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Symbiotic Relationships in the Arctic
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April 9, 2014 By Creedence Gerlach
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It’s said that every species is interdependent on one another in order to survive. This statement is
absolutely true since every species is literally a part of the food chain. One of the harshest
environments to survive in is undoubtedly the vast frozen wilderness of the Arctic. In spite of its
brutal accommodations, it plays host to several animals as well as plant life. Many various
symbiotic relationships (involvement of two organisms) can be seen in the Arctic. These
relationships can be commensalistic, parasitic, or mutual in nature. Symbiotic relationships are a
natural and necessary function of our planet – without them, nothing would survive.
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Commensalism
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The Arctic isn’t the friendliest environment for vegetation to grow, which is why the animals of that
environment have limited options regarding food. The caribou eat lichens when the temperature
gets super cold. Often, it’s the only available food they have, but does provide them with
nourishing carbohydrates for heat and energy. The arctic fox instinctively knows to follow the
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caribou since the caribou helps the fox get its food as well by unintentionally digging up subnivean
mammals as it finds its own food to eat. This is a true example of symbiotic relationships.
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Another instance of symbiotic relationships is called parasitism. This is the relationship between
two organisms in which one of them benefits while the other loses out in the relationship. Indeed,
even the Arctic has parasitism. Typically, it is seen in the case of a liver tapeworm cyst. These
organisms are prone to live and thrive in the bodies of various animals including wolves, caribou,
polar bears, and moose. They feed on the food the animal eats, and as a result, the animal
develops malnutrition.
Mutualism
via flickr/AlaskaNPS
Mutualism is a relationship where two organisms benefit from one another. A typical example of
this is in the case of lichens. Lichen consists of green alga and fungus. The alga is naturally
photosynthetic and therefore able to transform carbon dioxide into the sugar that fungus feeds on.
Meanwhile, the fungal counterpart helps protect the alga by getting minerals from substrate and
retaining water. As a result, the green alga and the fungus both benefit from their relationship.
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