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Chapter
Date
9
From the Andes to the Amazon
In-Depth Resources: Unit 3
Building Vocabulary
Andes Mountains
cerrado
Paraná River
terraced farming
pampas
Orinoco River
rain forest
infrastructure
llanos
Amazon River
slash-and-burn
push factor
pull factor
A. Sentence Completion Select the term that best completes the sentence.
1. The ____________________ of the South American continent are part of a chain of
mountain ranges that run down the Pacific coast of North, Central, and South
America.
2. The ____________________ are vast expanses of plains found in the interior of
Brazil.
3. In South America, the ____________________ flows about 4,000 miles from west
to east, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean.
4. Both ____________________ and ____________________ are at work in moving
peasants and farmers off the land and drawing them to the cities.
5. A country’s ____________________ includes such things as sewers,
transportation, electricity, and housing.
B. Matching Match the definition in the second column with the word in the first
column. Write the appropriate letter next to the word.
a. they have made settlement along the Pacific coast of South
America difficult
_________ 1. pampas
_________ 2. llanos
b. a 1,500-mile river that flows mainly through Venezuela
_________ 3. Orinoco River
_________ 4. Paraná River
d. they cover more than two million square miles of South America
and contain many species of trees
_________ 5. rain forests
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c. a method used to clear land for farming
_________ 6. slash-and-burn
e. grasslands of northern Argentina and Uruguay
_________ 7. terraced farming
f. an ancient technique for growing crops on hillside or mountain
slopes
_________ 8. Andes Mountains
g. vast plains in Colombia and Venezuela
h. a 3,000-mile river that flows through Paraguay and Argentina
C. Writing About Geography Imagine you have taken a tour of Latin America. Using
each of the following terms correctly, write a summary of your trip. Use the back of
this page and underline each term you use.
Andes Mountains
Amazon River
Paraná River
pampas
cerrado
rain forest
llanos
Orinoco River
From the Andes to the Amazon 9
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Name
Chapter
Date
9
Section 1 Landforms and Resources
In-Depth Resources: Unit 3
Reteaching Activity
Reading Comprehension Find the missing word or phrase that best completes each
of the sentences below. Write your answers in the blank.
1. Latin America reaches from the southern borders of the United States down to
____________________ at the southernmost tip of South America.
2. On the South American continent, the ____________________ are part of
mountain ranges that run down the ____________________ Coast of North,
Central, and South America.
3. Other ranges include the ____________________ Highlands in the northeast of
South America.
4. South America also has several vast plains including the ____________________
of Colombia and Venezuela.
5. Other vast plains, located in Argentina and Uruguay, are known as the
____________________.
6. In addition, South America has many long rivers including the
____________________ River that winds through the northern part of the
continent, mainly in Venezuela.
7. The longest of these rivers is the ____________________ River that flows about
4,000 miles from west to east and empties into the ____________________.
____________________ islands. They consist of three major groups: the
____________________, the ____________________, and the
____________________.
9. Latin America is rich in natural resources. Venezuela and Mexico have major
____________________ reserves. Brazil is rich in ____________________ power
because of its many rivers and waterfalls.
10 UNIT 3 CHAPTER 9
Copyright © McDougal Littell Inc.
8. North of South America and east of Mexico and Central America are the
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Name
Chapter
Date
9
Section 2 Climate and Vegetation
In-Depth Resources: Unit 3
Reteaching Activity
Reading Comprehension Find the missing word or phrase that best completes each
of the sentences below. Write your answers in the blank.
1. Latin America has several ____________________, dense forests made up of
different species of trees.
2. The largest such forest is located in the ____________________, which covers
more than two million square miles of South America.
3. South America also contains grasslands called ____________________, which are
found in ____________________ and ____________________ climate zones.
4. Latin America contains two types of dry climate zones, ____________________
and ____________________.
5. Parts of northern Mexico are classified as a ____________________, as is much of
the coast of Peru.
6. Part of Chile along the west coast has a ____________________ climate with hot,
dry summers and cool, moist winters.
7. The ____________________ climate zone has cool, rainy winters and mild, rainy
summers and runs along the coast of southwestern South America.
8. ____________________ climate zones vary from moderate to cold, depending on
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altitude, and are found in the mountains of Mexico and South America.
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Name
Chapter
Date
9
Section 3 Human-Environment Interaction
In-Depth Resources: Unit 3
Reteaching Activity
Reading Comprehension Find the missing word or phrase that best completes each
of the sentences below. Write your answers in the blank.
Native people of Latin America used the (1)____________________ technique to clear
fields for crops. This technique involved (2)____________________ trees, brush, and
grasses and then (3)____________________ them to clear a field for planting crops.
(4)____________________ is an ancient technique practiced by the Inca for growing
crops on hillsides or mountain slopes. Although many people practice farming in Latin
America, an increasing number are moving to (5)____________________. In the South
American countries of (6)____________________, (7)____________________, and
(8)____________________ more than 85 percent of the people live in
(9)____________________ areas.
Both (10)____________________ factors are at work in moving peasants and
farmers off the land and drawing them to (11)____________________.
(12)____________________ factors include poor medical care, poor education, and low
paying jobs. (13)____________________ factors include higher paying jobs, better
schools, and better medical care. Many Latin American cities have become very large,
but the biggest city of all in this region is (14)____________________. These cities are
afflicted with many environmental problems including high levels of
(15)____________________ from cars and factories. To make matters worse, local governments cannot afford facilities to handle the population increase. This
(16)____________________ includes such things as sewers, transportation, electricity,
Latin America also has a large amount of tourism, which is both an advantage
and disadvantage. Two advantages include the (17)____________________ tourists
bring to the countries they visit and the (18)____________________ they create
for (19)____________________. Two disadvantages include the increasing
(20)____________________ caused by resorts built in previously unspoiled areas
and the large (21)____________________ run up by local government borrowing
money to build tourist facilities.
12 UNIT 3 CHAPTER 9
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and housing.
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Name
Chapter
Date
10
A Blending of Cultures
In-Depth Resources: Unit 3
Building Vocabulary
Spanish conquest
NAFTA
Treaty of Tordesillas
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
United Provinces of Central America
Tenochtitlán
Panama Canal
Inca
Carnival
reggae
maquiladoras
calypso
Quechua
samba
capoeira
A. Sentence Completion Select the term that best completes the sentence.
1. The ____________________ of Mexico began when Cortés and his soldiers
conquered the Aztecs in 1521.
2. ____________________ are factories in Mexico that assemble imported materials
into finished goods that are then exported, mostly to the United States.
3. The ____________________ cuts through Panama and connects the Atlantic and
Pacific oceans.
4. From their capital at Cuzco in Peru, the ____________________ extended their
power and built a great empire.
5. ____________________ is a martial art and dance that developed in Brazil from
African origins.
B. Matching Match the definition in the second column with the word in the first
column. Write the appropriate letter next to the word.
a. an agreement between Spain and Portugal that gave Portugal
control over the land that became present-day Brazil
_________ 1. Tenochtitlán
_________ 2. PRI
b. in Mexico, a political party that helped to introduce democracy
_________ 3. NAFTA
c. Aztec capital
_________ 4. United Provinces of
Central America
d. music that developed in Jamaica in the 1960s
_________ 5. reggae
f. in 1823, this area declared its independence from Mexico
_________ 6. Quechua
g. a trade agreement between Mexico, the United States, and
Canada
_________ 8. Carnival
h. a festival in Brazil
i. language of the Inca
_________ 9. samba
C. Writing About Geography Imagine that you attended a celebration that reflected
the cultures of both the Caribbean and Brazil. Using the following terms correctly,
write a description of the music and dance at the celebration. Use the back of this
page and underline each term you use.
capoeira
Carnival
18 UNIT 3 CHAPTER 10
samba
calypso
reggae
Copyright © McDougal Littell Inc.
_________ 7. Treaty of Tordesillas
e. a Brazilian dance with African influences
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Name
Chapter
Date
10
Section 1 Mexico
In-Depth Resources: Unit 3
Reteaching Activity
Reading Comprehension Find the missing word or phrase that best completes each
of the sentences below. Write your answers in the blank.
1. The rich fabric of native life in Mexico was torn apart by the ____________________.
2. In 1519, Cortés and his men marched into the interior of Mexico until they reached
the Aztec city of ____________________. By 1521, they had conquered the country
for Spain.
3. In 1821, Mexico achieved independence from Spain under ____________________,
who proclaimed himself emperor.
4. In the mid-19th century, ____________________ led a reform movement and
became president of Mexico.
5. He was eventually succeeded by ____________________, whose corrupt rule
brought about revolution and civil war.
6. In 1917, a new constitution was adopted, and in 1929 a new political party arose
called the ____________________. Although this political party helped to
introduce ____________________, it did not tolerate opposition and, as a result,
fraud and corruption undermined the ____________________ process.
7. In 2000, ____________________, the National Act Party candidate, was elected
president of Mexico, signaling the development of a multi-party, democratic state.
8. The culture of Mexico is a blend of ____________________ influences with original
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____________________ elements. The ____________________ constructed
beautiful ____________________ and public buildings, often in the shape of
pyramids. The ____________________ built huge ____________________, where
Catholics could worship.
9. Economically, Mexico is faced with two challenges. First it is looking for ways to
narrow the gap between ____________________ and ____________________.
Second, it is attempting to develop a modern ____________________ society.
10. Manufacturing is the most important part of Mexico’s economic development.
____________________ are factories in Mexico that assemble imported materials
into finished goods that are then exported, mostly to the United States.
A Blending of Cultures 19
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Name
Chapter
Date
10
Section 2 Central America and the Caribbean In-Depth Resources: Unit 3
Reteaching Activity
Reading Comprehension Find the missing word or phrase that best completes each
of the sentences below. Write your answers in the blank.
Central America is a (1)____________________, or place of origin of a major culture.
The (2)____________________ built a great ancient civilization in the region that
spread its influence throughout the area. Each city the Maya built was an independent
state ruled by a (3)____________________ and serving as a center for religious ceremony and trade.
Spain conquered Central America in the 16th century and ruled the region until the
19th century. In 1821, Mexico declared its independence from Spain and, two years
later, Central America declared its independence from Mexico and took the name
(4)________________________________________. In contrast, the Caribbean has been
settled and claimed by many European powers. By the 19th century, the
(5)____________________, (6)____________________, (7)____________________,
(8)____________________, and (9)____________________ all claimed islands in the
Caribbean. Most of these European powers were there to profit from the
(10)____________________ that depended on the forced labor of workers brought in
chains from (11)____________________. By 1804, Haiti had achieved independence
from (12)____________________. Cuba achieved independence from Spain in 1898 as
a result of the (13)____________________ War. Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago did
not achieve full independence from (14)____________________ until 1962. Many people in the Caribbean work on plantations, but the pay is (15)____________________. In
(16)____________________ and ten percent of the world’s (17)____________________.
Also, trade is important in Central America because of the (18)____________________,
which cuts through Panama and connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Music is an important part of the popular culture of Central America and the
Caribbean. (19)__________________ began in Trinidad and combines musical elements
from Africa, Spain, and the United States. (20)__________________ developed in
Jamaica in the 1960s and spread from there to Britain and the United States.
20 UNIT 3 CHAPTER 10
Copyright © McDougal Littell Inc.
Central America, large plantations produce ten percent of the world’s
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Name
Chapter
Date
10
Section 3 Spanish-Speaking South America
In-Depth Resources: Unit 3
Reteaching Activity
Reading Comprehension Find the missing word or phrase that best completes each
of the sentences below. Write your answers in the blank.
1. One of the great civilizations of the Americas, the ____________________, arose in
the Andes Mountains of Peru.
2. An approximately 20,000-miles-long ____________________ crossed mountains
and deserts to link the Inca Empire.
3. In the 16th century, ____________________ and his soldiers invaded and
conquered the Inca Empire for Spain.
4. Although the Spanish forced their own language and religion on the conquered
people, the ____________________ language of the Inca has survived and is still
spoken by millions of native people.
5. Led by ____________________ and ____________________, the countries of
South America won their independence from Spain in the first half of the 19th
century.
6. ____________________ (government by the few) and military rule have
characterized many of the countries of South America since they won their
independence from Spain.
7. Spanish-speaking South America has a strong cultural heritage.
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____________________ of Colombia won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1982.
8. Economically, one of the advantages of Spanish-speaking South America is its
abundance of natural resources. Colombia and Venezuela both have huge
____________________ that are probably their greatest economic asset. Chile has
huge deposits of ____________________, which remains its largest export.
9. Education is a critical issue for Spanish-speaking South America. In
____________________, ____________________, and ____________________
literacy rates are higher than 90 percent.
A Blending of Cultures 21
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Name
Chapter
Date
10
Section 4 Brazil
In-Depth Resources: Unit 3
Reteaching Activity
Reading Comprehension Find the missing word or phrase that best completes each
of the sentences below. Write your answers in the blank.
1. In the ____________________ (1494), Portugal gained control over the land that
became Brazil.
2. The territory was originally occupied by ____________________ divided into
hundreds of tribes and language groups.
3. The Portuguese conquered the tribes and put them to work on
____________________ plantations. When natives died from diseases brought by
the colonists, the Portuguese brought ____________________ slaves to Brazil to
replace them.
4. In 1822, ____________________ agreed to rule Brazil, and he declared the
country’s independence from Portugal.
5. The culture of Brazil is a blend of Portuguese influences, Native American
elements, and African influences. The Portuguese brought their language and their
____________________ religion with them. Today, millions of Brazilians practice
this religion. However, many Brazilians of African and mixed ancestry practice local
religions that combine ____________________ beliefs with
____________________.
6. A significant cultural contribution was made by the architect __________________
7. Abundant ____________________ have helped make Brazil into an industrial
power.
8. More than a thousand rivers, including the Amazon, wind through Brazil. Power
plants located along these rivers produce ____________________.
9. Another important part of Brazil’s economy is agriculture. Fertile grasslands called
the ____________________ provide rich farmlands.
10. The most colorful festival in Brazil is ____________________. The celebration of
this day takes place to the music of the ____________________, a Brazilian dance
with African influences.
22 UNIT 3 CHAPTER 10
Copyright © McDougal Littell Inc.
when he designed the buildings for the new capital of Brasília.
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Name
Chapter
Date
11
Case Study The Income Gap
In-Depth Resources: Unit 3
Reteaching Activity
Reading Comprehension Find the missing word or phrase that best completes each
of the sentences below. Write your answers in the blank.
1. The income gap in Latin America has three aspects: ____________________,
____________________, and ____________________.
2. The Catholic Church and other churches in Latin America have argued that
narrowing the gap between rich and poor is more than an economic necessity; it is
a matter of ____________________.
3. Most Latin American countries now have free-market economies with a minimum
of government rules. However, the poor often lack the basic
____________________ that would make taking part in the economy possible.
4. Also, in Latin America poor people who are desperate have often tried to
____________________ against their harsh, unfair governments.
5. The income in Latin America varies from country to country. In Brazil, nearly
____________________ percent of the people live in poverty.
6. Latin American countries are hoping that ____________________ will eventually
narrow the income gap by providing economic opportunity and stability.
7. ____________________ provides an outlet for protest and opposition so that
policies can be adjusted to reflect the will of the people.
increasingly complex economy.
36 UNIT 3 CHAPTER 11
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8. A(n) ____________________ population will be needed to fill the jobs in an