THE DISTRIBUTION OF EARNINGS IN SPAIN

THE DISTRIBUTION OF
EARNINGS IN SPAIN
DURING THE 1980s:
THE EFFECT OF SKILL,
UNEMPLOYMENT
AND UNION POWER
Olympia Bover, Samuel Bentolila
and Manuel Arellano
Banco de España
Banco de España — Servicio de Estudios
Documento de Trabajo n.º 0015
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