes
Objectives and competences
The Neolithic and Eneolithic periods were characterized by significant social changes in human
society. Man developed from hunter-gatherer to farmer and herdsman. Periodic camps changed into
more permanent settlements; in the Karst region, the limestone region of south-western Slovenia,
caves and rock shelters were settled. The basic aim of this course is to offer the highest quality
learning at the graduate level on the main topics of the Neolithic and Eneolithic periods in the Karst
region and in Caput Adriae.
Prerequisites
At least a passive understanding of German, English, and Italian is recommended.
Content (Syllabus outline)
The course is concerned with both theory and practice. Within theory, the main topics and aims of
Neolithic and Eneolithic archeology in the Karst region and Caput Adriae are discussed. Caput Adriae
is a meeting point of influences from the Balkans and the Apennine Peninsula. Important
archaeological sites and artefacts are presented. During the programme, the students participate in
an archaeological excavation at one of the numerous cave sites in the area. Attention is paid to a
practicum with artefacts, especially those made of stone and pottery.
1. Basic topics and aims of Neolithic and Eneolithic archeology in the Karst region and Caput
Adriae:
 History of research
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Archaeological sources
Theoretical background
Chronology
Comparative studies
Readings
 Miracle, P. T. in S. Forenbaher ur. 2006. Prehistoric herders of northern Istria. The archaeology
of Pupićina Cave. Vol. 1. Monografije i katalozi 14. Pula.
 Montagnari Kokelj, E. 2003. Why settling a karstic area? considerations on the Trieste Karst
(north-eastern Italy) in the Late Prehistory. V: Settlements and settling from Prehistory to the
Middle Ages. International Archaeological Symposium Pula, 26-29 November 2002, Histria
antiqua 11: 75-93.
 Boschian, G. in E. Montagnari Kokelj. 2000. Prehistoric Shepherds and Caves in the Trieste Karst
(Northeastern Italy). Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 15, No. 4: 331-371.
 Velušček, A. 1999. Neolithic and Eneolithic Investigations in Slovenia. Arheološki vestnik 50: 5979.
 Barfield, L. H. 1972. The first Neolithic cultures of north eastern Italy. Fundamenta A/3, Teil 7:
182-216.
 Leben, F. 1967. Stratigrafija in časovna uvrstitev jamskih najdb na Tržaškem Krasu. Arheološki
vestnik 18: 43-109.
 Korošec, J. 1960. Neolit na Krasu in v Slovenskem primorju. Zgodovinski časopis 14: 5-33.
Assessment
Students have two obligations: a written paper and an oral exam based on the paper. A practicum is
also required.
From Small Archaeological Objects to History
Programme: Comparative Studies of Ideas and Cultures (3rd level)
Module: Millennia between the Adriatic and the Danube
Course code: 18
Year of study: Without
Course principal: Assoc. prof. Janka Istenič, PhD
ECTS: 6
Workload: lectures 60 hours, seminar 30 hours
Course type: general elective
Languages: Slovene
Learning and teaching methods: lectures, discussions classes
Objectives and competences
The notion “small archaeological finds” designates finds that were not integrated into architecture or
other fixed structures at the time of their discovery. These finds are also referred to as “movable
archaeological heritage.” Based on their material, these small finds can be classified as ceramic,
metal, glass, amber, stone, and bone objects, as well as objects made from other materials that are
very rare among archaeological finds; for example, wood, leather, textiles, and other organic
materials. The best-researched groups of small finds are tableware, oil lamps, amphorae, brooches,
weapons, metal vessels, coins, and inscriptions (on stone or on other material). Chronological
determination of small finds was the main objective in past research on the Roman period. Although
chronological questions are far from being completely answered, modern research is also directed
towards studying small finds in the sense of technology, trade, and economics, as well as cultural and
social history. Special research methods for small finds (except coins and inscriptions) are presented
to students. The aim of this course is to acquaint students with selected problems of Roman material
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culture and the techniques that lead from a group of objects or from a single object to broad
historical conclusions. The course is organized in an interdisciplinary manner.
Prerequisites
At least a passive understanding of German, English, Italian, and French is recommended.
Content (Syllabus outline)
Students learn about special research methods for small archaeological finds from the Roman period.
Classification according to the material used is the most common: ceramics, glass, and metal. The
study of Roman ceramics is presented by recognizing imported and well-defined local/regional
products (primarily those in the south-eastern Alpine area). Emphasis is placed on procedures that
enable the definition of local/regional ceramic products. Methods for classifying ceramic objects by
production, form, and decoration are explained. Opportunities for interdisciplinary research
(mineralogical and chemical analyses) addressing the origin of ceramic groups are presented and also
carried out (given good circumstances). Metal objects are discussed according to their chronology,
function, type of alloy, and so on. Research methods are presented that enable sensible typological
arrangement of the material and interpretation of typology, function, and technology. The
importance of studying material and decoration is emphasized, as well as the importance of
archeometallurgical research. The characteristics of glass production in the Roman period are
presented as well as modern research trends. Interdisciplinary research is encouraged, especially the
connection between archeology and the natural sciences. Models of interdisciplinary research on
ceramics and metal objects are presented (classification issues related to iron and non-ferrous
metals).
1. Ceramics:
 Recognition of imported and already defined local/regional products (mostly products that
appear in central Europe)
 Definition of local/regional ceramic products; methods of classifying ceramic objects
according to production, form, and decoration
 Problems relating to the origin of specific ceramic groups
 Interdisciplinary investigations (mineralogical and chemical analyses)
2. Metal objects:
 Typological arrangement and interpretation
 Chronology
 Function
 Use of various alloys, techniques of production
 Archaeometallurgical studies
3. Glass objects:
 Typological arrangement and interpretation
 Chronology
 Function
 Characteristics of glass production
 Archaeometallurgical studies
Readings
 Bishop M. C. in J. C. N. Coulston. 1993. Roman military equipment, London.
 Beiträge zum römischen Oberwinterthur – Vitudurum 1-9. Monographien der
Kantonsarchäologie Zürich, Zürich 1984-2002.
 Brogiolo, G. P. in G. Olcese. 2000. Produzione ceramica in area Padana tra il II secolo a.C. e il VII
secolo d.C. Nuovi dati e prospettive di ricerca. Documenti di Archeologia 21, Mantova.
 Craddock, P. T. 1995. Early Metal Mining and Production, Edinburgh.
 Flügel, Ch. 1999. Der Auerberg 3. Die römische Keramik. Münchner Beiträge zur Vor- und
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Frühgeschichte 47, München.
Feugère, M. 1993. Les armes des Romains. Paris.
Forschungen in Augst 1-34. Römermuseum Augst 1977-2003.
Istenič, J. 1999-2000. Poetovio, zahodna grobišča I-II. Katalogi in monografije 32-33, Ljubljana.
Istenič, J. 2000. A Roman late-republican gladius from the River Ljubljanica (Slovenia). Arheološki
vestnik 51: 171-182.
Istenič, J. 2003. A uniface medallion with a portrait of Augustus from the River Ljubljanica
(Slovenia). Germania (Mainz) 81/1: [263]-271, 273-276.
Istenič, J., Daszkiewicz, M., Schneider, G. 2003. Local production of pottery and clay lamps at
Emona (Italia, regio X). Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta 38: 83-91.
Istenič, J., Schneider, G. 2000. Aegean cooking ware in the Eastern Adriatic. Rei Cretariae
Romanae Fautorum Acta 36: 341-348.
Olcese, G. 2003. Ceramiche comuni a Roma e in area romana: produzione, circolazione e
tecnologia (tarda età repubblicana – prima età imperiale). Documenti di archeologia 28,
Mantova.
Oxé, A., Comfort, H., Kenrick, Ph. 2000. Corpus Vasorum Arretinorum, 2nd ed. Antiquitas Ser. 3,
41, Bonn.
Strong D., Brown, D. ur. 1976, Roman Crafts, London.
Istenič, J. 1994. The “Emona” glass beakers. Arheološki vestnik 45: 95-98.
Istenič, J. 2001. An early mould-blown pyxis from Poetovio (Slovenia). Instrumentum 13: 23-24.
Petznek B. 1997-1999. Römerzeitliche Gebrauchskeramik aus Carnuntum. Carnuntum Jahrbuch
1997: 167-323; 1998: 261-404; 1999: 193-319.
Tomber R. in Dore, J. 1998. The National Roman fabric reference collection. A handbook.
Museum of London Archaeology Service Monograph 2, London.
Assessment
Active participation in lectures and discussion classes, preparation of a term project, and an exam.
Assessment:
 The ability to analytically understand individual problems, ability to select a bibliography, ability
to exercise analytical and critical thinking, ability to form an argument, and a high level of
written language will be demonstrated in the term project.
 The oral exam assesses what students have learned through lectures, through reading and
analysing the literature, and their ability to understand and present the issues covered.
Roman Towns between the Adriatic and the Danube River
Programme: Comparative Studies of Ideas and Cultures (3rd
level)
Module: Millennia between the Adriatic and the Danube
Course code: 19
Year of study: Without
Course principal: Assoc. Prof. Jana Horvat, PhD
ECTS: 6
Workload: lectures 60 hours, seminar: 30 hours
Course type: general elective
Languages: Slovene
Learning and teaching methods: lectures, discussions classes
Objectives and competences
The settlement system in the Roman provinces of central Europe was based on three foundations:
autonomous towns (municipia, coloniae), small central settlements (vici), and rural farms (villae
11
rusticae). The towns (and the vici to a limited scale) functioned as administrative, economic, social,
and religious centres. They had immense influence on the way of life and on the processes of
romanization. The interruption with the old prehistoric world could be perceived very clearly through
the introduction of new building techniques and architectural types. The development of Roman
architecture was a dynamic process, during which some regional forms were given up and new ones
were introduced. The basic types were preserved in spite of rich variations. Special building types
connected with special functions were widespread throughout the empire; for example, forums with
basilicas and tabernae, temples, theaters, amphitheaters, stadia, public baths, houses in the towns
and partly in the country, infrastructure, and defensive architecture. This course presents the
development of Roman towns in central Europe and the Balkans and the perception of special issues
such as settlement, urbanization, architecture, administration, economics, and religion.
Prerequisites
At least a passive understanding of German, English, Italian, and French is recommended.
Content (Syllabus outline)
1. Legal status of towns and other settlements:
2. Town territories, the countryside, and roads:
 Comparative study of regions: northern Italy, Istria, Noricum, Upper and Lower Pannonia,
and Dalmatia
3. Topography of towns: comparative study:
 Urbanism
 Administrative centres
 Public and representative buildings
 Defensive architecture
 Religion
 Production areas
 Water supply and other infrastructure
4. Development of towns:
 From the first century to the Severan dynasty
 The late Roman period
 The decline of towns
Readings
 Bosio, L. 1991. Le strade romane della Venetia e dell’Histria. Padova.
 Gros, P. 2001. L’architecture romaine: du début du IIIe siècle av. J.-C. à la fin du Haut-Empire.
Paris.
 Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. – Xantener Berichte 2, Köln 1992.
 Die Stadt in Oberitalien und in den nordwestlichen Provinzen des Römischen Reiches. Kölner
Forschungen 4, Mainz a. R. 1991.
 Fentress, E. ur. 2000. Romanization and the city. Creation, transformatons, and failures. Journal
of Roman Archaeology, Supp. Ser. 38, Portsmouth.
 La città nell’Italia settentrionale in età romana. Collection de l'École française de Rome 130,
Trieste – Roma 1990.
 Lovenjak, M. 1998. Inscriptiones Latinae Sloveniae 1: Neviodunum. Situla 37, Ljubljana.
 Starac, A. 1999-2000. Rimsko vladanje u Histriji i Liburniji, 1. Histrija, 2. Liburnija. – Katalozi i
monografije, Arheološki muzej Istre 10, Pula.
 Šašel Kos, M. 1997. The Roman Inscriptions in the National Museum of Slovenia (Lapidarij
Narodnega muzeja Slovenije). Situla 35, Ljubljana.
 Šašel Kos, M. in P. Scherrer ur. 2002-2004. The autonomous towns of Noricum and Pannonia:
Noricum, Pannonia I, Pannonia II. Situla 40-42, Ljubljana.
12

Zaccaria, C. 1992. Regio X, Venetia et Histria, Tergeste – Ager Tergestinus et Tergesti adtributus.
V: Supplementa italica, Nuova serie 10, Roma: 139-283.
Assessment
Active participation in lectures and discussion classes, preparation of a term project, and an exam.
Assessment:
 The ability to analytically understand individual problems, ability to select a bibliography, ability
to exercise analytical and critical thinking, ability to form an argument, and a high level of
written language will be demonstrated in the term project.
 The oral exam assesses what students have learned through lectures, through reading and
analysing the literature, and their ability to understand and present the issues covered.
Romanization
Programme: Comparative Studies of Ideas and Cultures (3rd level)
Module: Millennia between the Adriatic and the Danube
Course code: 20
Year of study: Without
Course principals: Assoc. Prof. Jana Horvat, PhD,
Assoc. Prof. Janka Istenič, PhD
ECTS: 6
Workload: lectures 60 hours, seminar 30 hours
Course type: general elective
Languages: Slovene
Learning and teaching methods: lectures, discussions classes
Objectives and competences
The notion “romanization” describes the complex processes of
fusing Roman-Mediterranean and indigenous cultures. Depending
on the historical background, inclusion into the Roman state had
different effects in different regions. It could represent a
breakdown or continuity. The Roman state was very adaptable
and had great power of integration. The aim of this course is to present the complicated gradual
changes from the third century BC to the first century AD in central Europe and the Balkans. This
represents the period from the first contacts of the indigenous population with the Romans to
inclusion into the Roman state, the stabilization of Roman authority, and assuming various aspects of
Roman culture. Important topics such as military history, administrative organization, trade and
transport connections, and chronology are included in this course.
Prerequisites
At least a passive understanding of German, English, Italian, and French is recommended.
Content (Syllabus outline)
Various aspects of the Roman advance into central Europe and the Balkans are discussed. The course
presents the great changes that appeared with Roman occupation in settlement, urbanization,
religion, economics, and society. The differences between regions in the acceptance and transfer of
Roman influences are analysed. The indigenous culture at the beginning of the Roman period is also
discussed. Romanization can be divided into two phases: the phase before official or stable inclusion
into the Roman state, and the phase after this. First, the chronological issues between the second
century BC and the second century AD are discussed. The small material culture of indigenous groups
in the south-eastern Alps (Caput Adriae, the area along the Soča River, the Taurisci, and the Norici) is
presented, as well as Roman material culture and its influence on the indigenous material culture.
13
Emphasis is placed on those groups of material that have important chronological, cultural, and
historical implications. Research on trade presents one of the most important sources for
understanding the economic development of the Roman Empire. The trade connections of the Late
Republican and Early Imperial periods are discussed, such as long-distance trade in the
Mediterranean area as well as the trade routes from Italy to central Europe. An important set of
questions is connected with the Roman army. Literary sources are compared with archaeological
remnants (fortifications, epigraphic sources, and small material – e.g., military equipment).
1. First contacts with the Roman world in the second century BC:
 Historical sources
 Archaeological sources
2. The first century BC: before stable inclusion into the Roman state and the period of occupation:
 Chronological problems in the second and first centuries BC
 Small material culture of the indigenous groups in the south-eastern Alps (Caput Adriae, the
area along the Soča River, the Taurisci, and the Norici)
 Roman material culture of the Late Republican and Augustan periods and its influence on
indigenous material culture
 Trade connections of the Late Republican and Augustan periods (long-distance trade in the
Mediterranean area as well as trade from Italy to central Europe)
 Differences between regions
 The Roman army of the Late Republican and Augustan periods
3. Early Imperial period:
 Chronology
 Introduction of new administrative organization
 Changes in settlement
 Urbanization
 Roman material culture and special regional features
 Trade
 The army
Readings
 Archäologische Forschungen zu den Grabungen auf dem Magdalensberg 1-14. Kärntner
Museumsschriften, Klagenfurt, 1967-2003.
 Božič, D. 1999. Die Erforschung der Latènezeit in Slowenien seit Jarh 1964. Arheološki vestnik
50: 189-213.
 Creighton, J. D. in R. J. A. Wilson ur. 1999. Roman Germany. Studies in cultural interaction.
Journal of Roman archaeology, Supp. ser. 32, Portsmouth.
 Demetz, S. 1999. Fibeln der spätlatène- und frühen römischen Kaiserzeit in den Alpenländern.
Frühgeschichtliche und provinzialrömische Archäologie, Materialien und Forschungen 4, Leidorf.
 Die Ausgrabungen auf dem Magdalensberg 1980 bis 1986. Magdalensberg-Grabungsbericht 16,
Klagenfurt 1998.
 Horvat, J. 1997. Sermin. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 3, Ljubljana.
 Horvat, J. 1999. Roman Provincial Archaeology in Slovenia Following the Year 1965: Settlement
and Small Finds. Arheološki vestnik 50: 215-257.
 Miškec, A. 2003: The Early Romanisation of the Southeastern Alpine Region in the Light of
Numismatic Finds. Arheološki vestnik 54: 369-379.
 Slapšak, B. 2003, O koncu prazgodovinskih skupnosti na Krasu. Arheološki vestnik 54: 243-257.
 Šašel, J. 1992: Opera selecta. Situla 30, Ljubljana.
 Šašel Kos, M. 1997. The End of the Norican Kingdom and the Formation of the Provinces of
Noricum and Pannonia. V: B. Djurić, I. Lazar ur. Akten des IV. internationalen Kolloquiums über
Probleme des provinzialrömischen Kunstschaffens, Situla 36, Ljubljana: 21-42.
14



Šašel Kos, M. 2000. Caesar, Illyricum, and the hinterland of Aquileia. V: G. Urso (ur.), L’ultimo
Cesare, Roma: 277-304.
Tassaux, F. 2004. Les importations de l’Adriatique et de l’Italie du nord vers les provinces
danubiennes de César aux Sévères. V: G. Urso ur., Dall’Adriatico al Danubio, Pisa: 167-205.
Tesori della Postumia, Milano 1998.
Assessment
Active participation in lectures and discussion classes, preparation of the term project, and an exam.
Assessment: – The ability to analytically understand individual problems, ability to select a
bibliography, ability to engage in analytical and critical thinking, ability to form an argument, and a
high level of written language must be demonstrated in the term project. – The oral exam assesses
what students have learned through lectures, through reading and analyzing the literature, and their
ability to understand and present the issues covered.
Tool Hoards of the La Tène and Roman Periods
Programme: Comparative Studies of Ideas and Cultures (3rd level)
Module: Millennia between the Adriatic and the Danube
Course code: 21
Year of study: Without
Course principal: Assoc. Prof. Jana Horvat, PhD
Lecturer: Dragan Božič, PhD
ECTS: 6
Workload: lectures 60 hours, seminar 30 hours
Course type: general elective
Languages: Slovene
Learning and teaching methods: lectures, discussions classes
Objectives and competences
Hoards of iron tools and equipment are an important type of closed archaeological find of the La
Tène and Roman periods. In connection with written sources, representations on stone monuments
and wall paintings, graves containing tools, and single finds of tools, they are one of the basic sources
for studying the economic activities and handcrafts of this time, as well as cultural influences,
technological development, cult practices, and so on. The presentation of the history of such
research will include false determinations of hoards and single specimens of tools that remained in
the literature until very recently. Based on selected examples, uncritical acceptance of false data and
false determinations in literature will be pointed out as well as neglect of basic sources (archival
documents and primary publications). This course offers a systematic and thorough acquaintance
with the tool hoards of the La Tène and Roman periods in Slovenia, central Europe, the Balkans, and
Great Britain, as well as the types of the tools and equipment represented in the hoards, with
possible reasons for hoard burial and the need and opportunities for further research in this area.
The presentation will also include economic activities and handicrafts testified by individual types of
tools.
Prerequisites
None required.
Content (Syllabus outline)
Publications on hoards and synthetic literature on tools and equipment will be critically evaluated.
The composition of hoards will be thoroughly analysed. Hoards from Slovenia can be divided into
those with agricultural tools, those with woodworking tools, and those with a mixed composition.
Students will be acquainted with possible reasons for hoard burial. This course will exhaustively
15
present typical hoards of the La Tène and Roman periods as well as the typology, chronology,
distribution, and function of selected types of tools.
1. Tool hoards as a source for studying economic activities and handicrafts:
 History of research
 Chronological problems
 Composition of tool hoards
 Possible reasons for burial
2. The La Tène period:
 Hoards by regions: central Europe, Slovenia
 Typology, chronology, distribution, and function of selected types of tools
3. The Roman period:
 Hoards by regions: south-eastern Europe, central Europe, western Europe, Slovenia
 Typology, chronology, distribution, and function of selected types of tools
Readings
 Bataille, G. in J.-P. Guillaumet ur. 2006. Les dépôts métalliques au second âge du Fer en Europe
tempérée. Bibracte.
 Bitenc, P. in T. Knific ur. 2001. Od Rimljanov do Slovanov. Predmeti. Ljubljana.
 Božič, D. 2005. Die spätrömischen Hortfunde von der Gora oberhalb von Polhov Gradec.
Arheološki vestnik 56: 293-368.
 Dolenz, H. 1998. Eisenfunde aus der Stadt auf dem Magdalensberg. Klagenfurt.
 Duvauchelle, A. 2005. Les outils en fer du Musée romain d’Avenches. Avenches.
 Gaitzsch, W. 1980. Eiserne römische Werkzeuge. Oxford.
 Gaitzsch, W. 1985. Werkzeuge und Geräte in der römischen Kaiserzeit. – V: Aufstieg und
Niedergang der römischen Welt 2, Principat, 12.3, Künste, Berlin, New York: 170-204.
 Gaspari, A., M. Guštin, I. Lazar in B. Žbona Trkman. 2000. Late Roman tool finds from Celje,
Gradišče at Zbelovska gora and Sv. Pavel above Vrtovin (Slovenia). V: M. Feugère in M. Guštin
(ur.), Iron, Blacksmiths and Tools, Montagnac: 187-203.
 Henning, J. 1987. Südosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter. Archäologische Beiträge zur
Landwirtschaft des 1. Jahrtausends u. Z. Berlin.
 Jacobi, G. 1974. Werkzeug und Gerät aus dem Oppidum von Manching. Wiesbaden.
 Kurz, G. 1995. Keltische Hort- und Gewässerfunde in Mitteleuropa. Stuttgart.
 Manning, W. H. 1972. Ironwork Hoards in Iron Age and Roman Britain. Britannia 3: 224-250.
 Manning, W. H. 1985. Catalogue of the Romano-British iron tools, fittings and weapons in the
British Museum. London.
 Nothdurfter, J. 1979 Die Eisenfunde von Sanzeno im Nonsberg. Mainz am Rhein.
 Pietsch, M. 1983. Die römischen Eisenwerkzeuge von Saalburg, Feldberg und Zugmantel. –
Saalburg Jahrbuch 39. 5-132.
 Pohanka, R. 1986. Die eisernen Agrargeräte der Römischen Kaiserzeit in Österreich. Oxford.
 Popović, I. 1988. Antičko oruđe od gvožđa u Srbiji. Beograd.
Assessment
Active participation in lectures and discussion classes, preparation of a term project, and an exam.
Assessment:
 The ability to analytically understand individual problems, ability to select a bibliography, ability
to engage in analytical and critical thinking, ability to form an argument, and a high level of
written language will be demonstrated in the term project.
 The oral exam assesses what students have learned through lectures, through reading and
analysing the literature, and their ability to understand and present the issues covered.
16
Spatial Archaeology – Archaeology in Landscape. Methods and Practice of
Studying Landscapes in Archaeology
Programme: Comparative Studies of Ideas and Cultures (3rd level)
Module: Millennia between the Adriatic and the Danube
Course code: 82
Year of study: Without
Course principal: Assist. Prof. Benjamin Štular PhD
ECTS: 6
Workload: lectures 60 hours, seminar 30 hours
Course type: general elective
Languages: Slovene
Learning and teaching methods: lectures, discussions classes
Objectives and competences
The study of landscapes has a venerable tradition in archaeology. The changing approaches towards
the subject in the last decades can be discerned by the use of phrases, such as settlement
archaeology, spatial archaeology, siedlungsarchaeologie and landscape archaeology. Each term
describes a combination of theoretical stances and methods applied and each formed a specific
archaeological practice. In the last two decades the progress is no longer grounded in theoretical or
methodological advancement but rather on the availability of ever-new technologies. Nowadays,
technology makes vast amount of data available for research ranging from micro (e.g. a site) to
macro scale (e.g. a region). Therefore, the boundaries between archaeology of a site and landscape
archaeology are more and more blurred into one and the result can be described as the archaeology
in landscape.
Students will revise the most important archaeological practices of studying landscapes in
archaeology. The focus will be on the relevant contemporary approaches that are signified foremost
by digital archaeology and so called lidar data (i.e. airborne laser scanning data) in conjunction with
other remote sensing methods. The first enables an access to a vast quantity of data. The second has
the potential to bear in a few years time an amount of new archaeological data that can be
compared to the work of an entire generation of archaeologists that gave us the Archaeological sites
of Slovenia catalogue (ANSL).
Both by revising the literature and by practical exercises in selected digital archaeology and/or
remote sensing techniques the students will acquire competence to implement an archaeological
analysis in landscape.
Prerequisites
None required.
Content (Syllabus outline)
State-of-the-art
• an overview of current theories
• an overview of current methods
Digital archaeology
• web sources of relevant remote sensing data
• web tools for analysis of remote sensing data
• other tools in digital archaeology
Lidar and other remote sensing data
• working with airborne laser scanning data
• working with other remote sensing data
• archaeological interpretation of data
17
Readings
 Ashmore, W., Knapp, B. A. (ed.) 1999, Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives.
Malden, Oxford.
 Aston, M. 1985, Interpreting the Landscape: Landscape Archaeology and Local History. London,
New York.
 Bender, B., Winer, M. (ed.) 2001, Contested Landscapes: Movement, Exile and Place. Oxford,
New York.
 Chapman, H. 2006, Landscape Archaeology and GIS. Stroud.
 David, B., Thomas, J. (ed.) 2008, Handbook of Landscape Archaeology. Walnut Creek.
 Clark, J., Darlington, J., Fairclough, G. 2004, Using Historic Landscape Characterisation. English
Heritage's review of HLC Applications 2002 - 03. London.
 Doneus, M. 2013, Die hinterlassene Landschaft. Prospektion und Interpretation in der
Landschaftsarchäologie. Wien.
 Garmy, P. 2012, Villes, réseaux et systèmes de villes. Contribution de l'archéologie. Paris, Arles.
 Hooke, D. 1997, The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England. London, New York.
 Howard, P. 2006, Archaeological Surveying and Mapping. Recording and depicting the
landscape. London, New York.
 Kuna, M. 2004, Nedestruktivní archeologie. Teorie, metody a cíle. Plzen.
 Lodewijckx, M., Pelegrin, R. (ed.) 2011, A Wew from the Air: Aerial Archaeology and Remote
Sensing Techniques. Results and opportunities. Oxford.
 Muir, R. 2004, Landscape Encyclopedia. Macclesfield.
 Olsen, B. 2002, Od predmeta do teksta. Beograd.
 Opitz, R. S., Cowley, D. C. (ed.) 2013, Interpreting Archaeological Topography. Airborne Laser
Scanning, 3D Data and Ground Observation. Oxford.
 Parcak, S. H. 2009, Satellite remote sensing for archaeology. London, New York.
 Johnson, M. 2007, Ideas of Landscape. Malden, Oxford, Carlton.
 Sarris, A. (ed.) 2015, Best Practices of GeoInformatic Technologies for the Mapping of
Archaeolandscapes. Oxford.
 Tilley, C. 2004, The materiality of stone: explorations in landscape phenomenology 1. Oxford,
New York.
 Trigger, B. G. 1967, Settlement Archaeology. Its Goals and Promise, American Antiquity 32 (2),
149-160.
 Ucko, P. J., Layton, R. (ed.) 1999, The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape: Shaping your
landscape. London, New York.
 Wiseman, J., El-Baz, F. (ed.) 2007, Remote Sensing in Archaeology. New York.
Slovenia
 Badjura, R. 1953, Ljudska geografija: Terensko izrazoslovje. Ljubljana.
 Gams, I. 1974, Kras. Zgodovinski, naravoslovni in geografski oris. Ljubljana.
 Ilešič, S. 1950, Sistemi poljske razdelitve na Slovenskem. - SAZU, Ljubljana.
 Mlekuž, D. 2013, Skin Deep: LiDAR and Good Practice ofLandscape Archaeology. IN: C. Corsi, B.
Slapšak, F. Vermeulen (ed.), Good Practice in Archaeological Diagnostics. Non-invasive Survey of
Complex Archaeological Sites, 113-131.
 Novaković, P. 2003, Osvajanje prostora: razvoj prostorske in krajinske arheologije. Ljubljana.
 Pleterski, A. 2011, Župa Bled. Nevidna srednjeveška Evropa. Ljubljana.
 Slapšak, B. 1995, Možnosti študija poselitve v arheologiji. Ljubljana.
 Štular, B. 2011, The use of lidar-derived relief models in archaeological topography. The Kobarid
region (Slovenia) case study (Uporaba modelov reliefa pridobljenih z lidarskim snemanjem v
arheološki topografiji. Študijski primer Kobariške), Arheološki vestnik = Acta archaeologica 62,
18


393-432.
Štular, B., Kokalj, Ž., Oštir, K., Nuninger, L. 2012, Visualization of lidar-derived relief models for
detection of archaeological features, Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (11), 3354--3360.
Štular, B. , Lozić, E. 2016, Primernost podatkov projekta Lasersko skeniranje Slovenije za
arheološko interpretacijo: metoda in študijski primer. IN: R. Ciglič, M. Geršič, D. Perko, M. Zorn
(ed.), Digitalni podatki, Ljubljana, 157-166.
Assessment
Active participation in lectures and discussion classes, preparation of a term project, and an exam.
Assessment:
• The ability to analytically understand individual problems, ability to select a bibliography, ability
to exercise analytical and critical thinking, ability to form an argument, and a high level of
written language will be demonstrated in the term project.
• The oral exam assesses what students have learned through lectures, through analysing the
literature and practical excercise, and their ability to understand and present the issues covered.
Archaeology of Early Medieval Period
Programme: Comparative Studies of Ideas and Cultures (3rd level)
Module: Millennia between the Adriatic and the Danube
Course code: 83
Year of study: Without
Course principal: Assist. Prof. Benjamin Štular PhD
ECTS: 6
Workload: lectures 60 hours, seminar 30 hours
Course type: general elective
Languages: Slovene
Learning and teaching methods: lectures, discussions classes
Objectives and competences
The study of each archaeological field has its own characteristics. Therefore, this study is focused on
selected archaeological sources, scientific questions and methods that are of key importance for of
archaeology of the early medieval period. Early medieval period was the time when the Slavs
migrated into the Western Europe. Upon arrival the Slavs and indigenous populations co-created a
specific settlement, linguistic and cultural identity that persists into modern times. This particularity
enables the use of methods that are not available for older archaeological periods.
The most important artefacts of the period are jewelry and pottery and the methodological emphasis
is on the material culture-archaeological context-archaeological interpretation relationship.
The students will be acquainted with the methods of artefact analyses – predominantly of jewelry
and pottery – in archaeological context. At the same time the students will be familiarized with the
current research in the region between the Danube and northern Adriatic as well as with the use of
relevant databases, analytical web-tools and digital-office-tools.
Prerequisites
None required.
Content (Syllabus outline)
Current research in the region between the Danube and northern Adriatic:
• political history,
• ethnogenesis of the Slavs and the indigenous Vlach population,
• typo-chronology of the jewelry,
• typo-chronology of the pottery,
• taphonomy (settlements and cemeteries),
19
• analysis of sites and landscapes as an artefact.
Working with relevant databases, analytical web-tools and digital-office-tools:
• basics of data analysis,
• structuring a database,
• use of search engines,
• ad hoc analytical tools.
Readings
Theory:
 MIRNIK PREZELJ, Irena 1998, Slovenska zgodnjesrednjeveška arheologija med preteklostjo in
sedanjostjo - pogled z "Zahoda". - Arheološki vestnik 49, 361 - 381. (Slovene Early Medieval
Archaeology between the Past and Present - View from the West)
Ethnogenesis:
 PLETERSKI, Andrej 2013, Etnogeneza Slavena - metode i proces. - Starohrvatska prosvjeta, s. 3,
sv. 40, str. 7-32.
Important sites
 EICHERT, Stefan 2010, Die frühmittelalterlichen Funde aus dem Kirchenfriedhof von St. Peter. Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte Oberkärntens Band 6, Sterben in St. Peter (Karpf Kurt, Meyer
Therese - editors), Spittal an der Drau, 149-191.
 EICHERT, Stefan 2010, Die frühmittelalterlichen Grabfunde Kärntens. Die materielle Kultur
Karantaniens anhand der Grabfunde vom Ende der Spätantike bis ins 11. Jahrhundert. - Aus
Forschung und Kunst 37, Klagenfurt.
 EICHERT, Stefan, ROGL Christine, Katalog der Gräber und Kleinfunde. - Beiträge zur
Kulturgeschichte Oberkärntens Band 6, Sterben in St. Peter (Karpf Kurt, Meyer Therese editors), Spittal an der Drau, 195-286.
 FRIESINGER, Herwig 1974, Studien zur Archäologie der Slawen in Niederösterreich. Mitteilungen der prähistorischen Kommission 15-16, Wien 1971-74.
 FRIESINGER, Herwig 1977, Fabrizii Susanne., Reuer Egon, Studien zur Archäologie der Slawen in
Niederösterreich (Die Skelette aus dem frühmittelalterlichen Gräberfeld von Pitten, p. B.
Niederösterreich). - Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommission 17-18, Wien 1975-77.
 KOROŠEC, Josip 1950, Staroslovansko grobišče na Ptujskem gradu. - Dela 1. razreda SAZU 1,
Ljubljana.
 KOROŠEC, Paola 1979, Zgodnjesrednjeveška arheološka slika karantanskih Slovanov. - Dela 1.
razreda SAZU 22.
 KOROŠEC, Paola 1999, Nekropola na Ptujskem gradu, turnirski prostor. - Ptuj.
 OBENAUS, Martin 2010, Arpadenzeitliche Gräberfelder und Grabfunde des 10. bis 12.
Jahrhunderts in Österreich. Fundmaterialien des Burgenländischen und Niederösterreichischen
Landesmuseums. - Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten aus Burgenland 135, Eisenstadt.
 PLETERSKI, Andrej - Belak, Mateja - ŠTULAR, Benjamin (uredniki). Izkopavanja srednjeveškega in
zgodnjenovoveškega grobišča pri Župni cerkvi v Kranju v letih 1964-1970 = Excavations of
Medieval and Post-Medieval cemetery at the Župna cerkev in Kranj, (Opera Instituti
archaeologici Sloveniae, 35, 1), (Zbirka Grobišča Župna cerkev v Kranju, 1). Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU,
Inštitut za arheologijo: Založba ZRC, 2016. ISBN 978-961-254-973-2. http://zalozba.zrcsazu.si/p/1264.
 PLETERSKI, Andrej, BELAK, Mateja. Grobovi s Puščave nad Starim trgom pri Slovenj Gradcu.
Arheološki vestnik, ISSN 0570-8966, 2002, letn. 53, str. 233-300.
 SAGADIN, Milan 1988, Kranj - križišče Iskra (nekropola iz časa preseljevanja ljudstev in
staroslovanskega obdobja). - Katalogi in monografije 24, Ljubljana.
 SVOLJŠAK, Drago - KNIFIC, Timotej 1976, Vipavska dolina. - Situla 17, Ljubljana - Nova Gorica.
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TOVORNIK, Vlasta 1980, Das Gräberfeld der Karantanisch-Köttlacher Kulturgruppe auf dem
Georgenberg bei Micheldorf, Pol. Bezirk Kirchdorf/Krems. - Baiern und Slawen in
Oberösterreich, Linz, 81-132.
TOVORNIK, Vlasta 1985, Die frühmittelalterlichen Gräberfelder von Gusen und Auhof bei Perg in
Oberösterreich. Teil I: Gusen. - Archaeologia Austriaca 69, 165-214.
TOVORNIK, Vlasta 1986, Die frühmittelalterlichen Gräberfelder von Gusen und Auhof bei Perg in
Oberösterreich. Teil II: Auhof. - Archaeologia Austriaca 70, 413-483.
VALIČ, Andrej 1964, Staroslovansko grobišče na Blejskem gradu. - Situla 7, Ljubljana.
VALIČ, Andrej 1969, Staroslovansko grobišče "Na Sedlu" pod Blejskim gradom. - Arheološki
vestnik 20, 218-238.
Typo-chronology and methods
 CHRISTLEIN, Rainer 1966, Das alamannische Reihengräberfeld von Marktoberdorf im Allgäu. Materialhefte zur Bayerischen Vorgeschichte. Heft 21. Kallmünz/Opf.
 EICHERT, Stefan 2012, Fruhmittelalterliche Strukturen im Ostalpenraum. Studien zur Geschichte
und Archäologie Karantaniens. - Aus Forschung und Kunst 39, Klagenfurt.
 FREEDEN, Uta von 1979, Untersuchungen zu merowingerzeitlichen Ohrringen bei den
Alamannen. - Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission. Band 60, 227-441.
 FREEDEN, Uta von, WIECZOREK, Alfried (izdajatelja) 1997, Perlen. Archäologie, Techniken,
Analysen. Akten des Internationalen Perlensymposiums in Mannheim vom 11. bis 14. November
1994. - Römisch-Germanische Kommission. Kolloquien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte. Band 1.
Bonn.
 GARAM, Eva 2001, Funde byzantinischer Herkunft in der Awarenzeit von Ende des 6. Bis zum
Ende des 7. Jahrhunderts. - Monumenta Avarorum Archaeologica 5, Budapest.
 GEIBIG Alfred 1991, Beiträge zur morphologischen Entwicklung des Schwertes im Mittelalter. Offa-Bücher 71, Neumünster.
 GIESLER, Jochen 1980, Zur Archäologie des Ostalpenraumes von 8. bis 11. Jahrhundert. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 10/1, Mainz am Rhein, 85 - 98.
 GIESLER, Jochen 1981, Untersuchungen zur Chronologie der Bijelo Brdo Kultur. - Praehistorische
Zeitschrift 56/1, Berlin.
 GOßLER, Norbert 1999, Untersuchungen zur Formenkunde und Chronologie mittelalterlichen
Stachelsporen in Deutschland (10.-14. Jahrhundert). - Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen
Kommission 79, 479-663.
 HASELOFF, Günter 1979, Kunststile des Frühen Mittelalters.
 Klasifikacija in datiranje gradiva t.i. "Bijelobrdske kulture".
 KNIFIC, Timotej 1974, Horizontalna stratigrafija grobišča Bled-Pristava II. - Situla 14/15, 315 326.
 LENARTSON, Monika 1997/1998, Karolingische Metallarbeiten mit Pflanzenornamentik. - Offa
54/55, 431-619.
 LOSERT, Hans, PLETERSKI, Andrej 2003, Altenerding in Oberbayern: Struktur des
frühmittelalterlichen Gräberfeldes und "Ethnogenese" der Bajuwaren. Berlin. - Scrîpvaz-Verlag;
Založba ZRC, Berlin - Bamberg - Ljubljana.
 MARTIN, Max 1989, Bemerkungen zur chronologischen Gliederung der frühen Merowingerzeit. Germania. Jahrgang 67,: 121-141.
 MENGHIN, Wilfried 1983, Das Schwert im Frühen Mittelalter. - Wissenschaftliche Beibände zum
Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums. Band 1. Stuttgart.
 PERIN, Patrick 1980, La datation des tombes mérovingiennes (Historique-MéthodesApplications). - Hautes Études médiévales et modernes 39, Geneve.
 PLETERSKI, Andrej 1982, Časovna izpovednost plastovitosti staroslovanskega grobišča Sedlo na
Blejskem gradu. - Arheološki vestnik 33, 134 - 150.
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PLETERSKI, Andrej 1990, Staroslovansko grobišče na Sandrovi polici v Predtrgu pri Radovljici. Arheološki vestnik 41, 64 - 97.
PLETERSKI, Andrej 2013, Korak v kronologijo zgodnjesrednjeveškega naglavnega nakita vzhodnih
Alp = A step towards the chronology of early medieval head ornaments in the Eastern Alps. Arheološki vestnik 64, 299-334.
PÖLLATH, Ralph 2002, Karolingerzeitliche Gräberfelder in Nordostbayern. - München.
RETTNER, Arno 1997, Sporen der Älteren Merowingerzeit. - Germania 75, 133-157.
SASSE, Barbara, THEUNE, Claudia 1996, Perlen als Leittypen der Merowingerzeit. - Germania
74/1, 187- 231.
STEUER, Heiko 1977, Bemerkungen zur Chronologie der Merowingerzeit. - Studien zur
Sachsenforschung 1, 379-402.
SZAMEIT, Erik 1986, Karolingerzeitliche Waffenfunde aus Österreich.Teil I: Die Schwerter. Archaeologia Austriaca 70, Wien, 385 - 399.
SZAMEIT, Erik 1988, Karolingerzeitliche Waffenfunde aus Österreich.Teil II: Die Saxe und
Lanzenspitzen. - Archaeologia Austriaca 71, Wien, 155 - 171.
SZAMEIT, Erik 1991, Anmerkungen zur Chronologie des 8.-9. Jahrhunderts im Ostalpenraum. Zalai Muzeum 3, Zalaegerszeg, 73 - 79.
WACHOWSKI, Krzysztof 1986-1987, Merowingische und karolingische Sporen auf dem
Kontinent. - Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters 14-15, 49-79.
WERNARD, Jo 1998, "Hic scramasaxi loquuntur". Typologisch-chronologische Studie zum
einschneidigen Schwert der Merowingerzeit in Süddeutschland. - Germania 76/2, 747-787.
ŽAK, Jan, MAČKOWIAK-KOTKOWSKA, Lidia 1988, Studia nad uzbrojeniem srodkowoeuropejskim
VI-X wieku. Studien zur mitteleuropäischen Bewaffnung des 6.-10. Jahrhunderts. - Uniwersytet
im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Seria Archeologia 31, Poznań.
Everyday life
 PLETERSKI, Andrej 1987, Sebenjski zaklad. - Arheološki vestnik 38, 237 - 330.
 PLETERSKI, Andrej 2008, Kuhinjska kultura v zgodnjem srednjem veku.. - Ljubljana.
 PLETERSKI, Andrej 2013, The invisible Slavs : Župa Bled in the prehistoric Early Middle Ages,
(Opera Instituti archaeologici Sloveniae, 28). Ljubljana: Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU, Založba
ZRC, 2013. 199 str., ilustr. ISBN 978-961-254-440-9. ISBN 978-961-254-608-3. http://iza2.zrcsazu.si/sites/default/files/opera_28_2013_invisible_slavs.pdf
Assessment
Active participation in lectures and discussion classes, preparation of a term project, and an exam.
Assessment:
• The ability to analytically understand individual problems, ability to select a bibliography, ability
to exercise analytical and critical thinking, ability to form an argument, and a high level of
written language will be demonstrated in the term project.
• The oral exam assesses what students have learned through lectures, through analysing the
literature and practical excercise, and their ability to understand and present the issues covered.
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