21/5/2014
DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
H. Gyde Lund (coordinator)
Forest Information Services
Email: [email protected]
Web site: http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/index.html
Last updated: 28 March 2014
Abstract: The Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) held 1-11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan calls for, among other
things, the reporting on emission sinks resulting "from direct human-induced land use change and forestry activities, limited to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990."
The FCCC Secretariat called for clarification of the use of these terms as they are used in various parts of the world [see: http://www.unfccc.de, Official Documents, Subsidiary Body for
Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) Document FCCC/SBSTA/1998/INF.1].
We initially developed this paper at the request of Dr. H. Fred Kaiser, USDA Forest Service in 1998 (see http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/1998rome2.ppt. It has since been continuosly
updated to since then. This paper lists various definitions that have been used or are in use for deforestation, afforestation, and reforestation. To have a clear understanding of these
terms, we also need to define tree, forest, degradation and other terms. The definitions we present were derived from a search via the Internet, from individual input and from Prüller
(1996). We list the sources used and additional contacts at the end of this paper. We also present a short discussion and comparison at the end of each set of definitions. See also
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/pristine.htm, http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/moredef.htm, and http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/LFCreport.html.
Our thanks to all those who responded to our emails and provided valuable input.
Keywords: Climate change, forest, tree, afforestation, deforestation, reforestation, plantations.
Cite as: Lund, H. Gyde. 2014 rev* Definitions of Forest, Deforestation, Afforestation, and Reforestation. [Online] Gainesville, VA: Forest Information Services. Available from the
World Wide Web: http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm. Misc. pagination. Note, this paper has been continuously updated since 1998.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BASIC TERMS
2. 1 LAND COVER
2.2 LAND USE
2.3 FOREST/FOREST LAND
2.3.1 General definitions
2.3.1.1 As a declared, legal, or administrative unit
2.3.1.2 As a land cover type
2.3.1.3 As a land use type
2.3.1.4 Ecological/Miscellaneous Definitions
2.3.2 International definitions
2.3.2.1 As a declared, legal, or administrative unit
2.3.2.2 As a land cover type
2.3.2.3 As a land use type
2.3.2.4 Ecological/Miscellaneous Definitions
2.3.3 National definitions
2.3.3.1 As a declared, legal, or administrative unit
2.3.3.2 As a land cover type
2.3.3.3 As a land use type
2.3.3.4 Ecological/Miscellaneous Definitions
2.3.4 State, province and local definitions.
2.3.4.1 As a declared, legal, or administrative unit
2.3.4.2 As a land cover type
2.3.4.3 As a land use type
2.3.4.4 Ecological/Miscellaneous Definitions
2.3.5 Questions
2.4 TREE
2.4.1 Definitions
2.4.1 a Trees outside forests
2.4.2 Summary table
2.4.3 Questions
2.5 WOODS, WOODLAND, OTHER WOODED LANDS (OWL)
2.6 NON-FOREST
2.7 NATIVE FOREST (See http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/pristine.htm)
2.8 NATURAL FOREST (See http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/pristine.htm)
2.9 SEMI-NATURAL FOREST (See http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/pristine.htm)
2.10 PLANTATION (Forest Cultures) (See http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/pristine.htm)
2.11 STOCKING
2.12 FORESTRY
2.13 GROVE.
2.14 STAND
3. ACTION TERMS
3.1 AFFORESTATION
3.1.1 Legal Term
3.1.2 Land Cover
3.1.3 Land Cover and Use
3.1.4 Summary table
3.1.5 Questions
3.2 DEFORESTATION
3.2.1 As a change in legal status
3.2.2 As a change in land cover
3.2.3 As a change in land use
3.2.4As a change in land cover and use
3.2.5 Other
3.2.6 Summary table
3.2.7 Questions
3.3 DEGRADATION (See http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/pristine.htm)
3.4 FORESTATION
3.5 REFORESTATION
3.5.1 Restoration of Land Cover
3.5. 2 Restoration of Land Cover and Use
3.5.3 Summary table
3.5.4 Questions
3.6 REGENERATION
3.6.1 By natural methods only
3.6.2 By any method
3.6.3 Questions
4. OTHER TERMS
5. DISCUSSION
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5.1 Illustrations
5.2. Basic Needs
5.3 Implications and Interpretations
5.3.1 From a Land Use Interpretation
5.3.2 From a Land Cover Interpretation
5.4 Summary table
5.5 Considerations
6. FINAL QUESTIONS AND OBSERVATIONS
7. REFERENCES
1. INTRODUCTION
Our search focused on the key terms - forest, afforestation, deforestation and reforestation. However, we found that we need to discuss and have a common of understanding of other
terms as well. Groupings are based upon literal interpretations of the definitions. The decision on which terms and definitions presented here must be considered in light with the end
point in mind. Most importantly, we need a clear understanding of what it is that we are interested in and how we wish to use the information. It may turn out that none of the terms
listed below are what is needed.
2. BASIC TERMS
Before we can get into a discussion of Afforestation, Deforestation, and Afforestation, we need to have an understanding of some basic terms and concepts. These include land - (the
terrestrial bio-productive system that comprises soil vegetation, other biota, and the ecological and hydrological processes that operate within the system (Convention to Combat
Desertification)), land use, land cover, tree, forest, natural forest, semi-natural forest, plantation, stocking and forestry. Here are some of the definitions we found:
1. Land - (European Environment Agency) Land - The terrestrial bio-productive system that comprises soil vegetation, other biota, and the ecological and hydrological processes that
operate within the system. http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary/L/land
2. Land - (UN-FA0 2004) A delineable area encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below the earth surface, including the soil, terrain, surface hydrology,
the near-surface climate, sediments and associated groundwater reserve, the biological resource, as well as the human settlements pattern and infrastructure resulting from human
activity. Ponce Hernandez and Koohafkan (FAO, 2004) http://www.fao.org/nr/lada/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=15&Itemid=157
3. Land - (UN-FAO 1995 and 1997) A delineable area of the earth’s terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface, including
those of the near-surface climate, the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes, and swamps), the near-surface sedimentary layers and
associated groundwater reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity (terracing, water storage or
drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.). (FAO 1995, 6). http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Briassoulis/contents.htm (W. Sombroek, Land resources evaluation and the role of
land-related indicators, FAO Land and Water Bulletin 5, 1997) http://www.fao.org/nr/lada/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=15&Itemid=157
4. Land - (USA-FED-U.S. Bureau of the Census) Dry land and land temporarily or partly covered by water such as marshes, swamps, and river flood plains (omitting tidal flats below
mean high tide); streams, slough, estuaries, and canals less than one eight of a statute mile wide; and lakes, reservoirs, and ponds less than 40 acres in area.
http://ifdc.nres.uiuc.edu/publications/pdf/forestresources02/pg81-86.pdf
5. Land - A delineable area of the earth's terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface, including those of the near-surface
climate, the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes and swamps), the near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater
reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity (terracing, water storage or drainage structures,
roads, buildings, etc.). http://www.ecs.co.sz/seap/env_articles_policy_pliwgr_intro.htm and www.pamagic.org/DataStds/Current/DataStandards_LandUse_05-22-02.pdf
6. Land - An area of the earth's surface, the characteristics of which embrace all reasonably stable, or predictably cyclic, attributes of the biosphere vertically above and below this
area, including those of the atmosphere, the soil and underlying geology, the hydrology, the plant and animal populations, and the results of past and present human activity, to the
extent that these attributes exert a significant influence on present and future uses of the land by humans. www.itc.nl/~rossiter/teach/glossary.html and
http://www.css.cornell.edu/landeval/glossary.htm
7. Land - The physical environment, including climate, relief, soils, hydrology and vegetation, to the extent that these influence potential for land use. (Mücher et al 1993).
8. Land classification is based on the status of the land at the time of inventory, ignoring the possibilities for production increasing measures. Expected changes in land use must
also be ignored unless they have already taken place http://www-markinfo.slu.se/eng/soildes/ago/agodef.html
9. Land conversion - A change in land use, function, or purpose (Washington Department of Ecology, 1992). http://www.p2pays.org/ref%5C04%5C03686/ch4-8.html
10. Land cover or land use class - An abstract representation of specific land cover or land use defined by classification criteria. It is important to note that several land use classes
may be associated with a single land cover class. For example, a specific map unit classified as forest may be associated with several land use classes, such as wood production,
watershed protection, tourism, etc. (Kalensky et al. 2002).
11. Land Cover/use (USA-FED-DA and Census Bureau). A term that includes categories of land cover and categories of land use. Land cover is the vegetation or other kind of
material that covers the land surface. Land use is the purpose of human activity on the land; it is usually, but not always, related to land cover. The NRI uses the term "land
cover/use" to identify the categories that account for all the surface area in the United States [BS-1982, NRI-92] ftp://ftpfc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NCGC/products/nri/2004range/chapter6.pdf and http://www.allcountries.org/uscensus/383_land_cover_use_by_state.html
2.1 LAND COVER
1. (Australia – Tasmania 2003) Land cover refers to the physical state of the land surface and includes vegetation, soil, rock, water and man-made structures. It represents the
cumulative consequence of human influence and ecological processes over many thousands of years. http://soer.justice.tas.gov.au/2003/lan/2/issue/38/ataglance.php
2. (Australia 2001) - The physical state of the land surface, including vegetation, soil, rock and human made structures, but specifically used in relation to vegetational changes, to
describe the proportion of land covered by vegetation http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/land/glossary.html.
3. (European Environment Agency) - Land cover corresponds to a (bio)physical description of the earth's surface. It is that which overlays or currently covers the ground. This
description enables various biophysical categories to be distinguished - basically, areas of vegetation (trees, bushes, fields, lawns), bare soil, hard surfaces (rocks, buildings) and
wet areas and bodies of water (watercourses, wetlands). http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary/L/land_cover and http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/publi/landscape/gloss.htm
4. (OECD) Land cover reflects the (bio) physical dimension of the earth’s surface and corresponds in some regard to the notion of ecosystems. Typical examples for land cover
categories are built-up areas, grassland, forests or rivers and lakes. http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=6489
5. (UN-EP) The physical attributes of the land that can be seen readily as opposed to the land use which describes a pattern of human activities undertaken within a social and
economic context. http://www.eapap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/training/module1.html
6. (UN-EP/EAP.AP) Land cover can simply be defined as "the physical attributes of the land that can be seen readily as opposed to the land use which describes a pattern of human
activities undertaken within a social and economic context" http://www.rrcap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/training/module1.html
7. (USA-FED-Climate Change Science Program 2003) The vegetation and artificial built-up materials covering the land surface. This includes areas of vegetation (forests, shrublands,
crops, deserts, lawns), bare soil, developed surfaces (paved land, buildings), and wet areas and bodies of water (watercourses, wetlands).
http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/stratplan2003/final/annexd.htm#L
8. (USA-FED-EPA 2006) The ecological status and physical structure of vegetation on the land surface. What can be seen on the landscape - essentially the vegetation and other
physical characteristics. Land cover is often mapped using remotely sensed data as cover types can be delineated based on appearance or their spectral reflectance. 2006.
http://www.epa.gov/urban/glossary.htm, http://www.epa.gov/indicate/roe/html/roeAppDf.htm#f, and http://www.epa.gov/indicators/roe/html/roeGlossL.htm.
9. (USA-FED-NASA)- The characteristics of a land surface as determined by its spectral signature (the unique way in which a given type of land cover reflects and absorbs light).
http://eobglossary.gsfc.nasa.gov/Library/glossary.php3?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n
10. (USA-FED-DA) The vegetation or other kind of material that covers the land surface. ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NCGC/products/nri/2004range/chapter6.pdf
11. (USA-FED-DA-NRCS) The vegetation or other kind of material that covers the land surface. http://199.156.157.191/nri/blcu.htm and http://www.wv.nrcs.usda.gov/nri/blcu.htm
12. (USA-FED-DI-USGS) The habitat or vegetation type present, such as forest, agriculture, and grassland. http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/lu106.htm
13. Broad land use classes interpreted from satellite data. The land cover classes used in this report are dense forest, open forest, scrub and nonforest. http://envfor.nic.in/nfc/s-git.pdf.
14. Land cover - The physical coverage of land, usually expressed in terms of vegetation cover or lack of it. Related to, but not synonymous with, land use.
http://ma.caudillweb.com/proxy/Document.782.aspx
15. Land cover generally refers to actual ground cover, eg, vegetation, crops, urban areas and open water. It also includes associations of the Earth's surface and its cover, such as
forests, which are composites of various covers. The term reef zone is often used in reef mapping in place of land cover. http://ceos.cnes.fr:8100/cdrom00b/ceos1/science/glossary/glossl.htm
16. Land cover is the biophysical state of the earth’s surface and immediate subsurface" (Turner et al. 1995, 20). In other words, land cover "describes the physical state of the land
surface: as in cropland, mountains, or forests" (Meyer 1995, 25 cited in Moser 1996, 247). Meyer and Turner (1994) add: "it embraces, for example, the quantity and type of surface
vegetation, water, and earth materials (Meyer and Turner 1994, 5). Moser (1996) notes that: "The term originally referred to the type of vegetation that covered the land surface, but
has broadened subsequently to include human structures, such as buildings or pavement, and other aspects of the physical environment, such as soils, biodiversity, and surfaces
and groundwater" (Moser 1996, 247). http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Briassoulis/contents.htm
17. Land Cover is the type of material present on the landscape. Materials such as water, different types of vegetation, soil, and man-made materials like asphalt (Jensen 2005).
http://www.utsa.edu/lrsg/teaching/es6973/project/jayar1.pdf.
18. Refers to the properties of a portion of the surface of the earth. For example, we can describe an area as covered in grassland, forests, or desert.
http://www.cara.psu.edu/tools/glossary.asp
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19. That which overlays or currently covers the ground, especially vegetation, permanent snow and ice fields, water bodies, or structures. Barren land is also considered a ‘land cover’
although technically it is lack of cover. The term land cover can be thought of as applying to the setting in which action (one or more different land uses) takes place (USDA Forest
Service 1989).
20. The actual distribution of vegetation, water, desert, ice, and other physical features of the land, including those created by human activities. http://ww2.iai.int/eblw1.htm
21. The biophysical state of the earth’s surface and immediate subsurface http://www.idg.suny.edu/HO%20submit%20SensitiveSens%2012%2017Porro.htm.
22. The composition of the features of the earth's surface. (Cihlar and Jansen 2001).
23. The ecological state and physical appearance of the land surface (e.g., closed forests, open forests, or grasslands) (Turner and Meyer 1994)
24. The natural landscape recorded as surface components: forest, water, wetlands, urban, etc. Land cover can be documented by analyzing spectral signatures of satellite and aerial
imagery. http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/lca/faq_data.html#LULC
25. The observed (bio) physical cover on the earth's surface. Also aspects describing land itself rather than land cover have been included (e.g. bare areas, waterbodies, etc.) because
in practice the scientific community is used to describe those aspects under the term land cover (Di Gregorio and Jansen 1997, 1998, Jansen and Di Gregorio 1998, Choudhury and
Jansen 1998.).
26. The observed (bio)physical cover on the earth’s surface. In the strict sense, land cover is confined to vegetation and man-made features; bare rock or bare soils are describing land
itself rather than land cover and it is also disputable whether water surfaces can be considered real land cover. However, in practice, the scientific community usually describes
those aspects within the term land cover. http://www.glcn-lccs.org/index.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=2.
27. The observed physical and biological cover of the Earth's land as vegetation or man-made features. http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/SPM_SRLULUCF.pdf and
http://www.bib.fsagx.ac.be/coste21/glossary.html
28. The physical coverage of land, usually expressed in terms of vegetation cover or lack of it. Related to, but not synonymous with, land use.
http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/jkl/land-cover.htm
29. The physical state of the land, including the quantity and type of surface vegetation, water, and earth materials. http://www.aag.org/hdgc/www/intro/glossary/glossary.html.
30. The surface cover whether vegetation, water, bare soil, urban development or other. Identifying, delineating and mapping land cover is important for global monitoring
studies, resource management, and planning activities. http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec6.html
31. The type of surface layer of the specific land area, including vegetation, barren land, open water bodies and artificial surfaces, that can be observed in the field and recorded by
aerial or satellite remote sensing. (Kalensky et al. 2002)
32. The vegetation (natural or planted) or man made constructions (buildings, etc.) which occur on the earth surface. Water, ice, bare rock, sand and similar surfaces also count as
land cover. www.pamagic.org/DataStds/Current/DataStandards_LandUse_05-22-02.pdf
33. The vegetational and artificial constructions covering the land surface (Burley, 1961). It thus includes cultural (buildings, artifacts, fields), vegetational (grass, shrubs, trees) and
other (water, burned objects and areas, soil , lithology) features on the Earth's surface. (Mücher et al 1993)
34. The vegetative, natural or artificial construction covering the land surface. http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/risc/pubs/landuse/corporatelanduse/corporatelanduse-03.htm#a
35. Usually used to denote the nature of the Earth's surface in areas where the natural environment is dominant. http://surf.tstc.edu/~rcozby/GPS/ap_terms.htm#L
36. Land-cover change - a change from one class of land cover to another (conversion), such as from grassland to cropland, or a change of condition within a land cover category
(modification), such as the thinning of a forest. http://www.aag.org/hdgc/www/intro/glossary/glossary.html
37. Land cover change (USA-FED-UDSI-USGS) describes differences in the area occupied by cover types through time. http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/lu106.htm
38. Land cover classification - A process of stratification and systematic grouping of land cover into multi-level, mutually exclusive classes according to selected criteria. It is
independent of map scale, data source and geographic area. (Kalensky et al. 2002).
39. Land cover map legend - A subset of land cover classes compatible with the map scale, map type (forest map, forest change map, agricultural land map, land degradation map,
etc.) and map accuracy requirements. Furthermore, the map legend is specific to a geographic area of the map. (Kalensky et al. 2002).
2. 2 LAND USE
1. (European Environment Agency) - Land use corresponds to the socio-economic description (functional dimension) of areas: areas used for residential, industrial or commercial
purposes, for farming or forestry, for recreational or conservation purposes, etc. Links with land cover are possible; it may be possible to infer land use from land cover and
conversely. But situations are often complicated and the link is not so evident. Contrary to land cover, land use is difficult to 'observe'. For example, it is often difficult to decide if
grasslands are used or not for agricultural purposes. Distinctions between land use and land cover and their definition have impacts on the development of classification systems,
data collection and information systems in general. http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary/L/land_use and http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/publi/landscape/gloss.htm
2. (European Environment Agency) The socio-economic description (functional dimension) of areas: areas used for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, for farming or
forestry, for recreational or conservation purposes, etc. Links with land cover are possible; it may be possible to infer land use from land cover and conversely. But situations are
often complicated and the link is not so evident. Contrary to land cover, land use is difficult to "observe". For example, it is often difficult to decide if grasslands are used or not for
agricultural purposes. Distinctions between land use and land cover and their definition have impacts on the development of classification systems, data collection and information
systems in general. http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/publi/landscape/gloss.htm
3. (European Union) Corresponds to the socio-economic description (functional dimension) of areas: areas used for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, for farming or
forestry, for recreational or conservation purposes, etc. Links with land cover are possible; it may be possible to infer land use from land cover and conversely. But situations are
often complicated and the link is not so evident. Contrary to land cover, land use is difficult to 'observe'. For example, it is often difficult to decide if grasslands are used or not for
agricultural purposes. Distinctions between land use and land cover and their definition have impacts on the development of classification systems, data collection and information
systems in general. http://epaedia.eea.europa.eu/glossary.php?letter=L&gid=92#viewterm
4. (European Union) For land use, various approaches are proposed into the literature. Two main "schools" may be distinguished. Land use in terms of functional dimension
corresponds to the description of areas in terms of their socio-economic purpose: areas used for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, for farming or forestry, for
recreational or conservation purposes, etc. Links with land cover are possible; it may be possible to infer land use from land cover and conversely. But situations are often
complicated and the link is not so evident. Another approach, termed sequential, has been particularly developed for agricultural purposes. The definition is a series of operations on
land, carried out by humans, with the intention to obtain products and/or benefits through using land resources. For example a sequence of operations such as ploughing, seeding,
weeding, fertilising and harvesting (MÜCHER et al. 1993). Contrary to land cover, land use is difficult to "observe". For example, it is often difficult to decide if grasslands are used or
not for agricultural purposes. The information coming from the source of observation may not be sufficient and may require additional information. In the case of agricultural use,
farmers may bring information, for example if cattle are present or not, if they are grazing. It is also possible to use characteristics on the spot indicating the presence or absence of
cattle. For the FUNCTIONAL approach, inference from land cover may be helpful. For the SEQUENTIAL approach, a more exhaustive recording of various attributes will be needed,
for example a multi-temporal approach. In the following, land use will be understood as FUNCTIONAL. http://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/coded/info/data/coded/en/gl009961.htm
5. (IPCC - 2003) The total of arrangements, activities and inputs undertaken (a set of human actions) in a certain land cover type. The term “land use” is also used in the sense of the
social and economic purposes for which land is managed (e.g., grazing, timber extraction, and conservation). (Source: Second Order Draft Glossary IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment
Rept. http://www.junkscience.com/draft_AR4/GLOSSARY_SOD_TSU_FINAL.pdf)
6. (IPCC) The social and economic purposes for which land is managed (e.g., grazing, timber extraction, conservation). http://www.bib.fsagx.ac.be/coste21/glossary.html and
http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/SPM_SRLULUCF.pdf
7. (IPCC) The total of arrangements, activities, and inputs undertaken in a certain land cover type (a set of human actions). http://www.bib.fsagx.ac.be/coste21/glossary.html and
http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/SPM_SRLULUCF.pdf
8. (OECD) Land use is based on the functional dimension of land for different human purposes or economic activities. Typical categories for land use are dwellings, industrial use,
transport, recreational use or nature protection areas. http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=6493
9. (UN-EP) - The total of arrangements, activities and inputs undertaken in a certain land cover type (a set of human actions). The social and economic purposes for which land is
managed (e.g., grazing, timber extraction, and conservation). http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/518.htm
10. (UN-FAO-2005) Land use: classification of land according to the activity undertaken on the land (paragraphs 11.20–11.39).
http://www.fao.org/es/ess/census/PROGwca2010/glossary_r7.pdf
11. (USA-DOT-FHWA) - Refers to the manner in which portions of land or the structures on them are used, i.e. commercial, residential, retail, industrial,
etc. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/glossary/glossary_listing.cfm?TitleStart=L
12. (USA-FED-Climate Change Science Program) The total of arrangements, activities, and inputs undertaken in a certain land cover type (a set of human actions). The social and
economic purposes for which land is managed (e.g., grazing, timber extraction, and conservation). http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/stratplan2003/final/annexd.htm#L U
13. (USA-FED-EPA 2006) The degree to which the land reflects human activities (e.g., residential and industrial development, roads, mining, timber harvesting, agriculture, grazing,
etc.). Land use describes how a piece of land is managed or used by humans. Land use is generally locally regulated in the U.S. based on zoning and other regulations. Land use
mapping differs from land cover mapping in that it is not always obvious what the land use is from visual inspection. 2006. http://www.epa.gov/urban/glossary.htm
14. (USA-FED-EPA) Describes how a piece of land is managed or used by humans. The degree to which the land reflects human activities (e.g., residential and industrial development,
roads, mining, timber harvesting, agriculture, grazing, etc.). http://www.epa.gov/indicate/roe/html/roeAppDf.htm#f and http://www.epa.gov/indicators/roe/html/roeGlossL.htm
15. (USA-FED-DA 1982) The purpose of human activity on the land; it is usually, but not always, related to land cover. The NRI uses the term "land cover/use" to identify the categories
that account for all the surface area in the United States [BS-1982, NRI-92] ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NCGC/products/nri/2004range/chapter6.pdf
16. (USA-FED-DI-NRCS) The purpose of human activity on the land; it is usually, but not always, related to land cover. http://199.156.157.191/nri/blcu.htm and
http://www.wv.nrcs.usda.gov/nri/blcu.htm
17. A particular manner of using land, such as for residences or recreation. http://ohia.com/ohia/roadshows/sky/glossary.htm
18. A series of operations on land, carried out by humans, with the intention to obtain products and/or benefits through using land resources.
www.pamagic.org/DataStds/Current/DataStandards_LandUse_05-22-02.pdf and (de Bie 2000).
19. A term used to describe the various ways in which human beings make use of the land and its resources, including farming, mining, building, or grazing sheep and cattle.
http://www.enviroliteracy.org/landuse.html
20. Current or intended statutory use or tenure of land. http://www.glenelg-hopkins.vic.gov.au/catchmentprofile/glossary.asp
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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21. How land is used. It might be for:· buildings, such as a housing estate, · industrial purposes, such as factories,· leisure, such as a sports centre,· agriculture, such as an orchard
http://www.naturegrid.org.uk/eco-exp/glossary.html#land
22. How people use the Earth's surface (e.g., urban, rural, agricultural, range, forest); often subdivided into specific uses (e.g., retail, low-density housing, industrial).
http://www.nmlites.org/standards/socialstudies/glossary.html
23. Human activities which are directly related to land, making use of its resources or having an impact upon it. http://www.wocat.org/ftp/ISCOmap.pdf
24. Involves both the manner in which the biophysical attributes of the land are manipulated and the intent underlying that manipulation”.
http://www.idg.suny.edu/HO%20submit%20SensitiveSens%2012%2017Porro.htm
25. Land "use" is defined in terms of a specific combination of land activity and land cover. http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/risc/pubs/landuse/corporatelanduse/corporatelanduse-03.htm#a
26. Land use involves both the manner in which the biophysical attributes of the land are manipulated and the intent underlying that manipulation – the purpose for which the land is
used" (Turner et al. 1995, 20). In a similar vein, Meyer (1995) states that "land use is the way in which, and the purpose for which, human beings employ the land and its resources
(Meyer 1995, 25 cited in Moser 1996, 247). Briefly, land use "denotes the human employment of land" (Turner and Meyer 1994, 5). Skole (1994) expands further and states that
"Land use itself is the human employment of a land-cover type, the means by which human activity appropriates the results of net primary production (NPP) as determined by a
complex of socio-economic factors" (Skole 1994, 438). Finally, FAO (1995) states that "land use concerns the function or purpose for which the land is used by the local human
population and can be defined as the human activities which are directly related to land, making use of its resources or having an impact on them" (FAO 1995, 21).
http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Briassoulis/contents.htm
27. Land use is characterized by the arrangements, activities and inputs people undertake in a certain land cover type to produce, change or maintain it. The definition of land use
establishes a direct link between land cover and the actions of people in their environment. http://www.glcn-lccs.org/index.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=2
28. Land Use refers to what people do on the land surface, such as agriculture, commercial and residential development, and transportation (Jensen 2005).
http://www.utsa.edu/lrsg/teaching/es6973/project/jayar1.pdf.
29. Man's activities on land of which settlements, forestry, agriculture, mining, grazing and water use are the most predominant http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ru12/DEFINE/DEF-ENV.HTM
30. Man's activities on land which are directly related to land. (Anderson et al. 1976).
31. Refers to how land is utilized by humans, as in agricultural land use, urban development, or mining. http://www.cara.psu.edu/tools/glossary.asp
32. Refers to the manner in which portions of land or the structures on them are used, e.g., commercial, residential, retail, industrial, etc. http://www.raqc.org/more/define.htm#L
33. Specific use or management-related activity, rather than the vegetation or cover of the land. The categories of and use are cropland, developed water resource, fish and wildlife
habitat, forestry, industrial/commercial, pastureland (or land occasionally cut for hay), recreation, residential, and undeveloped land. http://dnr.state.il.us/mines/lrd/guides/farm6.htm
34. The activity land is used for. http://cfpm.org/caves/CAVESWiki/Glossary
35. The arrangements, activities and inputs people undertake in a certain land cover type to produce, change or maintain it (Di Gregorio and Jansen 1997, 1998, Jansen and Di Gregorio
1998). A given land use may take place on one, or more than one, piece of land and several land uses may occur on the same piece of land. Definition of land use in this way
provides a basis for precise and quantitative economic and environmental impact analysis and permits precise distinctions between land uses, if required. Lands may be devoid of
forest cover, but may be used for forestry purposes. Similarly, lands may have tree cover, but not used for forestry use – i.e. "urban forests."
36. The current use of an area of land. This term is different to, but often confused with, land cover. http://ceos.cnes.fr:8100/cdrom-00b/ceos1/science/glossary/glossl.htm
37. The description of human enterprises on the land and water, and may have the following components: activities (the actual use of land and related structures and modifications to
the landscape); use-related land cover (where cover implies a use or is important to interpreting patterns or impacts of use); declared interests in the land (where use decisions may
be affected by such interests); legal entities (legal boundaries, tenures, and regulations that affect use).
http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/risc/pubs/landuse/corporatelanduse/corporatelanduse-03.htm#a
38. The description of the human cultural activities on the land and water. http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/risc/pubs/landuse/corporatelanduse/corporatelanduse-03.htm#a
39. The direct interaction/manipulation with/of the (agro-) ecosystem by man (Mücher et al 1993)
40. The documentation of human uses of the landscape: residential, commercial, agricultural, etc. Land use can be inferred but not explicitly derived from satellite and aerial imagery.
There is no spectral basis for land use determination in satellite imagery. http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/lca/faq_data.html#LULC
41. The employment of a site or holding so as to derive revenue or other benefits from it; the delineation by a governing authority of the utilization of the land within a particular
jurisdiction so as to promote the most advantageous development of the community such as industrial, residential, commercial, recreational and other uses under a plan. (HUDCC)
http://www.nscb.gov.ph/peenra/Publications/Compendium/glossary.PDF
42. The function for which the land is rendered in the attempt to satisfy some human wants. http://anmf.web1000.com/BIBLIOGRAPHY%20ON%20AFRICA%20MOUNTAINS.html
43. The human activity that is associated with a specific land unit, in terms of utilization, impacts or management practices (Thompson 1996).
44. The human employment of land; includes settlements, cultivation, pasture, rangeland, and recreation, among others. http://www.aag.org/hdgc/www/intro/glossary/glossary.html
45. The human employment of the land (Meyer and Turner 1992).
46. The human use of a piece of land for a certain purpose (such as irrigated agriculture or recreation). Influenced by, but not synonymous with, land cover.
http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/jkl/land-use.htm and http://ma.caudillweb.com/proxy/Document.782.aspx
47. The intent and management strategy placed on a land cover type (Turner, et al. 1995).
48. The nature of the Earth's surface in areas where the human imprint upon land is dominant. http://surf.tstc.edu/~rcozby/GPS/ap_terms.htm#L
49. The predominant purpose for which an area is employed (USDA Forest Service 1989).
50. The purpose for which a specific land area is used by people; the socio-economic function of such an area. (Kalnensky et al. 2002).
51. The purpose the land serves, for example, recreation, wildlife habitat, or agriculture, urban development, and mostly areas impacted by human activity. Knowledge of land use helps
us to develop strategies to balance conservation, conflicting uses, and developmental pressures. Some of the issues which are of concern include the removal or disturbance of
productive land, urban encroachment, and depletion of forests. http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec6.html
52. The purpose to which land is put by humans (e.g., protected areas, forestry for timber products, plantations, row-crop agriculture, pastures, or human settlements) (Turner and
Meyer 1994). Change in land use may or may not cause a significant change in land cover. For example, change from selectively harvested forest to protected forest will not cause
much discernible cover change in the short term, but change to cultivated land will cause a large change in cover.
53. The type of human activity taking place at or near the earth's surface. (Cihlar and Jansen 2001).
54. The way in which land is used, especially in farming and city planning. http://en.mimi.hu/environment/land_use.html
55. The way in which, and the purposes for which, humans employ the land and its resources (Meyer 1995).
56. The way land is developed and used in terms of the kinds of activities allowed (agriculture, residences, industries, etc.) and the size of buildings and structures permitted.
http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/sfep/reports/soe/soegloss.htm
57. The way land is developed and used in terms of the kinds of anthropogenic activities that occur (e.g., agriculture, residential areas, industrial areas).
http://www.planning.arizona.edu/projects/proj_azcity_glossary.doc
58. Land-use change - (UN-EP 2000) - A change in the use or management of land by humans, which may lead to a change in land cover. Land cover and land-use change may have
an impact on the
albedo,
evapotrans-piration,
sources and
sinks of
greenhouse gases, or other properties of the
climate system and may thus have an impact
on climate, locally or globally. See also: the IPCC Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (IPCC, 2000). http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/518.htm
59. Land-use change - (USA-FED-Climate Change Science Program 2003) - A change in the use or management of land by humans, which may lead to a change in land cover. Land
cover and land-use change may have an impact on the albedo, evapotranspiration, sources, and sink s of greenhouse gases, or other properties of the climate system, and may
thus have an impact on climate, locally or globally. http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/stratplan2003/final/annexd.htm#L
60. Land-use change - shift to a different land use or an intensification of an existing one. http://www.aag.org/hdgc/www/intro/glossary/glossary.html
2.3 FOREST/FOREST LAND - ETYMOLOGY: Middle English, from Old French, from Medieval Latin forestis (silva), outside (forest), from Latin for s, outside.
http://www.bartleby.com/61/69/F0256900.html. In several European languages, the root for(s) today still means outsider -(e.g. foreigner).
http://www.europarl.eu.int/workingpapers/forest/eurfo124_en.htm. The word “forest” in Medieval England came to mean land outside cultivation and belonging by default to the Crown.
There is no direct reference to trees or woodland. http://www.ashdownforest.org/html/conservation.html. The term "forest" was a legal and did not mean that the whole area was
wooded. http://www.wychwoodproject.org/templates/history.htm “The word foresta appears for the first time in the laws of the Longobards and the capitularies of Charlemagne, referring
not to woodlands in general but only to the royal game preserves. The obscure Latin verb forestare meant 'to keep out, to place off limits, to exclude.' In effect, during the Merovingian
period in which the word foresta entered the lexicon, kings had taken it upon themselves to place public bans on vast tracts of woodlands in order to insure the survival of their wildlife,
which in turn would insure the survival of a fundamental royal ritual--the hunt.
Manwood in Lawes of the Forest (1598) describes a forest as “a certain territory of woody grounds, fruitful pastures, privileged for wild beasts and fowls of forest, chase and warren, to
rest and abide in the safe protection of the king, for his princely delight and pleasures.” (Encyclopedia Britannia 1910. p. 645. http://books.google.com/books?
id=jhZsJc4z5RkC&pg=PA657&lpg=PA657&dq=hawaii+forestland&source=web&ots=YlCTj-qUZR&sig=PtkyXu4oaaWBg-3k45z2nub3mDs#PPA645,M1 ) A 'forest,' then, was originally a
juridical term referring to land that had been placed off limits by a royal decree. Once a region had been 'afforested,' or declared a forest, it could not be cultivated, exploited, or
encroached upon. It lay outside the public domain, reserved for the king's pleasure and recreation. In England it also lay outside the common juridical sphere. Offenders were not
punishable by the common law but rather by a set of very specific 'forest laws.' The royal forests lay 'outside' in another sense as well, for the space enclosed by the walls of a royal
garden was sometimes called silva, or wood. Forestis silva meant the unenclosed woods 'outside' the walls."” http://www.ecobooks.com/forests.htm
Table 1 lists terms for forest, forestland and tree in a multitude of languages from around the world.
Table 1 "Forest;" "forest land;" and "tree" in other languages
Language
Forest
Forest land
Tree
Africkkaans
Bos
Boom
Albanian
Dru; pyll
Dru; pemë
Aotearoa NZ
bush
ard ghabawyah; milk
Arabic
Ghabah; ‫ﻏﺎﺑﺔ‬
Shajarah; ‫ﺷﺟرة‬
ghabawee
Aragones
árbol; abre
Armenian
antar
Antarayin khogher
tsar
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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Aymara
Azeri
Bahasa Malaysia
Basque
Belarusan
Bemba
Bengali
Berber
Brazilian Portuguese
Breton
Bulgarian
Byelorussian
khokga
hutan
baso
les
seebeebe
jungle
'ari
mata, floresta
koad; koadeg,
Gora; Гора
jungle bhoomi
ãîðà çåìÿ
Calabrese
Caló
Catalan
Cebuano
Chechen
Cheyenne
Chinese
Chorti
Floresta, fusta
kakahoyan; kalasangan
hwu
lin; lam
tah
Corsican
ağac
pokok
zuhaitz
dreva
alula†nkula
gachh
árvore
gwezenn
Dyrvo; дърво
дрэва
arburu ; arberu ;
arvulu
arberuqué; erulé;
caté; eruqué
arbre
kahoy
ditt
hoohtsêstse
bo; bi; baak
te
àrburu; èrburu; àlberu;
àrboru
Stablo; drvo
Strom; døevo
træ
lorug
boom
alda
elber
Arba; arbo
puud
derakht
træ
kau
Croatian
Czech
Danish
Drow
Dutch
Elvish
Emiliano-Romagnolo
Esperanto
Estonian
Farsi
Faroese
Fijian
Filipino
šuma
les
skov
šuma prizemljiti
zalesnìná pùda
skov lande
bos
taure
bosland
Finnish
Flemish
French
Frisian
Galician
Gerogian
German
Greek
Guarani
metsä
bos
Forêt; bois; foret
bosk; wâld
foresta; bosque
ტყე
Forst; Wald
Hulê; δάσος
ka'aguy
Hawaiian
ulu la'au; nahele
Hebrew
Hindi
Homng
øòé
jañgal; vun
hav zoov
vun-bhoomi
Hungarian
erdõ
erdögazdasági terület
fa
Icelandic
Ilongo
Skógur; skógar
kagulangan
skógur land
tré
kahoy
Indonesian
hutan
Interlingua
foreste- silva
Irish
fhoraoise
Italian
bosco; foresta
Japanese
Japanese Romaji
Kamilaroi/Gamilaraay
Kannada
Kapampangan
Katcha
Khowar
Kurdish
shinrin
rin'yacho_
Latin
Latvian
Lithuanian
Limburgisch
Macedonian
Magyar
Maltese
Manipuri
Mantuan
Maori
Mapudungun
Maya
Mingo
Miskitu
Mongolian
Mudnés
Nauruan
Neapolitan
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
arbaro
mets
metsamaa
skógur
Vei kau
kakahuyan; gubat
kadu
caquewan
tile
punungkahoy; puno
metsä
terre forêt; terre boisée
forstbetriebsfläche
äüóïs ãç
Pohon; pokok
arbore
crann
area forestale;
compresorio forestale;
terreno forestale
shinrin iki
aranya
bESeLan
lustrum; silva; nemus;
lucus
mežs
mižkas
albero; pianta
jumoku
Ki, mokuhon
thulu
gida
tanaman
fa
kam
dar
arboreus; arbor
koks
medis
boum
дрвото
fires|erdõtüzek
foresta; bosk
wunang; wanoug
puu
boom
arbre
beam
árbore
ხე
baum
Dendro; δενδρο
îvirá; îvirá racä ; yvyra
la'au; kumula'au;
kumu
äøå÷; çéù- õò
pér; paed
ntoo
siġra
wunang gilam; wanoug
gilam
wopanbi
erbor
ngahere
kaháta'
ой шугуй;ой мод; мод
суулгах;ойжуулах;
aliwen
chee; che
káôta'; kêôta'; uöta'
Hierba; dûs.
мод
elber
imin erò ogoda
pianta
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Nepali
Norwegian
Old Greek
Pahlavi
Pali
Papiamento
Persian
Pidgin
Piemontese
Polish
Portuguese
Potawatomi
Provençal
Pugliese
ban; van
skog
ban (van) kshyetra
skog land
razu1r
vana
mondi
‫ﺟﻧﮕل‬
bus
bòsch
las
Floresta; bosque
rukh
tre
δένδρος
Wan; da1r
rukkha
palo, palu
‫درﺧت‬
diwai
ziemia las; teren leœny
terra floresta
drzewo
árvore
mtuk
Aubre
àrue
Punjabi
jungle
jangle de zamin; jangle
dharti
Reggiano
Romanian
Russian
Codru; pădure
Les; лес
Sanskrit
aranya; van
Sardinian Campidanesu
Sardinian Logudoresu
Serbian
šuma
Shona
Sicilian
Slovak
Slovenian
Somali
dondo
Spanish
bosque; selva
Sûdovian
Sumerian
Swahili
Swedish
Swiss German
Tagalog
Taino
Taiwanese
Tamil
Telgue
Thai
Tibetan
Trevisan
Turkish
Turkmen
Ukrainian
Ulwa
Urdu
Uyghurce
Valencian
Venetian
Vietnamese
Vriksh
Warlpiri
med'an
tir
msitu
skogen
Welsh
Yiddish
Zeneize
les
gozd
vanam
adavi
ป่
าไม
codru pãmînt
lesnye zemli
aranya-bhumi; van
bhoomi
šuma kopno
gozd svet
tierra bosque; montés;
tierra selva
skogen jorden
vanam bhoomi
adavi neela
nags
elber
Arbore; copac
Derevo; дерево
brikshya; vriksh
matta
àrbore
Drvo; дрво
abbiru
strom
Drevo; drevó
geed
árbol
gar'an
gis; mu
mti
Trä; träd
Baum
puno
Yabisi
chiu
marram
chettu
ต้
น ไม้
ku dza
albaro
Ağaç; aðaç
Bag; agach
дерево
pan
Darakht; ‫درﺧت‬
orman
tokay
jañgal
ormanliq
rùng; rõng
jungle
mulyu-pakarnu
Choedwig; Coedwig;
fforest
wald
rukh
choedwig dirio
arbre
albaro
cây
kanan
janpilypa
Bren; Coeden; colfen;
pren
boim
ærbo; erbo
“A jungle is tropical and untrammeled. A forest is temperate and little touched by humans. Woods are forests that have been worked by humans.”
http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=186539
For Claudentina, a quilombola woman (descendant of escaped African slaves) in her 60s from the community of Angelim in Sapê do Norte, in the Brazilian state of Espíritu Santo, the
forest is “a place where people used to go to find fruits and seeds, vines, wood, plants, roots; to hunt and fish. It was also a place to practice our faith.”
http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/174/viewpoint.html
We found over 1600 definitions. Thresholds for tree cover vary from 0% to 80%. [Note: John Dwyer has done some work which shows that average forest cover in urban USA is about
33% (From: Smith_Brad/[email protected])]. A crosswalk of various forest classification systems may be found at http://www.ncasi-nerc.org/projects/evmp/vcst/. We can group forest
definitions according to their source - those found in general dictionaries and glossaries, definitions from the International Community, National definitions, and state, provincial or local
definitions. We can further group these into 4 categories - those that are declared or administrative units, those that mean a land cover, those that mean a land use and a
miscellaneous category.
Table 2 - Summary of number of published definitions of ‘forest’ found
as of 28 March 2014
Scope
Definition Type
General
International
National
Local
Administrative
20
0
103
21
Cover
240
97
516
104
Use
62
47
202
111
Ecological/Miscellaneous
25
6
46
17
Total
347
150
867
253
Total
144
957
422
93
1616
Definitions: forest, tree, forest summary, woodland, afforestation, deforestation, reforestation, other terms.
2.3.1 General definitions
2.3.1.1 As a declared, legal, or administrative unit
1. A certain territory of woody ground and fruitful pastures privileged for wild beasts and fowl of forest, chase and warren to rest and abide in, in the safe protection of the king for his
pleasure. http://www.ceres.org/conference/notes/sustainable_forestry.htm
2. A defined area of land formerly set aside in England as a royal hunting ground. http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=forest
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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3. A forest is a certain territory of woody grounds, fruitful pastures, privileged for wild beast and fowls of forest chase, and warren, to nest and abide in, in the safe protection of the
King, for his princely delight and pleasure, with territory of ground, so privilege is meered and bounded with unremovable marks, meers and boundaries either know by matter of
record, or else by prescription. (Manwood. 1598. The Lawes of the Forest). http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in/dspace/bitstream/10689/10100/4/Chapter%201_1%20-%20125p.pdf
4. A large extent or precinct of country, generally waste and woody, belonging to the sovereign, set apart for the keeping of game for his use, not inclosed, but distinguished by certain
limits, and protected by certain laws, courts, and officers of its own. --Burrill. (Eng. Law) Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc
5. A large extent or precinct of country, generally waste and woody, belonging to the sovereign, set apart for the keeping of game for his use, not inclosed, but distinguished by certain
limits, and protected by certain laws, courts, and officers of its own. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Forest
6. A waste grounds belonging to the king (Blackstone) http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/CCCforestry/contents.htm
7. An area of land proclaimed to be forest under a Forest Act or Ordinance. Ford-Robertson 1971: 107, 298.
8. An area within an administrative boundary of a forest agency, whether having trees or not. http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/rhgiles/appendices/glossf.htm
9. Any of certain tracts of woodland or wasteland, usually the property of the sovereign, preserved for gam http://www.yourdictionary.com/forest
10. By the English law, a forest is a circuit of ground properly under the king's protection, for the peaceable living and abiding of beasts of hunting and the chase, and distinguished not
only by having bounds and privileges, but also by having courts and Offices. 12 do. 22. http://www.alaska.net/~winter/bouvier1856_f_all.html
11. Forest Reserve - A government land designation the purpose of which is to retain that land as forest or other natural vegetation, or to encourage its conversion to forest.
http://www.molluscsoftasmania.net/Portfolio/Grove_1998_NatureConservationSourcebookForForestryProfessionals.pdf
12. From a management standpoint, a forest is a collection of stands administered as a unit. http://ext.msstate.edu/pubs/pub1250.htm
13. Historically, a prescribed but unenclosed area of land on which the sovereign had the exclusive right to hunt and make Forest Laws. More commonly, a large wooded area.
http://www.tnw.org.uk/Note17.html
14. Historically, an area set aside for hunting. http://explanation-guide.info/meaning/Forest.htm and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest
15. Hunting preserve of the king or lord-marcher, subject to forest law but not necessarily woodland (L 237); originally an area of land in which only the owner had the right to hunt deer
and boar. http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/forests/glossary.htm
16. Its traditional definition is a territory, usually unenclosed, and not necessarily woodland but often covered with woods of varying density, but also included heathland, wood pasture,
arable and even villages. It was designated by perambulation and used by the sovereign for his or her assigned, hunting, and subject to his will by forest law. The protection of deer
and their habitat was paramount. In early centuries, forest virtually meant the King’s hunting ground. http://www.deanverderers.org.uk/glossary.html
17. National Forest - A large expanse of forest that is protected by a government and may be harvested or hunted in only under controlled conditions
http://www.allwords.com/query.asp#AHD
18. One or more stands managed together, under a single ownership or a single certificate
http://fscus.org/html/standards_policies/us_regional_standards/archives/ozark_ouachita4.html
19. Originally a tract of heath, moor or woodland controlled by the Crown for the purpose of conserving deer and other woodland animals.
http://www.dorsetcoppicegroup.co.uk/resources/Dorset_Coppice_Group_Glossary.pdf
20. The mass of land of the public domain comprising of the public forest, permanent/established forests or forest reserves and other forest
reservations.http://www.bwf.org/laws/FSAO_15.html
2.3.1.2 As a land cover type
1. (Closed) forest – Formed by trees at least 5 m tall with their crowns interlocking, covering 65% of the sky or more. http://www.birdlist.org/cam/themes/Volume_I_s.pdf
2. (Closed) forest - Formed by trees at least 5 meters tall with their crowns interlocking. Total canopy cover is greater than 40%. http://www.geery.com/Norfork_MUC.htm
3. (Closed) Forest in which the stand density is greater than 20 percent of the area and tree crowns approach general contact with one another. https://www.unihohenheim.de/i490a/teaching/M4901-430/ws_03_04/reading_materials/New_Neef_Schwarzmeier_Studie.pdf
4. (Ecological definition) Forest is one of major types of vegetation, which comprises an aggregate of woody, srubs, herbaceous and other (mosses, liches) plants, including fauna and
microorganismus; all these components are biologically interacted during their development, and impact both each other and environment. Ref. Forest Encyclopaedia, Vol 1, Soviet
Encyclopaedia, Moscow, 1985, page 503
5. (Ecosystem) - An ecological system composed of interacting biotic and abiotic components of the environment in which trees are a major constituent, such that their canopies
cover 20% or more of the area (Maini 1991) http://www.forestry.utoronto.ca/ac_staff/emeritus/My%20Webs/english.htm
6. (Ecosystem) - Land areas dominated by trees where the tree canopy covers at least 10% of the ground area http://www.pbs.org/earthonedge/glossary.html
7. (Landscape) Forest is a natural and territorial complex of a different rank (from a facies to a geographical country) in which phytocoenoses are dominated by spontaneously
developing tree vegetation. Ref. Kireev D.M. 1984. Ecological and Georaphical Terms in Forestry. Reference Glossary, Nauka, Novosibirsk, 1984, page 63
8. (NALMS) Land which is at least 10 percent occupied by forest trees of any size or formerly having had such tree cover and not currently developed for non-forest use. Lands
developed for non-forest use include areas for crops, improved pasture, residential, or administrative areas, improved roads of any width, and adjoining road clearing and power line
clearing of any width. http://www.nalms.org/glossary/lkword_f.htm
9. (Open) Forest in which the tree canopy layer is discontinuous but covers at least 10 percent of the area and in which the grass layer is continuous. https://www.unihohenheim.de/i490a/teaching/M4901-430/ws_03_04/reading_materials/New_Neef_Schwarzmeier_Studie.pdf
10. (Recommended Definition) -While a definition of "forest" that is globally acceptable and appropriate for monitoring using standard remote sensing options will necessarily be based
on a small set of easily measured parameters, there are dangers when simple definitions are applied locally. At the very least, we recommend that natural forest be differentiated
from plantations and that for defining "forest" the lower height limit defining "trees" be set at more than 5 m tall with the minimum cover of trees be set at more than 40%. These
changes will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from what is now termed forest "degradation" without increasing monitoring costs. Furthermore, these minor changes in the
definition of "forest" will promote the switch from degradation to responsible forest management, which will help mitigate global warming while protecting biodiversity and contributing
to sustainable development. http://www.forestcarbonportal.com/resource/critical-need-new-definitions-forest-and-forest-degradation-global-climate-change-agreement
11. (Remote sensing) Land with tree crown cover of more than 20 % of the area. Trees should be able to grow to a height of 7 m. Minimum area outside continuous forest: 0.5 ha.
Minimum width outside continuous forest: 15 m. (minimum size stand; for instance 15 m x 333 m). (Köhl and Päivinen 1996).
12. (SAF) (1958) (Forest) A plant association predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation. (SAF 1958) http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/5-agency_paper-2.doc
13. (SAF) (1971) (Forest) Generally, an ecosystem characterized by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover. More particularly, a plant community predominantly of trees and
other woody vegetation, growing more or less closely together. (FORD-ROBERTSON 1971) . (Society of American Foresters, 1971) http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/5agency_paper-2.doc
14. (SAF) (2001) A forest is considered an area with at least 10 per cent tree canopy cover. http://www.safnet.org/aboutforestry/world.cfm
15. (Science: ecology) An extensive wood; a large tract of land covered with trees. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Forest
16. (SRM) (1980) Land on which the native vegetation (Climax or natural potential) is dominated by trees with at least 25 percent crown coverage at maturity of the trees. (SRM 1980)
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/5-agency_paper-2.doc
17. (Sub) natural woodland vegetation comprising native species forming forests of tall trees, with typical undergrowth, and meeting the following criteria: rare or residual, and/or hosting
species of Community interest (28). http://www.forest.ru/eng/old-growth/eu-definition.html
18. (Upland) - An upland area with a tree canopy closure of greater than or equal to ten percent. Included in this category are pine, hardwood, and mixed forest and those areas where
timber harvesting and subsequent regeneration are taking place. For a given forest stand to be classed as one particular species group, the polygon which contains the species
must have a tree canopy comprised of 66 percent or more of the total canopy. Otherwise, the forest polygon will be classed as a mixed species. Classification of Upland Forests is
most often supplemented through the use of aerial imagery. http://www.1000friendsofflorida.org/PUBS/stmarksGreen/apend2.asp
19. (woodlands), almost exclusively of Aleppo Pine, with at least 20% ground cover by trees; http://content.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilripublicaties/publicaties/Pub36/Proceeding%20of%20the%20workshop%20leeg-h3.pdf
20. “Urban forest" means those native or introduced trees and related vegetation in the urban and near-urban areas including, but not limited to, urban watersheds, soils and related
habitats, street trees, park trees, residential trees, natural riparian habitats, and trees on other private and public properties http://www.marinreleaf.org/
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21. A "tree dominated ecosystem," http://europe.mtnforum.org/rs/econfreports/MountainPeopleForestsAndTrees.pdf
22. A biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants. http://www.landhelp.info/FramifyGlossary.php
23. A biological community of plants and animals which is dominated by trees and other woody plants. (Density greater than 20-30% understood) See Woodland.
http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/Extension/ssfor11.htm
24. A broad definition of forest is: “An ecosystem characterised by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover, often consisting of stands varying in characteristics such as species
composition, structure, age class, and associated processes, and commonly including meadows, streams, fish and wildlife” (Helms, 1998: 70).
http://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/13035957/Christian_Gamborg.pdf
25. A community dominated by dense, extensive tree cover. http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/rhgiles/appendices/glossf.htm
26. A community dominated by dense, extensive tree cover….Plant community predominately of trees and other woody plants, growing more or less closely together.….Ecosystem
characterized by more or less dense and extensive tree cover, i.e.,larger than what might be called a grove.
http://www.pauldonahue.net/for_InkaNatura_guides/environmental_glossary.pdf
27. A community dominated by trees with long trunks. http://155.187.10.12/glossary/croft.html
28. A community of trees and other plants, together with the animals that live in it. This natural community is called an ecosystem and it is self sustaining. Forests are most commonly
found where there is enough water for their growth and so they are most common in moister rather than drier parts of the world. Geography Glossary http://www.atlanticeurope.com/geography/GeographyGlossary.html
29. A community of trees, shrubs, herbs, and associated plants and organisms covering a considerable area; that use oxygen, water, and soil nutrients as the community attains
maturity and reproduces itself. http://www.si.edu/crc/ep/forest/bin-pdf/Glossary.pdf
30. A community of trees, shrubs, herbs, microorganisms, and animals, the trees being the most obvious living structure. Academic American Encyclopedia
31. A community or society of living things, the most important of which is the tree. The forest is a unit or organized whole consisting of three distinct parts - the canopy, the floor, and
the wood-mass. (Gifford 1902)
32. A complex association of trees, shrubs, and other plants in which each individual plays some part in the life of the community" (Graves and Guise).
http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/CCCforestry/contents.htm
33. A complex community of plants and animals in which trees are the most conspicuous members. A mixed forest includes both coniferous and deciduous trees.
http://www.hww.ca/glossary.asp#letterR, http://www.minntrees.org/facts/ff17.htm and http://www.hww.ca/glossary.asp#letterF
34. A complex community with life of its own. It has a soil and atmosphere of its own, chemically and physically different from any other, with plants and shrubs as will as trees which
are peculiar to it. It has resident population of insects and higher animals entirely distinct from that outside. (Pinchot 1914)
35. A complex ecosystem consisting mainly of trees that buffer the earth and support a myriad of life forms. http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/forestry/what.htm
36. A complex, self-regenerating system, encompassing soil, water, microclimate, energy, and a wide variety of plants and animals in a mutual relationship. Plantations, on the other
hand, have one or a few species of trees/crops (often alien), planted in homogenous blocks of the same age. Plantation trees are much closer to industrial agricultural crops than to
forests (as usually understood) or a traditional agricultural field. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/6session_crp6.doc
37. A concentration of trees and related vegetation in nonurban areas characterized by natural terrain and drainage patterns.
http://www.kyagr.com/enviro_out/pesticide/pdf/302KAR28.pdf
38. A continuous stand of trees > 10 m high, with interlocking crowns. There are many kinds of forests and ways to classify them, for example, by ecozone, vegetation type, climate,
dominant species, conformation. http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/ and http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/AgroModels/DBases/af/
39. A dense grove of trees and underbrush covering a large tract. Grove - A small wood without underbrush. Wood - A dense grove of trees usually greater in extent than a grove and
smaller than a forest. Thick et - A dense growth of shrubbery or small trees. http://www.thealmightyguru.com/Pointless/NatureDefinitions.html
40. A dense growth of trees and underbrush covering a large tract [Source: WWWebster Dictionary]
41. A dense growth of trees, plants, and underbrush covering a large area. http://www.answers.com/topic/forest
42. A dense growth of trees, together with other plants, covering a large area. http://www.bridgingthewatershed.org/glossary.html#d
43. A densely wooded area. http://www.dorsetcoppicegroup.co.uk/resources/Dorset_Coppice_Group_Glossary.pdf
44. A diverse community of plants and animals in which trees are the most conspicuous members. http://mojavedesert.net/glossary/forest.html
45. A diverse mix of trees and herbaceous plants, a home to wildlife, and a sanctuary for the spirit. http://members.tripod.com/~nefpc/clearcut.htm
46. A forest (also called a wood, woodland, wold, weald, holt, frith, or firth) is an area with a high density of trees.
47. A forest has a canopy of trees whose crowns interlock at 10 m or higher, with variable lower layers; http://www.zamsoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Dry-Forests-Report-Fulldocument.pdf
48. A forest is a dense growth of trees, together with other plants, covering a large area of land. The science concerned with the study, preservation, and management of forests is
forestry.
49. A forest is an area with a high density of trees. Forests are also referred to as:a wood, woodland, wold, weald, holt, and firth. http://www.planetpals.com/habitats.html
50. A forest is an ecosystem-a community of plants and animals interacting with one another and with the physical environment. http://www.pkarticleshub.com/2012/02/04/forests-–-animperative-resource/ (26) http://www.genesisny.net/Commodity/Timber/Timberglos.html
51. A forest is usually an area filled with trees but any tall densely packed area of vegetation may be considered a forest, even underwater vegetation such as kelp forests, or nonvegetation such as fungi,[2] and bacteria http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest
52. A forest is an area with a high density of trees. http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Forest
53. A forest, also referred to as a wood or the woods and less often as a ‘wold” (or ‘weald’), ‘holt’, or ‘firth” (or “firth”), is an area with a high density of trees.
http://crosword911.com/forest.jsp?=aHR0cDovL2VuLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS9Gb3Jlc3Q= and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest
54. A highly ordered arrangement of living organisms living in, on and around (dead, dying & living) trees in such an highly ordered fashion it assures high quality survival for all.
http://www.chesco.com/~treeman/words/words-f.html
55. A land area with a minimum 10% tree crown coverage (or equivalent stocking level), or formerly having such tree cover and that is being naturally or artificially regenerated or is
being afforested. http://figueresonline.com/csdafinal/English/publications/cdm/glossary.html
56. A land spanning more than 0.5 ha with trees higher than 5 metres and a crown cover of more than 10%, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. For tree rows or shelterbelts,
a minimum width of 20 m is required. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use.” http://www.metla.fi/silvafennica/full/sf42/sf422247.pdf
57. A large area covered chiefly with trees and undergrowth or a large number or dense mass of vertical objects. http://www.foreignword.com/Tools/dictsrch_aff.asp?
menu=Y&query=forest&src=BP&srcbox=18&go=Translate&trg=AG
58. A large area full of trees, usually wild. http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk/esl/dictionary/default.asp?String=forest*1%2B0&ACT=SELECT
59. A large area of land covered with trees and plants, usually larger than a wood, or the trees and plants themselves http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk/elt/dictionary/default.asp?
String=forest*1%2B0&ACT=SELECT
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60. A large area of land densely covered with trees and other plants http://machaut.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/WEDT1.sh?word=forest&searchtype=default&constraint=1 and
http://www.wordsmyth.net/cgi-bin/simplesearch.cgi?matchent=forest&matchtype=exact&matchid=-1&retall=1
61. A large area of land that is covered by trees and associated undergrowth, either growing wild or managed for the purpose of timber production.
http://www.europe.apnet.com/inscight/12031996/forest1.htm and http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary/def/4/1/0/7/4107300.html
62. A large area of trees clumped together is called a forest. http://entomology.cornell.edu/cals/entomology/extension/outreach/upload/Daley_TeacherResource_Forest.pdf
63. A large area thickly covered with trees. Forests grow in different conditions, although large stands of trees need temperatures above about 50 degrees F (10 degrees C) in the
warmest months and an annual precipitation over 8 inches (20 cm). Forests are distinguished by their main species of trees and plants, density, and soil type. http://www.zmtbremen.de/files/Downlods/marine_glossary.pdf
64. A large area thickly covered with trees. http://www.3datlas.com/list_gl.html
65. A large area where trees grow close together. http://www.linguistics.ruhr-uni-bochum.de:8099/cgi-bin/search.sh?tmpl=tmpls&itmpl=tmpls&form=forest
66. A large area with many trees. http://nhd.heinle.com/nhd-bin/searchNHD.pl
67. A large tract of land covered with the different types of plant forms like shrubs, herbs and trees. http://scstsenvis.nic.in/envis/SDNPnewsletter.htm
68. A large tract of land covered with trees and underbrush http://www.lpb.org/programs/forestseries/pforser_glossary.pdf
69. A large tract of land covered with trees: more exactly, a tract of land, more or less extensive, covered more or less densely with trees of useful character, viewed from the
standpoint of economic use and development. SAF 1916 (Helms 2002).
70. A large tract of land with a fairly dense growth of trees. http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landglos.pdf
71. A large tract of land with a fairly dense growth of trees. This differs in degree from woodland, which tends to refer more to open forests (Choudhury & Jansen 1998 and Timberlake &
van der Poel 1979). http://www.iapad.org/publications/ppgis/landglossary.pdf
72. A living community of flora (plants) and fauna (animals) dominated by trees. http://www.abanet.org/environ/committees/forest/Public%20Service%20Project%20UZ%20Forest.DOC
73. A natural place where trees grow http://www.lucs.lu.se/LUCS/020/LUCS.020.pdf
74. A natural, self-sustaining community characterized by vertical structure created by the presence of trees. (http://www.globalff.org/Feature_Articles/Previous_Articles/pre-defo.htm
and http://www.geocities.com/atlas/word/gff_deforest.html)
75. A piece of land that is thickly covered with trees is the general of definition of a forest. Forest is also known as woods, weald or woodlands.
http://hassam.hubpages.com/hub/Types-Of-Forests
76. A place with many trees and plants. http://wings.ucdavis.edu/Book/Atmosphere/beginner/deforestation-01.html
77. A plant and animal community dominated by trees. http://www.morcd.org/totorcd/Forestry%20Terms.htm
78. A plant association predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation. http://www.inwoodlands.org /, http://agebb.missouri.edu/mfgc/contest/glossary.htm, and
http://www.fnr.purdue.edu/inwood/glossary.html
79. A plant association predominatly of trees and other woody vegetation occupying an extensive area of land. SF 1944, 1958. (Helms 2002)
80. A plant community dominated by trees and other wood plants. http://www.ag.iastate.edu/departments/forestry/ext/dictionary.html and
http://muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/agguides/forestry/g05054.htm
81. A plant community dominated by trees and other woody plants. http://www.washingtonforests.com/glossary.html Washington Forest Protection Association,
http://www.idahoforests.org/dict1.htm the Idaho Forest, and http://ext.msstate.edu/pubs/pub1250.htm
82. A plant community dominated by trees and woody plants. From a management standpoint, a forest is a collection of stands administered as a unit.
http://msucares.com/pubs/pub1250.htm
83. A plant community of predominantly trees and other woody vegetation growing together, its land, flora and fauna, their interrelationships, and other resources and values attributed
to it. http://research.yale.edu/gisf/assets/pdf/tfd/IFIR_report.pdf
84. A plant community predominately of trees and other woody vegetation growing more closely together. http://www.cnr.vt.edu/for3364/ecolterms.htm#F,
http://www.cofi.org/factbook98/seven/7-4.htm and SAF 1971 (Helms 2002)
85. A system, where trees and their associates are so highly ordered in their connections that they all survive at a high quality state. http://www.chesco.com/~treeman/words/wordsf.html
86. A thick growth of trees and underbrush covering an extensive tract of land; large woods: often used figuratively. http://www.yourdictionary.com/forest
87. A thick growth of trees in an area http://pittsford.monroe.edu/jefferson/calfieri/maps&globes/Glossary.html and http://www.mcwdn.org/MAPS&GLOBES/Glossary.html
88. A tract of land covered by a forest. http://www.wordsmyth.net/cgi-bin/simplesearch.cgi?matchent=forestland&matchtype=exact&matchid=-1&retall=1
89. A tract or tracts of contiguous trees or tree stands. http://www.planning.org/guidebookhtm/chapter_three.htm
90. A type of habitat or biome which has a high density of trees. http://targetstudy.com/nature/habitats/forests/
91. A type of vegetation dominated by trees and without narrow-leaved grasses in the herbaceous layer (Hamilton 1991).
92. A vegetation community dominated by trees and other woody shrubs, growing close enough together that the tree tops touch or overlap, creating various degrees of shade on the
forest floor. It may produce benefits such as timber, recreation, wildlife habitat, etc. European Environment Agency (EEA), European Topic Centre on Catalogue of Data Sources
(ETC/CDS) : General Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus Term Detail http://oaspub.epa.gov/trs/trs_proc_qry.alphabet?p_term_nm=F.
93. All lands with a tree canopy density of more than 10%, though they may not be statutorily notified as forest. http://sedac.ciesin.org/guides/lu/glossary.jsp
94. All lands, more than one hectare in area, with a tree canopy density of more than 10 percent. Such lands may not be statutorily notified as forest area. http://envfor.nic.in/nfc/sgit.pdf
95. All vegetation comprising a continuous stand of trees at least 10m tall with interlocking crowns (White 1983).
96. An aggregate of trees, which grow near-by, affect each other and the surrounding space and, therefore, are changing their outside and inner structure Russian forestry scientist
G.Morozov (1930) http://sapiens.revues.org/734
97. An area covered with many trees and plants. http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/chf/pub/virtualbird/glossary.html
98. An area grown with trees. http://www.forestry.ubc.ca/concert/ashton.html#21
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99. An area in which trees are the dominant plant. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/glossary/indexf.shtml
100.
An area of land covered by trees; forests can be natural or planted. http://www.forestry.sa.gov.au/pdf/glossary.pdf
101.
An area of land covered largely with trees. Forests are vital parts of our global ecosystem supplying oxygen, habitat for wildlife, timber and recreation areas.
http://ohia.com/ohia/roadshows/sky/glossary.htm
102.
An area of tree-covered land typically consisting of hundreds or thousands (or more) of individual stands comprising trees of similar species composition, age-structure and
management regime (Apps and Price 1996).
103.
An area supporting trees, ordinarily including multiple ages, species, and conditions. http://ehe.nmsu.edu/directory/esource/Powerpoint/HORT%2030202a%20Definitions%20&%20Tools.ppt
104.
An area which contain wild growing trees (19th century). http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in/dspace/bitstream/10689/10100/4/Chapter%201_1%20-%20125p.pdf
105.
An area whose principle crop is trees. A forest includes both the forest cover and the soil beneath it. (Moon and Courtlandt 1914).
106.
An area with a high density of trees http://explanation-guide.info/meaning/Forest.htm and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest
107.
An area with a high density of trees. http://www.mepred.eu/_docs/Triangel1.4.pdf
108.
An area with many trees. http://www.sandiegozoo.org/wildideas/glossary_e-f.html
109.
An association of trees (as in large plantations with no undergrowth), or shrubs (as in the watersheds of the Southwest), or both (as in the hardwood and mixed forests), growing
on a considerable area, upon which it is possible to practice forestry. http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/CCCforestry/contents.htm
110.
An ecosystem characterised by more or less continuous tree cover. However, a forest is more than trees - a forest also includes shrubs, vines, herbs, mosses,
microorganisms, insects and other animals, which interact among themselves and with their environment. The type of forest is defined by either geography or climate (e.g., tropical,
boreal - another word for northern -or coastal) or for the predominant tree found in that forest (coniferous, deciduous or mixed). http://www.evergreentheatre.com/forests.htm
111.
An ecosystem characterised by more or less dense and extensive tree cover. From: [email protected]. Date: Thu, 15 Oct 1998 17:09:40 +0200 and SAF 1971
(Helms 2002)
112.
An ecosystem characterized by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover. More particularly, a plant community predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation,
growing more or less closely together. http://nfdp.ccfm.org/silviterm/silvi_e/silvitermetohe.htm#F
113.
An ecosystem characterized by more or less dense and extensive tree cover usually consisting of stands varying in characteristics such as species, structure, composition,
age class, and commonly including streams, fish, and wildlife… SAF 1998 (Helms 2002)
114.
An ecosystem characterized by trees or a plant community in which trees predominate (from the Latin word meaning outside the door).
http://figueresonline.com/csdafinal/English/publications/cdm/glossary.html
115.
An ecosystem dominated by trees, with a unique combination of plants, animals, microbes, soil, and climate. http://forestinfo.org/sust.htm
116.
An ecosystem or assemblage of ecosystems dominated by trees and other woody vegetation. http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/forest/htmls/intro_def.html
117.
An ecosystem that, when intact, is characterized by tree cover usually consisting of stands varying in characteristics such as species, structure, composition, age-class, and
commonly including streams, and wildlife. While forest ecosystems are not bound by property lines, for the purpose of this document, "forest" may be delimited by ownership or
other qualifying characteristics. http://www.fscus.org/html/about_fsc/who_we_are/glossary_of_terms.html
118.
An ecosystem with a minimum level of tree cover that is generally associated with wild flora, fauna and natural soil conditions, and not subject to agricultural practices (GardnerOutlaw and Engelman 1998)
119.
An extensive area of land covered with trees and undergrowth. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary http://www.taxbar.com/tr/jaggers.htm
120.
An extensive plant community in all stages of growth with a closed canopy, having the quality of self perpetuation and of potential development into an ecological climax.
http://www.britell.com/lex.html
121.
An extensive wood or tract of wooded country. http://www.for.nau.edu/courses/for250/Definitions/Definitions.html
122.
An extensive wood, or a large tract of land covered with trees. In America, the word is usually applied to a wood of native growth, or a tract of woodland which has never been
cultivated. It differs from wood or woods chiefly in extent http://www.christiantech.com/cgi-bin/webster.exe?search_for_cgi-bin_texts_web1828=forest
123.
An extensive wood; a large tract of land covered with trees; in the United States, a wood of native growth, or a tract of woodland which has never been cultivated.
http://machaut.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/WEBSTER.sh?WORD=forest and http://www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?forest
124.
An interconnected web that focuses on sustaining the whole, not on producing any one part or commodity. Trees are critical structural members of the forest web, and also—
from the human viewpoint—the most obvious component of a forest. However, trees are only a small portion of the whole that creates a fully functioning forest. A forest also
consists of animals, plants, and microorganisms, arranged in infinite diversity across scales that range from soil bacteria to the continents of Earth. We need trees to have a forest,
but we also need a forest to have trees. http://www.forestcouncil.org/fv/fv103/article6.html
125.
An open system with naturally occurring flora and fauna species which are interrelated and depends on one another for their survival.
http://www.cbnrm.net/pdf/mutanga_e_001_forestmgmt.pdf
126.
Any area with over 40 per cent crown cover. This works well with broadleaf or mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests but less well with purely coniferous forests, where canopy
cover is often less than 40 per cent. http://www.panda.org/forests4life/whatisforest.htm
127.
Area of land covered by standing trees http://www.logos.it/pls/dictionary/new_dictionary.dic.main
128.
Area thick with trees. http://crossword911.com/forest.html.
129.
Areas characterized by tree cover (natural or semi-natural woody vegetation, generally greater than 6 meters tall); tree canopy accounts for 25-100 percent of the cover.
http://www.maced.org/ardc/frm/about.htm#input and http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024301/pdf/wri02-4301.pdf
130.
Areas dominated by trees with a total canopy cover of 61 % or more, tree crowns usually interlocking.
http://www.gap.uidaho.edu/handbook/LandCoverMapping/UNESCO/default.htm and http://www.cast.uark.edu/cast/projects/gap/landcover/foti.html
131.
Areas on which vegetation is dominated by woody perennial plants having 6 meters in height or greater. Examples are loblolly pine forests, black spruce swamps, live oak
stands, pinyon-juniper, maple, hickory, larch, and birch. Includes areas on which vegetation is dominated by orchards or groves for fruit or nut production such as citrus, apples,
peaches, pecans, filberts, trees grown primarily for Christmas trees, nurseries and arboretums. (http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/africover.html)
132.
Areas where trees have grown naturally for centuries instead of being logged (about 150-200 years). Lindley and Moore 1998.
133.
Areas with a? minimum of 10% crown cover of trees and/or bamboos, generally associated with wild flora and fauna and natural soil conditions, and are not subject to
agricultural practices. Note that in some countries, some areas are statutorily defined as ?Forest Area? that contain no tree cover http://sedac.ciesin.org/guides/lu/glossary.jsp
134.
Areas with substantially higher levels of canopy closure, for example 30–40%, depending on age, in Russia (FFSR 1995) and 60% in South Africa (Scholes 2004).
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.290.aspx.pdf
135.
Assemblages of ecosystems comprised of trees, other vegetation, litter and soils, each having its own temporal dynamics, carbon storage patterns, and carbon release rates to
the atmosphere. [Source: FCCC/SBSTA/1998/INF.1, 18 May 1998]
136.
Bosque - Dentro de la categoriav”‘Formacion “ (anexo III.6). Vegetacion predominantemente arbborea, principalmente de zonas templadas a semifrias, en climas subhumedos a
much humedos. Se caracterizan por tener especies arboreaas dominates con afinidad boreal. Incluye cuatro tipos de vegetacion: Bosque de conifereas, Gosque de conifereas y
latifoliadas, Gosque de latfoliadas y Bosque mesofilo, y ocho comunidades: Bosquede tgascate, Bosque de oyamel (incluye ayarin yh cedro), Bosque de pino, Matorral de
conifereas, Bosquevbaho abierto, Bosque de pino-encino (incluye Encino-pino), Bosque de Encino, y Bosque mesofilo de Montana (UNAM 2000).
137.
Bota plant community extending over a large area and dominated by trees, the crowns of which form an unbroken covering layer or canopy.
http://www.allwords.com/query.asp#AHD
138.
Canopy cover is > 60%. Tree height is exceeding 2 (3) meters. http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1995/ts6/ts6003pf.htm
139.
Combination of trees, scrub, grass, and other types of plants, as well as animals and microorganisms that are interrelated biologically in their growth and provide impact on
each other and the environment. The term "forest" is used also to describe a landscape component, raw material, or an object of forestry management activities. Minimum Mapping
Unit of 0.5 hectares. http://ewg.gecp.virginia.edu/ewg_forest_us/general/glossary.htm
140.
Community dominated by trees, 80% or better average canopy cover. Dr. Louis R. Iverson ILPIN http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/delaware/ilpin/ilpin.descript.txt
141.
Complete tree canopy cover and three or more overlapping vegetation strata http://www.savannas.org.uk/savdef.htm
142.
Complex, ecological system in which trees are the dominant life form. Encyclopedia Britannia 1995
143.
Continuous stands of trees at least 10 meters tall, with interlocking crowns. Wass (1995 p. 1)http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2007/1280/1280.pdf
144.
De manière analogue, parle d'une "grande étendue de terrain couverte d'arbres, ensemble des grands arbres qui occupent et couvrent cette étendue. Le Larousse. Sandrine
PETIT.
145.
Dense concentrations of trees over a large area of land. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/butterfly/glossary/indexf.shtml and
http://www.ZoomDinosaurs.com/subjects/rainforest/
146.
Dense growth of trees and shrubs. Colliers Encyclopedia.
147.
Dense woodland – http://crossword911.com/forest.html. .
148.
Ecosystem characterized by more or less dense and extensive tree cover, i.e., larger than what might be called a grove.
http://www.Colorado.Edu/INSTAAR/TEAML/atlas/chapters/definitions.html#Forest and http://www.arcticatlas.org/glossary/index
149.
Ecosystem dominated by trees. Major forest biomes include tropical evergreen forest, tropical savanna, deciduous forest, and boreal forest.
http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/conted/onlinecourses/enviroglos/f.html#anchor244824 and http://www.physicalgeography.net/physgeoglos/f.html
150.
Ecosystems dominated by trees usually having single stems, stand height exceeding 2m and with crown cover of overstorey strata about ≥ 20% (Australian National Forest
Inventory). Ranges of crown cover used by the Australian National Forest Inventory are: open forest: 51-80% closed forest: 81-100%
151.
Extensive area of woodland (L 237) http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/forests/glossary.htm
152.
Floresta- Complexo vegetal primitivo ou implantado, com espécies nativas ou exóticas que possuam em sua porção dominante, porte arbóreo.
http://www.suzano.com.br/docs/recursos/maneucal/glossar.html
153.
Florestar - Promover a cobertura vegetal com espécies arbóreas em áreas onde esta tipologia florestal não era de ocorrência típica.
http://www.suzano.com.br/docs/recursos/maneucal/glossar.html
154.
Forest - 1- Open; 26-60% canopy closure. 2 - Closed; 60-100% canopy closure. Urban areas with a lot of large trees are not forests.
http://www.fish.washington.edu/naturemapping/wildlife/1cls9.html.
155.
Forest - Sasaki says that the minimum threshold for canopy cover should be raised to 40%, the minimum tree height should be 5 metres and that natural forests should be
differentiated from plantations. http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090819/full/news.2009.842.html
156.
Forest >70% cover - http://www.cis.rit.edu/DocumentLibrary/admin/uploads/CIS000209.pdf
157.
Forest: 76-100% Tree cover up to 20+ m. http://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2013/_extendedAbstract/131_proceeding.pdf
158.
Forest Cover - (Tree cover or canopy cover) The proportion of the land area which has foliage or canopy directly overhead. Thus a dense, closed forest would have 100 percent
canopy cover while a woodland of scattered trees might have 5 percent or 10 percent cover. http://greenplanet.eolss.net/EolssLogn/mss/C12/E1-02/E1-02-15/E1-02-15TXT.aspx#Glossary
159.
Forest cover in world regions, defined as including all natural forests and plantations. Taken from FAO (2005) http://www.cambridge.org/aus/catalogue/catalogue.asp?
isbn=9780521834520&ss=exc
160.
FOREST COVER: (1) All trees and other plants occupying the ground in a forest, i.e. including any ground cover. NOTE: Is the silviculturist's crop viewed from the ecologist's
angle. (2) All woody growth occupying the ground in a forest, as distinct from the ground cover NOTE: Is the silviculturist's forest crop viewed from the ecologist's angle. (3) A
category of forest site, including all the interchangeable phases of vegetation that it supports, defined mainly by the general nature of the ground cover. NOTE: As originally
developed by Cajander for Finland. - http://www.fw.vt.edu/zedaker/3364/ecolterms.html
161.
Forest cover: forest stands or cover types consisting of a plant community made up of trees and other woody vegetation, growing more or less closely together
http://www.clayoquot.org/glossary.htm#F
162.
Forest includes woodland and other similar vegetation formations. http://www.mckone.org/tfrrung.html
163.
Forest land comprises the actual forests areas dominated by trees or shrubs capable of producing wood or other forest products. Minimum surface area is: 0,5 ha. Areas should
be covered by forest trees for at least 20% measured as the vertical projection from the trees for a mature stand. Unstocked forest land includes areas which are not themselves
productive but necessary for production. http://192.83.171.71/newcrons/navig/en/theme8/milieu/10fo/notmeth.htm
164.
Forest land currently stocked with trees. Encyclopedia Britannia 1970
165.
Forest refers to primarily closed canopy humid tropical forest, and includes cloud forest. http://www.geog.umd.edu/tropical/per80v141README
166.
Forest systems: Systems in which trees are the predominant life forms. Statistics reported in this assessment are based on areas that are dominated by trees (perennial
woody plants taller than five meters at maturity), where the tree crown cover exceeds 10%, and where the area is more than 0.5 hectares. ‘‘Open forests’’ have a canopy cover
between 10% and 40%, and ‘‘closed forests’’ a canopy cover of more than 40%. ‘‘Fragmented forests’’ refer to mosaics of forest patches and non-forest land.
http://ma.caudillweb.com/proxy/Document.782.aspx
167.
FOREST VEGETATION; more than 60% canopy (leaf/branch) cover above a level 8m off the ground http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/veg.html A suggestion for an improved
vegetation scheme for local and global mapping and monitoring. Jonathan M. Adams Submitted to Environmental Management, January 1998.
168.
Forest, woodland, timberland, timber -- (land that is covered with trees and shrubs) http://www.notredame.ac.jp/cgi-bin/wn?forest
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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169.
Forests (according to the U.S. National Vegetation Classification system) consist of trees with overlapping crowns forming 60% to 100% cover. Woodlands are more open, with
25% to 60% cover. http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/forest/htmls/intro_def.html
170.
Forests (more accurately called woods) are areas covered in dense tree growth. http://www.iea.org.uk/books/envindicators.htm
171. Forests are described as non-annual plants reaching a height of minimum 5 m and with a crown cover of more than 30 percent of a defined area, normally one hectare.
http://www.conservation.org/osiris/Documents/DNPI%20Green%20Review%20on%20REDD+.pdf
172.
Forests differ from woodlands in that they have continuous canopies, gaps between the tree crowns and the ground, and juvenile trees
http://www.fs.fed.us/research/publications/forest_production_for_tropical_america/appendix_d.pdf
173.
Fôret Claire (woodland) - Woody plants > 8 m ht., 70-90% canopy cover. Yangambi Classification 1956. (Fournier 1991).
174.
Generally 60% tree canopy with crowns interlocking. http://www.gap.uidaho.edu/handbook/LandCoverAssessment/Appendix5/default.htm and
http://www.extension.iastate.edu/naturemapping/naturemapping_process/habitat_codes.html#forest
175.
Generally, an ecosystem characterized by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover. (2) More particularly, a plant community predominately of trees and other woody
vegetation, growing more or less closely together. http://www.cnr.vt.edu/for3364/ecolterms.htm#F, http://www.fw.vt.edu/zedaker/3364/ecolterms.html and Ford-Robertson 1971:
107, 298 and http://www.fw.vt.edu/zedaker/3364/ecolterms.html
176.
Generally, that portion of the ecosystem characterized by tree cover; more particularly, a plant community predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation growing close
together. http://figueresonline.com/csdafinal/English/publications/cdm/glossary.html
177.
Have complete tree canopy cover and three or more overlapping vegetation strata; http://www.scopenvironment.org/downloadpubs/scope56/Chapter04.html
178.
Having a closed canopy beneath which grasses do not grow. These are distinct form open-canopied woodlands that grow over a grass sward (IUCN and WCMC 1990).
179.
Heb. ya'ar, meaning a dense wood, from its luxuriance. http://ccel.wheaton.edu/pager.cgi?file=e/easton/ebd/ebd/T0001300.html&from=T0001374&up=e/easton/ebd/ebd.html
180.
In a forest the crowns of individual trees touch to form a single canopy. In a woodland, trees grow far apart, so that the canopy is open.
http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/envfacts/facts/deforestation.htm
181.
In a forest, the treetops touch each other to form a canopy, Woodlands, trees are spaced further apart. http://www.globaled.org/issues/152/a.html
182.
In England this means a wood with no coppiced trees, often conifer Plantations. Traditionally meant a hunting ground or 'chase' Nature Conservation Glossary
http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/suffolk/redgrave/glossary.htm
183.
In general, an area or biotic community dominated by trees of any size (usually, at least 10 percent of the area is covered by trees). If distinction is made to woodlands, forests
are composed of taller, more closely-spaced trees. http://www.aces.edu/waterquality/glossary/glossary_results.php3?rowid=2008 and
http://www.rmrs.nau.edu/publications/rm_gtr_295/glossary.html
184.
In the Preliminary Classification for Alaskan Vegetation, vegetation with at least a 10% crown cover by trees; i.e., single stemmed woody plants at least 5 m in height at
maturity. http://www.arcticatlas.org/glossary/index.
185.
In the United States, a wood of native growth, or a tract of woodland which has never been cultivated. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Forest
186.
Includes mangroves (which, along with rainforest, form 'closed forest'), and forest-forming mallees (which, along with schlerophyll forest, form 'open forest').
http://www.wilderness.org.au/projects/Forests/forbkgnd.html
187.
Includes sclerophyll forest ('hard-leaved' trees, mainly forests dominated by eucalypts, but also species like acacias and melaleucas) which has a canopy cover greater than
50%, and all rainforest. http://www.wilderness.org.au/projects/Forests/forbkgnd.html
188.
Includes woodlands and woodland-forming mallees (this is the definition now adopted by the Commonwealth Government - see NFI 1998, pp.10-11).
http://www.wilderness.org.au/projects/Forests/forbkgnd.html
189.
Interconnected communities of diverse organisms -- bacteria and fungi, gigantic trees, birds, shrubs, ants and beetles, fish, and mammals.
http://library.advanced.org/17456/main1.html
190.
La forêt est un formation végétale dans laquelle les arbres prédominent au point de modifier les conditions écologiques régnant au sol. Elle est dite dense ou fermée si les
arbres (ou mieux la projection de leurs cimes sur le sol) sont jointifs ou occupent plus des 2/3 de la surface, claire et ouverte si les arbres couvrent de 2/3 à 1/4 de la surface. Les
autres formations sont par définition exclues des forêts. l'Encyclopédia Universalis. Sandrine PETIT
191.
Land areas "dominated by trees where the tree canopy covers at least 10% of the ground area. http://www.pbs.org/earthonedge/ecosystems/forests1.html
192.
Land bearing a stand of trees of any stature, including seedlings, and of species attaining a minimum of 6 feet average height at maturity or land from which such a stand has
been removed but on which no other use has been substituted. The term is commonly limited to land not in farms; forests on farms are commonly called woodland or farm forest.
http://www.wvgazette.com/static/series/mining/reports/EIS/VIII.Glossary.pdf
193.
Land bearing forest growth. http://www.uncg.edu/bio/ConBio105/info/glossary2.htm
194.
Land covered by a closed stand of trees of one or more storeys, with an interlaced upper canopy, rising to 7 - 40 m or more in height. The ground cover is dominated by herbs
and shrubs, and lianes and epiphytes are characteristic. Dwarf forests are as defined but rise to less than 7 m in height. Sub-types are sub-alpine dwarf forest (2 500 - 3 500 m);
lowland forest (<1 000 m); and groundwater forest. http://www.usangu.org/reports/landres.pdf
195.
Land on which the vegetation is dominated by trees. Lands shall be classified forestland if the trees now present will provide 25% or greater canopy cover at maturity.
RANGELAND TERMINOLOGY http://ag.arizona.edu/arec/pubs/rmg/2._Rangeland_Management_/4Terms.pdf and http://www.agroselviter.unito.it/range/docs/4Terms.pdf and
http://ag.arizona.edu/AREC/pubs/rmg/2._Rangeland_Management_/4Terms.pdf
196.
Land that is covered with trees and shrubs http://dictionary.kids.net.au/word/forest and http://www.scrabblefinder.com/word/forest/
197.
Land under dense stands of trees. Paraphrased from http://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/Project-Gutenberg/etext99/world97.txt
198.
Land where trees form at least 25% of the canopy cover http://rmmcweb.cr.usgs.gov/public/mrgb/mrgblulcdefs.html#vg4.11
199.
Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10% and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of at least 5m at
maturity in situ. http://www.cei-bois.org/files/FINAL_-_BoA_-_EN_-_2011_text_and_cover.pdf
200. Land with tree crown cover (stand density) of more than about 20% of the area. Continuous forest with trees usually growing to more than 7 m in height and able to produce
wood. This includes both closed forest formations where trees of various layers and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground and open forest formation with a continuous
grass layer in which tree synusia cover at least 10 % of the ground.(1993). http://books.google.com/books?
id=zeTU8QauENcC&pg=PA192&lpg=PA192&dq=Germany+Forest+definition+define+%22forest+is%22+law+act+code&source=bl&ots=1jUsKaLHy4&sig=uRBHD83hyloLheFqPmfiDgK687o&h
T7PEOcX10gHzx8jzBw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Germany%20Forest%20definition%20define%20%22forest%20is%22%20law%20act%20code&f=false
201.
Lands classified as “forest” are dominated by woody vegetation over 3 m tall. Tree basal area must be greater than 10 % of a pixel. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd61998-142359/unrestricted/part2_b.pdf
202.
Lands dominated by trees and shrubs. Pan-European Land Use and Land Cover Monitoring http://www.geodan.nl/ec_lu/public/index.htm
203.
Lands on which trees are the principal plant life, usually conducive to wide biodiversity. http://www.nrdc.org/sitings/fslook.html Natural Resources Defense Council. Environment
Terms, http://www.nrdc.org/sitings/lookup/teraa.html and http://www.nrdc.org/reference/glossary/f.asp
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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204.
Lands where the crowns of individual trees touch to form a single canopy. In a woodland, trees grow far apart, so that the canopy is
open.http://www.panda.org/resources/factsheets/forests/frame.htm?31defor.htm and http://abe.msstate.edu/csd-tc/p3-g2/intro.htm
205.
Landscape dominated by trees and other woody vegetation with a canopy cover of 20% or more (Maini 1991).
http://www.forestry.utoronto.ca/ac_staff/emeritus/My%20Webs/english.htm
206.
Large area covered with trees. World Book Encyclopedia 1998.
207.
Large area of land that is covered by trees and undergrowth http://www.newberry.org/k12maps/glossary/index.html
208.
Large area of trees and undergrowth – http://crossword911.com/forest.html.
209.
Leaf cover above a level 8m off ground, >60% http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/adams3.html
210.
More than 50% trees. Source: Amreican Forests via Fleishman, Sandra. 2003. Why were the trees cut down? The Washington Post. Section F1,8-9. 28 June.
211.
Natural areas dominated by tree cover that is generally over 6 meters, or 20 feet, in height. http://www.rsgis.msu.edu/pdf/lclu/MIRIS_2_definitions.pdf
212.
Natural forest be differentiated from plantations and that for defining “forest” the lower height limit defining “trees” be set at more than 5 m tall with the minimum cover of trees be
set at more than 40%. Sasak, Nophea; Putz, Francis E. 2009. Critical need for new definitions of “forest” and “forest degradation” in global climate change agreements.
Conservation Letters xx (2009) 1–7. http://www.redd-monitor.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/2009-Putz-Conservation-Letters-on-REDD.pdf
213.
On désigne sous le nom de forêts les espaces couverts d'arbres c'est-à-dire de cette catégorie de végétaux que distinguent tout d'abord, la nature solide de leur tige, leurs
énormes proportions et la longue durée de leur existence. [LE PLAY, 1847 ; p57]. Sandrine PETIT
214.
Plant community predominately of trees and other woody plants, growing more or less closely together.
http://www.Colorado.Edu/INSTAAR/TEAML/atlas/chapters/definitions.html#Forest and http://www.arcticatlas.org/glossary/index
215.
Predominately tree covered land in large tracts - Paraphrased from http://www.fsc-uk.demon.co.uk/Appendices.html.
216.
Scholes & Hall (1996) define them as having complete tree canopy cover and three or more overlapping vegetation strata. The ground layer is NOT dominated by grasses but by
other non-gramineceous herbs and shrubs. There are also open and closed forests, moist/rain and dry forests.
217.
Scholes & Hall (1996) use 50-100% tree canopy cover, and a graminaceous layer. There are also various types of woodlands.
218.
Selvas - Constituye parte de la categoria “Formacion (anexo III.6). Vegetacion preominanatementearborea en climas calido-humedos a calido-subhumedos. Se caracterizan por
tener especies dominates arboraas de afinidad tropical. Incluye dos tipos de vegetaction: Selve perennifoia y subperennifolia y Selva caducifolia y subcaducifolia. A su vez abarca a
ocho comunidades: Selva alta y mediana perennifoila, Selva baja perennikfolia, Selva alta y mediana subpoerennifolia, Selva baja subperennifolia, Selva mediana caducifolia y
subcaducifolia, Sel va baha caducifolia y subcaducifolia, Matrorral subtropical y sel va espinosav (UNAM 2000).
219.
Selvas - Vegetacion predominantemente arborea en climas calido-humedos a calido-subhumedos. Se caracterizan por tener especies arboreas de afinidad tropical (UNAM
2000).
220.
That portion of the ecosystem characterized by tree cover; more particularly, a plant community predominately of trees and other woody vegetation growing close together
(Maser 1991).
221.
The trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area http://dictionary.kids.net.au/word/forest and http://www.scrabblefinder.com/word/forest/
222.
The trees themselves: http://www.wordsmyth.net/cgi-bin/simplesearch.cgi?matchent=forest&matchtype=exact&matchid=-1&retall=1
223.
This category includes productive forest land and open woodland with naturally and artificially grown forest (forest plantation), and shrubs. Minimum volume density is the main
characteristic of these lands, it should be 0.4 and higher for young forest and shrubs, and 0.3 and higher - in all other stands. Minimum Mapping Unit of 0.5 ha.
http://ewg.gecp.virginia.edu/ewg_forest_us/general/glossary.htm
224.
Traditional forest - large, densely wooded areas that are found in remote areas with few people. http://hermes.richmond.edu/urbanforests/glossary.html
225.
Tree Cover, broadleaved, evergreen (LCCS >15% tree cover, tree height >3m ) www.gvm.sai.jrc.it/glc2000/march2002/GLC2000-LCCS_global-legend280502.doc
226.
Tree dominated ecosystems displaying the seral dynamics of ecosystem maturity and possesses tree crown cover (stand density) of more than 20% of the area. Ranil
Senanayake [email protected]
227.
Tree-covered land where the tree cover density is greater than 10%. Note that cleared forest land (i.e., clearcuts) will be mapped according to current cover (e.g., disturbed or
transitional, shrubland/grassland). http://www.epa.gov/nerlesd1/land-sci/pdf/trend.pdf
228.
Tree-dominated ecosystems displaying the seral dynamics of ecosystem maturity, covering 20% of the area (Ranil Senanayake 1999).
http://europe.mtnforum.org/rs/econfreports/MountainPeopleForestsAndTrees.pdf
229.
Trees cover more than 10% of land (Nolte 2003).
230.
Trees growing so closely their individual leaf canopies overlap. Shade precludes development of much undergrowth. Require considerable moisture except where inadequate
moisture or short growing season. Forest are likely to become climax vegetation association in any area. http://web.uccs.edu/geogenvs/ges100-online/Chapt11.doc
231.
Trees with their crowns interlocking (generally forming 60-100% cover). Forested Estuarine areas vegetated by woody plants 6 m tall or taller.
http://www.greatplains.org/resource/biodiver/gpclass/IC2.HTM also http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/fff/GLOSS_E.HTM#Forest
232.
Trees with their crowns overlapping (generally forming 60-100% cover) (Grossman, et al. 1998).
233.
Unless otherwise indicated all references to “forest” in the report assume natural forest (regardless of its quality). Plantation forest areas are specified as such.(2005).
http://eyesontheforest.or.id/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=5
234.
Usually understood to mean land covered with woody growth of economic importance. Zon 1910
235.
Vaste étendue de terrain peuplée d'arbres; ensemble de ces arbres. Le Petit Robert. Sandrine PETIT
236.
Vegetation dominated by trees, without a grassy or weedy under-storey, and which has not been recently farmed. Hall (1987) http://www.ids.ac.uk/eldis/forests/forpap.htm.
237.
Vegetation with an average canopy height greater than 20 ft. (6m). http://birds.cornell.edu/bfl/definitions.html
238.
Wood, Woods, area of land covered with trees. Babylon.com
239.
woods -- (the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area) http://www.notredame.ac.jp/cgi-bin/wn?forest
240.
Woody vegetation > 3 meters (10 ft) in height. Canopy closure must be >35% (<35% = Category 3). Also included in this category are areas commonly referenced as "swamp"
or forested wetland http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc02/pap0811/p0811.htm
2.3.1.3 As a land use type
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
1. (Agroforest) – Forest which is managed more or less intensively by small holders producing timber and non-timber products. (Zomer RJ, Trabucco A, Coe R and Place F. 2009.
Trees on Farm: Analysis of Global Extent and Geographical Patterns of Agroforestry. ICRAF Working Paper no. 89. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre. 63 p.
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFs/WP16263.PDF).
2. (and other wooded land) - Land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not and exceeding 0.5 ha in extent. It includes areas occupied by roads, small
cleared tracts and other small open areas within the forest which constitute an integral part of the forest (Päivinen et al. 1994).
3. (SAF 1958) Land bearing forest growth or land from which the forest has been removed but which shows evidence of past forestry occupancy and which is not now in other use. To
qualify as forest, an area must: (1) be at least 100 feet wide; (2) be at least I acre in area; (3) have a sufficient number of trees to provide 10 percent crown coverage, be likely to
remain in forest use. (SAF 1958) http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/5-agency_paper-2.doc
4. (SAF 1971) Land carrying forest growth or, if totally lacking it, bearing evidence of former forest and not now in other use. Note: Such land formally qualifies as “forest” only if not
less than I acre and not less than 100 feet wide, with trees providing not less than 10 percent crown cover, or, if less, if the lands likely to remain in forest use. (FORDROBERTSON 1971). http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/5-agency_paper-2.doc
5. (SAF 1998) An ecosystem characterized by a more or less dense or extensive tree cover, often consisting of stands varying in characteristics such as species composition,
structure, age class, and associated processes, and commonly including meadows streams, fish and wildlife. Note - forests include specialized kinds such as industrial forests,
non-industrial private forests, plantations, public forests, production forests, and urban forests, as well as parks and wilderness (Helms 1998).
6. (Terre forestiere, terreno forestal) Land under natural or cultivated stands of trees intended for forest use, including land cleared of trees but which will be reforested. Permanent
meadows and pastures with scattered trees and shrubs do not constitute forest (Miani 1991 - Forestry Chronicle 70(6):669 1994).
7. A classification of land use in the Natural Resources Inventory (NRI). It includes areas where trees cover at least 10% of the land and must be at least an acre in size. Forestland
was found on 395 million acres, almost 30% of all private lands, in the 1992 NRI. http://goatconnection.com/articles/publish/article_86.shtml and http://www.pfb.com/resources/aginformation/glossary-of-ag-terms-F.html
8. A land area with a minimum 10 % tree crown coverage (or equivalent stocking level), or formerly having such tree cover and that is being naturally or artificially regenerated or that is
being afforested (Päivinen et al. 1994).
9. A natural land that has not been subjected to human activities regarding change of use. Harrison (1992)
10. A section of land covered with forest or set aside for the cultivation of forests.http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=forestland
11. All land which is capable of supporting a merchantable stand of timber and is not actively being used in a use which is incompatible with timber growing.
http://www.eresourcesystems.com/Help/Glossary/glossary.html
12. All land which is capable of supporting a merchantable stand of timber and is not being actively used for a use which is incompatible with timber growing. Forest land does not
include agricultural land that is or was enrolled in the conservation reserve enhancement program by contract if such agricultural land was historically used for agricultural purposes
and the landowner intends to continue to use the land for agricultural purposes in the future. As it applies to the operation of the road maintenance and abandonment plan element
of the forest practices rules on small forest landowners, the term "forest land" excludes: (a) Residential home sites, which may include up to five acres; and (b) Cropfields,
orchards, vineyards, pastures, feedlots, fish pens, and the land on which appurtenances necessary to the production, preparation, or sale of crops, fruit, dairy products, fish, and
livestock exist. http://www.mrsc.org/mc/rcw/RCW%20%2076%20%20TITLE/RCW%20%2076%20.%2009%20%20CHAPTER/RCW%20%2076%20.%2009%20.020.htm
13. All lands bearing vegetative associations dominated by trees of any size, exploited or not, capable of producing wood or other forest products, of exerting an influence on climate or
on water regime, or providing shelter for livestock or wildlife. Includes lands which have been clearcut or burned but which will be reforested in the foreseeable future. Excludes
orchards, shelterbelts, groups of trees along roads or city parks. Encyclopedia Britannia 1970
14. All lands bearing vegetative associations dominated by trees of any size, exploited or not, capable of producing wood or of exerting an influence on the local climate or on the water
regime. Included are: lands from which forests have been recently clear cut or burned but which will be reforested in the near future; public and private forests of any size; tree
nurseries; forest roads; mangrove forests, forests of low growth and of dwarfed or stunted forms. Excluded are: brush lands, groups of trees outside the forest, trees along roads,
etc., and on agricultural lands and parks. (World Forest Inventories 1953) From: [email protected]. Date: Thu, 15 Oct 1998 17:09:40 +0200
15. An area managed for producing timber and other products, or maintained under woody vegetation for such indirect benefits as protection of watersheds or recreation.
http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/rhgiles/appendices/glossf.htm
16. An area managed for the production of timber and other forest products or maintained as wood vegetation for such indirect benefits as protection of catchment areas or recreation.
http://www.genesisny.net/Commodity/Timber/Timberglos.html
17. An area managed for the production of timber and other forest produce, or maintained under woody vegetation for such indirect benefits as protection of (water) catchment areas or
recreation. SAF 1971 (Helms 2002)
18. An area managed for the production of timber and other forest products, or maintained under woody vegetation for indirect benefits as protection of a watershed, recreation, or
wildlife habitat. When used as a proper noun, it refers to the Chattahoochee or Oconee National Forest (both if plural). http://www.safc.org/resources/glossary.htm#F
19. An area managed for the production of timber and other forest produce, or maintained under woody vegetation for such indirect benefits as the protection of watersheds, the
provision of recreation areas, or the preservation of natural habitat. http://nfdp.ccfm.org/silviterm/silvi_e/silvitermetohe.htm#F
20. An area which is for the most part set aside for the production of timber and other forest produce, or which is expected to exercise certain climatic effects, or to protect the locality
against injurious influences. Encyclopedia Britannia 1910. p. 645. http://books.google.com/books?
id=jhZsJc4z5RkC&pg=PA657&lpg=PA657&dq=hawaii+forestland&source=web&ots=YlCTj-qUZR&sig=PtkyXu4oaaWBg-3k45z2nub3mDs#PPA645,M1
21. An area, which has been set aside principally for the production of wood, and which, at any rate for the greater part, is covered with trees. (19th century)
http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in/dspace/bitstream/10689/10100/4/Chapter%201_1%20-%20125p.pdf
22. An ecosystem characterized by more or less dense and extensive tree cover, often consisting of stands varying in characteristics such as species compositions, structure, age
class and associated processes, and commonly including meadows, streams, fish, and wildlife. Thus forest could be defined as a set of land parcels that has or could have tree
vegetation and is managed as a whole to achieve the objective of the owner. http://www.environmental-auditing.org/LinkClick.aspx?
fileticket=fbx%2FbAIVeFU%3D&tabid=128&mid=568
23. An ecosystem with a minimum of 10 percent crown cover of trees and/or bamboos, generally associated with wild flora, fauna and natural soil conditions and not subject to
agriculture (Asian Development Bank 1995). http://www.bicusa.org/bicusa/issues/misc_resources/585.php
24. Area managed for the production of timber and other forest products or maintained as wood vegetation for such indirect benefits as protection of catchment areas or recreation (26).
http://rredc.nrel.gov/biomass/forest/tim_glossary/t_glossary.html#F and Ford-Robertson 1971: 107, 298. Also Boundary Waters Compendium Glossary http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/lists/glossary/
25. Areas with a? minimum of 10% crown cover of trees and/or bamboos, generally associated with wild flora and fauna and natural soil conditions, and are not subject to agricultural
practices. Note that in some countries, some areas are statutorily defined as ?Forest Area? that contain no tree cover. http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/tg/guide_frame.jsp?
rd=LU&ds=1
26. Forest is defined as >30% crown cover and the tree height shall be >7 m. Seedlings under forest are also included in this class. Areas occupied by forest and woodlands with a
vegetation pattern composed of native or exotic coniferous trees, and which can be used for the production of timber or other forest products. The forest trees are under normal
climatic conditions higher than 5 m with a canopy closure of 30% at least. http://www.grida.no/baltic/related/balans_landcover_classification_methodology_ver2.pdf
27. Forest land is characterized by a predominance of tree cover and is further divided by the U.S. Census into timberland and non-timberland. By definition, the former must be
capable of producing 20 cubic feet of industrial wood per acre per year and remain legally open to timber production. http://www.gcrio.org/CONSEQUENCES/spring95/Land.html
28. Forest land is synonymous with "designated forest land" and means any parcel of land that is twenty or more acres or multiple parcels of land that are contiguous and total twenty
or more acres that is or are devoted primarily to growing and harvesting timber. Designated forest land means the land only and does not include a residential homesite. The term
includes land used for incidental uses that are compatible with the growing and harvesting of timber but no more than ten percent of the land may be used for such incidental uses.
It also includes the land on which appurtenances necessary for the production, preparation, or sale of the timber products exist in conjunction with land producing these products.
http://www.mrsc.org/mc/rcw/RCW%20%2084%20%20TITLE/RCW%20%2084%20.%2033%20%20CHAPTER/RCW%20%2084%20.%2033%20.035.htm
29. Forestland means land, other than land owned by the federal government, that was, as of the effective date of this section, available for and capable of growing a crop of trees of any
commercial species used to produce lumber and other forest products, including Christmas trees. Commercial species are those species so designated by the board.
http://www.ancienttrees.org/fulltext.php
30. Land at least 10 percent stocked (based on crown cover) by forest trees of any size, or formerly having had such tree cover and not currently developed for nonforest use.
http://www.reo.gov/general/definitions_n-z.htm#R 2003
31. Land at least 10 percent stocked by tree stands of any size or that formerly had such tree cover and that will be regenerated with trees. http://www.idahoforests.org/dict1.htm
32. Land at least 10 percent stocked by trees of any size, including land that formerly had such tree cover and that will be naturally or artificially regenerated. Forest land includes
transition zones, such as areas between heavily forested and nonforested lands that are at leas t 10 percent stocked with forest trees and forest areas adjacent to urban and builtup lands. Also included are pinyon-juniper and chaparral areas in the West and afforested areas. The minimum area for classification of forest land is 1 acre. Roadside, streamside,
and shelterbelt strips of timber must have a crown width of at least 120 feet to qualify as forest land. Unimproved roads and trails, streams, and clearings in forest areas are
classified as forest if less than 120 feet wide. http://www.ilea.org/birdsey/glossary.html
33. Land at least 10 percent stocked with trees of any size, or that formerly had tree cover and is not currently developed for a nonforest use. The minimum area for classification is one
acre. http://maps.vcgi.org/indicators/metadata/cntyfrst.html
34. Land at least 10-percent occupied by forest trees of any size or formerly having had such tree cover and not currently developed for non-forest use. Lands developed for non-forest
use include area for crops, improved pasture, residential or administrative areas, improved roads of any width, adjoining road clearing, and power-line clearing of any width.
http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/rhgiles/appendices/glossf.htm and (36 CFR 219.3) http://www.safc.org/resources/glossary.htm#D
35. Land at least 16.7 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or formerly having had such tree cover, and not currently developed for nonforest use. (Note: Stocking is measured
by comparing specified standards with basal area and /or number of trees, age or size, and spacing.) The minimum area for classification of forest land is 1 acre. Roadside,
streamside, and shelterbelt strips of timber must have a crown width of at least 120 feet to qualify as forest land. Unimproved roads and trails, streams, or other bodies of water or
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36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
clearings in forest areas shall be classed as forest if less than 120 feet wide. http://www.pfmt.org/glossary/f.htm Glossary of Forestry Terms and
http://www.for.msu.edu/~kpw/glossary.htm
Land bearing a stand of trees of any stature, including seedlings, and of species attaining a minimum of 6 feet average height at maturity or land from which such a stand has been
removed but on which no other use has been substituted. The term is commonly limited to land not in farms; forests on farms are commonly called woodland or farm forests.
http://www.wvgazette.com/static/series/mining/reports/EIS/VIII.Glossary.pdf
Land bearing forest growth or land from which the forest has been removed but which shows surface evidence of past forest occupancy and is not now in other use;
http://www.geocities.com/rboutilier000/wildlif1.html
Land capable of supporting trees and not actively in a use which is incompatible with timber growing. Washington's Dynamic Forests - League of Women Voters of Washington
Education Fund - http://www.lwvwa.org/forest/dynamic/glossary.htm
Land carrying forest growth or, if totally lacking it (non-stocked (USA), unstocked (Cw) forest land), bearing evidence of former forest and not now in other use Eurodicautom
(http://eurodic.ip.lu/cgi-bin/edicbin/expert.pl).
Land covered with forest or reserved for the growth of forests http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=forestland
Land currently growing forest trees of any size with a total stocking value of at least 16.7 (10 base 100) in the West), or lands formerly forested, currently capable of becoming
forest land, and not currently developed for nonforest uses. These lands must be a minimum of 1 acre in area. Roadside, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of timber must have a
crown width of at least 120 feet to qualify as forest land. Unimproved roads, trails, streams, and clearings within forest areas are classified as forest land if they are less than 120
feet wide. Recently clearcut areas that are currently nonstocked are classed as forest lands unless they are being used as agriculture. Forest land is divided into two categories
(timberland and other forest land), and both of these categories may be further classified as reserved if harvesting is prohibited by statutory or administrative restrictions. Forest
Glossary - http://www.ciel.org/forestglossary.pdf
Land must be at least 10 acres of contiguous forest not developed for non-forest use. http://www.forestmeister.com/highlights.html
Land on which the land use of forestry occurs. http://www.planning.org/guidebookhtm/chapter_three.htm
Land on which the vegetation is dominated by forest or, if trees are lacking, the land bears evidence of former forest and has not been converted to other vegetation.
http://www.forages.css.orst.edu/Topics/Pastures/Grazing/Terminology/grazterm_body.html#Vegetation, http://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/forages/rotational/glossary.html,
http://www.crops.org/cropgloss/index.php, and http://www.ifad.org/lrkm/glossary.htm#f
Land primarily devoted to trees. http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/rhgiles/appendices/glossf.htm
Land primarily intended for growing, or currently supporting, forest. Includes land not now forested, i.e. clear-cut lands; northern lands that are forested but not intended for any use;
and plantations. http://www.inac.gc.ca/building/forests/forest_j.html
Land that can support at least 10 percent native tree cover under natural conditions. Forestland may include areas of grassland, shrubland, wetland, or other land classes.
http://www.pacificforest.org/about/glossary.html
Land that is at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or land formerly having such tree cover, and is not currently developed for a nonforest use. The minimum area
for classification as forest land is one acre. Roadside, stream-side, and shelterbelt strips of timber must have a crown width at least 120 feet wide to qualify as forest land.
Unimproved roads and trails, streams and other bodies of water, or natural clearings in forested areas shall be classified as forest, if less than 120 feet in width or an acre in size.
Grazed woodlands, reverting fields, and pastures that are not actively maintained are included if the above qualifications are satisfied. (Also see definitions of nonforest land, idle
farmland and improved/maintained pasture.) www.socrates.lv-hrc.nevada.edu/fia/dab/core1-7/appendix7_12_00.doc
Land that is at least 16.7 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or land that formerly had such tree cover and is not currently being developed for nonforest uses.
http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/glossary/ and http://agglossary.uaex.edu/viewFGlossary1.asp#F
Land that is at least sixteen and seven-tenths per cent stocked, that contains at least seven and five-tenths square feet of basal area per acre by forest trees of any size; or that
formerly had such tree cover and is not currently developed for non-forest use; or that is a plantation containing at least five hundred trees per acre.
http://www.forestmeister.com/laws/ch61.html
Land that is now, or is capable of becoming, at least 10 percent stocked with forest trees and that has not been developed for nontimber use. http://www.streamnet.org/pubed/ff/Glossary/glossaryforest.html
Land that supports tree species of commercial value (i.e., spruce-fir stands, ponderosa pine, etc.); also referred to as timberland.
http://extension.usu.edu/forestry/UtahForests/Trees_ForestryTerms.htm
Land under natural or cultivated stands of trees intended for forest use, including land cleared of trees but which will be reforested. Permanent meadows and pastures with scattered
trees and shrubs do not constitute forest land (Maini 1991) http://www.forestry.utoronto.ca/ac_staff/emeritus/My%20Webs/english.htm
Land with at least 25 percent tree canopy or that has been stocked with at least 10 percent forest trees of any size, including land that formerly had such tree cover and that will be
naturally or artificially reforested. http://www.osmre.gov/pdf/022399a.txt, http://www.wvgazette.com/static/series/mining/reports/EIS/VIII.Glossary.pdf 2001 and
http://www.epa.gov/region3/mtntop/pdf/VIII.Glossary.pdf
Lands bearing vegetative associations dominated by trees of any size, capable of producing timber or other forest products or of exerting an influence on the climate or on the water
regime. Also, lands from which forests have been recently clear cut or burned but which will be reforested in the near future. (World Forest Inventories 1947) From:
[email protected]. Date: Thu, 15 Oct 1998 17:09:40 +0200
Lands that have, or will have because of continued growth, more than 10 per cent canopy cover http://www.oneworld.org/cse/html/cmp/climate/ew/art20001124_5.htm
Lands that naturally have or can have at least 10 percent of the area covered by crowns of trees and are not currently developed for non-forest use. The minimum area for land
classification is 0.4 ha. Unimproved roads, trails, streams, and stringers of vegetation are classed with surroundings if they are less than 36.6 meters in width. (Lund 1984).
The amount of land appropriated by the consumption of paper and timber products. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adtQGU20060303.132137/public/03Main.pdf
Total area of existing forest, Area of forest land, Net area of forest land available for timber production without risk of biodiversity loss. This can be composed of natural or plantation
forests but should be listed separately. http://www.sustainableforests.net/C&I_workshops/Glossary%20as%20990101.htm
Tree Cover (>25% tree canopy cover) Vegetative cover recognized as woody plants which usually have one perennial stem, a definitely formed crown of foliage, and a mature height
of at least 4 meters. This category contains all trees, even those planted for the purpose of producing food or ornamentals, including Christmas trees. It also includes those lands
which have been harvested of trees, even those that have been clear cut, but will return to tree cover. http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/nssh/622.htm#16
Urban forest: An urban forest includes all of the natural resources in an urban area: plants, soil, water, and animals (including all of us) [Urban Forestry].
http://media.lpb.org/images/pdf/CaseyTreesGlossary.pdf
Vegetation dominated by trees with their crowns overlapping, generally forming 60 - 100% cover; includes reproductive stages or immature secondary growth stands that are
temporarily less than 5 meters or 16.5 feet tall. http://www.wec.ufl.edu/coop/gap/moreinfo.htm
2.3.1.4 Ecological/Miscellaneous Definitions
1. (Forestland) Land which is currently producing (or, in some cases, capable of producing) a forest. http://ext.msstate.edu/pubs/pub1250.htm and
http://msucares.com/pubs/pub1250.htm
2. A biome with enough precipitation to support various tree species. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/MISC2/SB661.PDF
3. A collection of biological organisms and non-biological factors. From an ecological perspective, the definition of a forest includes all these things, from the trees to the bacteria, and
the soil type to the microclimates http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/EcologyForests.htm
4. A complex, self-regenerating system, encompassing soil, water, microclimate, energy, and a wide variety of plants and animals in mutual relation. A commercial plantation, on the
other hand, is a cultivated area whose species and structure have been simplified dramatically to produce only a few goods, whether lumber, fuel, resin, oil, or fruit.
http://www.wrm.org.uy/english/bulletin/bull16.htm
5. A forest is temperate and little touched by humans. A jungle is tropical and untrammeled. Woods are forests that have been worked by humans.
http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=186539
6. A forest, also referred to as a wood or the woods, is an area with a high amount of weed. People go to forests to get high. Wik ipedia http://www.google.com/search?
client=safari&rls=en&q=forest+facts&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8
7. A highly ordered arrangement of living organisms living in, on and around trees in such an highly ordered fashion it assures high quality survival for all.
http://www.chesco.com/~treeman/words/words-t.html
8. A land comprehensive of vegetation, fauna and soil, providing wood and other goods, and values (protection, recreation, scenery, etc.). Lorenzo Ciccarese [email protected]
9. A landscape component, raw material, or an object of forestry management activities http://ewg.gecp.virginia.edu/ewg_forest_us/general/glossary.htm
10. A natural ecosystem in which trees are a significant component http://tropenbos.nl.php5.server34.firstfind.nl/tbi_publications/documents/Mirjam2.PDF
11. A Norman law which gave the right to keep wild animals on land for the purpose of hunting. Penalties for infringements included mutilation and death. (Definition from some game).
http://www.battle1066.com/g118.html
12. A plant community dominated by woody plants, where the plnats interact with other living and nonliving components such as soil, water, air, animals, and microscopic orgnaisms
(Forest ecosystem), http://ext.nrs.wsu.edu/publications/pdf/wildlife/misc0198.pdf.
13. A system, where trees and their associates are so highly ordered in their connections that they all survive at a high quality state. http://www.chesco.com/~treeman/words/wordst.html
14. An ecosystem dominated by woody vegetation, potentially subject to the management or oversight of foresters. Christy, Lawrence C. et al. 2007. Forest law and sustainable
development – Addressing contemporary Challenges through legal reform. Wolrd Bank, Law, Justice and Development Series. 228 p.
http://www.scribd.com/WorldBankPublications/d/16060052-Forest-Law-and-Sustainable-Development-Addressing-Contemporary-Challenges-Through-Legal-Reform
15. An extensive area preserving some or all of its primitive wildness, usually having wild animals. http://www.britell.com/lex.html
16. Biome with enough average annual precipitation (at least 76 centimeters, or 30 inches) to support growth of various species of trees and smaller forms of vegetation.
http://www.gsu.edu/~mstnrhx/ecogloss.htm
17. Forest - Synonymous with wilderness. It covers vast areas, is seldom visited, and forms the ultimate refuge for numerous large mammals and predators.
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
http://www.reservenaturelle.fr/upload/cahier74bis.pdf
Forests are complex ecosystems in which plants and animals coexist with one another http://www.americanforests.org/discover-forests/forest-facts/
Forests are small biomes. They represent a third of the Earth's land. http://www.planetpals.com/habitats.html
Forests generally occur only where precipitation exceeds 60 cm/ year (24"/ year) (Ref.64 of DF91M1). http://home.alltel.net/bsundquist1/se2.html#Dg
Intact forest landscape (IFL): a territory within today’s global extent of forest cover which contains forest and non-forest ecosystems minimally influenced by human economic
activity, with an area of at least 500 km2 (50,000 ha) and a minimal width of 10 km (measured as the diameter of a circle that is entirely inscribed within the boundaries of the
territory). http://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2011/02/01/real-or-imaginary-rates-of-deforestation/
Land on which the native vegetation (climax or natural potential) is forest. http://www.tamu.edu/classes/rang/rknight/rlem102/lecture3/rangeland-definitions.pdf
Land that produces woody plants-bushes as well as trees-anything that can serve as fuel in the cooking of food.
http://www.zoology.wisc.edu/courses/220/readings/Hardin/Hardin_population.pdf
Land with woody vegetation that meets an internationally accepted definition (e.g., UNFCCC, FAO or IPCC) of what constitutes a forest, which includes threshold parameters, such
as minimum forest area, tree height and level of crown cover, and may include mature, secondary, degraded and wetland forests. http://www.v-cs.org/docs/Program%20Definitions,%20Consultation%202011.pdf
The term ‘forest’ refers to woody vegetation, but it is also linked to specific institutions empowered to manage forests. http://www.asb.cgiar.org/pdfwebdocs/ASBPB13.pdf
2.3.2 International definitions
2.3.2.1 As a declared, legal, or administrative unit
2.3.2.2 As a land cover type
1. (ADB 1997), An ecosystem with a minimum of 10 percent crown cover of trees and/or bamboos, generally associated with wild flora, fauna and natural soil conditions and not
subject to agriculture. Asian Development Bank. http://figueresonline.com/csdafinal/English/publications/cdm/glossary.html
2. (CBFP 2006) - Congo Basin Forest Partnership. Forests are habitats where trees are dominant, where tree crowns form a more or less continuous layer and where grasses are
virtually absent in the under story. The few grasses which are found in forests have broad leaves and are very different from savannah species. Forests are sensitive to fire.
http://carpe.umd.edu/resources/Documents/THE_FORESTS_OF_THE_CONGO_BASIN_State_of_the_Forest_2006.pdf
3. (Central Europe) Forestry - Compact forest complexes covering 75-80% of the area. http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/landuse/clsys/Europecenral.htm
4. (Convention on International Trade 2000) Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Report on National Reports Required Under Article VIII, Paragraph 7(a), of the Convention, Eleventh Meeting of the Conference of the Parties,
Gigiri, Kenya, April 2000 http://www.nationmaster.com/country/gr-greece/env-environment
5. (Dry-zone African countries) An ecosystem with a minimum of 10 percent crown cover of trees, and other wooded lands are those which are covered by trees, bushes or scattered
shrubs, whether natural or planted by people, and which may be cultivated (as agro-forestry lands) or not and which are generally associated with wild flora and fauna. "Moussa,
Omnia (FAORNE)"[email protected]
6. (EarthSat GeoCover LC 2002) - Trees > 3 m height, canopy closure > 35 % (Kalensky et al. 2002)
7. (ESA 2009). >15 % crown cover, >5 meters high. European Space Agency. http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEM5N3TRJHG_index_0.html.
8. (EU 2000). Forest land is defined as land with tree crown cover (stand density) of more than about 20% of the area. Continuous forest with trees usually growing to more than about
7 m in height and able to produce wood. This includes both closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground, and open
forest formations with a continuous grass layer in which tree synusiae cover at least 10% of the ground. http://europa.eu.int/estatref/info/sdds/en/for/for_res.htm#toc
9. (EU 2004). Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 % and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m at
maturity in situ. http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-CD-04-001-8/EN/KS-CD-04-001-8-EN.PDF
10. (EU 2010) Continuously forested areas are defined as areas where trees have reached, or can reach, at least heights of five metres, making up a crown cover of more than 30
percent….They would normally include forest, forest plantations and other tree plantations such as palm oil. Short rotation coppice [the practice of repeatedly cutting young tree
stems down] may qualify if it fulfils the height and canopy cover criteria. Phillips, Leigh. 2010. Palm oil plantations are now 'forests,' says EU. EUObserver.com.
http://euobserver.com/9/29410.
11. (EU 2010). Continuously forested areas are defined as areas where trees have reached, or can reach, at least heights of 5 metres, making up a crown cover of more than 30%.
They would normally include natural forest, forest plantations and other tree plantations such as oil palm. This means, for example, that a change from forest to oil palm plantation
would not per se constitute a breach of the criterion (para 4.2.3, draft communication).” http://www.tropenbos.org/file.php/4/forests-dec21-final-web.pdf
12. (EU) Areas spanning more than 0.5 to 1.0 hectares (depending on national definitions) with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to
reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Land registry systems should specify the concerned areas in
terms of land use as „forest“ http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/analysis/external/supply-wood/full_text_en.pdf
13. (EU) Forest area is "areas with crown cover (stand density) greater than around 20% of the area. Continuous forest with trees usually reaching a height of more than 7 metres and
providing a source of wood. http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/envir/report/en/lex_en/report_en.htm
14. (EU-JRC 2003) Forests … have a tree cover of more than 10-20% and tree heights of more than 3(-5) metres. Tree cover and forest regrowth below these thresholds were
considered ‘Wood & shrubland’. http://www-tem.jrc.it/PDF_publis/2003/Stibig_EUR_2003_full.pdf
15. (Europe) Vegetation formation composed principally of trees, including shrub and bush understories. The surface area of the smallest unit mapped in the project is 25 hectares.
http://etc.satellus.se/the_data/Technical_Guide/part_one_text2.htm#The nomenclature
16. (European Community -DGXIII) - Ecosystems with a minimum of 10 per cent crown cover of trees and/or bamboos. They usually contain wild flora, fauna and natural soil conditions,
and are not subject to agricultural practices. Forests can be divided into two categories: natural and plantation forests http://europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm and
http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/body/publications/forests/en/en4_6.htm
17. (European Community) Forest (for inventory) - forest tree stands with at least 20 % canopy closure at rotation age (closed forests according to the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO) definition). However, for certain types of woodland which are characteristic of the Mediterranean region (maquis and similar woodland,
stands of Quercus suber and Quercus ilex, etc.), this canopy closure should be at least 10 %. The minimum size of the forests to be sampled be 0.5 hectare.
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/1993/en_393R0926.html.
18. (European Environment Agency) - A vegetation community dominated by trees and other woody shrubs, growing close enough together that the tree tops touch or overlap, creating
various degrees of shade on the forest floor. It may produce benefits such as timber, recreation, wildlife habitat, etc.(Source: DUNSTE) European Environment Agency (EEA),
European Topic Centre on Catalogue of Data Sources (ETC/CDS) : General Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus Term Detail. http://www.epa.gov/trs
19. (European Environment Agency) Land with a tree canopy cover of more than 10 % and an area of more than 0.5 ha. http://glossary.eea.eu.int/EEAGlossary/F/forest
20. (Forest Focus ) Forest has in mature state a crown cover of at least 10%, trees of height minimum 5 m, and an area of at least 0.5 ha with a width of at least 20 m.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/tr_18.pdf
21. (FSC 2011) Forest” is not defined, as the “natural forest” and “plantation” covers the scope of forest areas for purpose of the P&C . Plantation Definition: Areas with tree cover in
which the trees are established by either planting, sowing or using intensive silvicultural treatments, which lack most of the principal characteristics and key elements of native
ecosystems, and which are characterized by either few species used in the treatments, even spacing, and/or even-ages, or by significant use of non-native or alien tree species.
Plantations and native ecosystem elements and characteristics may be further defined by FSC approved national and regional standards of forest management. • Natural Forest
Definition: Areas with tree cover that are not classified as plantations, in which all or almost all trees and other plants are indigenous species, and many of the principal
characteristics and key elements of native ecosystems such as complexity, structure and diversity are present. Natural forests and native ecosystem elements and characteristics
may be further defined by FSC approved national and regional standards of forest management. . http://www.fsc.org/fileadmin/webdata/public/document_center/Current_consultations/Report_P_C_Review_Workshop_2011-06-25_26_Final.pdf
22. (GLC2000 legend 2005) : percent tree cover >15% / tree height >3m http://www.glcn.org/downs/pub/ppts/FRA-GLCN_india/Antonio%20DiGregorio/Review%20of%20LCCS.pdf
23. (Global Forest Coalition 2009) Forests are complex tree dominated ecosystems with particular structural biotic and abiotic components, assembled within temporal and spatial
limits and with a self sustained successional dynamic determined by its own biodiversity, including the determining anthropogenic interfaces, particularly with Indigenous Peoples
and peoples who adopted their knowledge. Source: [email protected], 30 April 2009.
24. (Global Forest Watch 2014) - Various definitions exist for the term “forest,” and GFW does not aim to provide a consensus definition. Data sets hosted on GFW may define “forest”
differently or pertain to different types of forest (primary, secondary, tree plantations, etc.). Through information found on the Data page, we aim to be transparent about the
assumptions and definitions feeding into each data set. In our general writing, including the GFW blog, “forest” refers to a landscape with a high density of trees and value for
biodiversity, carbon storage, and human use. GFW distinguishes tree cover from forest. Where found on the GFW website, “tree cover” refers to the biophysical presence of trees,
which may be part of natural forests or tree plantations. The inclusion of all types of tree plantations in the “tree cover” definition notably distinguishes the term from some definitions
of “forest.” Accordingly, “tree cover” and “forest” should not be used interchangeably. Different data sets further define “tree cover” with added parameters
http://www.globalforestwatch.org/howto#terminology
25. (GOFC/GOLD Land and Forest Cover Classification Scheme 2002) – Canopy cover 10-25 %, Tree height <1 m - > 2m. (Kalensky et al. 2002)
26. (ICSU) Forests have complete tree canopy cover and three or more overlapping vegetation strata; http://www.icsu-scope.org/downloadpubs/scope56/Chapter04.html
27. (IGBP) In IGBP classification system, percent crown cover should be more than 60% and tree height should be more than 2 meters to be classified as forest.
http://www.eapap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/training/module1.html
28. (IIASA) Forest, canopy coverage > 40%, trees > 6 m. http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/lucgis/docs/wp-96-026.htm#Land-Cover
29. (IndexMundi) Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production
systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.. http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/greece/forest-area
30. (IPCC 1997) An ecosystem in which the dominant plants are trees; woodlands are distinguished from forests by their lower density of trees
http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/regional/327.htm
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
31. (IPCC 2003) A vegetation type dominated by trees. http://www.unep.ch/ipcc/pub/syrgloss.pdf Many definitions of the term forest are in use throughout the world, reflecting wide
differences in bio-geophysical conditions, social structure, and economics. For a discussion of the term forest and related terms such as →afforestation, →reforestation, and
→deforestation: see the IPCC Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (IPCC, 2000). See also the Report on Definitions and Methodological Options to Inventory
Emissions from Direct Human-induced Degradation of Forests and Devegetation of Other Vegetation Types (IPCC, 2003) (Source: Second Order Draft Glossary IPCC WGI Fourth
Assessment Report http://www.junkscience.com/draft_AR4/GLOSSARY_SOD_TSU_FINAL.pdf )
32. (IPCC?) Forest land: includes all land with woody vegetation consistent with thresholds used to define forest land in the national GHG inventory, sub-divided into managed and
unmanaged. It also includes systems with vegetation that currently fall below, but are expected to exceed, the threshold of the forest land category. Countries must also specify a
forest definition under the Kyoto Protocol. This definition is based on area (0.05 – 1.0 ha); canopy closure (10% - 30%) and tree height (2 – 5 m). http://bookshop.europa.eu/isbin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/WFS/EU-Bookshop-Site/en_GB/-/EUR/ViewPDFFile-OpenPDFFile?FileName=LBNA24300ENC_002.pdf&SKU=LBNA24300ENC_PDF
33. (ISO 2003) An area of land tree crown cover more than ten per cent with the potential to reach a minimum height of two meters at maturity in situ. ISO TC207/WG5 N70 ISO/WD
14064-1.1 Secretariat: DSM/CSA. January 13, 2003. Principles and requirements for measuring, monitoring and reporting entity- and project-level greenhouse gas emissions and/or
removals. 30 p.
34. (IUCN and WCMC 1990) ‘Forests’ have a closed canopy beneath which grasses do not grow. They are distinct from open-canopied woodlands that grow over a grass sward.
http://figueresonline.com/csdafinal/English/publications/cdm/glossary.html
35. (IUCN) IUCN defines forests as tree dominated landscapes. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/forestcover.pdf
36. (Millnnieum Assessment Organization). Forest systems: Systems in which trees are the predominant life forms. Statistics reported in this assessment are based on areas that are
dominated by trees (perennial woody plants taller than five meters at maturity), where the tree crown cover exceeds 10%, and where the area is more than 0.5 hectares. ‘‘Open
forests’’ have a canopy cover between 10% and 40%, and ‘‘closed forests’’ a canopy cover of more than 40%. ‘‘Fragmented forests’’ refer to mosaics of forest patches and nonforest land. http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.774.aspx.pdf
37. (NationMaster 2005). Land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/env_for_are_of_lan_are-environment-forest-areaof-land
38. (North Africa) - An ecosystem with a predominance of trees constituting a minimum of 10 percent relatively dense crown cover. "Moussa, Omnia (FAORNE)"
[email protected]
39. (OECD) Forested land - Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 per cent and an area of more than 0.5 hectares. The trees should be able to reach
a minimum height of 5 metres at maturity in situ. http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=6459
40. (RED 2009) Continuously forested areas with a land spanning of more than one hectare with trees higher than five metres and a canopy cover of more than 30%, or trees able to
reach those thresholds in situ. http://www.tropenbos.org/file.php/4/forests-dec21-final-web.pdf
41. (SADC 1997) - All wooded areas with greater than +/- 70% tree canopy cover, where the dominant canopy is greater than +/- 5m in thight (minimum height). Essentially indigenous
tree species growing under natural or semi-natural conditions (although it may include some localised areas of self-seeded exotic species). Excludes planted forests (and
woodlots). (Trevett 1997)
42. (Small Islands) Forest is defined as land with tree crown cover of more than 10 percent and area of more than 0.5 ha whose primary use is forestry. The trees should be able to
reach a minimum height of 5 metres at maturity in situ. http://cfa.juice-e.co.uk/Example%20paper/Example%20paper.htm
43. (TBFRA 1990) TBFRA criteria for 1990 were even stricter: crown cover had to be 20 % or more and tree height at least 7 meters. http://www.metla.fi/eu/cost/e4/coste4.pdf
44. (TBFRA 2000) TBFRA 2000 requires that the crown cover is greater than 10 % and tree height is greater than 5 meters. http://www.metla.fi/eu/cost/e4/coste4.pdf
45. (TBFRA-2000) items are most relevant for the present study: • Forest land: Forest is defined as “land with tree crown cover of more than 10 percent and area more than 0.5 ha.”
Trees on the site are considered to be higher than 5 m. http://www.mosus.net/documents/MOSUS_Forestry%20sector.pdf
46. (TREES) Evergreen and Semi-Deciduous Forest - forest cover > 70% in each AVHRR pixel http://www.gvm.sai.jrc.it/Forest/statistics.htm
47. (UN 2009) the UN defines a forest as any area larger than 500 square metres with crown cover of 10 per cent and trees capable of growing two metres high. The differences
between native forests and monoculture industrial tree plantations cannot be identified by this definition (UN-REDD, 2009). http://www.equitybd.org/documents/cts_eng.pdf
48. (UN-CBD 2001) Ecosystems in which trees are the predominant life forms. Global Biodiversity Outlook (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 2001)
http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.290.aspx.pdf
49. (UN-CCD 2000) Dense canopy with multi-layered structure including large trees in the upper storey; http://www.unccd.int/actionprogrammes/asia/national/2000/yemen-eng.pdf
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
50. (UN-ECEE/FAO 1997) Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 percent and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum
height of 5 m at maturity in situ. May consist either of closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high portion of the ground; or of open forest
formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high portion of the ground; or of open forest formations with a continuous vegetation cover in which tree cover
exceeds 10 percent. Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes which have yet to reach a crown density of 10 percent or tree height of 5 m are
included under forest, as are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention or natural causes but which are expected to revert to forest. Includes: Forest nurseries and
seed orchards that constitute an integral part of the forest; forest roads, cleared tracts, firebreaks, and other small open areas within the forest; forest in national parks, nature
reserves and other protected areas such as those of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, or spiritual interest; wind; windbreaks and shelterbelts of trees with an area
of more than 0.5 ha and a width of more than 20 m. Rubberwood plantations and cork oak stands are included. Excludes: Land predominantly used for agricultural practices.
http://figueresonline.com/csdafinal/English/publications/cdm/glossary.html
51. (UN-EP) - Land covered by trees with the percent canopy cover greater than 10%. Trees are woody plants land cover with a single well defined stem and more than 3 meters in
height. Forest with 10-40% canopy cover is classified as open forest and with 40% and above is classified as closed forest.
http://www.eapap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/training/module1.html
52. (UN-EP/CBD 2001) - Forest is a land area of more than 0.5 ha, with a tree canopy cover of more than 10 percent, which is not primarily under agriculture or other specific non-forest
land use. In the case of young forest or regions where tree growth is climatically suppressed, the trees should be capable of reaching a height of 5 m in situ, and of meeting the
canopy cover requirement. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/j9345e/j9345e00.pdf
53. (UN-EP/CBD 2002), A land area of more than 0.5 ha, with a tree canopy cover of more than 10 percent, which is not primarily under agriculture or other specific non-forest land use.
In the case of young forest or regions where tree growth is climatically suppressed, the trees should be capable of reaching a height of 5 m in situ, and of meeting the canopy cover
requirement http://www.environmental-auditing.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=fbx%2FbAIVeFU%3D&tabid=128&mid=568
54. (UN-EP-EAP-AP) - Land covered by trees with the percent canopy cover greater than 10%. Trees are woody plants with a single weft defined stem and more than 3 meters in
height. Forest with 10-40% canopy cover is classified as open forest and with 40% and above is classified as closed forest. http://www.rrcap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/16thacrs.html
55. (UN-EP-GRID 2001) A vegetation type dominated by trees. http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/689.htm (2001)
56. (UN-EP-GRID) An ecosystem in which the dominant plants are trees; woodlands are distinguished from forests by their lower density of trees
http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/regional/327.htm
57. (UN-ESCO 1973) Closed Forest - trees =5m with crowns interlocking. Woodland - trees =5m tall with crowns not usually touching but with canopy cover =40% (UNESCO 1973).
58. (UN-ESCO 1973) The standard international definition of “forest” is an area with >25 percent canopy cover by trees (UNESCO 1973; “savannah” is usually considered to be a grassdominated system with sparse trees [by the UNESCO definition, <25 percent cover]). http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADL906.pdf
59. (UN-ESCO 1993) Continuous stand of trees at least 10 m tall, their crowns interlocking; - Rain forest, without any significant dry season and with trees usually more than 30 m
high; - Dry forest, with dry season of several weeks or months; - Semi-evergreen forest, where some species are deciduous but understory mostly evergreen Deciduous forest,
where trees lose their leaves simultaneously for months - Undifferentiated forest, with very heterogeneous patterns; http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/1993annex3iufro.pdf
60. (UN-FAO 1958) Forest may be defined as all lands bearing a vegetative association dominated by tree of any size, exploited or not, capable of producing wood or other products, for
exerting an influence on climate or on the water regime, or providing shelter for live stock and wild life. http://www.dse.de/zel/landinfo/pas/tk247_lup_eth/forest_inventory.pdf
61. (UN-FAO 1987) the forest is a plant formation in which trees predominate to the extent of modifying the ecology of the terrain. In order to form a specific community of this kind, the
trees must occupy a sufficiently large area of land and at a minimum level of density. http://www.fao.org/legal/legstud/frmdocrep/41_AK476E.pdf
62. (UN-FAO 1990) (Tropical countries) Ecosystems with a minimum of 10 percent crown cover of trees and/or bamboos, generally associated with wild flora, fauna and natural soil
conditions, and not subject to agricultural practices. http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/t0830e/T0830E04.htm and
http://figueresonline.com/csdafinal/English/publications/cdm/glossary.html
63. (UN-FAO 1995) Ecosystems with a minimum of 10% cover of trees and/or bamboos, generally associated with wild flora, fauna and natural soil conditions, and not subject to
agricultural practices. The term forest is further subdivided, according to its origin, into two categories: (i) Natural forests: a subset of forest composed of tree species known to be
indigenous to the area; and; (ii) Plantation forests: established artificially by afforestation on lands which previously did not carry forests within living memory; establishment
artificially by reforestation of land which carried forest before, and involving the replacement of the indigenous species by a new and essentially different species or genetic variety.
Definition applies for developing countries. http://figueresonline.com/csdafinal/English/publications/cdm/glossary.html
64. (UN-FAO 1995) Land with tree crown cover (stand density) of more than about 20 percent of the area. Continuous forest with trees usually growing to more than about 7 m in height
and able to produce wood. This includes both closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground, and open forest
formations with a continuous grass layer in which tree synusia cover at least 10 percent of the ground. Definition applies for developed countries.
http://figueresonline.com/csdafinal/English/publications/cdm/glossary.html
65. (UN-FAO 1997) (developed countries) Land with tree crown cover (stand density) of more than about 20 per cent of the area. Continuous forest with trees usually growing to more
than about 7 m in height and able to produce wood. This includes both closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the
ground, and open forest formations with a continuous grass layer in which tree synusia cover at least 10 per cent of the ground (FAO 1997).
66. (UN-FAO 1997) (developing countries) Ecological systems with a minimum of 10% crown coverage of trees and/or bamboos, generally associated with wild flora, fauna and natural
soil conditions, and not subject to agricultural practices. [Source: from http://faov02.fao.org:70/0gopher_root%3a[fao.fra]def_uk.txt (concepts, definitions and methodology of the
FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990) via Bernhard Schlamadinger], (FAO 1997) and http://www.ids.ac.uk/eldis/forests/forpap.htm.
67. (UN-FAO 1999) Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10% and area of more than 0.5 hectares (ha). The trees should be able to reach a minimum
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
height of 5m at maturity in situ." http://europe.mtnforum.org/rs/econfreports/MountainPeopleForestsAndTrees.pdf
(UN-FAO 2000) Land with tree a crown cover of more than 10 percent, and a tree height of at least five meters. An important distinction is made between closed (40% crown cover)
and open (10 -40 % crown cover) forest. http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/385907.htm#P280_16342. Note: There is another definition forest for FRA 2000 based on land use.
(UN-FAO 2003) Forest land is defined as having more than 10 percent crown cover and an area of more than 0.5 ha, and excludes land predominantly used for agriculture.
http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/teach/fe456/Class_Materials/State%20of%20Worlds%20Forests/SOTWF_2003.pdf
(UN-FAO 2005) Forest: land with trees of height 5 metres or more with crown cover of more than 10% (paragraph 11.35).
http://www.fao.org/es/ess/census/PROGwca2010/glossary_r7.pdf
(UN-FAO 2005) Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ.
It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. FRA 2005 and 2010. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e13.pdf
(UN-FAO 2005) Woodland or forest - This includes woodlot or timber tracts, natural or planted, constituting part of the holding which have or will have value as wood, timber, other
forest products or for protection. Forest tree nurseries should be included in this category. Rows, belts and small clumps of trees, bamboo and other woody vegetation should be
included in woodland and forest. http://www.fao.org/es/ess/census/12ch5.asp
(UN-FAO 2007) any area larger than one hectare (0.01 square miles) with a minimum tree cover of 10 percent to be forested.
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Deforestation/printall.php
(UN-FAO) Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/viewSourceNotes?
DIMENSION_NAME=WDI_Series&HIERARCHY=Topic&cubeId=7
(UN-FAO) Land covered by trees with a cover of more than 40% From: Graeme Wild [email protected]
(UN-FAO) Land with a tree canopy cover of more than 10% and an area of more than 0.5 ha. http://glossary.eea.europa.eu
(UN-FAO-RAP 2010) Forest is defined as: land spanning more than 0.5 hectares, with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent or trees able to reach
these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly agricultural or under urban use. http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1594e/i1594e00.pdf
(UN-FCCC )Forest land - As part of COP7 (Marrakech accords) it was decided that parties could select a single value of tree height, crown area and area to define forests, subject
to certain ranges. The Designated National Authority in each country is responsible for forest definition (see http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA and
http://www.snvworld.org/en/regions/asia/ourwork/Documents/SNV_UnderstandingREDD.pdf)
(UN-FCCC 2001) (from the Marrakesh Accords of the Kyoto Protocol): An area of land: that is at least 0.05 – 1.0 hectares in size; which has more than 10-30 per cent of tree crown
cover (or equivalent stocking levels); and which has trees that have the potential to reach a minimum height at maturity in situ of 2-5 metres. It may consist either of closed forest
formations or open forest. Closed forest formations involve to a high proportion of the ground being covered by trees of various storeys and undergrowth.
http://www.worldgrowth.org/assets/file/WG%20Forestry_Development_Final%20Report.pdf
(UN-HCR 2005) An ecosystem with a minimum of 10 per cent crown cover of trees.
http://postconflict.unep.ch/liberia/displacement/documents/UNHCR_IUCN_Forest_Management_Refugee_Returnee_Situations.pdf
(UN-IPCC 2001) A vegetation type dominated by trees http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/tar/wg1/518.htm and http://www.pnl.gov/aisu/pubs/eemw/papers/ipccreports/workinggroup2/689.htm.
(UN-OECD 2005) - Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 per cent and an area of more than 0.5 hectares. The trees should be able to reach a
minimum height of 5 metres at maturity in situ. http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=6459
(UN-SD 2001) Forest and other wooded land - Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 per cent and area of more than 0.5 hectares and land either
with a crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of 5-10 per cent of trees able to reach a height of 5 metres at maturity in situ; or a crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more
than 10 per cent of trees not able to reach a height of 5 metres at maturity in situ (e.g. dwarf or stunted trees); or with shrub or bush cover of more than 10 per cent.
www.un.org/Depts/unsd/enviro/q2001land.pdf. United Nations Statistics Division
(UN-SD) Forest Cover - All the trees and other woody plants (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. It includes (a) trees and all shrubs, (b) herbs and shrubs growing
thereunder or in openings in the forest or brush fields, (c) litter or fallen leaves, branches, fallen trees and other vegetable material on the forest floor and (d) the rich humus of
partially decayed vegetable matter at the surface and top layer of the soil. http://esa.un.org/unsd/envmnt/gesform.asp?getitem=539 United Nations Statistical Division
(WAF 2004) -An ecosystem in which the dominant plants are trees covering a vast tract of land. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Publications/files/book/BK0073-04.PDF
(WCMC) - While not a definition per se, the WCMC uses a 30% tree canopy cover for the development its Global Current Forest Map http://www.wcmc.org.uk/forest/data/cdrom2/text2.htm
(World Bank 2000) Ecosystem with a minimum of 10 percent crown cover of trees and/or bamboo, generally associated with wild flora and fauna and natural soil conditions and not
subject to agricultural practices. Forests are in two categories: • Natural forests: forests composed of tree species known to be indigenous to the area. • Plantation forests:
established artificially by afforestation on lands previously non-forested within living memory, or established artificially by reforestation on land that was forested, by replacement of
the indigenous species with a new and essentially different species or genetic variety. . http://www.holz.uni-goettingen.de/ek/woodsat/pdf/worldbankforestry.pdf
(World Bank 2000) Forest, Open: Forest in which the tree canopy layer is discontinuous but covers at least 10 percent of the area and in which the grass layer is continuous.
http://www.holz.uni-goettingen.de/ek/woodsat/pdf/worldbankforestry.pdf
(World Bank 2000) Forest. Closed: Forest with a stand density greater than 20 percent of the area, and where tree crowns nearly contact one another. . http://www.holz.unigoettingen.de/ek/woodsat/pdf/worldbankforestry.pdf
(World Bank 2005) Total Forest is defined as land with tree crown cover of more than 10 percent of the ground and area of more than 0.5 hectares. Tree height at maturity should
exceed 5 meters. (source: Earthtrends, WRI) http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/devpol_final_text.pdf
(World Bank 2007) Land under natural or planted stands of trees. http://www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/worldmapper/display.php?selected=106
(World Bank 2012) Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural
production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS
(World Bank) - An area of land of not less than 1.0 hectare with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 per cent with trees with the potential to reach a
minimum height of 2 meters at maturity in situ. A forest may consist of either closed forest formations where trees of various stories and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the
ground or open forest. Young natural stands and all plantations which have yet to reach a crown density of 10 per cent or tree height of 2 meters are included under forest, as are
areas normally forming part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention such as harvesting or natural causes but which are expected to
revert to forest. The definition includes forests dedicated to forest production, protection, multiple- uses or conservation, whether formally recognized or not. The definition excludes
areas where other land uses not dependent on tree cover predominate, such as agriculture, grazing or settlements. In low forest-cover countries, the definition may be expanded to
include areas covered by trees which fall below the 10 percent threshold for canopy density, but are considered forest under local conditions.
http://www.iucn.org/themes/fcp/activities/publications/worldbankdraftdefinitions.pdf
(WRI 2003) include all areas dominated by evergreen or deciduous trees with a canopy cover of greater than 60% and a height exceeding 2 meters. Both broadleaf and needleleaf
trees are included. http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/for_cou_188.pdf
(WRI) Land on which trees form the dominant vegetation type. http://pdf.wri.org/indoforest_glossary.pdf
(WRI) Terrestrial ecosystems dominated by trees, where the tree canopy covers at least 10 percent of the ground area. http://pdf.wri.org/page_forests.pdf
(WRI) Total forest area includes both natural forests and plantations. Total Forest is defined as land with tree crown cover of more than 10 percent of the ground and area of more
than 0.5 hectares. Tree height at maturity should exceed 5 meters. These forest statistics are based primarily on forest inventory information provided by national governments.
http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/for_cou_188.pdf
2.3.2.3 As a land use type
1. (A/R - SSC A/R) - “Forest” is a minimum area of land of 0.05-1.0 hectares with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10-30 per cent with trees with the
potential to reach a minimum height of 2-5 metres at maturity in situ. A forest may consist either of closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a
high proportion of the ground or open forest. Young natural stands and all plantations which have yet to reach a crown density of 10-30 per cent or tree height of 2-5 metres are
included under forest, as are areas normally forming part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention such as harvesting or natural causes
but which are expected to revert to forest. A Party not included in Annex I may host an A/R CDM project activity if it has selected and reported to the Executive Board through its
designated national authority for the CDM the parameters it has chosen for the definition of “forest” to be used for the purposes of hosting A/R project activities under the CDM.
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Guidclarif/glos_CDM_v04.pdf UNFCCC
2. (EUROSTAT) Land with tree crown cover of more than 10 percent and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5m at maturity in situ.
Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes which have yet to reach a crown density of 10 percent or tree height of 5m are included under forest, as
are areas normally forming part of the forest area but which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention or natural causes but which are expected to revert to forest.
Also included are forest nurseries and seed orchards and other small open areas within the forest, forest in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas, windbreaks
and shelterbelts of trees with an area of more than 0.5 ha and a width of more than 20m. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-74-06-823/EN/KS-74-06-823EN.PDF
3. (IFAD) Land on which the vegetation is dominated by forest or, if trees are lacking, the land bears evidence of former forest and has not been converted to other vegetation.
International Fund for Agricultural Development. http://www.ifad.org/lrkm/glossary/glossary.htm#/
4. (IPCC 2006)This category includes all land with woody vegetation consistent with thresholds used to define Forest Land in the national greenhouse gas inventory. It also includes
systems with a vegetation structure that currently fall below, but in situ could potentially reach the threshold values used by a country to define the Forest Land category.
5. (IPCC -Kyoto Protocol) A minimum area of land of 0.05 – 1.0 hectares with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 – 30 per cent with trees with the potential
to reach a minimum height of 2 – 5 metres at maturity in situ. A forest may consist either of closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high
portion of the ground or open forest. Young natural stands and all plantations which have yet to reach a crown density of 10 – 30 per cent or tree height of 2 – 5 metres are included
under forest, as are areas normally forming part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention such as harvesting or natural causes but which
are expected to revert to forest. http://www.v-c-s.org/docs/AFOLU%20Guidance%20Document.pdf
6. (Islamic Countries) Forest (and woodland) - Areas covered by natural or planted trees and areas that are cleared but planned to be reforested.
Source:http://www.sesrtcic.org/SUBFILES/SUBJDEF.HTM - for 56 Islamic Countries
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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7. (ITTO 2005) Forests, Permanent. ITTO defines permanent forests as ‘certain categories of land, whether public or private, that are to be kept under permanent forest cover to secure
their optimal contribution to national development’ (ITTO, 2006). http://www.cde.unibe.ch/University/pdf/Feu_CP_Vol6(3)_Foener_et_al_edited_00A.pdf
8. (IUFRO 2002) A land area with a minimum 10% tree crown coverage (or equivalent stocking level), or formerly having such tree cover and that is being naturally or artificially
regenerated or that is being afforested. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/ir_06.pdf
9. (TBFRA-20010), forest is defined as land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 per cent and area more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach
a minimum height of 5 m at maturity in situ. Included are: • young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes which have yet to reach the crown density of
10 percent or tree height of 5 m. • areas normally forming part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention or natural causes but which are
expected to revert to forest. • forest roads, cleared tracts, firebreaks and other small open areas, as well as forest nurseries and seed orchards that constitute an integral part of the
forest. • forest in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest. • windbreaks
and shelter belts of trees with an area of more than 0.5 ha and a width of more than 20 m. • rubber wood plantations and cork oak stands. Excluded is the land predominantly used
for agricultural practices http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-BE-02-003/EN/KS-BE-02-003-EN.PDF
10. (UN 1996) Forests - whether natural, modified or planted - are biotic communities characterized by a predominance of woody vegetation. They are found in all climatic zones
(boreal, temperate, tropical and mountainous) and may take the form of closed canopy forests or open canopy woodlands. They comprise all the components of forest ecosystems
and their natural resources. Forest lands may be covered by forests or degraded - that is, currently devoid of trees or not maintained in a sustainable manner (UNITED NATIONS
1996)
11. (UN) Land under natural or planted stands of trees, including land from which forest has been cleared but that will be reforested in the foreseeable future, and including areas
occupied by roads, small cleared tracts and other small open areas within the forest. http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/infonation/e_terms.htm
12. (UN-CBD 2010) - Forest is a land area of more than 0.5 ha, with a tree canopy cover of more than 10%, which is not primarily under agriculture or other specific non-forest land use.
In the case of young forest or regions where tree growth is climatically suppressed, the trees should be capable of reaching a height of 5m in situ, and of meeting the canopy cover
requirement.’ Convention on Biological Diversity. http://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&cd=51&ved=0CBgQFjAAODI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnael.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fdoc_download%2F560-lesniewska-definition-of-forests-ininternational-environmental-law.html&rct=j&q=forest%20definition&ei=AqRmTpnYOsbe0QHf17yJBw&usg=AFQjCNGm0ZOpKMree20-X8hkABhetZUfiw
13. (UN-DP) Refers to land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not, including land from which forest has been cleared but which will be reforested in the
foreseeable future, and including areas occupied by roads, small cleared tracts and other small open areas within the forest that constitute an integral part of the forest. Includes
land under coniferous and non-coniferous forest, land under mixed forest and other wooded land. http://www.undp.kz/infobase/glossary_sector.html?glos_id%5B%5D=42
14. (UN-EP 2007) - Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of more than 10 per cent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ.
It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. http://www.unep.org/geo/geo4/report/Glossary.pdf
15. (UN-EP/CBD 2001) An area of land: that is more than 0.5 hectares in size; which has a tree canopy cover of more than 10 per cent; and which is not primarily under agriculture or
other specific non-forest land use. It includes young forest or regions in which tree growth is climatically suppressed, only if the trees have the potential to: reach a height of five
metres in situ; and meet the requirement in respect of canopy cover. http://www.worldgrowth.org/assets/file/WG%20Forestry_Development_Final%20Report.pdf
16. (UN-EP-GRID) Forest is defined as >30% crown cover and the tree height shall be >7 m. Seedlings under forest are also included in this class. Areas occupied by forest and
woodlands with a vegetation pattern composed of native or exotic coniferous trees, and which can be used for the production of timber or other forest products. The forest trees are
under normal climatic conditions higher than 5 m with a canopy closure of 30% at least. www.grida.no/baltic/related/balans_landcover_classification_methodology_ver2.pdf
17. (UN-FAO 1958) All lands bearing vegetative associations dominated by trees of any size, exploited or not, capable of producing wood or other forest products, of exerting an
influence on the climate or on the water regime, or providing shelter for livestock and wild life. Includes: Lands from which forests have been clear-cut or burned, but which will be
reforested in the foreseeable future; Public and private forest of any size; Forest of slow growth and of dwarfed or stunted forms — e.g., subalpine; Bamboo lands; All land which is
not part of a recognized fallow rotation of the shifting cultivator, and which will return to forest when he abandons the land; also lands under shifting cultivation on which forest
production is maintained concurrently — e.g., Acacia senegal in Sudan; Savanna types with density averaging at least 0.05; Wattle (Acacia, spp.) plantations; Tree nurseries;
Forest roads. Excludes: Areas occupied by orchards of fruit or nut trees, and plantations for non-forest crops such as rubber and cinchona; Areas occupied by individual trees or
lines or groups of trees — for example, along roadways, canals and streams, or in city parks, private gardens and pastures — too small to be managed as forests; Areas of
windbreak and shelterbelt trees that are in small groups or narrow strips, too small to be managed as forests; Lands primarily managed for permanent agriculture; All land which is
part of a recognized fallow rotation of the shifting cultivator, or which will not return to forest even though it bear a light timber crop before being cut, burned over and re-cultivated.
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/007/ad906t/AD906T05.htm
18. (UN-FAO 1987) forest stands by referring to them as “plant formations where the principal products consist of timber” 1/, to the exclusion of any other plants that are not otherwise
agricultural products 2/. http://www.fao.org/legal/legstud/frmdocrep/41_AK476E.pdf
19. (UN-FAO 1988) (and Woodland) Land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not, and includes land from which forests have been cleared but that will be
reforested in the foreseeable future (FAO 1988a: 3). http://www.wcslc.edu/pers_pages/r-ford/LUCC/unit2/background2.html#Forests, and
http://resweb.llu.edu/rford/docs/VGD/LUCC/background2.html
20. (UN-FAO 1992) Land under natural or planted stand of trees, whether productive or not. Included are shrub land, savannah etc., land from which forests have been cleared but that
will be reforested in the foreseeable future, area occupied by forest roads, small cleared tracts and other small open areas within the forest and which constitute an integral part of
the forest. [Sources: FAO yearbook Production. 1992. Vol. 46. FAO Statistics Series No. 112. 281 pp. http://www.mmm.fi/english/minkonf/criteria.htm]
21. (UN-FAO 1995) (and woodland) - Includes woodlot or timber tracts, natural or planted, constituting part of the holding which have or will have value as wood, timber, or other forest
products or for protection. Forest tree nurseries should be included in this category. Rows, belts and small clumps of trees, bamboo and other woody vegetation should be
included.... Proposed definition for the World Census for Agriculture 2000. (FAO 1995).
22. (UN-FAO 1997) (and Woodland). Land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. This category included land from which trees have been cleared but will
be reforested in the foreseeable future, but it excludes woodland or forest used only for recreation purposes. Stands of permanent crops such as rubber, fruit trees, nut trees, are
classed as permanent crops under agricultural lands. [Source: FAO Production Yearbook. 10.10.97. http://www.fao.org/waicent/faosat/agricult/landuse-e.htm] and
http://faostat.fao.org/site/379/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=379
23. (UN-FAO 2001) Forest includes natural forests and forest plantations. The term is used to refer to land with a tree canopy cover of more than 10 percent and area of more than 0.5
ha. Forests are determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of other predominant land uses. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m. Young
stands that have not yet reached, but are expected to reach, a crown density of 10 percent and tree height of 5 m are included under forest, as are temporarily unstocked areas.
The term includes forests used for purposes of production, protection, multiple use or conservation (i.e. forest in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas), as well
as forest stands on agricultural lands (e.g. windbreaks and shelterbelts of trees with a width of more than 20 m) and rubberwood plantations and cork oak stands. The term
specifically excludes stands of trees established primarily for agricultural production, for example fruit tree plantations. It also excludes trees planted in agroforestry systems.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y0900e/y0900e11.htm#P1_7
24. (UN-FAO 2001) Forests are lands of more than 0.5 hectares, with a tree canopy cover of more than 10 per cent, which are not primarily under agricultural or urban land use.
Explanatory note: Forests are determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of other predominant land uses. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5
meters in situ. Areas under reforestation which have yet to reach a crown density of 10 per cent or tree height of 5 m are included, as are temporarily unstocked areas, resulting
from human intervention or natural causes, that are expected to regenerate. The term specifically includes: forest nurseries and seed orchards that constitute an integral part of the
forest; forest roads, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of specific scientific, historical, cultural
or spiritual interest; windbreaks and shelterbelts of trees with an area of more than 0.5 ha and width of more than 20 m; plantations primarily used for forestry purposes, including
rubberwood plantations and cork oak stands. The term specifically excludes trees planted primarily for agricultural production, for example in fruit plantations and agroforestry
systems. FAO Forest Resource Assessment (FAO 2000b)
25. (UN-FAO 2004) Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ.
It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Explanatory notes: 1. Forest is determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of
other predominant land uses. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 meters in situ. Areas under reforestation that have not yet reached but are expected to reach
a canopy cover of 10 percent and a tree height of 5 m are included, as are temporarily unstocked areas, resulting from human intervention or natural causes, which are expected to
regenerate. 2. Includes areas with bamboo and palms provided that height and canopy cover criteria are met. 3. Includes forest roads, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest
in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of specific scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest. 4. Includes windbreaks, shelterbelts and
corridors of trees with an area of more than 0.5 ha and width of more than 20 m. 5. Includes plantations primarily used for forestry or protection purposes, such as rubberwood
plantations and cork oak stands. 6. Excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems, for example in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems. The term also excludes
trees in urban parks and gardens. http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/webview/forestry2/index.jsp?siteId=4261&sitetreeId=13629&langId=1&geoId=0
26. (UN-FAO 2005) Forest land is land not classified as mainly “agricultural land” and is land with crown cover of more than 10 percent of trees able to reach a mature height of 5
metres or more. It includes natural and plantation forests. Areas that are temporarily not under trees but are expected to revert to forest are included. Forest tree nurseries that form
an integral part of the forest should be included. http://www.fao.org/es/ess/census/PROGwca2010/chapter11_r7.pdf
27. (UN-FAO 2006) (from the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005): An area of land: that is more than 0.5 hectares in size; which has trees that are more than five metres in
height; and which has a canopy cover of more than 10 per cent. It includes an area of land which has trees that have the potential to meet these thresholds in situ. It also includes
areas which are temporarily unstocked (due to human intervention or natural causes) which are expected to regenerate. It excludes land that is predominantly under agriculture or
urban use. http://www.worldgrowth.org/assets/file/WG%20Forestry_Development_Final%20Report.pdf
28. (UN-FAO 2006) Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ.
It does not include land that is predominantly under agriculture or urban use. Explanatory note: Forest is determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of other
predominant land uses. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m in situ. Areas under reforestation that have not yet reached but are expected to reach a canopy
cover of 10 percent and tree height of 5 m are included, as are temporarily unstocked areas, resulting from human intervention or natural causes, which are expected to regenerate.
It includes areas with bamboo and palms provided that height and canopy cover criteria are met. It includes forest roads, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest in national
parks, nature reserves and other protected areas, such as those of specific scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest. It includes windbreaks, shelterbelts and corridors of
trees with an area of more than 0.5 ha and width of more than 20 m. It includes plantations primarily used for forestry and protection purposes, such as rubberwood plantations and
cork oak. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/j9345e/j9345e00.pdf
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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29. (UN-FAO 2007) (and Woodlands) - Land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. This category includes land from which forests have been cleared but
that will be reforested in the foreseeable future, but it excludes woodland or forest used only for recreation purposes. http://faostat.fao.org/site/379/default.aspx
30. (UN-FAO 2010) Forest Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds
in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. FRA 2010 http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/north-and-central-america/unitedstates-virgin-islands-2010-224.doc
31. (UN-FAO Kotka III 1996 ) Land under natural or planted stands of trees with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 percent and area of more than 0.5 ha.
whose primary use is forestry. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m at maturity in situ. Includes: closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and
undergrowth cover a height portion of the ground and open forest formations with a continuous vegetation layer in with tree crown cover exceeds 10 percent; plantations primarily
used for forestry purposes, including rubberwood plantations and cork oak stands; areas normally forming part of the forest land area which are temporarily unstocked as a result of
human intervention or natural causes but which are expected to revert to stocked forest; young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes which have yet to
reach a crown density of 10 percent; forest roads, cleared tracts, such as firebreaks and other small open areas, as well as forest in national parks, nature reserves and other
protected areas such as those of specific environmental, scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest; windbreak and shelterbelts of an area of more than 0.5 ha and width of
more than 20 m. (Anon. 1996)
32. (UN-FAO) Forest land: land used mainly for wood production and other forest products, protection. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y4357E/y4357e20.htm
33. (UN-FAO) Land presently in forest, or showing evidence of having been recently under forest cover - e.g. recently clear-cut or burned and not being used for other purposes - which
is expected/intended to revert to forest in the near future, either naturally or by artificial reforestation. This is because of its suitability and desirability, in view of its functions as a
sustainable source of timber, as watershed protector or local climate regulator, as a shelter for macro-fauna and as biodiversity herder; the land is not currently being used for or
subject to agricultural practices including planted perennial tree cropping or intensively managed grazing (FAO 19?? - IPCC)
34. (UN-FAO-2013) Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ.
It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. (Note – there are 9 explanatory notes with the definition. See
http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/ap862e/ap862e00.pdf
35. (UN-FAO-FRA 1958) - All lands bearing vegetative associations dominated by trees of any size, exploited or not, capable of producing wood or other forest products, of exerting an
influence on the climate or on the water regime, or providing shelter for livestock and wild life. Includes: (i) Lands from which forests have been clear-cut or burned, but which will be
reforested in the foreseeable future; (ii) Public and private forest of any size; (iii) Forest of slow growth and of dwarfed or stunted forms - e.g., subalpine; (iv) Bamboo lands; (v) All
land which is not part of a recognized fallow rotation of the shifting cultivator, and which will return to forest when he abandons the land; also lands under shifting cultivation on which
forest production is maintained concurrently - e.g., Acacia senegal in Sudan; (vi) Savanna types with density averaging at least 0.05; (vii) Wattle (Acacia,spp.) plantations; (viii)Tree
nurseries; (ix) Forest roads. Excludes: (i) Areas occupied by orchards of fruit or nut trees, and plantations for non-forest crops such as rubber and cinchona; (ii) Areas occupied by
individual trees or lines or groups of trees - for example, along roadways, canals and streams, or in city parks, private gardens and pastures - too small to be managed as forests;
(iii) Areas of windbreak and shelterbelt trees that are in small groups or narrow strips, too small to be managed as forests; (iv) Lands primarily managed for permanent agriculture;
(v) All land which is part of a recognized fallow rotation of the shifting cultivator, or which will not return to forest even though it bear a light timber crop before being cut, burned over
and re-cultivated. From: [email protected]. Date: Thu, 15 Oct 1998 17:09:40 +0200
36. (UN-FAO-FRA 1990) - (Developed Countries) Land with tree crown cover of more than 20 % of the area. Trees should be able to grow to a height of 7 m. Included are: 1. The area
with young trees or coppice able to form forest in the future. 2. The area temporarily unstocked due to regeneration or damage. Minimum area outside continuous forest: 0.5 ha.
Minimum width outside continuous forest: 15 m. The forest roads and firebreaks etc. narrower than minimum width of nurseries and storage less than 0.5 ha are included in the
forest area. (minimum size stand; for instance 15 m x 333 m). (Koehl and Paivinen 1996).
37. (UN-FAO-FRA 2000 and UNSD) Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 percent and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a
minimum height of 5 m at maturity in situ. May consist either of closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high portion of the ground; or of
open forest formations with a continuous vegetation cover in which tree cover exceeds 10 percent. Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes which
have yet to reach a crown density of 10 percent or tree height of 5 m are included under forest, as are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention or natural causes but
which are expected to revert to forest. Includes: Forest nurseries and seed orchards that constitute an integral part of the forest; forest roads, cleared tracts, firebreaks, and other
small open areas within the forest; forest in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, or
spiritual interest; windbreaks and shetlterbelts of trees with an area of more than 0.5 ha and a width of more than 20 m. Rubberwood plantations and cork oak stands are included.
Excludes: Land predominantly used for agricultural practices (UN-ECE/FAO 1997). Also www.un.org/Depts/unsd/enviro/q2001land.pdf United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)
38. (UN-FAO-FRA 2003) Land under forestry or no land use, spanning more than 0.5 hectares; with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees
able to reach these thresholds in situ. NOTE: Forests are determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of other predominant land uses. The trees should be able to
reach a minimum height of 5 meters in situ. Areas under reforestation which have yet to reach a crown density of 10 percent or tree height of 5 meters are included, as are
temporarily unstocked areas, resulting from human intervention or natural causes that are expected to regenerate. The term specifically includes forest roads, firebreaks and other
small open areas; forest in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of specific scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest; windbreaks,
shelterbelts and corridors of trees with an area of more than 0.5 hectare and width of more than 20 meters; plantations primarily used for forestry purposes, including rubberwood
plantations and cork oak stands. The term specifically excludes tree stands used in agricultural production systems, for example in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems. The
term also excludes trees in urban parks and gardens. (Source: Smith, W.B. 2003. Thoughts to simplify FRA Core Data Attributes and Definitions. 8 p. USDA Forest Service,
Washington, DC.)
39. (UN-FAO-FRA 2010 Proposed) Land with tree canopy cover of more than 10 percent and area of more than 0.5 hectares. Trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5m at
maturity in situ. Source: Brad Smith, USFS. May 2002.
40. (UN-FAO-FRA draft Tree land): All land with tree cover of more than 10 % (or equivalent stocking level), or formerly having such tree cover and that is being naturally or artificially
regenerated or that is being afforested. Land used for agricultural purposes but with 10 % or more tree cover is included. It includes coniferous and non-coniferous trees, bamboos
and palms. Linear formations and planting over about 20 metres wide are also included. (Kotka-II)
41. (UN-FCCC 1990) Non-Kyoto Forest - Or ‘pre-1990 forest’, refers to forests already in existence on 1 January 1990.
42. (UN-FCCC 2001) “Forest” is a minimum area of land of 0.05-1.0 hectares with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10-30 per cent with trees with the potential
to reach a minimum height of 2-5 metres at maturity in situ. A forest may consist either of closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high
proportion of the ground or open forest. Young natural stands and all plantations which have yet to reach a crown density of 10-30 per cent or tree height of 2-5 metres are included
under forest, as are areas normally forming part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention such as harvesting or natural causes but which
are expected to revert to forest. (From Marrakesh Accords) http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop6secpart/l11r01.pdf and. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/j9345e/j9345e00.pdf
43. (UN-FCCC) Forests are defined under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as woody vegetation of at least 2 m in height and 10 per cent
canopy cover. http://epress.anu.edu.au/green_carbon/pdf/imp_carbon_policy.pdf
44. (UN-FCCC) Kyoto Forest - A forest planted since 1 January 1990 on land that was previously non-forest.
45. (UN-FCCC-IPCC-GPG) This category includes all land with woody vegetation consistent with thresholds used to define forest land in the national GHG inventory, sub-divided into
managed and unmanaged, and also by ecosystem type as specified in the IPCC Guidelines*. It also includes systems with vegetation that currently fall below, but are expected to
exceed, the threshold of the forest land category. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_files/Chp2/Chp2_Land_Areas.pdf (See Marrakesh definition of forest)
46. (UN-Millinneium Ecosystem Assessment) A canopy cover of at least 40 percent by woody plants taller than 5 meters. The existence of many other definitions is acknowledged,
and other limits (such as crown cover greater than 10 percent, as used by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) will also be reported. Includes temporarily
cut-over forests and plantations; excludes orchards and agroforests where the main products are food crops.
http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/Products.EHWB.aspx#downloads.
47. (World Bank 2010), Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural
production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens http://www.tradingeconomics.com/greece/forest-area-percentof-land-area-wb-data.html
2.3.2.4 Ecological/Miscellaneous Definitions
1. (AFF 2011) A forest ecosystem is defined as a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and the non-living environment acting as a functional unit within
the forest environment. http://www.afforum.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=43&Itemid=b
2. (Africa) According to present African legislations, a forest is defined as a non-cultivated natural environment. http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/sonja/rf/ukpr/Report134.htm
3. (ISO 1998) Forest - generally considered to be a plant community of predominantly trees and other woody vegetation growing together, its land, flora and fauna, their
interrelationships, and the resources and values attributed to it. International Organization for Standardization
http://thuvienkhcnvl.dyndns.org/tailieukhcn/data/TieuChuantoanvan/ISO14000/ISO_TR_14061_1998.pdf
4. (OAS 1991) forest is an ecosystem that offers goods, including trees that provide lumber, fuel, and fruit. The forest may also provide services in the form of water storage and flood
control, wildlife habitat, nutrient storage, and recreation. http://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/unit/oea66e/ch01.htm
5. (Scandinavia) applied. In Scandinavia, the concept of forest is based on productivity as a result of conventional forest management objectives. The annual growth of timber must be
greater than 1m3/ha if an area is to be described as productive forest. For forest land where the mean annual increment of growing stock is typically 0,1-1m3/ha, the term scrubland
is used. Forest land where the increment is less than 0.1m3/ha is called wasteland. In layman’s language, the term forest implies productive forest land only.
http://www.metla.fi/eu/cost/e4/coste4.pdf
6. (WWF 2007). A forest is a community of trees and bushes, which extend on a large area and maintain a close interrelationship in ways that their canopy, fauna, soil and climatic
conditions create a special ecosystem. Forested lands have similar characteristics to forests, but vegetation is more sparse. They are however very important in maintaining
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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biological balance. Most of these areas, if protected from human activity, will often grow into forests. http://www.wwf.gr/en/index.php?
option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=113&Itemid=131
2.3.3 National definitions - Note, many nations may use several definitions of forest land such as one as given in their forestry laws, that which is used for reporting to the FAO for its
periodic global forest resource assessment and that which is used for reporting under the Kyoto Protocol under UNFCCC.
2.3.3.1 As a declared, legal, or administrative unit
1. (Armenia 2005) Forest lands – forested lands and lands allocated or envisaged for flora and fauna protection, nature protection as well as non-forested lands allocated or envisaged
for the running of forest economy. Forest Code of the Republic of Armenia. http://www.nature-ic.am/res/pdfs/legislation/general/Forest%20Code%20of%20RA.pdf
2. (Australia) The definition of ‘forest’ used by forestry organisations, for fire-reporting purposes, has been the vegetation of the land under forestry jurisdiction. http://www.fire.uniFreiburg.de/iffn/iffn_26/IFFN_26.pdf
3. (Bangladesh 1950) "Forest" includes any land recorded as forest in a record-or-rights prepared under Chapter IX of the Sylhet Tenancy Act, 1936 or under Chapter X of the Bengal
Tenancy Act, 1885 or under Chapter IV of the East Bengal Estate Acquisition and Tenancy Act, 1950 or such other land containing tree growth as may by notification be declared
as forest by the Provincial Government"(Page-234). [email protected]
4. (Bangladesh 1959) The Private Forest Ordinance, 1959 defines forest as land recorded as forest under specific laws and such other land containing tree growth as may by
notification be declared as forest by the Government. http://www.ihmsaw.org/resourcefiles/1260066650.pdf
5. (Bhutan 1969) "forest" as "any land under forests in which no person has acquired a permanent, hereditary and transferable right of use and occupancy"
http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ad103e/AD103E07.htm
6. (Bhutan 1995) Any land and water body, whether or not under vegetation cover, in which no person has acquired a permanent and transferable right of use and occupancy, whether
such land is located inside or outside the forest boundary pillars, and includes land registered in a person's name as Tsamgrog (grazing land) or Sokshing (woodlot for collection of
leaf litter). LEX-FAOC007101. BHUTAN: Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan, 1995. An Act to provide for the protection and sustainable use of forests, wildlife and related
natural resources of Bhutan for the benefit of present and future generations. Also 2004 - http://www.nec.gov.bt/clearance/EA%20Guidelines/clearance-guideline_forestry.PDF ,
http://www.asianlii.org/bt/legis/laws/fancaob1995409/, http://www.oag.gov.bt/images/acts/Forest%20and%20Nature%20Conservation%20Act.pdf
7. (Botswana 1968) Forest reserve -any area hereafter declared as a Forest Reserve by the President in pursuance of the provision of this Act. LEX-FAOC002748. BOTSWANA:
Forest Act. An Act to provide for better regulation and protection of forests and forest produce. 1968.
8. (Bulgaria) Forest land - every territory outside the building boundaries of the settlements, determined by general or detailed building projects or by outside limiting polygons, planned
mainly for forests and including tree stands, shrubs, lands for afforestation, non-productive lands, indicated in the United Cadastre. Forest Research Institute [email protected]
9. (Bulgaria) Forest land - Forest territories include all forests, and also rocks, lakes, and pastures situated within forests.
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
10. (Cambodia) Conversion forestland’ is defined as “idle land, comprised mainly of secondary vegetation, not yet designated for use by any sector that shall be classified as permanent
forest reserves until the Royal Government decide[s] to use and develop the land for another purpose”
http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=2648&no=1&disp=inline
11. (Celyon 1895)Forest means all land at the disposal of the crown. Ceylon. 1895. http://books.google.com/books?
id=E1JHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA369&lpg=PA369&dq=%22forest+means%22&source=bl&ots=Wyb5K9BgeN&sig=UxCBQwHldjZw0oJjFHmGDauElOU&hl=en&ei=1hFXS57SKsSXtgfwmvm9BA&sa
12. (Central Africa Republic) Le domaine forestier de l'Etat comprend : - les réserves naturelles intégrales, - les parcs nationaux, - les réserves de faune, - les forêts récréatives, - les
périmètres de protection, - les périmètres de reboisement et - les forêts de production. Loi Nº 90.003 Portant Code Forestier Centrafricain http://www.riddac.org/document/pdf/rcaloiforets.pdf
13. (Central African Republic 1990) Selon la Loi 90.003 du 9 Juin 1990 portant Code Forestier Centrafricain, le domaine forestier comprend: le domaine forestier de l'Etat et le domaine
forestier des collectivités et des particuliers. Le domaine forestier de l'Etat comprend: les réserves naturelles intégrales; les parcs nationaux; les réserves de faune; les forêts
récréatives; les périmètres de reboisement; et les forêts de production. http://www.fao.org/forestry/FON/FONS/outlook/Africa/ACP/Lamb/Lamb-39.htm#P6708_430877
14. (Cyprus) State Forest: State land declared as forest according to the Forest Law disregarding whether there is any vegetation on that land or not. A.K. Christou "Forestry
Department - Research and Publicity Sector"
15. (Czech Republic) Forest - Forest stand with its environment and land designated for the fulfilment of forest functions. Forest stand means tree and shrub which, in their environment,
fulfil forest functions. No area limit, classification into forest and non-forest according to the cadastre; the limit of 0.01 ha applied in the guidelines for forest management planning.
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
16. (Denmark) the basic definition of a forest is that the forest area must be minimum 0.5 ha. There is no specific guideline on the crown cover or the height of the trees
http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_publikationer/3_arbrapporter/rapporter/ar211.pdf
17. (Dominica 1945) Forest reserves means any area declared by the Administrator in Council by notice in the Gazette to be a forest reserve. LEX-FAOC002895. DOMINICA: Forest
Ordinance (Chapter 80). Date of original text: 31 December 1945. Date of consolidation/reprint: 06 August 1959.
18. (Ethiopia 2007) "forest land" means a land that is demarcated for the purpose of forest development and conservation. http://www.pfmpfarmsos.org/Docs/forest%20proclamation_english.pdf
19. (Fiji 1992) Forest or nature reserves from the following classes of land: (a) unalienated State land; (b) land leased to the State; and (c) unalienated native land, with the prior consent
of the owners of the land and of the Native Land Trust Board. LEX-FAOC002912. FIJI: Forest Decree 1992 (Decree No. 31). Date of text: 12 May 1992.
20. (Gabon 2002) By law: In Gabon, Law n° 1/82 (forest and water guidelines) distinguishes two types of forest: protected forests and classified state forests. Protected forests,
belonging to the private domain of the State, may be disposed of and are the preferred area for "customary rights of usage" The state forests include permanent production forests,
reforestation plots, national parks for forest use, protection forests, recreational forests, botanical gardens, arboretums and sanctuaries for specific plant species, nature reserves
for all plant species, rational game use areas. The law also specifies that customary use rights cannot be exercised within the classified state forests.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y2328e/y2328e03.htm
21. (Gabon) La Loi No 1/82 (loi dite d'orientation en matière des eaux et forêts) distingue 2 catégories de forêts: les forêts protégées et les forêts domaniales classées. Les forêts
protégées font parties du domaine privé de l'état. Elles peuvent être aliénées et sont principalement le lieu d'élection des "droits d'usage coutumier". Selon la Loi, les villageois
conservent pour leur subsistance, le libre exercice de leurs droits coutumiers sur tout le domaine forestier à condition que ces droits soient exercés de telle sorte que la pérennité
de l'exploitation soit garantie. Les forêts domaniales classées sont définies par la Loi comme étant: les forêts de production à vocation permanente; les périmètres de reboisement;
les parcs nationaux à vocation forestière; les forêts de protection; les forêts récréatives; les jardins botaniques; les arboretums et des sanctuaires de certaines espèces végétales;
es réserves naturelles intégrales d'espèces végétales; les aires d'exploitation rationnelle de la faune. L'exploitation des forêts domaniales classées ne peut se faire qu'en régie ou
par vente de coupe par adjudication publique. De plus, la Loi précise que l'exercice des droits d'usage coutumier est interdit dans les forêts domaniales classées.
http://www.fao.org/forestry/FON/FONS/outlook/Africa/ACP/Lamb/Lamb-33.htm#P4712_334869
22. (Guyana 1953) The Minister may, by Order, declare any area of State land to be a State forest, excluding all land owned by any person in such area (sec. 3). LEX-FAOC004339.
GUYANA : Forests Act. An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to forests. Date of original text: 02 May 1953.
23. (Haiti 1926) Cette loi institue la classification comme " Forêt Nationale Réservée" de terrains appartenant au domaine national et indique le régime juridique leur afférent. LEXFAOC002943. HAITI: Loi du 3 février 1926 sur les Forêts Nationales Réservées. Date of text: 03 February 1926
24. (India 1879). " Reserved Forest" means waste land which has been declared as* reserved forest at settlement or by any subsequent order of competent authority. * "'Village Forest"
means such waste land as has been set apart under section 8 or section 9. http://books.google.com/books?pg=RA6-PA56&lpg=RA6PA56&dq=%22forest%20means%22&sig=0C-6Qq9owihmR0j54aj8YA7qI30&ei=aQhXS92fHJCXtgfdlpW0BA&ct=result&id=RiETAAAAYAAJ&ots=6GPnEMMlVl&output=text .
25. (India 1927) “forest land” means a piece of land notified by the Government as the forest land to develop, protect and conserve forest and includes a rangeland and wasteland;
26. (India 1927) Forest is defined as a tract of land that is legally proclaimed to be a forest under the forest laws (mainly 1865 and 1927) and is notified as forest in the government
gazette. http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=39100000&no=1&disp=inline
27. (India 1947) "forest" means any land which the State Government may, by notification, declare to be forest for the purposes of this Act and shall be deemed to include any land
which is entered as forest or jungle or jungle- Jhori or described by any synonymous term in any record-of-rights finally published under any law for the time being in force unless it
is proved that such entry in respect of the land is incorrect ; BIHAR PRIVATE Forest ACT 1947 [Act No IX of 1948] http://www.ielrc.org/content/e4701.pdf
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28. (India 1980) Any land recorded as forest in any of the land records is legally a forest land. This legal connotation provides a working definition of forest land to the forest managers in
India for all the practical purposes. This definition disregards whether there is any vegetation on that land or not. [Source: Forest Conservation Act, 1980, From: "Vivek K. Varma"
[email protected] Date: Fri, 17 Jul 1998 02:28:29 -0400 (EDT)].
29. (India 2005) - ‘forest’ means ‘any land covered with trees and undergrowth and includes all statutorily recognised forests, whether designated as reserve, protected or otherwise, and
any land recorded as forests in the government records irrespective of the owners.’ India 2005. http://www.thehindu.com/2009/05/12/stories/2009051252140500.htm
30. (India 2007 proposed) ‘An area owned by Govt and notified as forest under any act or recorded as a forest in any Govt record functioning as ecological, biological, livelihood-support
and/or social resource’ Explanation: such forests will include areas having trees, scrub, grasslands, wetlands, water bodies, deserts, glaciers, geomorphic features or any other
area fulfilling the functions of a forest. http://moef.nic.in/divisions/fp/April_May_meet.doc
31. (India 2007 Proposed) MoEF has proposed a definition that says forest is “an area under Government control notified or recorded as forest under any Act, for conservation and
management of ecological and biological resources.” http://www.mtnforum.org/sites/default/files/pub/4946.pdf
32. (India 2007) “An area under Government control notified or recorded as forests under any Act for the conservation and management of ecological and biological resources.”
Explanation: Such forests will include areas with trees, scrubland, grasslands, wetlands, water bodies, deserts, glaciers, geomorphic features or any other area that is necessary
to maintain ecological security. http://moef.nic.in/divisions/fp/April_May_meet.doc
33. (India 2008) In India, forest area is defined by using the legal connotation. An area of land recorded as forest in revenue records or proclaimed to be forest under a forest law or Act
is described as forest”. In other words, ‘forest area’ is an area recorded as forest in the government records. This is ifferent from the ‘forest cover’ which is based on the capability of
remote sensing satellite sensor and is completely independent of the legality of land use or land ownership. This data is provided by the Forest Survey of India (FSI).
http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/nad10_2008_karnataka_final.pdf
34. (India 2009) - Notified’ forest is forest for which a state government has issued a notification in the Official Gazette declaring that the land has been constituted as forest.
35. (India) Forests include all lands classed as forest under any legal enactment dealing with forests or administered as forests, whether state owned or private, & whether wooded or
maintained as potential forest land. The area of crops raised in the forests & grazing lands or the area open for grazing within the forests should remain included under the forest
area. http://www.krishiworld.com/html/land_utilisation6.html
36. (India) In India, the Recorded Forest Area is defined as "all lands statutorily notified as forest though they may not necessarily bear tree cover". T P Singh [email protected]
37. (Indonesia 1967) Forest under the BFL (Basic Forestry Law) is defined as any kind of land-cover area (with or without tress), which is stated by the government as forest. It may be
in the form of forest area or area without trees which the government as forest has designated.
http://www.jica.go.jp/project/indonesia/0065045I0/activities/pdf/output1_2_1_fulltext.pdf
38. (Indonesia 1998) Hutan ialah suatu lapangan bertumbuhan pohon-pohon yang secara keseluruhan merupakan persekutuan hidup alam hayati beserta alam lingkungannya dan yang
ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah sebagai hutan. (Translation: A forest is an area growing trees which as a whole forms a living natural community and natural living environment, which is
designated by the government as being forest). Source: Decision of the Minister of Forestry and Plantations on social forest(ry) (Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan dan Perkebunan
tentang hutan kemasyarakatan, Number 677/Kpts-II/1998) based on the Forestry Law provided by Nico Smith, MSc. Lecturer at FakultasI Kehutanan Universitas Muhammadiyah
Sumatra Barat
39. (Indonesia 1999) ‘forest area’ means a certain area designated or stipulated by the government to be retained as permanent forest, and ‘state forest’ means a forest located on
‘lands bearing no ownership rights’ (the Indonesian phrase is ‘tanah yang tidak dibebani hak atas tanah’). http://insideindonesia.org/content/view/1245/47/ and Moniaga, Sandra
2009. Fighting over the land and forest. Inside Indonesia. http://www.insideindonesia.org/edition-98/fighting-over-the-land-and-forest
40. (Indonesia 1999) titled forest is a forest located on land on which the land title is registered. http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=2648&no=1&disp=inline
41. (Indonesia 2000) - Forest area means a certain area which is designated and/or stipulated by government to be retained as permanent forest." http://www.fire.unifreiburg.de/iffn/country/id/id_25.htm
42. (Israel) 2. Land which was declared as Forest Land by any legal or official program or 3. Land managed by the Israeli Forest Department. From: [email protected]
43. (Italy 1923) In Italy, forests are part of the areas submitted to restraints imposed by a 1923 Italian law (R.D.L. 1923). This law obliges local authorities to demarcate all areas (not
only wooded) that can not be subjected to land-use change, since they are important for slope stability, for mass and superficial erosion prevention and for regulating water regime.
Regio Decreto Legislativo 30 Dicembre 1923, n. 3267. Riordinamento e riforma della legislazione in materia di boschi e terreni montani. Lorenzo Ciccarese [email protected]
44. (Kenya 1964) Forest areas means an area of land declared under section 4 to be a forest area. Section 4(1) empowers the Minister from time to time, by notice in the Gazettee:Declare any unalienated Government land to be a forest area:- Declare the boundaries of a forest and from time to time after those boundaries; Declare that a forest area shall
cease to be a forest area;http://freeafrica.tripod.com/ogiekland/book/Chapter06.htm#ActForest
45. (Kenya 2005) Gazetted (state/public) forests are forest reserves managed by the state agency, the Kenya Forest Service (KFS).
http://environment.yale.edu/tfd/uploads/TFD_ILCF_Kenya_BackgroundPaper.pdf
46. (Kosovo 2003) "Forest" is land registered as such in the cadastral records. "Forestland" is land that is being managed for the production of wood or other forest products or whose
best use, given its natural characteristics and economic conditions, involves the growing of trees. . "Forestland" does not include --Orchards; Lands within the inhabited bounds of
cities, towns, or villages, including urban parks; Parks or other areas for the protection of natural resources excluded from the jurisdiction of this law by laws other than this Law;
Lands where trees have been planted in strips primarily to control erosion, create shelter from the wind, give shade, or improve aesthetics; -Roadsides that have been planted with
trees; and Lands where the portion suitable for growing trees is less than 0.1 hectare. Law 2003/3 on Forests in Kosovo. http://www.gazetazyrtare.com/e-gov/index.php?
option=com_content&task=view&id=244&Itemid=28&lang=en
47. (Laos 1996) - All areas under the management of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry whether covered with forest or not, but not used for or defined as permanent agricultural
land. www.iges.or.jp/fc/ir98-3-24.PDF
48. (Laos 1996) - Land with or without forest on it, which the state has determined as forest land. www.iges.or.jp/fc/ir98-3-24.PDF
49. (Laos) Living natural resources "necessary for the preservation of the environment, water sources, soil, wildlife and the livelihood of the pluri-ethnical population". Forest lands are all
areas under the management of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, whether covered or not by forests, if not used or defined as permanent agricultural land. Source: LEXFAOC004704. LAOS: Decree of the Prime Minister on the Management and Use of Forests and Forest Land (No. 169/PM)
50. (Lativa 2000) The definition of the notion “forest land” is given in Paragraph 1 of Article 3 of the Forest Law: as the land carrying forest, the land under forest infrastructure facilities,
as well as overflowing clearings, bogs and gaps in the forest and areas contiguous to it. http://www.iufro.org/download/file/5574/4510/61300-jundola01_pdf/
51. (Lesotho 1998) - Forest reserve - any area which has been declared as such by the King or (now) the Minister responsible for forestry. Forestry Act 1998. Via David May ISTF CVP
Lesotho.
52. (Liberia) “Communal Forest” means an area set aside legally or temporarily by regulation for the sustainable use of non-timber forest products by local communities on a noncommercial basis. http://darwin.defra.gov.uk/documents/13008/3153/13-008%20AR1%20Ann%201%20CF_Manual_LFRfinal.pdf
53. (Liberia) Law defines ‘communal forest’ as “A small described forest area immediately adjacent to one or more villages to be used exclusively by the local inhabitants and shall not
be used for any commercial purposes.” http://darwin.defra.gov.uk/documents/13008/3153/13-008%20AR1%20Ann%201%20CF_Manual_LFRfinal.pdf
54. (Liberia) The Act creating a Protected Forest Area System in Liberia defines communal forests as “areas set aside legally or temporarily by regulation for sustainable use of forest
products by local communities on a non-commercial basis” http://darwin.defra.gov.uk/documents/13008/3153/13-008%20AR1%20Ann%201%20CF_Manual_LFRfinal.pdf
55. (Madagascar) Les ressources forestières de Madagascar comprennent les forêts et les produits issus de ces forêts. Les forêts sont composées de Réserves Naturelles Intégrales
(RNI), de Réserves Spéciales (RS), de Parcs Nationaux (PN), de Stations Forestières (SF), de Forêts Classées (FC), de Réserves Forestières (RF), de Périmètres de
Reboisement et de Restauration (PRR) et de Mangroves. Tous produits ligneux ou non-ligneux d'origine végétale fournis par la forêt notamment les bois, le charbon, les écorces,
les fibres, les bambous, les résines, le miel, la flore dont les plantes médicinales et les plantes fourragères sont qualifiés de produits de la forêt.
http://www.fao.org/forestry/FON/FONS/outlook/Africa/ACP/Lamb/Lamb-37.htm#P5876_393136
56. (Malaysia 1984)"open forest" means any permanent reserved forest or part thereof declared to be an open forest under section 45; "closed forest" means any permanent reserved
forest or part thereof declared or deemed to be a closed forest under section 45; http://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.%207/Act%20313.pdf0
57. (Montserrat 1956) Forest reserves and Protected Forests shall be demarcated in accordance with section 16. LEX-FAOC017877. MONTSERRAT: Forestry Ordinance. Date of
original text: 1956.(
58. (Myanmar 1992) Forest Land means land including reserved forest and protected public forest; The Forest Law http://www.blc-burma.org/html/Myanmar%20Law/lr_e_ml92_08.html
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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59. (Myanmar) Land including reserved forest and protected public forest; Reserved Forest means land constituted as a reserved forest under this Law; Protected Public Forest means
land declared to be protected public forest under this Law. Source: FOREST LAW State Law and Order
60. (Nepal 1993) Forest land (national forests)= meant all forests, excluding private forests, within the kingdom of Nepal, whether marked or unmarked with forest boundary markers;
the term includes waste or uncultivated lands or unregistered lands surrounded by or adjoining forests, as well as paths, ponds, lakes, rivers, or streams and reverine lands with
forests.(Forest Act 1993) Krishna H Gautam <[email protected]
61. (Pakistan 1911) Forest land - Any land which has been declared to be forest by notification under a Forest Act. Definition adopted from Glossary of Technical Terms for use in
Indian Forestry - compiled by A.M.F. Caccia and revised by R.S. Troup, 1911. Source: Mumtaz Ahmad, Section Forest Officer, Pakistan Min. of Environment, Local Government,
and Rural Development.
62. (Pakistan 1927) "Reserved Forest" means land which was, demaracted as such at the settlement, or which may be constituted as such under the provision of the Forest Act, 1927.
http://nwfp.gov.pk/nwfpgov/Gov/Details.php?id=76
63. (Pakistan 1953) Forest - in a legal sense, an area of land proclaimed to be forest under a Forest Act or Ordinance. Definition adopted from the British Commonwealth Forest
Terminology Part-I, 1953. Source: Mumtaz Ahmad, Section Forest Officer, Pakistan Min. of Environment, Local Government, and Rural Development.
64. (Pakistan 1959) “forest” includes any land recorded as forest in a record-of-rights prepared under Chapter IV of the State Acquisition and Tenancy Act, 1950 (E.B. Act XXVIII of
1951) or such other land containing tree growth as may by notification be declared as forest by the Government;] Pakistan. (East Pakistan Ordinance No.XXXIV OF 1959).
http://bdlaws.gov.bd/print_sections.php?id=289&vol=&sections_id=11690
65. (Pakistan 1992) “Forest" means and includes all protected, reserved and designated forest, grass- land and range land;. http://www.cda.gov.pk/cda-latest/documents/docs/ICTZoning-regulations-1992.pdf
66. (Philippines 1975) Forest lands include the public forest, the permanent forest or forest reserves, and forest reservations. a. Public forest is the mass of lands of the public domain
which has not been the subject of the present system of classification for the determination of which lands are needed for forest purposes and which are not. b. Permanent forest or
forest reserves refers to those lands of the public domain which have been the subject of the present system of classification and declared as not needed for forest purposes.
Forestry Code, Revised (PD No. 705, 1975, as amended) http://bim.aseanbiodiversity.org/elib/reference/download.php?refNo=00541&fileId=541
67. (Philippines 1975) The term “forest land” refers to all property owned by the national government that is still in the public domain. It is a legal, not a botanical description.
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Bchokkalingam0605-02.pdf
68. (Philippines 1996) FOREST LAND – refers to the public forest, or permanent forest inside the watershed reservations.
http://www.napocor.gov.ph/WMD%20WEBPAGE/mandates/memorandum/mo%2096-27.htm
69. (Philippines 2009) Forest reserves as forest land which has been reserved by the President of the Philippines for any specific purpose or purposes.
http://www.apforgen.org/National%20status%20reports.pdf
70. (Poland) Forest land - Definition of „Forests“ in the Forest Act includes: * Forest Stands * Other areas designated for forest production, nature reserves or part of National Park or
listed in the nature conservation register * Forest infrastructure, and installations, including those for tourism.
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
71. (Puerto Rico 1975) The Governor may declare public land as Commonwealth Forests under section 3. Such areas shall be of particular interest for forestry use including
development and protection of watersheds. These forests shall be controlled by the Secretary of Natural Resources. LEX-FAOC017870. PUERTO RICO: Puerto Rico Forest Act
(No. 133 of 1975). Date of text: 01 July 1975
72. (Romania) Forest - National definition in use: designated areas, no sampling on other areas but for these areas some old data exist http://www.metla.fi/eu/cost/e43/minutes/wg1min-florence.pdf
73. (Russia 1997) Pursuant to the Russian Forest Code of 1997, the forest estate is defined as including “all forests”, excluding only defence lands, urban settlements and municipal
forests, and its boundaries are identified by demarcation (sec. 7). http://www.iufro.org/download/file/5574/4510/61300-jundola01_pdf/
74. (Sierra Leone 1988) Classified Forest – a national production forest, national protection forest or community forest. National production forest means a national forest of which the
primary management objective is production of forest produce. National protection forest means a national forest of which the primary management objective is preservation of the
forest environment and protection of soil, water, flora and fauna. Community forest means an area of land which is constituted as a community forest under section 18. LEXFAOC005732. SIERRA LEONE: Forestry Act, 1988. Being an Act to make new provisions in the Law relating to Forestry in Sierra Leone and for connected purpose.
75. (Slovakia) Forest includes forest stands with its environment and other areas designated for the fulfillment of forest functions. Forest stand means tree and shrub species which, in
their environment, fulfill forest functions. No area limit, classification into forest and non-forest according to the cadastre; limit of 0.01 ha in the Guidelines for forest managm.
planning. http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
76. (Sri Lanka) Forest - Dense Forest - High growing, natural trees with more than approx. 75 % crown coverage. Open Forest(- Dense natural vegetation cover with between 45 and 75
% Forest Plantations - Man-made, mostly monocultural forests of teak, eucalyptus, pines and other species http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/landuse/clsys/Srilanka.htm
77. (St. Lucia) An area of land, with or without trees, declared to be a forest reserve, protected forest, or prohibited area (Source: Michael Andrew, [email protected])
78. (Sudan) Government forest reserves managed by the forest department. It can be bare land intended to be planted with trees or shrubs in the future (K. H. Badi, Forest
Deptartment, Sudan A. M.S. Bayoumi, Forest Department, Sudan)
79. (Switzerland 1992) Forest Land means land including reserved forest and protected public forest. The Forest Law; http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs11/Forest-Law-1992.pdf
80. (Taiwan 2006) Forestland as used in Paragraph 1, Article 3 of this Act is defined as follows: 1. A land designated for forestry purpose under Article 3 of the Non-Urban Land Use
and Control Rules and land subject to forestland control under Article 7 of the same Rules; 2. A land in a non-urban land area not subject to zoning, and land in an urban planning
preservation, scenery and agricultural areas determined as forestland by the competent authorities of a province-level municipality or county/city government; 3. A land designated
as conservation land under this Act; 4. A land used for forest recreation area in accordance with Article 17 of this Act; and 5. A land deemed located in a national park area under
the National Park Law and determined as forestland by the competent authorities in consultation with the competent authority of the national park.
http://law.moj.gov.tw/PDAENG/NewsContent.aspx?msgid=2429
81. (Taiwan 2008). state forest means a forest belonging to the nation and in the territory of the nation, but without an owner. 2. A public forest means a forest held by a direct
municipality, county (city), town, village or legal public entity. 3. A private forest means the ownership of a forest acquired by a private citizen or private legal entity. Chiayi Forest
District Office. 2008. http://chiayi.forest.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=34177&CtNode=3036&mp=341
82. (Tajikistan 1993) The composition of lands of the state forest reserve the following lands are allocated:
83. (Thailand 1941) forest" means land which has not been taken up or acquired by any other means under the Land Law; http://www.forest.go.th/act/forest/fr3_e.htm
84. (Thailand 1941) Forestry Act (1941): “Forest is a land without occupants in accordance with the land law” (Praraachabanyat Paamai Po. So. 2484, Matraa 4 (1) [Forestry Act of
1941, Article 4, Section 1]. http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/1504/attach/ir98-3-12.pdf
85. (Thailand 1941) Land not entitled under any Land Acts. Forest Law of 1941. Songkram Thammincha [email protected]
86. (Thailand 1941) The Forest Act B.E. 2484 (1941) defines "forest" as any land which is not yet occupied by anyone according to the law. Since agricultural land and land upon which
houses and other buildings are standing has presumably become private property, almost all other land except wasteland will be forest. http://www9.ocn.ne.jp/~aslan/pgazpape.pdf
, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/4743/1/The_Political_Ecology_of_the_Ecosystem_Approach_for_Forests(LSERO).pdf and
http://personal.lse.ac.uk/FORSYTHT/Political%20Ecology%20of%20Ecosystem%20Approach.pdf
87. (Thailand 1967) Land including mountain, stream, swamp, canal, river, lake, island, coastal areas not entitled under any Land Acts. Forest Reserve Act of 1967. Songkram
Thammincha [email protected]
88. (Thailand 1996) A community forest can be any area the community wants to be designated a community forest whether it is within the limits of a conservation zone such as a
national park, wildlife sanctuary, watershed area; or non-conservation zone such as a national forest or public use area. Thailand's Community Forest Act Draft
http://www.farmersrights.org/pdf/asia/Thailand/Thailand-commforestdraft96.pdf
89. (Tonga 1961) - "Forest reserve" means any demarcated forest or proclaimed forest reserve but shall not include a village forest reserve… "Reserved area " means any demarcated
area of land or proclaimed area of land which may be under grass or scrub but which may be needed for afforestation in the future… The King in Council may declare any
unalienated land to be a forest reserve or reserved area Forests Act 1961 (Chapter 126 of the 1988 Revised Edition of the Laws of Tonga). Via James Barton [email protected]
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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90. (Trinidad and Tobago) Forest Reserve - means and includes a forest and every part of a forest declared to be a Forest Reserve under the Land Regulations for the time being in force
– Forest Act: Chapter 66:01. Narine Lackhan, Director of Forestry.
91. (Uganda ) Forests include all alpine, tropical high and medium altitude forests, woodlands, wetland and riparian forests, plantations and trees, whether on land held in trust by
government (gazetted Forest Reserves, National Parks and Wildlife Reserves) or nongazetted land (mailo, leasehold, freehold or customary lands). The Uganda Forestry Policy.
http://www.sawlog.ug/downloads/The%20Uganda%20Forestry%20policy.pdf
92. (Uganda 1947) forest reserve - An area declared to be a central forest reserve or a local forest reserve under the provision of section 4 of the FORESTS ACT, 1947. An Act To
Consolidate the Law Relating to Forests and Forest Reserves.
93. (Ukraine 2010) Forest Code of Ukraine: • According to Article 8, state forests include all forests with the exception of municipal and private forests.
http://www.envsec.org/publications/fact_finding_study_illegal_logging_eng_feb_11.pdf
94. (United Kingdom 1598) A certen Territorie of wooddy grounds & fruitfull pastures, priviledged for wild beasts and foules of, Forrest, Chase, and Warren, to rest and abide in, in the
safe protection of the King, for his princely delight and pleasure, ..." (Kenneth Rosenbaum <[email protected] from Manwood (1598).
95. (United Kingdom) (Eng. Law) Large extent or precinct of country, generally waste and woody, belonging to the sovereign, set apart for the keeping of game for his use, not inclosed,
but distinguished by certain limits, and protected by certain laws, courts, and officers of its own. Burrill. http://machaut.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/WEBSTER.sh?WORD=forest and
http://www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?forest
96. (United Kingdom) A defined area of land formerly set aside in England as a royal hunting ground. http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=forest
97. (United Kingdom) By the English law, a forest is a circuit of ground properly under the king's protection, for the peaceable living and abiding of beasts of hunting and the chase, and
distinguished not only by having bounds and privileges, but also by having courts and offices. 12 do.
98. (United Kingdom) Forest/woodland - Areas marked with woodland annotations on the OS map including woodland on farm holdings and woodland used for recreation.
http://www.planning.detr.gov.uk/luc15/annex_b.htm
99. (United Kingdom) In law, in Great Britain, a certain territory of woody grounds and pastures, privileged for wild beasts and fowls of forest, chase and warren, to rest and abide in,
under the protection of the king, for his pleasure. In this sense, the word has no application in America. http://www.christiantech.com/cgi-bin/webster.exe?search_for_cgibin_texts_web1828=forest
100.
(USA-FED-DA-FS) (National Forest) - A unit formally established and permanently set aside and reserved for National Forest purposes.
http://www.fs.fed.us/database/lar/lardefn.htm and http://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/definitions_of_terms.htm
101.
(Uzbekistan) The area of the State Forest Fund is termed forest land and includes land for afforestation, and non-forest land, where afforestation requires additional reclamational
activities for site preparation. • Forest lands include such categories of lands as forest covered area, non-closed-up artificial (young) plantings, sparse crops, sparse forests, firesites, perished stands, cut sites, and glade abandoned sites. • Non-forest lands include arable land, hayfields, pastures, marshes, sands and other lands.
http://www.iufro.org/download/file/7408/5123/Uzekistan_pdf/
102.
(Western Samoa 1967) "Forest land" means, - (a) State forest land; or (b) Public or customary land which is subject to a licence or lease to the Minister or any other person for
any purpose of forestry; or (c) Freehold land which is subject to a licence or lease to the Minister or any other person for any purpose of forestry, or in respect of which the Minister
is a trustee under Part IX of this Act: Forests Act 1967 Laws of Western Samoa. http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Shared_ASP_Files/UploadedFiles/42862479-BC6A-481C-ADEB50432C31A072_ForestsAct1967.pdf
103.
(Zambia 1973) Local Forest – any area declared to be a Local Forest under section seventeen. LEX-FAOC003914. ZAMBIA: Forests Act 1973 (Act No. 39). An Act to repeal
and replace the Forest Act and to provide for the establishment and management of national forests and local forests, the conservation and protection of forests and trees, the
licensing and sale of forest produce and other matters.
2.3.3.2 As a land cover type
1. (Afghanistan 1999) Open Forest (Between 20-60% Canopy Cover) - Mainly needleleaved, evergreen, open cover of trees, with less than 60% cover, occurring mainly in mountainous
areas.; Closed Forest (More Than 60% Canopy Cover) - Mainly needleleaved, evergreen, closed cover of trees, with more than 60% cover, occurring mainly in mountainous areas.
Source: FAO. 1999. Provincial Land Cover Atlas of Islamic State of Afghanistan. AFG/90/002 Utilization of Remote Sensing for the Inventory and Monitoring of Agricultural Land in
Afghanistan. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Afghan Geodesy and Cartography Head Office
(AGCHO). FAO, Rome.
2. (Albania 2004) Forest is defined as an area covered at least 30% by dense trees on more than one tenth of a hectare [Law no. 9385 “On Forests and Forest Service]
3. (Albania 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
4. (Albania 2007 UNFCCC ) An area with 30% minimum tree crown cover, minimum 0.1 ha land area value, and 3m of tree potential height. (Fida, 2007) http://www.environmentalauditing.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=fbx%2FbAIVeFU%3D&tabid=128&mid=568
5. (Albania 2008). 2 Forest is defined as an area covered at least 30% by dense trees on more than one tenth of a hectare [Law no. 9385 “On Forests and Forest Service]. 3 Open
forest or forest land is defined as an area covered by 5-30% by forest vegetation, unregistered in another land use cadastre. [Law no. 9385 “On Forests and Forest Service]. 4.
Forest is defined as dense woodland with a density of trees and shrubs not less than 30%. 5. Forest land is defined an area with a density of trees and shrubs from 5-30%.
http://www.profor.info/profor/sites/profor.info/files/Annex%208%20-%20SQA%20Albania_E.pdf and http://illegallogging.rec.org/publications/AL_IL%20Diagnostic%20Audit_Final.pdf
a
6. (Albania 2011) A forest is defined as land with tree crown cover of more than 10%, an area of more than 0.5 ha and an average width of more than 20 m. Trees should be able to
reach a minimum height of 5 m at maturity in situ.FOREST EUROPE, UNECE AND FAO, 2011.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
7. (Albania) ‘Forest’ is defined as dense woodland with a surface larger than 1000 m2 with a density of forest trees and shrubs not less than 30 %, which produces wood material and
has influence on the surrounding environment. ‘Land with forest vegetation’ is defined as forest wood area with a density of forest trees and shrubs from 5 to 30 % which are not
registered in the cadastra as other land estates. Forest estate includes also open areas up to 2 ha. such as openings, rocks and sandbank which are in forests, the surfaces
occupied by forest shelterbelts, wood lots and shrub surfaces. LEX-FAOC004693. ALBANIA: Law No. 7623 for forestry and forest police service. http://faolex.fao.org/faolex1/
8. (Albania) Forest - Lands with tree crown cover of more than 30% and area of more than 0.1 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m in situ... Includes high
forest, coppice and shrubs. http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
9. (Albania) Forest land - Besides the forests according to the FAO definition, also areas where trees should not be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m at maturity and bare/rocky
terrain, eroded and abandoned/refused lands are classified as the forest land. http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
10. (American Samoa) Includes: upland forests, coastal forests, mangrove forests, dwarf forests, moss forests, secondary vegetations and agroforest areas (including ones with
coconuts and bananas). http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?lang_id=1&geo_id=109
11. (Argentina 2003) Minimum area = 0.5 ha, minimum tree crown cover = 10%, minimum tree height = 5 m.
http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/2003SustainabilityReport/documents/SustainableForests.pdf
12. (Argentina 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 22.5 Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
13. (Argentina 2007) The National Law 26.331 defines a woodland as a "natural forestry ecosystem integrated by mature native trees, with different species of plants and animals,
associated to the topsoil, subsoil, atmosphere, climate and hydric resources, [...] under a condition of dynamic equilibrium...". Its regulation also defines as prime conditions that
the woodlands should have trees of at least 3 m high and should occupy a surface superior to 10 has.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Which_conditions_are_used_to_define_an_ecosystem_as_a_woodland?
ch=reg&cp=re221_b1m_p32&pli=1&loginT=TIy9Igbuj555qN69cnuPm4x7mnABAv97
14. (Argentina 2007) Forest Land Land with tree crown cover of more than 20 percent. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 7 meters at maturity in situ. It may
consist of closed forest formation where trees of various storey and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground. http://www.greenspace.it/index.php?
option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=16&Itemid=336&lang=it
15. (Argentina) Forest Land: Native forest or plantation. "Mirta Rosa Larrieu" [email protected]
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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16. (Argentina) Forest: Plantation of trees. - Bosque nativo: Native forest, Natural forest; Bosque cultivado: Plantation. ("Mirta Rosa Larrieu" [email protected] .)
17. (Armenia 1994) The forest is one of the elements of the geographical landscape, and an entire whole of interconnected and interrelated trees, other plant species, soil, animals,
microorganisms, and the components of the environment. Source: FOREST CODE OF ARMENIA (1994). Preamble. Karen Ter-Ghazaryan, Ministry of Nature Protection
[email protected]
18. (Aruba 1998) Forest: (thorny) woodlands, protected areas including mangrove areas, urban parks and trees for agricultural and commercial purposes are considered to fit the
definition of forest as well. Even single trees are included in the definition if they form important esthetical elements in town or in the landscape. FAO Forestry paper 137/2,
FORESTRY POLICIES IN THE CARIBEAN, volume 2: Reports of 28 selected countries and territories, FAO 1998. Facundo Franken, Department of Agriculture, Animal Production
and Fisheries, Section Natural Resources Aruba.
19. (Australia 1970) An area dominated by trees greater than 5m in height with canopy cover of 30% or greater (Specht 1970).
http://www.myenvironment.net.au/index.php/me/content/download/5678/33263/file/Uniting%20Church%20report.pdf
20. (Australia 1992) An area dominated by trees greater than 5m in height with canopy cover of 30% or greater, …including plantations (NFPS 1992).
http://www.myenvironment.net.au/index.php/me/content/download/5678/33263/file/Uniting%20Church%20report.pdf
21. (Australia 1992) An area, incorporating all living and non-living components, that is dominated by trees having usually a single stem and a mature or potentially mature stand height
exceeding 2 metres, and with existing or potential projected crown cover of overstorey strata about equal to or greater than 20 percent. This definition includes both native and
plantation regardless of age. (From: "Ross Penny"[email protected] the definition of forest used by the National Forest Inventory (and based on the 1992 Australian
National Forest Policy Statement). We include all of the 'tree-forming' mallees (a plant of the genus Eucalyptus) in our definition of forest. From: [email protected]. It is
also sufficiently broad to encompass areas of trees that are sometimes described as woodlands. http://www.brs.gov.au/nfi/forestinfo/summary.html
From:[email protected] This definition includes Australia's diverse native forests and plantations, regardless of age. It is also sufficiently broad to encompass areas of
trees that are sometimes described as woodlands. http://www.australiansforanimals.org.au/afanewsjan.html and [email protected] NFI (1992) definition of Forest
(from National Forest Policy Statement)
22. (Australia 1996) Forest is defined as areas dominated by trees having usually a single stem and a mature or potentially mature stand height exceeding 5 metres, and with existing
or potential projective cover of overstorey strata about equal to or greater than 30 per cent; while woodland is similarly defined but with a projective cover of overstorey strata of less
than 30 per cent. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=OCDE/GD(96)5&docLanguage=En
23. (Australia 1998) Forest - A land area, incorporating all living and non-living components, dominated by trees usually having a single stem and a mature or potentially mature stand
height exceeding 2 metres, and with existing or potential crown cover of overstorey strata about equal to or greater than 20%. This definition includes native forests and plantations
and areas of trees that are sometimes described as woodlands. http://adl.brs.gov.au/data/warehouse/pe_brs90000003841/sofr2008Full_11a.pdf
24. (Australia 2003) Minimum area = 0.5 ha, minimum tree crown cover = 20%, miniumum tree height – 2 m.
http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/2003SustainabilityReport/documents/SustainableForests.pdf
25. (Australia 2003) Sclerophyll forest with canopy cover greater than 50% including all rainforest. Excludes mangroves and woodland mallee (TWS 2003a).
http://www.myenvironment.net.au/index.php/me/content/download/5678/33263/file/Uniting%20Church%20report.pdf
26. (Australia 2003). An area dominated by trees having usually a single stem, greater than 2m in height with canopy cover of 20% or greater… including plantations. (NFI 2003)
Current definition. http://www.myenvironment.net.au/index.php/me/content/download/5678/33263/file/Uniting%20Church%20report.pdf
27. (Australia 2004) An area dominated by trees having usually a single stem and a mature or potentially mature stand height exceeding two meters, and with existing or potential
projected cover of overstorey strata about equal to or greater than 20 percent. http://adl.brs.gov.au/data/warehouse/brsShop/data/callitris.pdf
28. (Australia 2005) forest area (defined as land with actual or potential tree cover greater than 20% canopy cover and 2 m in height.
http://wwwdocs.fce.unsw.edu.au/fce/Research/ResearchMicrosites/CAER/WorkingPaperSeries/WPS0705.pdf
29. (Australia 2008 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.2 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/kyoto_target_web.pdf (2008)
30. (Australia 2009) Forest - A vegetation type dominated by woody vegetation having a mature or potential mature stand height exceeding 5 metres, with an overstorey canopy cover
greater than 20%. http://www.daff.gov.au/rfa/glossary
31. (Australia 2009). Forest means a vegetation community dominated by trees with a projective foliage cover greater than 20%. http://greensmps.org.au/webfm_send/266
32. (Australia KPl) A forest is defined as vegetation that has a height of 2 metres, crown canopy cover of 20% and a minimum forest area of 0.2. ha.
http://www.climatechange.gov.au/government/initiatives/unfccc/submissions/~/media/submissions/international/forest-management-unfccc-submission-feb11.pdf
33. (Australia Old) A vegetation type dominated by woody vegetation having a mature or potential mature stand height exceeding 5 metres, with an overstorey canopy cover greater
than 20%. http://www.rfa.gov.au/documents/janis/janis011.html#E9E11
34. (Australia- Old) An area incorporating all living and non-living components that is dominated by trees usually with a single stem and a mature or potentially mature stand height
exceeding five metres. The existing or projected foliage cover of overstorey strata should be equal to or greater than 30 per cent. http://www.rfa.gov.au/dfa/other_info/glossary.html
and http://www.rfa.gov.au/rfa/national/dfa/other/glossary.html
35. (Australia) - An area, incorporating all living and nonliving components, that is dominated by trees having usually a single stem and a mature or potentially mature stand height
exceeding 5 metres, and with existing or potential projective cover of overstorey strata about equal to or greater than 30 per cent. This definition includes Australia's diverse native
forests and plantations, regardless of age. It is also sufficiently broad to encompass areas of trees that are sometimes described as woodlands
http://www.rfa.gov.au/rfa/vic/east/raa/esfm/gloss1.html
36. (Australia1999) An ecosystem characterised by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover. It means natural forest and does not include plantations or agroforests (National
Forest Summit, Australia 1999). http://www.nfn.org.au/kyoto/gp9.html
37. (Austria 1996) Forests are areas of min. 1000 m2 and cover percentage 30% with tree species. http://books.google.com/books?
id=zeTU8QauENcC&pg=PA192&lpg=PA192&dq=Germany+Forest+definition+define+%22forest+is%22+law+act+code&source=bl&ots=1jUsKaLHy4&sig=uRBHD83hyloLheFqPmfiDgK687o&h
T7PEOcX10gHzx8jzBw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Germany%20Forest%20definition%20define%20%22forest%20is%22%20law%20act%20code&f=false
38. (Austria 1997) All areas of the country covered by woody plants specified in the appendix of forest law 1975 are forest are if minimum area of 500 m2, width = 10 m of are covered
by woody plants and minimum crown coverage of 30 % (ocular estimation) (European Communities 1997a - p 43). and http://www.metla.fi/eu/cost/e43/minutes/wg1-min-florence.pdf
39. (Austria 2001) Minimum area: 0.05 ha; Minimum width: 10 m; The cultural type registered in the land register is insignificant; minimum crown coverage of 30 % (occular
estimation). Schieler and Hauk 2001.
40. (Austria 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.05 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = 10
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/at-initial-report-200611-corr.pdf (2006)
41. (Austria 2009 NIR and NFI) Crown Cover > 30%, tree height >2 m, area > 0.05 ha.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
42. (Azerbaijan 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = Min. Strip Width (m) = 2.5 http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
43. (Belarus 2002) The collection of forest trees and other plants, soil, animals, microorganisms and other natural ingredients that have internal linkages and communication with the
external environment; virgin, natural forest has not experienced significant human impact, which varies over many generations forest trees only under the influence of natural
processes; small-leaved, forest, formed mainly small-leaved tree species (birch, aspen and alder gray); coniferous, forest, formed mostly shade-tolerant conifers (spruce, fir, cedar,
etc.); deciduous, forest, formed by mainly deciduous trees (oak, beech, ash, maple, etc.). Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Belarus, 2002.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
44. (Belarus) Cover Min. Area (ha) = Min. Crown Cover (%) = Min. Tree Height (m) = Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
45. (Belgium (Flanders) 2000) - Flanders Forest area included in the forest mapping meets art. 3 of the Forest Decree and is at least 0.5 ha, 25 m wide and has a closure of at least
20%. Shrublands with an area less than 0.5 hectares are not included in the forest mapping, but fall under the rules of the Forest Decree. Bogaert D. Agentschap voor Natuur en
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Bos, 2000. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
46. (Belgium (Wallonia) 2006)- Area of land of at least 0.1 ha and with at least 10% covered by a forest canopy (trees must be able to reach a minimum of 5 m).IPRFW, Walloon
Permanent Forest Resources Inventory, 1994-2006. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
47. (Belgium 1999). Forests in general are considered to be surfaces covered with trees which function as ecosystems and can fulfil several functions such as wood production,
recreation, nature conservation, landscape, soil and water protection and shelter (Natural resources 1999). http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=25582&lan=en
48. (Belgium 2009 NIR) Crown cover > 20%, tree height > 5, area > 0.5 ha. http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
49. (Belgium 2010 NFI) Crown cover > 10%, tree height > 5m, area > 0.1 ha. http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
50. (Belgium-2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/x-zip-compressed/bel_ir_report_22dec.zip (2006)
51. (Belize 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.3 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
52. (Benin) - Une surface terrestre couverte de formations forestières d'origine anthropique ou non. Cest une surface où seule les activités forestières ne peuvent être menées. Note:
Sur cette surface, les activités agricoles sont interdites. (Z. Yacoubou, Unité de Recherche Forestière, Cotonou, République du Benin)
53. (Bolivia 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 4 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
54. (Bolivia) BOSQUE: Ecosistema vegetal caracterizado por sus especies maderables de regular a gran tamaño, además de variadas especies menores distribuidas en sinusias.
Cobija un gran número de especies animales que dependen de él. La complejidad y biodiversidad de los bosques aumenta de las zonas frías a las tropicales. Dicho de otra
manera, agrupación de arboles que forman espesura y que pierden poco a poco su individualidad para concurrir a la formación de un nuevo ser único; tiene formaciones de
existencias y propiedades que le son peculiares, funcionando a manera de un organismo complejo, del cual son factores la vegetación, la atmósfera y el suelo. Source: Luis
Castello [email protected] Adjunto sírvase encontrar la versión no oficial y premilinar del Glosario Forestal elaborado por el Proyecto de Apoyo a la Coordinación e
Implementación del Plan de Acción Forestal para Bolivia
55. (Bolivia) FLORESTA: Terreno poblado de árboles (bosque). Source: Luis Castello [email protected] Adjunto sírvase encontrar la versión no oficial y premilinar del Glosario
Forestal elaborado por el Proyecto de Apoyo a la Coordinación e Implementación del Plan de Acción Forestal para Bolivia
56. (Bosnia – FbiH – RS) - Forest - Land covered with forest trees in a group larger than 0.1 hectare. http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
57. (Bosnia-Herzegovina The forest, in terms of this Law has a new definition. It refers to any ground surface covered with forest trees or forest shrubs exceeding any contiguous area of
500 m2 and having a width of at least 10 meters. http://www.iufro.org/download/file/5579/4508/61300-zidlochovice03_pdf/
58. (Brazil -2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki & Putz
2009
59. (Brazil 2009 KP)l a forest is defined as an area of land greater than 1 hectare, with more than 30% canopy cover and a minimum tree height of 5 metres.
http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090819/full/news.2009.842.html
60. (Brazil KP) Land spanning more than 0.5 ha with tress higher than 5m and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ.
http://www.environmental-auditing.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=fbx%2FbAIVeFU%3D&tabid=128&mid=568
61. (Bulgaria 2001) Forest" is defined as any land exceeding 1 decare, covered or planted with forest trees or brushwood and located outside the boundaries of settlements (sec. 3).
However, single trees in farmlands, afforested areas adjacent to monuments, forest belts on lands within cooperative and state farms, and forest stands planted by enterprises,
organizations or cooperatives on their lands, are not part of the national forest stock (sec. 4). http://www.iufro.org/download/file/5574/4510/61300-jundola01_pdf/
62. (Bulgaria 2007) For defining forest, in Bulgaria is used the definition in the Forest Act: Forest is area, covered with forest tree species on area not less than 0.1 ha.
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/msword/initial_report-bulgaria.doc
63. (Bulgaria 2007) Min. Area (ha) = 0.1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = 10 Forest is area, covered with forest tree species on area not less
than 0.1 ha. (2007 )http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/msword/initial_report-bulgaria.doc
64. (Bulgaria 2010 NFI) area > 0.5 ha. http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
65. (Bulgaria 2013?) Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Law - "Forest for the purposes of this Act is land occupied by forest vegetation an area not less than 1 ha." In practice - any land
area greater than 1 ha and a width of not less than 10 m (measured to the width of tree roots). Article 2, paragraph 2 ZGor - "Forest Fund under this Act is the territory intended
primarily for forest covering forests and shrubs, as well as land for afforestation and agricultural land referred to in the cadastre.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
66. (Bulgaria) Forest - every land covered with forest tree species and having area above 1 dka (0.1ha). The width of the area should be no smaller than 10 m. Forest Research Institute
[email protected]
67. (Bulgaria) Forest - Land covered by trees and shrubs (natural or artificially planted). The minimum area is 0.1 ha.
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
68. (Cambodia 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
69. (Cambodia 2007 KP) In January 2007, the RGC defined the forest as follows: ■ Tree cover: the area with the forest cover of 10 per cent and above ■ Minimum land areas: 0.5 ha
and above ■ Tree height: 5m and above. http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/3196/attach/cambodia's_redd.pdf
70. (Cambodia) - Natural ecosystem, generally associated with wild vegetation (not indicate the crown cover of trees), fauna including natural soil and wild watercourses located in that
area, and not subject to agricultural or other practices. All the forest land, including the forest plantation (see further) are the ownerships of State and under the supervision of the
State. The term Forest Land subdivided into two categories: 1) - classified forest land: Production Forest, Conservation Forest and Reforestation areas. 2) - Protection forest land:
the forest land not yet identified and classified as in the first category (O. Syphan, Forestry Department, Phnom Penh, Cambodia)
71. (Cambodia) Forest: is a combination of evergreen forest, semi-evergreen forest, deciduous forest, re-growth of secondary forest, forest plantation and bamboo.
http://ekh.unep.org/files/SEF%20II%20Report%20-%20Cambodia.pdf
72. (Cameroon 1994) CDM Executive Board. Section 2 of the 1994 forestry law (No. 94-1 of 20 January 1994) defines a forest as, ‘‘any land covered by vegetation with a predominance
of trees, shrubs and other species capable of providing products other than agricultural produce’’.
http://www.communitycarbonforestry.org/NewPublications/ESP%20article%20CAMERON.pdf
73. (Cameroon) (Dense Forest) - Evergreen or moist deciduous forest zones, dominated by trees of at least 5 m high and with a forest-cover proportion of 30% or more.
http://ftp.geog.ucl.ac.be/TDARprojets/SSTCt310006/telsat/raster-t.html
74. (Cameroon) Forest means any land covered by vegetation, with predominance of trees, shrubs and other species capable of providing products other than agricultural products.
http://www2.worldbank.org/hm/hmlandpolicy/0248.html
75. (Canada 2003) Minimum area = 0.5 ha, minimum tree crown cover = 20%, minimum tree height = 5 m.
http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/2003SustainabilityReport/documents/SustainableForests.pdf
76. (Canada 2007 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 25 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/initial_report_of_canada.pdf (2007)
77. (Canada 2011) Forest land—Areas of land where tree canopies cover more than 10 percent of the total area and the trees, when mature, can grow to a height of more than 5
metres. Does not include land that is predominantly urban or used for agricultural purposes. http://nfdp.ccfm.org/glossary_e.php.
78. (Canada 2011) Generally, an ecosystem characterized by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover. More particularly, a plant community predominantly of trees and other
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woody vegetation, growing more or less closely together. http://nfdp.ccfm.org/terms/terms_e.php?letter=f
79. (Canada) Forest - A vegetation type dominated by trees. Many definitions of the term forest are used throughout the world. For reporting on managed forest carbon stock changes,
Canada uses the definitions of 1 ha minimum area, 25% canopy cover of trees that have the potential to reach 5 m height at maturity.
http://carbon.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/definitions_e.html
80. (Canada) forest: [forêt] A plant community predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation, growing more or less closely together.
http://www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/landscape/inventory/terms/haddon/glossary.html#F
81. (Cape Verde) Floresta - Todo o povoamento de árvores destinado a protecção e fertilização do solo, sem prejuízo da utilidade produtiva florestal; LEX-FAOC013213. CAPE VERDE:
Forestry Act (No. 48/V/98).
82. (Cayman Islands 2009) Forest and woodland defined as a class of vegetation characterized by a closed tree canopy, with interlocking crowns generally providing 60-100% cover.
“Woodland”, by comparison, is characterized by an open canopy, with tree crowns constituting just 25-60% cover. The canopy height of forest and woodland ranges from about
16m, down to about 4.5m in height, below which shrubland species dominate. Burton (2008b): http://www.seaturtle.org/mtrg/projects/cayman/Cayman_NBAP.pdf
83. (Chile 1979) “a piece of land with vegetable formations in which trees predominate and that extend for at least 5,000m2, with a minimum width of 40m, with a tree top greater than
10% in arid and semiarid areas, or greater than 25% in more favourable conditions”. http://derechoambiental.udp.cl/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/chile-case-cdm-ar-projects-aspublished-by-iucn.pdf
84. (Chile 2002) By forest cover: In Chile, forest land is any area covered by plant formations with a predominance of trees, covering an area greater than 5 000 m2 and 40 m wide, with
crown cover of more than 10 per cent (arid and semi-arid zones) or 25 percent in more favoured zones. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y2328e/y2328e03.htm
85. (Chile 2003) Minimum area = 0.5 ha, minimum tree crown cover = 25%, minimum tree height = 2 m.
http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/2003SustainabilityReport/documents/SustainableForests.pdf.
86. (Chile KP) The Chilean Designated National Authority (CONAMA) adopted the below definition as the forest thresholds for afforestation and reforestation Clean Development
Mechanism project activities: - A single minimum tree crown cover of 25 % - A single minimum plantation area of 0.5 hectare - A single minimum tree height of 5 meters
http://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/R/1/J/R1JCI978BD2ENFKQLP34SXZ5YVH0OW/PDD%20SIF%20CHILE.pdf?t=TnV8bHo4cGE3fDBiE0-069vqmcR6RdUAKaoS
87. (Chile) Any place covered with plant formations (predominantly trees) over 5,000 m2 and 40 m width, and arboreal cover over 10% of the area (arid and semiarid zones) or 25% of
the area in zones with more advantageous conditions. Patricio Gonzalez [email protected].
88. (China 2000) Min. area = 0.067 ha, Min. Crown Cover = 20 %, Min. Height = 5 m, Min. Strip Width = 10. Includes bamboo and trees. Updated by Zhang Xiaoquan – (23 Jan 02).
Trees > 2 cm dia. http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?lang_id=1&geo_id=102.
89. (China 2003) Forest land of arbour species spanning more than 0.0667 ha with a crown cover of more than 20%. http://books.google.com/books?id=iU6ctBak3gC&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=%22For+management+purposes,+State+Forests+are+divided%22&source=bl&ots=yvf2xSmFSt&sig=RmwVGV7UljL1nK9cjAb0NK8VVdY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q
mOKaG90QG6zfHdCw&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22For%20management%20purposes%2C%20State%20Forests%20are%20divided%22&f=false
90. (China 2003) Minimum area = 0.5 ha, minimum tree crown cover = 20%, minimum tree height = 2 m.
http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/2003SustainabilityReport/documents/SustainableForests.pdf
91. (China 2004) ‘forest(s)’ means the land(s) and its collateral trees and bamboo, collectively. According to the delineation of ownership, forest(s) shall be distinguished as national
forest(s), public forest(s), and private forest(s); forests principally belong to the nation. http://www.forest.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=21160&CtNode=1870&mp=3
92. (China 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.67 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
93. (China 2006) The definition of forest in China was adjusted from a minimum of 30 percent to 20 percent of cover in 1994. In 2004, the definition of forest was modified again to
include special purpose scrubs, which grow in area with annual rainfall below 400 mm or above; the tree line in a mountain with a minimum canopy cover of 30% and in which its
primary function is environmental protection. (Zhang, et al, 2006) http://www.environmental-auditing.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=fbx%2FbAIVeFU%3D&tabid=128&mid=568
94. (China 2009) En China, se consideran zonas forestales aquellas con una superficie de más de 1 mu (0,667 hectáreas) de árboles con una densidad de copa del 20 por ciento o
superior. 18 de Noviembre de 2009 http://www.portalforestal.com/informacion/noticias/3965-la-cobertura-forestal-de-china-alcanza-el-2036-por-ciento-del-territorio.html
95. (China) Area with forest cover equal to or greater than 0.2 ha. Yongqi Zheng Chinese Academy of Forestry. [email protected]..
96. (Colombia 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1.0 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
97. (Congo 2000). Min. Crown Cover = 10%. http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?lang_id=1&geo_id=12
98. (Congo, Republic of) - Area generally occupied by natural forestry stands. (A. Moutanda, Conférence des Responsables de Recherche Agronomique Africains (CORAF), Pointe
Noire, Congo)
99. (Costa Rica - Forestal o Bosque) -Todo tipo de vegetación natural la cual puede estar en espacios abiertos como lo es el bosque secundario, o bosque cerrado como el bosque
maduro. El bosque secundario es clasificado como tal en la zona seca: (1) si tiene una altura mayor de 6 metros, por que el comportamiento arbóreo en estas zonas, con
vegetación de menos de esta altura es rala y aun se detecta pasto Jaraugua mezclado con la vegetación arbórea. Y (2) si densidad de la vegetación arbórea y arbustiva debe ser
suficientemente de la manera que elimine el pasto, y sustituido por enredaderas y arbustos. En climas húmedos la regeneración de bosques secundarios ocurre mas rápidamente
comparado con las áreas secas, y la densidad inicial de la vegetación arbórea es mayor. http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?lang_id=1&geo_id=172
100.
(Costa Rica ) Central American country, “forest” is defined for fiscal etc. reasons in the national forest act (Act 3 Ley Forestal No. 7575) as a native ecosystem, with human
interventions or not, regenerated through succession or other forest techniques, covering an area of 2 or more hectares, characterized by the presence of mature trees of different
ages, species or aspects, with one or more layers covering more than 70% of the surface area and with more than 70 trees per hectare of dbh 15cm or more”.
http://wiki.awf.forst.uni-goettingen.de/wiki/index.php/Forest_Definition
101.
(Costa Rica ) The Forestry Law considers as forest any extension of land of two ha or greater with at least 60 trees per hectare. http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-43425-201-1DO_TOPIC.html
102.
(Costa Rica 1996 Bosque) - Ecosistema nativo o autoctono, intervenido o no, regenerado por sucesion natural u otras tecnicas forestales, que ocupa una superficie de dos o
mas hectareas, caracterizada por la presencia de arboles maduros de diferentes edades, especies y porte variado, con uno o mas doseles que cubran mas del 70% de esa
superficie y donde existan mas de sesenta arboles por hectarea de quince o mas centimetros de diametro medido a la altura del pecho (DAP). From the "Ley Forestal 7575 de
Costa Rica de 1996" "Eva Muller" [email protected]. Variation: Ecosistema nativo o autóctono, intervenido o no, regenerado por sucesión natural u otras técnicas
forestales, que ocupa una superficie de dos o más hectáreas, caracterizada por la presencia de árboles maduros de diferentes edades, especies y porte variado, con uno o más
doseles que cubran más del setenta por ciento (70%) de esa superficie y donde existan más de setenta árboles por hectárea de quince o más centímetros de diámetro medido a
la altura de pecho (DAP). (Ley Forestal No. 7575, Costa Rica ) Christoph Kleinn, CATIE.
103.
(Costa Rica 1996 Ecosistema boscoso) - Composicion de plantas y animales diversos, mayores y menores, que interaccionan: nacen, crecen, se reproducen y mueren,
dependen unos de otros a lo largo de su vida. Despues de miles de anos, esta composicion ha alcanzado un equilibrio que, de no ser interrumpido, se mantendra indefinidamente
y surfrira transformaciones muy lentamente. From the "Ley Forestal 7575 de Costa Rica de 1996" "Eva Muller" [email protected]
104.
(Costa Rica 2003?) The Forestry Law defines a forest as an autochthonous native ecosystem, intervened or not, regenerated by natural succession or other forestry techniques,
occupying a surface of two or more ha, characterized by the presence of mature trees of different ages, species and size, with one or more canopies covering over 70% of this
surface and having more than 60 trees/ha of 15 cm or more in diameter (Art .3). http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-43425-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
105.
(Costa Rica 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 30 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 5 Min. Tree Height (m) = 1.0 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki
& Putz 2009
106.
(Cote d’Ivoire 1965) Sont considérées comme forêts les formations végétales dont les fruits exclusifs ou principaux sont les bois d'ébénisterie, d'industrie et de service, les bois
de chauffage et à charbon et qui accessoirement peuvent produire d'autres matières telles que bambous, écorces, latex, résines, gommes, graines et fruits. TITRE I DEFINITIONS,
Article 1. - LOI NO 65/425 DU 20 DEC 1965. portant Code Forestier
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107.
(Côte d'Ivoire 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html Excludes palms and bamboos
108.
(Croatia 1995) Land coherently stocked with trees, shrubs and ground vegetation, where wood mass is permanently produced, and benefits of general welfare are expressed by
ecological (protective) and social forest functions". ("Sumarski List", Hrvatsko Sumarsko Drustvo, Journal of the Forestry Society of Croatia. No 9-10, Godina CXIX, Zagreb, 1995)
109.
(Croatia 2008 KP) Min. Area (ha) = 0.1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/ad_hoc_working_groups/kp/application/pdf/awgkp_croatia_2011.pdf and
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/27-08-08_initial_report_croatia.pdf
110.
(Croatia 2010) Forest is defined as the land covered by forest trees formed as forest stand over an area larger than 10 ars (1 ar = 100 square meters). Separate forest tree
groups over an area up to 10 ars, forest nurseries, wind barrier belts, tree avenues, and parks in settlements are not considered forests.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al485E/al485e.pdf and Faculty of forestry University of Zagreb, Ministry for regional development of forestry and water management, 2010.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
111.
(Croatia KP) forest is land spanning more than 0.1 hectares with trees higher than 2 meters and canopy cover more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in
situ, http://books.google.com/books?id=iU6ctBak3gC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatia++Forest++definition+define+%22forest+is%22+law&source=bl&ots=yvf2xQpJPr&sig=mQUVqbZLIEa6C88qGsh1mYS9UDY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SoI6T_2
112.
(Croatia) Forest is defined by Croatian Forest law as land with tree cover occupying areas greater than 0.1 ha. http://books.google.com/books?id=iU6ctBak3gC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatia++Forest++definition+define+%22forest+is%22+law&source=bl&ots=yvf2xQpJPr&sig=mQUVqbZLIEa6C88qGsh1mYS9UDY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SoI6T_2
113.
(Cuba) Bosque: formaciones naturales (bosques naturales) o artificiales (plantaciones) integradas por árboles, arbustos y otras especies de plantas y animales superiores e
inferiores, que constituyen un ecosistema de relevancia económica y social por las funciones que desempeña. "Nelida Puentes Alvarez" [email protected]
114.
(Cyprus 1992) - An area of at least 1 ha covered with forest tree vegetation and crown cover more than 10 percent. A.K. Christou "Forestry Department - Research and Publicity
Sector" [email protected]. Cyprus (open woodland) Forest area with only few trees per ha (that is crown cover about 1-2 percent) (UN/ECE 1992 p. 125).
115.
(Cyprus 2002) Old definition: Forest Land with tree crown cover of more that 10 % and area of more than 1 ha. Cyprus Department of forests ministry of agriculture, natural
resources and environment, 2006. Kyriacou K. 2002. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
116.
(Cyprus 2006) It corresponds to FRA definition except the threshold value for minimum area, which is 1 ha, with trees higher than 5 m and a crown cover of more than 10%, or
trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. Land predominantly under agricultural or urban use not included. Cyprus Department of forests ministry of agriculture, natural resources
and environment, 2006. Kyriacou K. 2002. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
117.
(Cyprus) Spanning more than 0.5 ha with trees higher than 5 m and a crown cover of more than 10%, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ, Land predominantly under
agricultural or urban use not included. http://books.google.com/books?id=iU6ctBak3gC&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=%22For+management+purposes,+State+Forests+are+divided%22&source=bl&ots=yvf2xSmFSt&sig=RmwVGV7UljL1nK9cjAb0NK8VVdY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q
mOKaG90QG6zfHdCw&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22For%20management%20purposes%2C%20State%20Forests%20are%20divided%22&f=false
118.
(Czech Republic 2004) - Forest land: land with forest stands and land after cutting ready for reforestation, forest line and soft roads of width less than 4 m. Forest roads, water
surfaces, land above timber line and other land serving for forest management. Minimum area is 0.01 ha and with a minimum width of 20 m. NIL definition: Forest - areas (subplot),
which are forest land as defined in the Forest Act No. 289/95 Coll. § 3, paragraph 1, letter a) and the Ministry of Agriculture Decree No. 84/1996 (which are divided into forest land
stand soil and forest-free areas). Are also included in this category sites that have the character of the forest and not defined in the above legislation (e.g. forests on agricultural
land). Ustav pro Hospodarskou Upravu Lesu (UHUL), 2004. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
119.
(Czech Republic 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.05 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = 20
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/initial_report_aau_unfccc_cze.pdf. (2006)
120.
(Czech Republic 2009 NIR) Tree height > 2m, area > 0.05 ha. http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
121.
(Czech Republic) Forest - National definition, threshold value 20 % crown cover, 400 sq. m. area, minimum height limit, no comparable data available
http://www.metla.fi/eu/cost/e43/minutes/wg1-min-florence.pdf
122.
(Democratic Republic Congo 2008 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/cdf/files/2008/1111_DRC.pdf
123.
(Democratic Republic of Congo) Article 1 defines forest as any land with trees or bushes that can produce forest products, act as home to wildlife or have an effect on climate or
soils, or any land that previously had such vegetation on it. http://www.mappingforrights.org/files/Rights%20and%20mapping%20in%20DRC%20%20-%20FINAL.pdf
124.
(Denmark 2004) A forest is a tree-grown area which is larger than ½ hectare and is more than 20 metres wide. The trees shall be able to grow to a highstemmed closed forest
inside a reasonable timespan, cf. the Danish Nature Agency's guidelines of 1 October 2004 on the Forest Act. http://en.itst.dk/spectrum-equipment/Auctions-and-calls-fortenders/800-mhz/filarkiv/800MHz%20consultation%20document.pdf
125.
(Denmark 2009 NIR) Crown cover > 10%, tree height > 5m, area > 0.5 ha, width > 10 m.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
126.
(Denmark 2010 NFI) Crown cover > 10%, tree height > 5m, area > 0.5 ha,
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
127.
(Denmark) Forest means areas of 3 ha or more with woody plants which may on the site of growth develop into tall standard (above 6 m). Woody plants also include manystemmed mountain pine. www.mst.dk/rules/Ministerial%20Orders%20no%20longer%20in%20force/Chemicals%20not%20in%20force/05030500.doc
128.
(Dominican Republic 2000) Min. Cover = 10 %. http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?lang_id=1&geo_id=12
129.
(Dominican Republic 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.0629 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
130.
(Dominican Republic) Bosques - En esta categoía predominan especies de árbolescon alturas mayores de 5 metros y densidad del dosel superior variable de denso (60-100%)
a abierto (40-60%). http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?lang_id=1&geo_id=187
131.
(Ecuador 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1.0 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
132.
(Egypt 2003) Forests include all areas dominated by evergreen or deciduous trees with a canopy cover of greater than 60% and a height exceeding 2 meters. Both broadleaf
and needleleaf trees are included. http://www.egyptchm.org/chm/implementation/pdf/arid_lands.pdf
133.
(El Salvador 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki
& Putz 2009
134.
(Eritrea 2000) Forest and woodland 10 % canopy closure. Source: ECE-FAO Partnership Programme: Kenya Workshop on Forestry Statistics. Appendix 6 and
http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?lang_id=1&geo_id=62
135.
(Estonia 1998) Forest [mets] - growing site of ligneous plants which area is at least 0.5 ha and which corresponds to the following conditions: 1) height of growing trees is at
least 1.3 m and density of crowns is at least 30%; 2) it is managed for timber and other forest products or there are ligneous plants preserved for use in ways which are described
in the Forestry Act. Forests can be divided into productive forests (producing at least 1 cubic metre of stem timber as an average for long period) and unproductive forests
(producing less than 1 cubic metre of stem timber as an average for long period. Estonian new Forestry Act From: "Sulev Svilponis" [email protected] . Definitions are unofficial
translations The Forest Act Passed on 9 December 1998, (RT* I 1998, 113/114, 1872),Entered into force on 9 January 1999.
http://www.envir.ee/metsaamet/english/acts/forestact.htm
136.
(Estonia 1998) Forest Act (FA) (1998) forest is defined as a site of woody vegetation with an area of at least 0,5 ha which meets at least one of the following criteria: 1) the
height of the trees is at least 1,3 m and the canopy density at least 30 per cent; 2) it is managed for obtaining timber or other forest produce, or woody vegetation is maintained
there for the use in the ways specified in this Act. http://www.keskkonnainfo.ee/publications/16285_PDF.pdf
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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137.
(Estonia 2006 KP) Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 1.3 Min. Strip Width (m) = 20
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/msword/aau_report_estonia_24_10_unfccc.doc. (2006)
138.
(Estonia 2007) According to the act, forest land is land listed in the land register as forest and or land of at least 0.1 hectares where woody plants with a height of at least 1.3 m
and with crown closure of at least 30% grow (Forest Act, 2007). http://stud.epsilon.slu.se/1798/1/Link_M_100910.pdf
139.
(Estonia 2009 NIR) Crown cover > 30%, tree height > 2m, area > 0.5 ha.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
140.
(Estonia 2010 NFI) Crown cover > 30%.
141.
(Estonia 2010) Forest land (reference definition, applied parallel with National definition since 2005) Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10%
and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m at maturity in situ (incl. temporarily unstocked areas). Pärt E., Adermann V., Merenäk
M., 2010. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
142.
(Estonia KP) A plot of land with an area of at least 0.1ha and woody plants with the height of at least 1.3m and with the canopy density of at least 30 percent grow there.
http://www.environmental-auditing.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=fbx%2FbAIVeFU%3D&tabid=128&mid=568
143.
(Estonia) Collection of trees which density is at least 30% and growing stock is more than 30 cubic metres per hectare. Forest Survey Centre From: "Sulev Svilponis"
[email protected] . Definitions are unofficial translations.
144.
(Estonia) Forest - forest land with vegetation growing on it and with wildlife living in it. The lower area limit is 0.5 ha.
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
145.
(Estonia) Forest [mets] - forest land with plant community. Trees, bushes and other plants are important part of forest. Forest fauna is part of forest ecosystem. Current
Estonian Forestry Act (valid until 01/01/99) From: "Sulev Svilponis" [email protected]. Definitions are unofficial translations.
146.
(Estonia) Forest [mets] - Part of landscape and habitat which is formed when trees are growing together and where appear multifarious mutual influence and relations between
trees and site conditions (relief, soil, microclimate). Collection of trees is called forest if the area, height and density are exceeding the limits when environmental conditions start to
change qualitatively. Estonian Encyclopedia From: "Sulev Svilponis" [email protected] . Definitions are unofficial translations
147.
(Ethiopia 1994) The .Forestry Conservation, Development and Utilization Proclamation. was issued at the Federal level in 1994 (Proclamation No.94/1994). The term.forest. is
defined as ..a community of plants either naturally grown or developed by planting and in many respects are trees and other plants having a woody character. (Art.2.3). Forests are
thus defined into natural forests (e.g. naturally growing indigenous trees) and forests established by planting (e.g. afforestation or reforestation). The definition given to .forest. and
.trees. in the SNNPRS Forestry Proclamation is similar to that given in the Federal Proclamation (Arts.2.3 and 2.8 of Proclamation No.77/2004).
http://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/L/4/Q/L4QB30W8C5RYZMT6UKOFX1PV9GNIHS/Annex%205%20Legal%20aspects.pdf?t=OXR8bHpqZnlvfDByMiF2MIecUaf9gjv8IjJT
148.
(Ethiopia 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.05 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
149. (Ethiopia 2007) "forest" means a community of plants, either naturally grown or developed by planting and mainly consisting of trees and other plants having woody character;
http://www.pfmp-farmsos.org/Docs/forest%20proclamation_english.pdf
150.
(Ethiopia KP) The Ethiopian Designate National Authority for CDM, EPA, has communicated to the UNFCCC CDM Executive Board the definition of forest used for CDM
projects in Ethiopia, which is as follows: •A minimum area of 0.05 hectares; •A minimum tree crown cover of 20 per cent; •A minimum average tree height above 2 m.
http://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/L/4/Q/L4QB30W8C5RYZMT6UKOFX1PV9GNIHS/Annex%205%20Legal%20aspects.pdf?t=OXR8bHpqZnlvfDByMiF2MIecUaf9gjv8IjJT
151.
(Ethiopia KP) The Ethiopian DNA has determined that within Ethiopia, a forest is defined as land with trees that has: A minimum area of 0.05 hectares; A minimum tree
crown cover of 20 per cent; A minimum average tree height above 2 m. http://www.climate-standards.org/projects/files/ethiopia/Ethiopia_Humbo_CCBA_PDD_June_6.pdf
152.
(Ethiopia) Natural high forest. Min. av. height 7 m. Canopy closure 68%. Source: ECE-FAO Partnership Programme: Kenya Workshop on Forestry Statistics. Appendix 6.
153.
(Fiji 1992) In the National Forest Inventory (1991-1992) on a scale of 1:50,000 the minimum forested area shows on the map is 4 ha. There is no legal definition of what a forest
is, although it is classified into three: Dense forest - Crown density by trees and/or ferns 75-100% and grown coverage of grass, palm and /or bamboo 0-25%. Medium dense Crown density by trees and/or ferns 45-80% and ground coverage by grass, palm and/or bamboo 20-55%. Scattered forest (including scattered coconut stands), dens bushland
(thickets) with single trees - crown density by trees and/or ferns 15-50% and ground coverage by grass, palm and/or bamboo 50-80%. Malakai Sevudredre, Conservator of Forests,
F.9641/2. 01/06/2000.
154.
(Fiji 2007) The re-defined threshold for forest is from 4 hectares in the 1991 NFI down to 0.5 hectares in the 2007 NFI.
http://geodata.rrcap.unep.org/all_reports/PECCO_Draft_30dec2010.docx
155.
(Fiji 2010)Forest Densities: 1. dense forest: crown density by trees and/ or ferns 75-100% and round coverage by grass, palm and/ or bamboo 0-25% 2. medium dense forest:
crown density by trees and/ or ferns 45-80% and ground coverage by grass, palm and/ or bamboo 20-55% 3. scattered forest: shrub forest (including scattered coconut stands),
dense bushland (thickets) with single trees. Crown density by trees and/or ferns 15-50% and ground coverage by grass, palm and/ or bamboo 50-85%
http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/fj/fj-nr-04-en.pdf
156.
(Finland 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = 20
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/x-zip-compressed/fin_ir_report_22dec.zip Temporarily unstocked areas are included
(forest regeneration areas).
157.
(Finland 2009 NIR) Crown cover > 10%, tree height > 5m, > area > 0.5 ha, width > 20 m.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
158.
(Former USSR 1992) - Land bearing stands of the main forest-forming species as well as forest plantations, nurseries, and the like. Forests do not include roads or other land
not subject to afforestation. …Other wooded land includes scrub and plantation in which trees are rare. This category also conventionally includes clearings, burnt areas, and
glades subject to stocking in the future…. (UN/ECE 1992 p. 275).
159.
(France 1992) Forest greater than or equal to 4 ha. (UN/ECE 1992 p. 156).
160.
(France 1997) Identified from aerial photos, from ocular estimates. Lands with either measured trees (diameter 7.5 cm) have a crown cover percentage reaching at least 10%
(ground projection of crowns) - or there are more than 500 stems per ha that are viable trees (able to make a stand): seedlings, plants or shoots, vigorous, well shaped and regularly
distributed. Cover at least 5 acres, the average width of canopy being at least 15 m. Rest of definition appears to include orchards. (European Communities 1997a - p. 254-255).
Forest also includes poplar stands of between 0.05 and 0.5 ha. UN/ECE 2000 p 77.
161.
(France 2005) According to the national forest definition the minimum forest area is 0.05 ha, with the canopy cover of 10% , minimum height of tree 5-7 m and the minimum
width of strip 25 m.(FRA,2005) http://icaci.org/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2011/Oral%20Presentations%20PDF/A3-Data%20integration/CO-028.pdf
162.
(France 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = 20
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/rapport_initial_de_la_france_kyoto_quantite_attribue_ccnuc..pdf. (2006)
163.
(France 2009 NIR) Crown cover > 10%, tree height > 5m, area > 0.5 ha, width > 20 m.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pd
164.
(France 2010 NFI) Crown cover > 10%, area > 0.5 ha, width > 15 m. http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
165.
(France 2010) - A forest is defined as land with tree crown cover of more than 10%, an area of more than 0.5 ha and an average width of more than 20 m. Trees should be able
to reach a minimum height of 5 m at maturity in situ.Institute National de l’Information Geographique et Forestiere, 2010.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
166.
(French Polynesia 2000) Forest - Includes natural forest and forest plantations but excluding cocco plantations. http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?
lang_id=1&geo_id=112
167.
(Gabon 2001) An area with a plant cover that provides wood and nonagricultural plant products and which shelters wildlife and directly or indirectly affects the soil, climate or
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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water supply. http://books.google.com/books?
id=KDcRI1Nj9n0C&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=Gabon+forest+definition+define+%22forest+is%22+law,+code,+act&source=bl&ots=KcKcJElGQp&sig=VXqWDovWVaNhzxlOslyQu7G0HME&hl=
T-C9JYXu0gGrv83MCA&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gabon%20forest%20definition%20define%20%22forest%20is%22%20law%2C%20code%2C%20act&f=false
168.
(Gambia) - A land area with at least 10% tree cover, naturally grown or planted, and or 50% or more shrub and tree generation cover and includes government forest parks,
community forests and protected forests irrespective of their tree and shrub cover;..... Source: Danso A. A. Forestry Department [email protected]
169.
(Gambia) all lands at leas10 % tree cover and 50% vegetative cover http://books.google.com/books?id=dZh6ekpSawC&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq=Ethiopia+Forest+definition+define+%22forest+is%22+law+act&source=bl&ots=Wx8pSUKv7a&sig=I5dj10rusCk4zljYh9dOAZi5Vgw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jC8
T9mtFqHz0gH49OCpBw&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Ethiopia%20Forest%20definition%20define%20%22forest%20is%22%20law%20act&f=false
170.
(Georgia 1999) A part of geographical landscape, comprising attributed to forest by Georgian legislation, land under these trees, as well as shrubs, grass, animals and other
components biologically linked in the process of their development, affecting each other and the environment. Source: Forest Code (June, 1999) Kate Metreveli, Head of the WB
Forestry, Project Preparation Unit. [email protected]
171.
(Georgia 1999): The integrity of state forest, land and other resources defined as SFF by the Georgian legislation (Forest Code of Georgia, 1999). Includes the land categories
listed below: Forest: Part of geographic landscape, which includes the unity of trees (defined by the Georgian legislation as parts of forests), lands, bushes, grasses, animals and
other objects, which are biologically inter-related and have an impact upon each other as well as environment. Forest lands: Open plantations, nurseries, clear-cut areas, fire
damaged and dead stands, 0.1 ha and larger fields and forest farm yards. (President of Georgia, 1999).
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
172.
(Georgia 2008) - Forest - a part of geographical landscape, comprising trees attributed to forest by Georgian legislation, land under these trees, as well as shrubs, grass,
animals, and other components biologically linked in the process of their development, affecting each other and the environment.
http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/pp/compliance/C2009-35/Communication/Annex_1_ACCCC200835_GeorgianForestCode.doc
173.
(Georgia 2010) A forest is defined as land with tree crown cover of more than 10%, an area of more than 0.5 ha and an average width of more than 20 m. Trees should be able
to reach a minimum height of 5 m at maturity in situ. FAO, 2010. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
174.
(Germany 1975) Forests are all tracts of land where forest trees grow, including functionally related parts (e.g. clearings and openings, forest roads).
http://www.fao.org/legal/legstud/ls88/ls88e.pdf
175.
(Germany 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/ec_assigned_amount_report_en.pdf.
176.
(Ghana 1999) A large area of land thickly covered with trees, bushes, shrubs and thickets. (Osei Kofi, Forestry Dept.- Letter 7 May 99)
177.
(Ghana 2009 KP) defines a forest as an area of land greater than 0.1 hectare, with more than 15% canopy cover and a minimum tree height of 2 metres.
http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090819/full/news.2009.842.html
178.
(Greece 1945) - All land which has been forest or areas of equal ecological value with forest vegetation (like areas with wild bushes and sporadic trees with a density of their
canopy ground projection larger than 25% of the area), as of 1945, is characterized as “forest” and is protected by the Law. Potsiou, Chryssy A.; Dimitriadi, Katerina. 2008. Tools
for Legal Integration and Regeneration of Informal Development in Greece: A Research Study in the Municipality of Keratea. Surveying and Land Information Science 68(2): 103-118.
http://lambda.qsensei.com/content/b7spn
179.
(Greece 2000) FRA 2000. Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10%and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a
minimum height of 5 meters (m) at maturity in situ. FOREST EUROPE, UNECE AND FAO, 2011.
180.
(Greece 2002). Greece’s national definition of forest (an area of at least 0.5 ha or a strip of land 30 m wide with at least 10% tree coverage and forest type vegetation).
http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=25582&lan=en
181.
(Greece 2003) Forest is defined as an area made up of wild trees species creating a canopy with a crown density >25%. Forestland is defined as an area made up of wild
woody vegetation (scattered trees, shrubs, or open land within forests and open land above tree line) with > 25% vegetation. There is a controversy over the threshold percent cover
to characterize as forest or forest land (protection afforded by law) as formerly 15 % was used. Law 86/1969: “Forest Code”. Law 998/1979, 3208/2003.. Mouflis, George et al. n.d.
Session 1: Vegetation, bioclimatic zones, forest service and forest management in Greece. Training, Networking and capacity building for Sustainable forest in Povolgie.
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. 48 slides. http://tempus.marstu.net/presentations/mouflis1(eng)_s2.pdf
182.
(Greece 2006 KP) Greece has identified the following single minimum values for tree crown cover, land area and tree height for use in accounting for its activities under Article 3,
paragraphs 3 and 4 of the Kyoto Protocol: Tree crown cover: 25%; Land area: 0.3 Ha; Tree height: 2 m. Hellenic Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works’
2006. Initial Report of Greece under the Kyoto Protocol. Climate Change. 45 p.
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/msword/greece_-_initial_report.doc
183.
(Greece 2006) Forest –forest area: (Greek Constitution )The organic group of wild plants with wooded stem which form (with in site living flora and fauna) a special
biocommunityand environment. Forest area if wooded vegetation is sparse (recent quantitative criteria L.3208/03: 25% cover, height of vegetation, species). Palaskas, Dimitrios Sp;
Stamou, Nikolaos I. 2006. Social and economic benefits from compiling the Forest Data Bank Project (Dasologio) in Greece. 12th EC GI & GIS Workshop -Innsbruck,
June 21-23 2006. 20 slides http://www.ec-gis.org/Workshops/12ec-gis/presentations/Plenary%20room/THU_Nat_SDI_2/palaskas.pdf
184.
(Greece 2006) Specifically in order for a patch to be characterized as “forest” or “woodland”, its size should exceed 0,3 hectares or unless so, it should be at least 30 meters
wide or in close interdependence and interaction with other forest areas. Furthermore the forest canopy cover should exceed 30 percent. The distinction among the two categories
is based on criteria relating to the existence of stratums of forest canopy and the canopy cover of each layer. In general woodlands correspond mainly to areas covered with a
discontinuous tree layer, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. Mallinis,G. et al. 2006? An object oriented approach for the discrimination of forest areas under the criteria of
forest legislation in Greece using very high resolution data. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. 34,
Part XXX. http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/4-C42/Papers/13_Automated%20classification%20IC%20I%20-%20Forest/OBIA2006_Mallinis_et_al.pdf
185.
(Greece 2009 NIR and NFI) Crown cover > 10%, area > 0.5 ha, width > 30 m.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
186.
(Greece 2012) - A forest is an area where wild trees with wooden trunk exist and forest lands where wild plants with hard branches like bushes, low or tall, even rocky areas
that are surrounded by areas with such vegetation. Any piece of land if not cultivated can become a forest land. Chryssy Potsiou . [email protected] 5 Feb. 2012.
187.
(Greece) Forest is defined as land with tree crown cover (stand density) of more than about 20% of the area, and with trees which usually grow to more than about 7 m in height
and are able to produce wood. This includes both, closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground, and open forest
formations with a continuous grass layer in which tree synusia cover at least 10% of the ground. http://www.lasy.gov.pl/dokumenty/in_english/files/forest_and_forestry_in_eupdf/at_download/file
188.
(Greece) Forests are characterised by forest trees (high and coppice forests) that produce or are able to produce at least 1 m3 of commercial timber per hectare per year.
http://bookshop.europa.eu/is-bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/WFS/EU-Bookshop-Site/en_GB/-/EUR/ViewPDFFile-OpenPDFFile?
FileName=LBNA24300ENC_002.pdf&SKU=LBNA24300ENC_PDF
189.
(Guatemala 1996) Native or autochthon ecosystem, intervened or not, regenerated through natural succession or other forestry mechanisms, that does occupy an area greater
than 2 ha, characterized by the presence of mature trees of different ages, species and appearance, with one or more layers. "Ecosistema en donde los árboles son las especies
dominantes y permanentes"(Ley Forestal, Decreto 101-96, capitulo II: Art. 4).
190.
(Guatemala-2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
191.
(Guinea Bissau 2000) Min. crown cover = 10 % http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?lang_id=1&geo_id=67
192.
(Guyana 2011 KP) In accordance with the Marrakech Accords, Guyana has elected to classify land as forest if it meets the following criteria: Tree cover of minimum 30%
At a minimum height of 5 m Over a minimum area of 1 ha. http://www.forestry.gov.gy/Downloads/Guyana_MRVS_Interim_Measures_Report_16_March_2011.pdf
193.
(Honduras 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1.0 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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194.
(Honduras) Terrenos que sostienen una asociación vegetal dominada por árboles o arbustos de cualquier tamaño ya sea que crezcan espontáneamente o que procedan de
siembra o plantación, que fueren capaces de producir madera, leña u otros productos forestales, de ejercer influencia sobre el clima, suelos, sobre el régimen de aguas o sobre el
medio ambiente en general, o de proveer refugio al ganado y la vida silvestre. (Reglamento General Forestal Titulo I, Capítulo I, Art. 1)
195.
(Hungary 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = 10
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/hungaryaareport_v4fin.pdf (2006)
196.
(Hungary 2006) Definition: Forest should be consisted more than 50% of the tree species (listed in the Forest Act) and forest cover is more than 30%. Mezőgazdasági
Szakigazgatási Hivatal (MGSZH), 2006. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
197.
(Hungary 2006) Forest land (1000 ha) - With defined tree species, minimum block size 0.5 ha, -Crown cover min. 50% (30% if protection function). Area: all forest where the
forest block is at least 0.5 ha (all area which has “forest” cadastral status, plus all area where forest is found) Mezőgazdasági Szakigazgatási Hivatal (MGSZH), 2006.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
198.
(Hungary 2009 NRI) Crown cover > 30%, tree height > 5m, area > 0.5 ha..
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
199.
(Hungary) -By law forest means area covered by woody vegetation with area bigger than 0,15 ha. Other wooded lands not included can be only row of trees, alleys, etc. having
no adequate system (ortho-photos, software, etc.) its quantity can be only wrong estimated. http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/webview/forestry2/index.jsp?
siteId=5081&sitetreeId=18927&langId=1&geoId=0
200.
(Hungary) Forest - National definition based on limited species list & canopy cover limit (15 %), information for other land uses available
http://www.metla.fi/eu/cost/e43/minutes/wg1-min-florence.pdf
201.
(Iceland 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/msword/initial_report_-_iceland.doc (2006)
202.
(Iceland 2010 KP) In accordance to the GPG arising from the Kyoto Protocol a country-specific definition of forest has been adopted. The minimal crown cover of forest is 10%,
the minimal height 2 m, minimal area 0.5 ha and minimal width 20 m. http://groa.rala.is/Kortavefsja/ICELAND_NIR_2010.pdf
203.
(Iceland 2011)- Forest area is a land with a minimum area of 0.5 ha, with a minimum 10% crown cover, and minimum height of trees of 5 m at maturity in situ. FOREST
EUROPE, UNECE and FAO 2011. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
204.
(Iceland 2011) National definition: areas with trees higher than 2 m and 10% crown cover are defined as forests in Iceland.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
205.
(Iceland) Forest (skogur) - Ecosystems where the dominant organisms are trees. The term includes all organisms, processes and physical components of these ecosystems.
Includes scrubland where the dominant "trees" (usually the native birch, Betula pubescens) may only reach 1-2 m in height. Source: Latest draft of a new forestry act : Þröstur
Eysteinsson [email protected]
206.
(India 1865) forest was first defined in the Indian Forest Act, 1865 as “land covered with trees, brushwood and jungle,” http://www.mtnforum.org/sites/default/files/pub/4946.pdf
207.
(India 1996) An extensive are covered by trees and bushes with no agriculture. http://iasc2008.glos.ac.uk/conference%20papers/papers/P/Patnaik_130901.pdf
208.
(India 1997) For forest cover assessments - all lands with a tree canopy density of more than 10 percent though they may not be statutorily notified as forest. Thus the forest
cover assessments would leave out barren "forest" areas but include plantations done outside forest reserves. T P Singh [email protected] and Forest Survey of India. 1997. The
state of Forest Report (Ministry of Environment and Forests. Dehra Dun, India.)
209.
(India 2003) The 2003 forest cover analysis by the Forest Survey of India using satellite data, including forests of a defined area of more than 1 ha and 10% of tree canopy cover,
http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=39100000&no=1&disp=inline
210.
(India 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.05 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 15 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
211.
(India 2006) The Act has defined forest land as land of any description falling within any forest area and includes most types of forests. The Scheduled Tribes and Other
Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 http://www.mtnforum.org/sites/default/files/pub/4946.pdf
212.
(India 2008) Forest cover consists of all lands having tree canopy density of more than 10 percent that can be interpreted from satellite data. The resolution and limitations of the
sensor are crucial in estimation of area under forest cover. http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/nad10_2008_karnataka_final.pdf
213.
(India) Forest cover - All lands, more than one hectare in area, with a tree canopy density of more than 10 percent. Such lands may not be statutorily notified as forest area.
http://moef.gov.in/nfc/s-git.pdf
214.
(India) Forest Cover is defined as an area more than 1 ha in extent and having tree canopy density of 10 percent and above. This definition is based on the resolution of digital
satellite data (pixel size 23.5m X 23.5m), scale of interpretation (1:50,000) and the technique used for image processing.
http://sudiv.gov.in/PDFFiles%5CNSR%5CNational%20Status%20Report%20(ITTO)%20-%2023.9.06%5CCompiled%20Report%5CCompiled%20report%20_F_.pdf
215.
(India) Forest land is one with standing trees. http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=382252&catid=52
216.
(Indonesia 1998) an area growing trees which as a whole forms a living natural community and a natural living environment, which is designated by the government as being a
forest" (Nico Smith 1999). http://europe.mtnforum.org/rs/econfreports/MountainPeopleForestsAndTrees.pdf
217.
(Indonesia 2002) Land on which trees form the dominant vegetation type. The Indonesian government uses a land use definition of forest in the various land use classes that
comprise “Permanent Forest Status” (see below). However, up to 20 percent of Permanent Forest Status land has been deforested.
http://www.globalforestwatch.org/common/indonesia/sof.indonesia.english.low.pdf and SaveForest. n.d..Definitions. http://www.freewebs.com/irwantoforester/definition2.html
218.
(Indonesia KP) - Forest area: 0.05 to 1 ha (Indonesia decided on 0.25 ha) Potential to reach a minimum height at maturity in situ of 2-5 m (Indonesia decided on 5 m). Tree
crown cover (or equivalent stocking level): 10 to 30 % (Indonesia decided on >30%) Under this definition a forest can contain anything from 10% to 100% tree cover; it is only when
cover falls below the minimum crown cover that it designated as non-forest. However, if this is only a temporary change, such as for timber harvest with regeneration expected, the
land remains in the forest classification.
http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/IFCA_Consolidation_report_REDD_Indonesia_0.pdf
219.
(Indonesia KP) An area dominated by a group of trees having height usually more than 5m, with a canopy density of more than 10 percent. http://www.environmentalauditing.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=fbx%2FbAIVeFU%3D&tabid=128&mid=568
220.
(Indonesia KP) The values for the definition of forest have also been given as, minimum land area of 0.25 ha; 30% crown cover and 5m tree height.
http://www.communitycarbonforestry.org/NewPublications/ESP%20article%20CAMERON.pdf
221.
(Indonesia) A unit of ecosystem in the form of lands comprising biological resources, dominated by trees in their natural forms and environment, which can not be separated
each other. http://www2.bonet.co.id/dephut/41-99-1.htm
222.
(Iran 1962) FOREST LAND: It is an area which comply with one of the following; a-Lands in which the forest characteristries like seedlings or sprouts or stumps collectively or
sparsely exist, provided before the Forest Nationalization (January 1962), they were not under fallow or cultivation of annuals. b-Lands in which natural trees and shrubs sparsely
exist, and their crown cover is 1-5% "M.Zobeiri" [email protected]
223.
(Iran) A vegetation cover where trees are its main elements. They are divided into various types according to superficial and inner situation, and dominated by especial
ecological conditions in respect of flora, fauna, climatic and edaphic factors. http://neda.net/faro/forestry1.htm
224.
(Iran) FOREST: It is a land mainly covered by trees, shrubs and other woody plants. Forest density is classified as follow: 1 Very dense: crown cover of woody elements (trees,
shrubs) more than 75%, 2 Dense - 50 -75%, 3 Middle dense - 25 -50%, 4 Sparse 5 -25%, 5 Very - 1 - 5% "M.Zobeiri" <[email protected]
225.
(Ireland 2002) There are no legal definitions for the terms forest and forestry in Ireland. A practical definition for forest is an area of at least 0.5 ha (sometimes, in the case of
broadleaves, 0.2 ha) with a minimum width of 40 m over no more than two-thirds of its length, with at least 50% canopy cover by trees. http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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contentid=25582&lan=en
226.
(Ireland 2006 KP) Use Min. Area (ha) = 0.1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/x-zip-compressed/fin_ir_report_22dec.zip. (2006).Young natural stands and all
plantations that have yet to reach a crown density of 20 percent or a tree height of 5 metres are included under forest. Areas normally forming part of the forest area that are
temporarily un-stocked as a result of human intervention, such as harvesting or natural causes such as wind-throw, but which are expected to revert to forest are also included.
227.
(Ireland 2009 NIR and NFI) Crown cover > 20%, tree height > 5m, area > 0.1 ha, width > 20 m.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
228.
(Ireland 2010) To define area as a forest it has to pass these minimum requirements: - tree crown cover: 10%- land area: 0.5 ha - tree height: 2 m. Further IFI has added
practical requirements that are in accordance to international definitions: - minimum width of forest: 20 m - maximum permanent gap in forest. 0.5 ha. Tomppo E., Gschwantner T.,
Lawrence M., 2010. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
229.
(Isle of Man 1984) - The term "forest" only appears in the Forestry Act 1984, where it is not defined. The context of its usage means a large woodland. "IOM Gov DAFF"
<[email protected]
230.
(Israel) Forest Land: 1. Land covered with forest. From: [email protected]
231.
(Israel) Forest: A vegetation formation in which trees have more than 10% crown cover. From: [email protected]
232.
(Italy 1988) A wooded land with an area =0,2 Ha; with a canopy width =20m; with a cover closure =20% MAF, Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste (1988). Inventario
Forestale Nazionale 1985. Istituto Sperimentale per l'Assessamento forestale e per l'Alpicoltura. 2 vols. Rome. Lorenzo Ciccarese [email protected]
233.
(Italy 1998) An area (min. area: 2000 m2; min. cover: 20%; min. width: 20 m.) having one (or more) of these features: aimed to provide wooden products and non-wooden
(commonly considered-forest) products, such as berries, mushrooms, resins, etc; covered with woods or shrubs, having direct and indirect functions in protecting human activities
from disturbances; with tree and shrub crown cover, which preservation is needed for naturalistic, scenic and recreational purposes. MAF, Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste
(1988). Inventario Forestale Nazionale 1985. Istituto Sperimentale per l'Assessamento forestale e per l'Alpicoltura. 2 vols. Rome.. Lorenzo Ciccarese [email protected]. and:
Vittorio Tosi ISAFA Biometria <[email protected] (MAF 1988)
234.
(Italy 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/aa-report-notificato.pdf (2006)
235.
(Italy 2007) National definition: forest is a land covered by trees more than 2000 m2, 20% of canopy, with a minimun width of 20 m. Ministero Delle Politiche Agricole,
Alimentari e Forestali Corpo Forestale Dello Stato. CRA (Istituto Sperimentale per l’Assestamento Forestale e per l’Alpicoltura), 2007.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
236.
(Italy 2009 NIR and NFI) Crown cover > 10%, tree height > 5m, area > 0.5 ha.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
237.
(Jamaica 1987) Forest stands including both coniferous (softwood) and broad leaf evergreens. Crown closure must equal or exceed 75%. Source: Land use map 1983/1984,
1:500 000, Rural Physical planning division, Ministry of Agriculture, Hope Gardens, Kingston 6, Jamaica, 03/1987 http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/landuse/clsys/Jamaica.htm
238.
(Jamaica 1992) Jamaica has several definitions depending on remote sensing source used. Using the largest scale definition, forest land appears to be areas covered with trees
at least 5-7 m tall, with a crown closure of 75% and a minimum area of 4 ha. See: 1) Land use classification 1:100 000 scale (National level, Landsat TM) and 1:15 000 scale
(Watershed level, aerial photographs 1:15 000 and biophysical inventory): STRATES100-15.CDR; 2) Definition of land use types 1:100 000 scale: STRATES100.XLS; 3)
Stratification of vegetation/land use (Photo-interpretation - 1:15 000 aerial photographs): STRAT-SUM1A.XLS; 4) Correlation between land use types 1:15 000 and rapid ecological
assessment vegetation types (Jamaica, 1992): STRATES15A.XLS; 5) Definition of land use types 1:15 000 scale: VEG-DEF.DOC. Source: ([email protected])
239.
(Japan - academic definition - forest land) A place covered by a group of trees with more or less height, density, and extent. Yukichi Konohira <[email protected]
240.
(Japan - academic definition - forest) Both trees growing in a group and the land where they stand. Yukichi Konohira <[email protected]
241.
(Japan 1951) A forest is a group of living trees or bamboos and the land on which the group of trees or bamboos is growing. The exception is land with trees that are managed
for agriculture, residence, or similar purposes. http://www.iufro.org/download/file/5574/4510/61300-jundola01_pdf/
242.
(Japan 2003) Minimum area = 0.3 ha, minimum tree crown cover = 30%, minimum tree height = 5 m.
http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/2003SustainabilityReport/documents/SustainableForests.pdf
243.
(Japan) Forest: In addition to Forest Row, forestland is with tree crown cover of more than 30 percent. Definition of Forest Resource Inventory Book, Forest Agency. From:
Masahiro Amano <[email protected].
244.
(Japan) Socially common definition - forest / forest land : a land where trees are growing in a group or an area of a certain size with dense tree cover. Yukichi Konohira
<[email protected]
245.
(Kenya 1995) Kenya’s woody vegetation includes forests, woodlands, bushland and wooded grasslands. Wass (1995) defines forests as continuous stands of trees at least 10
meters tall, with interlocking crowns; woodlands as open stands of trees, at least 8 meters tall, with a canopy cover of 40% or more with the field layer usually dominated by
grasses; bushlands as open stands of bushes and climbers, usually between 3 and 7 meters tall with a canopy cover of 40% or more and wooded grasslands as land covered with
grasses and other herbs, with woody plants covering between 10% and 40% of the ground. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/forestcover.pdf
246.
(Kenya 2005) “forests” refers to any land containing a vegetation association dominated by trees of any size, whether exploitable or not, capable of producing wood or other
products, potentially capable of influencing climate, exercising an influence on the soil, water regime, and providing habitat for wildlife, and includes woodlands; “forest area” means
any land declared to be a forest land under this Act. http://www.fankenya.org/downloads/ForestsAct2005.pdf
247.
(Kenya 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
248.
(Kenya) Min. av. height 2 m, 40% canopy cover. Note these figures vary by vegetation type. The most liberal thresholds are shown here. Source: ECE-FAO Partnership
Programme: Kenya Workshop on Forestry Statistics. Appendix 6.
249.
(Kirbati 2010) At the regional level forest is defined as; ‘trees that have a certain size of canopy, they are not agricultural and are not located in urban areas’.
http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countries/kiribati/115.pdf
250.
(Kiribati) Forest and woody vegetation - Intensive agroforestry practices system based on coconut breadfruit, bananas, pandanus and native figs. The system tends to represent
natural forest since the trees occur spontaneously. It includes coastal vegetation, inland forest and wetlands. http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?
lang_id=1&geo_id=114
251.
(Korea- Republic of 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
252.
(Kosovo 2010) - Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10% and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of
5 m at maturity in situ. Gashi F., 2010. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
253.
(Kyrgyzstan - New National Forest Inventory) Forest -- Vegetation existing of forest species with the objective of timber production and various protective and other functions.
The horizontal forest area has a minimum crown cover density of 20%, a minimum width of 25 meters and a minimum height of 2.0 meters. Source: Irina Yunusova
[email protected]
254.
(Kyrgyzstan 1999)- New Forest Code - One of the main types of vegetation on the Earth, comprising trees, shrubs, grassland and other plants, including animals and
microorganisms, which are biologically interrelated in their evolution and exert influence on one another and the environment. Forest soil is an integral part of the forest whole.
Forest is an integral and a very important component of biosphere and geographic landscape. It plays an important role in maintaining the hydrological regime of rivers, preventing
erosion and deflation of soils, combating hot dry winds. Source: Irina Yunusova <[email protected]
255.
(Kyrgyzstan 2000) Forest in strict sense (conifer/broadleaf/mixed - see definitions at 3.3) is defined as vegetation consisting of forest species (according to the species list in
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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annex 2) with the objective of timber production and various protection and other functions. The horizontal forest area has a minimum crown cover density of 20 % (see Figure 2-4,
Figure 2-5 and Figure 2-6), a minimum width of 25 metres and a minimum height of 2.0 metres. In case of forest cultures no minimum height has to be considered.
http://kirfor.ucentralasia.org/bitcache/833d526f022370574cea70a841a6474fef581009?vid=610&disposition=attachment&op=download
256.
(Kyrgyzstan 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
257.
(Kyrgyzstan) - Forest -One of the main types of vegetation, comprised of the concomitance (?) of trees, shrub, grass and other plants, also including animals and
microorganisms , biologically interrelated in their development and influencing each other and environment. At the same time forest is a very important part of the biosphere and an
element of geographical landscape. Forest is a raw material source. Source: Irina Yunusova <[email protected]
258.
(Lao 1992) Forests – areas suitable for forest production and having a tree cover with a crown density of at least 20%, and supporting trees with a dbh more than 10cm, covering
at least 0.5 ha (LSFP 92). http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/Sep2010/Final_R-PPdraft3-0910_submission_with_annexes.pdf
259.
(Lao 2000) Min. Cover = 20% http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?lang_id=1&geo_id=39
260.
(Lao 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html Excludes palms
and bamboos
261.
(Lao 2011) Lao PDR uses a definition of forest cover of 20% canopy density, which is different from the definition used by FAO (personal communication, Mr. Khamseneas,
Planning Division, Department of Forestry (DoF). February 2011). http://www.recoftc.org/site/uploads/content/pdf/ASFN%20v10%20-web%20version%20(compressed)_139.pdf
262.
(Lao KP) GOL has already submitted a forest definition to UNFCCC (minimum 20% forest cover, minimum area 0.5 ha, minimum tree height 5 m, and palm trees and bamboo
considered as non-forest). http://www.dof.maf.gov.la/docs/Lao_FIP_Investment%20Plan%20Master_2nd%20draft-for-public%20review.pdf
263.
(Latvia 1937 ) The Law on Forest Protection of Oct. 14, 1937 defined the forest by the following traits: i) land areas overgrown by forest ; ii) meadows, pastureland and other noncultivated lands overgrown by forest, stocked to no less than a half of full density and encircled by forest; iii) felling coupes, irrespective of the situation with forest regeneration
there; iv) all lands, irrespective of the tree age and density, where the owner has ceased other management activities to let the forest grow there. Stands on swampy sites, provided
the tree height at the age of 60 years remained below 7 m, were not counted as forest. ). http://www.iufro.org/download/file/5574/4510/61300-jundola01_pdf/
264.
(Latvia 2000) According to the Forest Law of the Republic of Latvia adopted in 2000 (Item 2, Paragraph 3, Section 1) Item 1 states: "The forest is an ecosystem in all its stages
of development. Trees with the height of at least seven metre prevail, and the present or potential tree crown cover accounts for at least 20% of the forest stand area."
http://www.fao.org/docrep/article/WFC/XII/0504-C3.htm
265.
(Latvia 2000) Forest (area>0.1 ha, potential height of trees>7 m, present or potential projection of crowns >20%). Latvijas Valsts mezi, 2000.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
266.
(Latvia 2001) “forest” is defined as “an ecosystem in all its development stages, dominated by trees, the height of which in the particular forest site may reach at least seven
metres, and the present or potential tree crown cover accounts for at least 20% of the stand area.” http://www.iufro.org/download/file/5574/4510/61300-jundola01_pdf/
267.
(Latvia 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/latvia_aa_report__unfccc.pdf
268.
(Latvia 2007) Forest is an ecosystem in all stages of its development, dominated by trees the height of which at the particular location may reach at least seven meters and the
present or potential projection of the crown of which is at least 20 per cent of the area occupied by the forest stand. The following shall not be regarded as forest: Areas separate
from forests, covered with trees, the size of which does not exceed 0.1 ha; Rows of trees of artificial or natural origin, the width of which is less than 20 meters; Orchards, parks,
cemeteries and forest tree seed orchards. http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/pip/library?
l=/environmental_expenditur/country_studies/projects_awarded_2005/lv_296_forestpdf/_EN_1.0_&a=d
269.
(Latvia 2007) Forestland is land covered by forest, land under forest infrastructure facilities, as well as adjacent overflowing clearings, marshes and glades.
http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/pip/library?l=/environmental_expenditur/country_studies/projects_awarded_2005/lv_296_forestpdf/_EN_1.0_&a=d
270.
(Latvia 2010 KP) Crown cover > 20%, tree height > 5m, area > 0.1 ha.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
271.
(Latvia) Forest -National definition in use: crown cover 20 %, 7 m height limit http://www.metla.fi/eu/cost/e43/minutes/wg1-min-florence.pdf
272.
(Lebanon) Forest refer to forest land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10%, or trees able to reach these
threshold in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. http://www.capeaction.org.za/uploads/BD_in_SEA_manual.pdf
273.
(Liechtenstein 1997) - Focuses on growing stock and applies to measurable criteria - width of forest area, crown closure and top height. Width of growing stock with canopy
closure = 100% is at least 25 m and with crown closure = 20% at least 50 m. Canopy closure between 20 % and 100 % depending on width of growing stock. Minimum top
diameter 3 m (exceptions afforestation, young growth, mountain alder, mountain pine) (European Communities 1997b - p. 1067)
274.
(Liechtenstein 2000) Minimum area of land: 0.0625 ha (with a minimum width of 25 m), minimum crown cover: 20%, minimum height of the dominant trees: 3 m (dominant
trees must have the potential to reach, 3 m at maturity in situ). Amt für Wald, Natur und Landschaft (AWNL), 2000.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
275.
(Lithuania 2009 NIR) Tree height > 5m, area > 0.1 ha. http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
276.
(Lithuania) forest can also be defined as “at least 0.1 ha area grown-up with trees the height of which reaches 5 m or more under natural conditions, as well as thinned out or
even having lost the vegetation naturally or because of human activities” (Forest act of Republic of Lithuania). http://sapiens.revues.org/734
277.
(Luxembourg 2003) Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10% and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum
height of 5 m at maturity in situ. Le gouvernement du Grand Duchè du Luxembourg, 2003.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
278.
(Luxembourg 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/mev_initial_report_0612.pdf (2006)
279.
(Luxembourg 2009 NIR and NFI) Crown cover > 10%, tree height > 5m, area > 0.5 ha.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
280.
(Macedonia 1997) Forest, as defined in this law, is land with forest types of trees and bushes, forest moor lands and meadows, forest roads, forest nurseries and other areas
closely related to forests. As defined in this Law, alleys, plantations with fast-growing types of trees, parks with populated areas, field protection belts, protective vegetation in the
coastal belts of the water flows outside from the forests, isolated groups of forest trees on area of maximum 2 acres, and border trees between agricultural land are not considered
forests. Law on Forests of 1997. http://www.foper.org/download/alumni/todorov_thesis.pdf
281.
(Madagascar 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1.0 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki
& Putz 2009
282.
(Malaw 2000) Min Area = 100 ha, Min. Crown Cover = 80%. http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?lang_id=1&geo_id=39
283.
(Malawi 1997) - Forest/woodland contains <20 % open area. (Trevett 1997)
284.
(Malaysia 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
285.
(Malaysia 2006) The areas under oil palm, rubber and tree crops are frequently regarded as forest. The official definition of a forest used in Malaysia differs from the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) definition, which excludes areas under agricultural crops (e.g., oil palm). (JoeangoHutan, 2006) http://www.environmentalauditing.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=fbx%2FbAIVeFU%3D&tabid=128&mid=568
286.
(Malaysia) - An ecosystem with a minimum of 10 percent crown cover of trees and / or bamboos, generally associated with wild flora, fauna and natural soil conditions, and not
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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subject to agricultural practices. This definition is also applied to the term "forest land". From: [email protected] (Thang Hooi Chiew), Forestry Department Peninsular
Malaysia
287.
(Mali 2000) Cover = 20 % http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?lang_id=1&geo_id=68
288.
(Mali 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1.0 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
289.
(Mali) Any area of land covered in vegetation of which the exclusive, primary and secondary products are wood, resins, gum, fruits, bamboo, creepers, raffia, or any other plants
not classed as agricultural products. http://www.un.org/esa/forests/pdf/aheg/aheg1/Mali_E.pdf
290.
(Mauritania 1982) Sont considérées comme forêts les formations végétales dont les produits princilpaux sont les bois, ou d'autres matières telles aue Ecorce, Tanin, Gomme.
ARTICLE 2. LEX-FAOC002244. MAURITANIA: Ordonnance n&ordm; 82-171 portant Code forestier. Date of text: 15 December 1982.
291.
(Mauritius 1983) - Includes a national forest and all land which is not under cultivation and which is covered by trees (The Forests and Reserves Act 1983 http://www.intnet.mu/iels/Forest_act_1983.htm
292.
(Mexico – SARH 1994) (Arbolado). Los terrenos ar bolados enlosques las copas de los arboles cubren mas del 20% de la superficie (SARH 1994)
293.
(Mexico - SARH 1994) (Area forestall). Terrenos cuyas caracteristics topograficas y condiciones ecologicas, permiten que sustente como forma optima de uso del suelo a la
vegetacion arborea, ar bustiva o her bacea natural (SARH 1994).
294.
(Mexico – SARH 1994) (Bosque). Comunidad vegetal en la que prodominan los arboles y otras especies lenosas. (SARH 1994).
295.
(Mexico 2003) Minimum area = 25 ha, minimum tree crown cover =10%, minimum tree height = 3 m.
http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/2003SustainabilityReport/documents/SustainableForests.pdf
296.
(Mexico 2005 KP ) country’s preliminary definition of forest as provided by the host country’s Designated National Authority in August 2005: Tree crown cover value of more than
30 per cent,A minimum area of 1 ha, and Trees with a mature tree height of more than 2 m. http://www.seawaterfoundation.org/pdf_archives/Attachment%2016%20%20Report%20to%20UN%20on%20Mexico%20Seawater%20Forestry%20Project.pdf
297.
(Mexico 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1.0 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 4 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
298.
(Mexico 2010) Mexican forest law specifies that a forest is at least one hectare with more than 15% actual or potential woody crown cover (with a few exceptions).
http://www.istf-bethesda.org/specialreports/mendoza/Mendoza-eng.pdf
299.
(Mexico –INEG 1995I) (Superficie de bosque). Son los terrenos cuibertos coan arboles, generamente de gran altura, que se encuentran en zonas con clima teplado-frio, donde
las especiaes principales pueden ser: pino, Encino, oyamel, cedro, etc. (INEGI 1995).
300.
(Mexico –INEG 1995I) (Superficie de selva). Son los terrenos cubiertos con arboles y vegetacion abundante y tupida de rapido crecimiento que se encuentran en clima calido
humedo, donde las principales especies encontradas pueden ser: caoga, palo de agua, ramon, cedro rojo, pochote, etc. (INEGI 1995).
301.
(Mexico –INEG 1997I) (Selva). Vegetacion arborea en climas calido —humedos a calidos semisecos. Se carateriza por tener generalmente una gran variedad de especies de
origen tropical. INEGI 1997. Minimum mapping area 25 ha (INEGI n.d.)
302.
(Mexico –INEGI 1997) (Bosque). Vegetacion arborea, princialment de zones templadas y semifrias, en climas subhumedos a muy humedos (INEGI 1997). Minimum mapping
area 25 ha (INEGI n.d.)
303.
(Mexico -INEGI y SEMARNAP 1999) (Superficie con bosque). Es la superfice cubierta con v egetacion aroforea, generalmente de gran altura, pertenecienta a regions de clima
templado o frio y ese encuentra constituida, principalmente por coniferas y latifoliadas; las especies mas communes son el pino, enciono y oyamel (INEGI y SEMARNAP 1999).
304.
(Mexico -INEGI y SEMARNAP 1999) (Superficie con selva). Area cubierta con vegetacion densa, abundante y tupida con variadas especies de rapido crecimiento que se
encuentran en zonas con clima calido-humedo, con altas precipitaciones pluviales. Entre las especies que se pueden encontrar ees esta clasificacion estan: caoba, palo de agua,
ramon, cedro rojo, pochote, etc. (INEGI y SEMARNAP 1999).
305.
(Mexico -INEGI y SEMARNAP 1999) (Terrenos forestales) - Areas cubiertas con vegetacion forestal, sin incluir aquellas situadas en zonas urbanas (INEGI y SEMARNAP
1999).
306.
(Mexico -INEGI y SEMARNAP 1999) (Vegetacion forestal) - Comunidad vegetal dominada por especies aboreas, arbustivas o crasas, que crece y se desarrolla en forma
natural formando bosques (topicales, templados y frios), y vegetacion de zonas aridas (INEGI y SEMARNAP 1999)
307.
(Mexico –SARH 1994) (Cubierta forestal). Termino amplio que comprende toda la vegetacion espontanea natural (arboles, palmeras, arbustos, matorrales deserticos, hier bas,
etc.) que ocupa un area en un momento dado (SARH 1994)
308.
(Mexico) (Bosque).- Vegetación forestal, principalmente de zonas de clima templado, en la que predominan especies leñosas perennes que se desarrollan en forma
espontánea, con una cobertura de copa mayor al 10% de la superficie que ocupa, siempre que formen masas mayores a 1 500 metros cuadrados. Esta definición es adecuada en
aspectos físicos y biológicos, ya que relaciona la cantidad de tierras forestales con la superficie total del país, lo que daría una idea del porcentaje de áreas cubiertas de
vegetación arbolada y uso de la tierra; la cual no debe ser menor del 10% en un país. El umbral de su limite mínimo y máximo debe estar con relación a las necesidades que tiene
cada país o en el ámbito mundial sobre aspectos como necesidades de fijación de carbono, regulación de ciclos climáticos e hidrológicos, (clima y topografía), fijación del suelo,
etc. Source: Glosario de Términos de la Memoria del Inventario Nacional Forestal Periódico y del Reglamento de la Ley Forestal from Unidad del Inventario
<[email protected]
309.
(Mexico) (Terrenos forestales)- Los terrenos forestales son definidos por la Ley Forestal como todos aquellos que están cubiertos por vegetación forestal, excluyendo aquellos
situados en áreas urbanas. Los terrenos de aptitud preferentemente forestal son aquellos que no estando cubiertos por vegetación forestal, por sus condiciones de clima, suelo y
topografía, puedan incorporarse al uso forestal, excluyendo los situados en áreas urbanas y los que sin sufrir degradación permanente, puedan ser utilizados en la agricultura la
ganadería http://www.semarnap.gob.mx/indices/tematico/bosques/introduccion.htm
310.
(Mexico) (Terrenos forestales)- Son terrenos forestales los que están cubiertos por bosques, selvas o vegetación forestal de zonas áridas. Source: Glosario de Términos de la
Memoria del Inventario Nacional Forestal Periódico y del Reglamento de la Ley Forestal from Unidad del Inventario [email protected]
311.
(Moldova 2011) - Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 % and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height
of 5 m at maturity in situ. FOREST EUROPE, UNECE and FAO, 2011. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
312.
(Monaco 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/msword/protocole_de_kyoto_rapport_initial_complt.doc (2006)
313.
(Mongolia 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 1 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.htm
314.
(Montenegro 2000) Forest land definition based on the 2000 Forest law: “A forest relates to any area larger than 0.05 ha, covered with forest trees, having a protective function,
and intended for forest production or it has special purpose, no matter of tree cover and size (high forest, copice forests and other types of forest vegetation such as shrubs,
shrubberies and maquis).” Also forest bare land is part of the forest land according to that definition.
http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/publications/timber/QL_SoEF_Montenegro_final.pdf
315.
(Morocco 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1.0 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 25 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
316.
(Morocco) Forest (Arabic : Ghabah, French : Foret, Spanish : Bosque, Berber : ‘Ari) - Piece of land covered a vegetation in which trees(not only fruit trees) are predominant(over
50%), and with at least 3 ha of continuously forested area, and with a tree crown cover equal or superior to 20%. Mohammed Ellatifi, [email protected]
317.
(Mozambique 1997) - High forest 18 m, low forest < 18 m. Canopy cover 25 %. (Trevett 1997)
318.
(Myanmar 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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319.
(Namibia 1997) Forest = areas with tree height 5 m, Savanna/shrub = areas with tree height <5 m. Canopy cover 20%. Moses Chakanga. [email protected] and
(Trevett 1997)
320.
(Namibia 2011 KP) - a general definition of what constitutes a forest is a stand of a minimum size of 0.5 ha, a minimum height of 5 m and a crown cover of 15 % or more.
http://www.mawf.gov.na/Documents/Forest%20Research%20Strategy.pdf
321.
(Nepal 1964 &1977) Crown cover greater than 50 percent. Wallace, Michael B. 1988. Forest degradation in Nepal: Institutional context and policy alternatives. Research Report
Series No. 6. 46 p. http://rmportal.net/tools/biodiversity-support-program/cbnfm/USAID-BDB-cd-2-data/pnabb308-nepal.pdf/attachment_download/file
322. (Nepal 1993) An area fully or partly covered by trees (Forest Act 1993). Krishna H Gautam <[email protected] and. http://www.biodivnepal.gov.np/dofchapter.html and http://www.recoftc.org/site/fileadmin/docs/Country_profile/forest_act_combined.pdf
323.
(Nepal 1999) Forest is defined as the land with a forest cover, i.e. with trees whose crown cover more than 10 percent of the area and not used primarily for the purpose other
than forestry and shrub is same as forest but well defined stem can not be found (MFSC, 1999) http://eprints.usq.edu.au/568/1/Livelihood_Paper-Final.pdf
324.
(Nepal 2000) Crown Cover 10%. http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?lang_id=1&geo_id=35 . Wallace (1988) also indicates a 50% threshold for crown cover.
325.
(Netherlands 1997) Land areas of 0.5 ha and more with a width of at least 30 m that are covered with trees or brushes; with a at maturity, a crown closure of 20% and over, the
crown closure may (temporary) be lower than this figure because of final fellings for example; the tree and brush species should be able to form forests. (European Communities
1997b - p. 727).
326.
(Netherlands 2006) - Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 % and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum
height of 5 m at maturity in situ. Landbouw, natuur en Voedselkwaliteit, 2006. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
327.
(Netherlands 2006) National definition: Under forest is normally closed forests with a mean crown projection of less than 60%. There is no longer any old natural forest present
in the Netherlands, and virtually all forest is planted. Only in some heaths and marshes is there any spontaneous natural regeneration. About 7% of forest area is such naturally
regenerating young forest. Landbouw, natuur en Voedselkwaliteit, 2006. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
328.
(Netherlands 2009 NIR and NFI) Crown cover > 20%, tree height > 5m, area > 0.5 ha, width > 30 m.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
329.
(New Zealand 1998) - A tree-covered area greater than 5 hectares with an average canopy height of at least 6 metres and a minimum 20 percent tree crown coverage. In "closed
forests" the trees occur in single or multiple stories with crowns interlocking.From: Indigenous Forest Policy (New Zealand Institute of Forestry, July 1998)
330.
(New Zealand 2003) Minimum area = 0.5 ha, minimum tree crown cover =20%, minimum tree height = 6 m.
http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/2003SustainabilityReport/documents/SustainableForests.pdf
331.
(New Zealand 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/application/pdf/new_zealands_initial_report_under_the_kyoto_protocol.pdf (2006)
332.
(New Zealand KP) Under New Zealand’s definition, forest is a minimum area of land of 1.0 hectares with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 30 per
cent with trees with the potential to reach a minimum height of 5 metres at maturity in situ. Tree cover less than 30 metres wide is excluded.
http://www.climatechange.govt.nz/glossary.html#f
333.
(Nicaragua 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1.0 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 4 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
334.
(Nicaragua) Bosque - Draft -Ecosistema con un mínimo de un 25% de copas de árboles y/o bambú y palmáceas, asociadas generalmente a una fauna silvestre y condiciones
de suelos naturales. www.nicarao.org.ni/ja (see Borrador de la ley, CAPITULO II DEFINICIONES) Harrie [email protected]
335.
(Niger 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1.0 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 4 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
336.
(Niger 2011 KP) The Nigerien Designated National Authority (DNA) fixed the following values for afforestation and reforestation activities in the framework of the CDM: . Minimum
tree crown cover: 30 percents Minimum land area: 1 hectare Minimum tree height at maturity: 4 meters.
https://s3.amazonaws.com/CCBA/Projects/Niger_Acacia_Senegal_Plantation_Project/CDM_Niger_Acacia_Senegal_Plantation_Project_PDD.pdf
337.
(Northern Mariana Islands) Forest - Natural or man-made group of trees (diverse species) growing within a minimum area of 100 sq. ft. Source: Estanislao Villagomez
[email protected] Division of Agriculture.
338.
(Northern Mariana Islands) Forestland - Natural or managed area covered with diverse tree species reserved for dual purposes benefiting mankind, wildlife and ecosystem as a
whole. Source: Estanislao Villagomez [email protected] Division of Agriculture.
339.
(Norway 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/x-zip-compressed/nor_ir_report_22dec.zip (2006)
340.
(Norway 2010) Forest land is defined according to the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2004.Forest land is land with tree crown cover of more than 10 per cent and
area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m at maturity in situ. No minimum width for Forest land is considered in the Norwegian inventory
causing a small discrepancy according to the definition in FRA 2004. http://www.klif.no/publikasjoner/2639/ta2639.pdf
341.
(Pakistan 1953) Forest - A plant community predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation, usually with a closed canopy. Definition adopted from the British
Commonwealth Forest Terminology Part-I, 1953. Source: Mumtaz Ahmad, Section Forest Officer, Pakistan Min. of Environment, Local Government, and Rural Development
342.
(Pakistan 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.05 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
343.
(Pakistan 2007) Pakistan is an area comprising not less than 0.05 ha with tree crown cover of more than 30% with trees with the potential to reach a minimum height of 3
meters. http://www.intercooperation.org.pk/uploads/CDM-FINAL%20report.pdf
344.
(Panama 1992) "Cobertura Boscosa" se definieron dos dases, la piimera como: a) "Cobertura Boscosa poco Intervenida" la cual corresponds a una superficie densamente
cubierta por copas de una gran cantidad de arboles, independientemente del tipo de bosque y/o especies forestales que pudieran encontrarse; y una segunda categoria definida
como: b) "Cobertura Boscosa Fuertemente Intervenida", la cual corresponds a superfides boscosas en donde la cobertura de copas fluctúa entre 45% y 60% del terreno,
independientemente de las especies que la componen. Source: Informe de Cobertura Boscosa 1992. Junio 1995. Republic of Panama, Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales
Renovables, Direccion Nacional de Cuencsa Hidrograficas.
345.
(Panama 1992) bosque - Vegetacíon dominante compuesta de árboles leñosos, que se presentan como primarios y que ban alcanzado su máximo desarroho, sobre una
localización particular. Source: Informe de Cobertura Boscosa 1992. Junio 1995. Republic of Panama, Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Direccion Nacional de
Cuencsa Hidrograficas
346.
(Panama 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1.0 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
347.
(Papua New Guinea) Forest - Natural communities of flora (trees) and fauna (birds, animals) in a natural setting. Forest has a crown closure of 10% and above as opposed to
non-forest and an area of more than 100 hectares as being the standard. Forest can imply both natural forest and plantations but more so the former (natural). Vitus Ambia, Papua
New Guinea Forest Authority.
348.
(Papua New Guinea) Forest Land - Land that has forest growing on it, be it natural and or plantation forest and irrespective of its exploitative capability. In PNG over 80% of the
land is customarily owned and the State can only plan and designate areas for forest exploitation and other use. The final decision as to whether or not the area is exploited rests
with the customary land-owners. Vitus Ambia, Papua New Guinea Forest Authority.
349.
(Paraguay 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 25 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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350.
(Peru 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki & Putz
2009
351.
(Peru 2010 KP), a forest within the CDM context is defined as “Land with canopy cover of more than 30 per cent of the area and a minimum area of 0.5 ha. Trees must reach a
minimum height of 5m at maturity in situ.” http://www.asb.cgiar.org/PDFwebdocs/REALU%20I-Peru%20Report-.pdf
352.
(Peru) - Comunidades vegetales naturales en las que predominan especies leñosas referidas a determinada superficie del suelo, así como las plantaciones forestales. (Ley
Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre, Art. 8)
353.
(Philippines 2000) – Refers to land with an area of more than 0.5 hectare and tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 percent. The trees should be able to
reach a minimum height of 5 meters at maturity in situ. It consists either of closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the
ground or open forest formations with a continuous vegetation cover in which tree crown cover exceeds 10 percent. Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry
purposes, which have yet to reach a crown density of more than 10 percent or tree height of 5 meters are included under forest. These are normally forming part of the forest area,
which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention or natural causes but which are expected to revert to forest. It includes forest nurseries and seed orchards that
constitute an integral part of the forest; forest roads, cleared tracts, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest within protected areas; windbreaks and shelter belts of trees with
an area of more than 0.5 hectare and width of more than 20 meter; plantations primarily used for forestry purposes, including rubber wood plantations. It also includes bamboo,
palm and fern formations (except coconut and oil palm). Reference: Food and Agriculture Organization, 2000 http://www.nscb.gov.ph/glossary/AGRI.ASP
354.
(Philippines 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
355.
(Philippines KP) Philippines has adopted the UNFCCC’s definition of forest as “an area of at least half a hectare (5,000 square meters) in size with a 10 per cent stocking level,”
meaning, that at least 500 square meters of which should be shaded by trees with a minimum height of five meters. http://www.indigenousclimate.org/index.php?
option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=85&Itemid=&lang=en
356.
(Philippines) A forest is best described as an ecosystem wherein trees are the dominant life form, as a community of plants and animals interacting with one another and its
physical environment, and as consisting of trees with overlapping crown of 60-100% forest cover, as defined by the United States National Vegetation Classification system
(Section 4). http://www.haribon.org.ph/attachments/article/425/Forest%20Resources%20Bill_HB3638%20with%20primer.pdf
357.
(Philippines) Forest - areas of one hectare or more which are at least 10 percent stocked with forest trees (including seedlings and saplings), with palm, bamboo, or brush.
Narrow strips of land bearing forest must be at least 60 meters wide and one hectare in size to qualify as forest. Industrial plantations and tree farms, one hectare or more in sizes,
are also included. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ru12/DEFINE/DEF-ENV.HTM and (Forest Management Bureau) http://www.nscb.gov.ph/glossary/enr.htm
358.
(Philippines) Senate Bill No. 1404 defines "forest cover" as follows: "forest cover includes pine forest, mossy forest, dipterocarp forest (closed and open canopy) and mangrove
vegetation: http://law.upd.edu.ph/plj/images/files/PLJ%20volume%2066/PLJ%20volume%2066%20first%20quarter%20-05-%20Antonio%20G.M.%20La%20Viña%20%20Conservation%20and%20Democratization.pdf
359.
(Poland 2009 NIR) Tree height > 2m, area > 0.1 ha. http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
360.
(Poland) Forest - Continuous area of at least 0.1 ha covered by forest vegetation (forest stands) = trees and shrubs with herbaceous ground cover.
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
361.
(Poland? 1991) Forest Act of 28 September 1991. (OJ 1991 No 101 item. 444) for the forest land is considered a homogeneous area of at least 0.10 ha, which is covered by
forest vegetation (forest crop), i.e. trees, shrubs and forest undergrowth or temporarily deprived of that what is intended for forest production(…) (Forest Act, 1991).
http://icaci.org/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2011/Oral%20Presentations%20PDF/A3-Data%20integration/CO-028.pdf
362.
(Poland?) Forest and wooded lands class covers the area with dense plantings: forests, scrubs and others. The minimum width of a wooded area shall be 15 m and a minimum
length of 40 m. Group of trees, small forest or scrub with the surface less than 1000 m2 represent the class Natural Object. In the area of double-storied stand scrubs are included
into the forest when their surface is less than 2000 m2. http://icaci.org/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2011/Oral%20Presentations%20PDF/A3-Data%20integration/CO-028.pdf
363.
(Portuga 2010) –l Extent of land with an area ≥ 5 000 m2 and a width ≥ 20 m, with a degree of covered (defined as the ratio between the area of horizontal projection of the
crown and the total area of the plot) ≥ 10% which reveal the presence of trees that forest for their characteristics or form of exploitation has reached or will reach, arboreal (height
than 5 m) regardless of the stage which is the time of observation. Autoridade Florestal National (AFN) and Ministerio da Agricoltura do Desenvolvimento Rural e das Pesca, 2010.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
364.
(Portugal 1994) - According to minimum tree densities which vary from species to species (as low as 90/ha for cork oak, up to 840 for most conifers) with conifer heights from
1.5-5m hand broadleaf heights from 2-5m; or where the projected area of crowns of trees more than 5m height covers more than 15% of the ground areas. This rather complicated
definition is necessary to define when grant payments are applicable and is necessary because Portugal has a long agroforestry tradition. (decree 199/94) From: Gerry Lawson
<[email protected]
365.
(Portugal 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = 20
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/pt_initialreportkp.pdf (2006)
366.
(Portugal 2009 NRI and NFI) Crown cover > 10%, tree height > 5m, area > 0.5 ha, width > 20 m.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
367.
(Romania 1996) - The total forest vegetation mentioned in the Forest Management Plans, both state-owned or private property, constitute the national forest area. Under the
Forestry Code/1996 a forest area is defined as an area larger than 0.25 ha and covered with forest trees; the current forestry code refers to forest vegetation not included in the
national forest area as forested pastures, forest windbreaks, forested low production areas, forests for watershed protection, community forest parks, dendrologic collections, forest
tree alignments and the alpine vegetation with Pinus mugo. http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7170E/w7170e0f.htm
368.
(Romania 2000) - Forest - land covered by forest vegetation with an area of more than 0.25 ha. For FRA 2000 - Source: UN/ECE 2000 p 85 and
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
369.
(Romania 2011) - Forest is a land covered 0.5 ha, 10% crown cover and 5 m height. SILVA RNP, 2011.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
370.
(Romania) According to the definition given in our “Forest Code”, forest is considered land covered by forest vegetation with an area of more than 0.25 ha. In order to
approximate the TBFRA definition of the forest, the item “Forest” includes lands needed for culture (nurseries, orchards...), for production (game food...), for administration (forest
roads, fire breaks...) and temporarily excluded from the “forest fund”. These are separately recorded in our statistics and in addition to forest area make “forest fund.
http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/timber/fra/pdf/chp1_tot.pdf
371.
(Romania) -Dense group of trees, interdependent one to another and to the other plants, animals and environmental conditions, creating a complex and unitary community, able
to fulfill social and economic functions. Sorin Sfirlogea <[email protected] National Forests Administration.
372.
(Romania) Forest land - Surface of forest covered by forest vegetation, destined to fulfill social and/or economic function. Sorin Sfirlogea <[email protected] National Forests
Administration
373.
(Romania) -This term includes not only surfaces covered by forest vegetation, but also nurseries, administrative surfaces (around the forest ranges offices, a.o.) glades (blanks)
(M. Ilie, Bucuresti, Romania)
374.
(Russian Federation 1998) A population of forest plants changed in the exterior form and an internal structure under influence of effect against each other, on occupied soil and
atmosphere. (G.F. Morozov- archfounder of scientific forestry in Russia). In practice of forestry forest consider as tree stands with a polnota more than 0,3. If polnota less than 0,3 stand calls as light forest or open woodland. Main difference of a forest from "not forests " - the existence of mutual influence between all elementary component of a forest. [From:
" Russian Forest Encyclopedia" "Igor Yakovlev" [email protected] Date: Sat, 6 Jun 1998 21:16:59 +0400]
375.
(Russian Federation 1998) One of main types of vegetation consist of an aggregate of trees, shrub, grassy etc. plants (mosses, lichens), including animals and microorganisms
biologically interconnected in the development and influencing against each other and an environment. [From: " Russian Forest Encyclopedia" "Igor Yakovlev" [email protected]
Date: Sat, 6 Jun 1998 21:16:59 +0400]
376.
(Russian Federation 2003) Minimum area = 0.5 ha, minimum tree crown cover =30%, minimum tree height = Varies
http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/2003SustainabilityReport/documents/SustainableForests.pdf
377.
(Russian Federation 2007 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/initial_report_russia.pdf
378.
(Russian Federation) An element of the geographical landscape composed of the totality (the aggregate) of arboreal (woody), bushy (shrubbery), herbaceous plants, animals
and microorganisms, which are biologically interdependent in their developments and influencing each other, as well as external environment (GOST 18486-73, Russia)
379.
(Rwanda 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.05 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
380.
(Senegal 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
381.
(Slovak Republic 2011) - A forest is defined as land with tree crown cover of more than 10%, an area of more than 0.5 ha and an average width of more than 20 m. Trees
should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m at maturity in situ. FOREST EUROPE, UNECE AND FAO, 2011. Ministry of Agriculture of the Slovak Republic, 2009.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
382.
(Slovak Republilc 2009) National definition: Forest is land spanning more than 0.3 ha with trees taller than 5 m and a canopy cover of more than 20%, or trees able to reach
these thresholds in situ. Ministry of Agriculture of the Slovak Republic, 2009. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
383.
(Slovenia 1993) - Under the 1993 Forest Act, a forest is an area of land covered with forest trees in the form of a stand or with other forest growth, which ensures any forest
function (economic, ecological and social). http://www.iufro.org/download/file/5574/4510/61300-jundola01_pdf/
384.
(Slovenia 1994) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.05 Min. Crown Cover (%) = Min. Tree Height (m) = Min. Strip Width (m) = ns Excludes individual trees- riverine and windbelt treesplantations- etc. http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/msword/initial_report-slovenia.docSlovenian Forest act (1994) -Forest
means land overgrown with forest trees in the form of stands or other forest plants which provides any of the functions of a forest. Forest according to this Act also includes
overgrown plots of land defined as forest in the spatial element of the forest management plan.
385.
(Slovenia 1998) A plot of land overgrown with forest trees in the form of stands or other forest growths which provide any of the functions of a forest. Forests according to this
law also include overgrown plots of land defined as forest in the spatial element of the forest management plan. The following are not forest within the meaning of this law: individual
forest trees, groups of forest trees up to an area of five hectares, non-autochthonous riverine and windbelt trees, avenues, parks, plantations of forest trees, pens for rearing game,
and pastures overgrown with forest trees if used for pasturing, irrespective of how they are described in the land register. [From: Slovenian LAW ON FORESTS - Milan SINKO
[email protected] via "Maksym Polyakov" <[email protected] Date: Fri, 12 Jun 1998 16:11:17 +0300 (MSD)]
386.
(Slovenia 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.05 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/msword/initial_report-slovenia.doc
387.
(Slovenia 2007) forest is land covered with forest trees in the form of stands with minimal tree height 5 m and with minimal area of 0.25 ha. http://bookshop.europa.eu/isbin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/WFS/EU-Bookshop-Site/en_GB/-/EUR/ViewPDFFile-OpenPDFFile?FileName=LBNA24300ENC_002.pdf&SKU=LBNA24300ENC_PDF
388.
(Slovenia 2008 NIR) Area > 0.5 ha. http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
389.
(Slovenia) Forest - A land overgrown with forest trees - stands or other plants - which provides any of the functions of forests. Includes: land defined as forests in the forest
management plan, and forest infrastructure not allocated into a separate lot. Excludes: individual trees and groups of forest trees smaller than 0.05 ha, non-native riverain and
windbelt trees, avenues, parks, plantations of forest trees, pens for rearing game, pastures overgrown with forest trees. Definition applies also to forest trees outside forests insofar
as they are specifically defined. http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
390.
(Solomon Islands 1999) Any area of land predominantly covered by trees, and includes areas planted with trees except when such planting is carried out for agricultural
purposes. [LEX-FAOC018884] SOLOMON ISLANDS: Forests Act (No. 3 of 1999). Date of text: 24 September 1999.
391.
(Somalia) Min. av. height 5-10 m. Canopy closure 20%. Source: ECE-FAO Partnership Programme: Kenya Workshop on Forestry Statistics. Appendix 6.
392.
(South Africa 1996) Tree canopy cover >70%. A multi-strata community with interlocking canopies, composed of canopy, subcanopy, shrub and herb layers. Excludes planted
forests. Thompson. 1996? www.sac.co.za/geoinfo/ field_guide.htm
393.
(South Africa 1998) Forest is defined as more than two trees whose canopies touch. 1998 Forest Act. http://www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/560/1/case%20study.pdf
394.
(South Africa 1998) Forested (wetland) A class is characterised by woody vegetation that is taller than 6 m. These habitats normally possess an overstorey of trees, an
understorey of young trees or shrubs, and a herbaceous layer. http://www.ext.grida.no/soesa/nsoer/resource/wetland/inventory_classif.htm#classes South African National Wetland
Inventory . Proposed wetland classification system for South Africa . J. Dini, G. Cowan & P. Goodman. FIRST DRAFT. August 1998
395.
(South Africa 1999) Forest is a continuous stand of trees at least 10m tall, with their crowns interlocking. It is generally multi-layered vegetation unit dominated by trees (largely
evergreen or semi-deciduous) whose combined strata have overlapping crowns (i.e. crown cover is > 75 percent). (Bailey, et.al., 1999) http://www.environmentalauditing.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=fbx%2FbAIVeFU%3D&tabid=128&mid=568
396.
(South Africa 2002) Indigenous forest is defined as "a generally multilayered vegetation unit dominated by trees (largely evergreen or semi-deciduous) whose combined strata
have overlapping crowns (i.e. the crown cover is greater than or equal to 75 percent), and where graminoids in the herbaceous stratum (if present) are generally rare"
http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4001e/Y4001E06a.htm
397.
(South Africa 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.05 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html Sasaki & Putz 2009
398.
(South Africa) - forests of all kinds - Government policy in South Africa is formulated to include "forests of all kinds", that is, the indigenous forests, where trees grow with their
crowns virtually intertwined, natural woodlands, where tree cover may be as little as 10%, plantation, and community forests.
http://www.polity.org.za/govdocs/white_papers/forestry.html
399.
(South Africa) “Forest” means any ecosystem containing trees on forest land or any component of such an ecosystem, and includes land, water, air, woody vegetation and
living organisms; www.dwaf.gov.za/Forestry/Forestry%20Policy/October%202001%20draft%20Protocol.doc
400.
(South Africa) Closed canopy with three or more tree layers; many species and age classes; typically 5 to 20 m tall. Fires penetrate only rarely.
http://www.polity.org.za/govdocs/green_papers/forest1.html#t1.1 Note: This definition of Forest appearst to exclude Plantations, Woodlands, and Wooded Grasslands.
401.
(South Africa) Multi-layered vegetation of trees with a cover of greater than 75%. Fire does not normally pass through forest. From: Graeme Wild <[email protected]
402.
(Spain 1997) A territory or ecosystem predominately with tree species and a cover closure = 10 %, also includes open forest over cultivated or pasture land where the crown
closure is = 20 %. (European Communities 1997b - p. 927).
403.
(Spain 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
404.
(Spain 2008) - Forest surface is considered the land populated by forest tree species and whose dominant canopy cover (FCC) is more than 10%. It consists of: (i) woodland land with trees whose FCC> = 20%; (ii) sparse woodland - 10% = <FCC <20%. It also includes land with scrub or grassland species dominant plant natural expression, but a FCC
of between 10% and 20%. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino, 2008.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
405.
(Spain 2009 NIR) Crown cover > 10%. http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
406.
(Spain 2010 KP) Crown cover > 20%, tree height > 3m, area > 1.0 ha.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
407.
(Spain 2010 NFI) Crown cover > 5%, area > 0.25 ha, width > 20 m. http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
408.
(Sri Lanka 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.05 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
409.
(Sri Lanka 2010 KP) is now defined as follows: a minimum land area of 0.05 hectares with a minimum tree canopy cover of 20% and a canopy height of 3 m. The definition does
not specify whether species such as rubber, bamboo and palm trees are included. http://www.forestcarbonasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Sri-Lanka-Country-Report-final02.06.2011.pdf
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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410.
(St. Lucia) - Timber lands/Forest lands - Lands whereon trees are growing and which are not permanent agriculture cultivation. (Source: Michael Andrew, [email protected])
411.
(St. Lucia) Any area of land covered in trees usually of various ages, mixed or single species as in forest plantations. (Source: Michael Andrew, [email protected])
412.
(Sudan 1970) forests and woodlands as ‘any area of vegetation dominated by trees of any size’. http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/09_forests.pdf
413.
(Sudan). Min. av. height 10 m. Canopy closure 40 %. Source: ECE-FAO Partnership Programme: Kenya Workshop on Forestry Statistics. Appendix 6.
414.
(Swazi Nation -1910) "private forest" means a forest, plantation or tree situate on land not owned by the Government, or on Swazi nation land;
www.sntc.org.sz/documents/ForestPreservationAct.do
415.
(Swaziland 1994) Forest – a vegetation type dominated by trees, which may be pristine rainforest, scrub woodland; Palm savanna or plantation (Wong 2000). According to FAO
(1994) Forests are ecosystems with a minimlum of 10% cover of trees or bamboos. https://scholar.sun.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10019.1/1174/Dlamini.pdf?sequence=1
416.
(Sweden 2000) All land with a tree crown cover of more than 20 percent plus have the land with a tree crown cover ranging from 1 percent to 20 percent, and area more than
0.25 ha. For FRA 2000 - Source: UN/ECE 2000 p 87
417.
(Sweden 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = 10
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/msword/initial_report_under_the_kyoto_protocol_-_sweden_unfccc_sign.doc (2006)
418.
(Sweden 2009 NIR) Crown cover > 10%, tree height > 5m, area > 0.5 ha.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
419.
(Sweden 2009) - Types of land under the Forestry Act Determined for the traditional types of land in productive forest, bog, mountain pine forests and other land. Forest land:
Land bearing forest or without measures to increase production has the potential to bear forest with a height of 5 m and with a crown cover of at least 10%. Sveriges
Lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), 2009. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
420.
(Sweden 2010 NFI) Area > 0.25 ha? (Source gives >0.25 m as tree height).
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
421.
(Switzerland 2006) -Forest is land covered by trees with a minimum height of 3 m and the minimum width of the tree stand is 50 m. In addition, the tree crowns have to cover
at least 20% of the area. Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL) and Swiss Forest Monitoring, 2006.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
422.
(Switzerland 1997) - Focuses on growing stock and applies to measurable criteria - width of forest area, crown closure and top height. Width of growing stock with canopy
closure = 100% is at least 25 m and with crown closure = 20% at least 50 m. Canopy closure between 20 % and 100 % depending on width of growing stock. Minimum top height
3 m (exceptions afforestation, young growth, mountain alder, mountain pine) (European Communities 1997b - p. 1067)
423.
(Switzerland) - Any land area covered with forest trees or bushes. http://www.fao.org/legal/legstud/frmdocrep/41_AK476E.pdf
424.
(Taiwan, ROC) Forest - A plant association predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation ( Bamboo etc. ) in forest land. In Taiwan, the national forests are administrated by
Taiwan Forestry Bureau, now subordinated to Council of Agriculture (COA). Source: "&ordf;L&deg;È&sect;&frac12;service" [email protected]
425.
(Tajikistan 1998) Ecosystems, which besides trees include soils, waters, and the multitude of associated animals, plants and micro-organisms. Source: State of the
Environment Tajikistan 98 - Forest http://www.grida.no/prog/cee/enrin/htmls/tadjik/soe/forest/forest1.htm
426.
(Tajikistan 2010).forests - an ecosystem with a minimum of 10 percent crown cover of forest trees/or bamboos generally associated with wild flora, fauna, natural regeneration
and natural soil conditions that is not subject to agricultural practices. Forestry Code of Tajikistan. http://naturalresourcescentralasia.org/assets/files/Forestry%20sector%20analysis%20of%20the%20republic%20of%20Tajikistan%20eng.pdf
427.
(Tanzania 1998) All land bearing a vegetative association dominated by trees of any size, exploitable or not, and capable of producing wood or other products of exerting
influence on the climate or water regime or providing shelter to livestock and wildlife. From: Tanzania Forest policy, Roger Malimbwi, Faculty of Forestry <[email protected] and
(MNRT 1998a) http://www.unep-wcmc.org/forest/restoration/docs/TanzaniaFLR.PDF
428.
(Tanzania 2002) ''forest'' means an area of land with at least 10% tree crown cover, naturally grown or planted and or 50% or more shrub and tree regeneration cover and
includes all forest reserves of whatever kind declared or gazetted under this Act and all plantations; http://www.bunge.go.tz/Polis/PAMS/Docs/14-2002.pdf
429.
(Tanzania 2002) Land having10 percent tree cover or 50 percent shrub or tree regeneration cover, to be designated as a national forest reserve. http://books.google.com/books?
id=KDcRI1Nj9n0C&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=having10+percent+tree+cover+or+50+percent+shrub+or+tree+regeneration&source=bl&ots=KcKcFGiIKo&sig=zK4quavMBqFqG0EoOq65imubhq8
430.
(Tanzania 2002) Under the Forest Act/Law, forests are defined as “an area of land with at least 10% tree crown cover, naturally grown or planted and or 50% or more shrub and
tree regeneration cover and includes all forest reserves of whatever kind declared or gazetted under the forest act and all plantations” http://www.climatestandards.org/projects/files/tanzania/ufp_mfp_combined_validation_VCS_PDD-1.pdf
431.
(Tanzania 2008 KP) a forest is areas with trees of a height of more than 3m, with a crown cover of 30%, covering one hectare of land. (In a communication in October 2008
between Sangito Sumari, Managing Director of GreenResources Ltd and Dr Tango, Ministry of National Resources and Tourism, Tanzania, a definition of 2.5m,30% and 1 ha was
indicated). http://www.climate-standards.org/projects/files/tanzania/ufp_mfp_combined_validation_VCS_PDD-1.pdf
432.
(Tanzania) (Closed Forest) Trees 8 m and canopy closure 60%. No figures given for open forest. Source: ECE-FAO Partnership Programme: Kenya Workshop on Forestry
Statistics. Appendix 6.
433.
(Tanzania) An area of land covered with trees, grass, and other vegetation but dominated by trees. From: Tanzania Forest policy, Roger Malimbwi, Faculty of Forestry
<[email protected]
434.
(Thailand 2001) Closed forest. Forest in which the stand density is greater than 20 percent of the area and tree crowns approach general contact with one another. Open forest.
Forest in which the tree canopy layer is discontinuous but covers at least 10 percent of the area and in which the grass layer is continuous.
http://www.landcoalition.org/sites/default/files/legacy/legacypdf/08_gtz_land_tenure_systems.pdf
435.
(Thailand 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.16 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
436.
(Thailand) Forest land - forest area derived from satellite imagery interpretation by the Royal Forest Department. Songkram Thammincha [email protected]
437.
(Togo 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html. Includes palms
and bamboo
438.
(Trinidad & Tobago 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.4 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
439.
(Trinidad and Tobago) Forest Reserve - means and includes a forest and every part of a forest declared to be a Forest Reserve under the Land Regulations for the time being in
force – Forest Act: Chapter 66:01. Narine Lackhan, Director of Forestry.
440.
(Tunisia 1988) On entend par forêt, toute formation végétale d'origine naturelle ou artificielle composée d'une ou plusieurs espèces forestières d'arbes, d'arbustes ou de
broussailles à l'état put ou en mélange.LEX-FAOC002805. TUNISIA: Loi n&ordm; 20 portant Code Forestier. Date of text: 13 April 1988.
441.
(Turkey 1937) The first Forest Code defined forests as “areas covered by a collection of trees and shrubs grown either naturally or cultivated by humans, and producing woody
materials or any kind of forest yield”. This definition excluded steppes, city parks, thorny areas, and areas of less than 5 ha that were not adjacent to natural forest boundaries and
were owned by private entities. http://www.fao.org/forestry/16407-0c0665eddd86a68c9fbbe87cdde52501c.pdf.
442.
(Turkey 1950) AMMENDMENT 5653 was passed in 1950 (see APPENDIX_2). This law changed clauses 1 and 3 (among others) of Forest law 3116 redefying Legal Forests as
follows : "A collection of trees or bushes occurring naturally or planted by people" with the exception of the following : " All types of prickly plants, Trees in parks and graveyards,
Trees not found in natural Forests such as poplar, eucalyptus,willow and acasia,Clumps of trees and bushes covering less than 3 hectars on private land more than 3 km from
government Forest. All types of maquis. ". Giraud, Brian. 2011. Property rights in Turkish forests. 106 p.
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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http://turkeyforest.com/files/forest_report_18.02.2011_with_font_14_&_navigation_--property_rights_in_turkish_forests_-_final_version.pdf or http://turkeyforest.com/
443.
(Turkey 1956). The groups of trees and small trees and their fields are in the scope of forest. Bit” sedgies; the fields containing steppe plants; all kinkds of prickly plants; parks;
trees and groups of trees in city backyards and places in the territory of counties and villages, the places existing I private areas and cultivated trees and small trees.
http://web.ogm.gov.tr/languages/English/dokumanlar/dgf6831law.pdf.
444.
(Turkey 1987) - THE CURRENT FORESTRY LAW 6831 of 1956 (see APPENDIX_4). In 1956 the present Forestry law was introduced replacing law 3116 and offering its own
(similar) Forest definitions and Forestry policies. Legal Forests were again redefined as "naturally occurring or planted collections of trees or shrubs together with the land they
occupy." Exceptions were again listed as follows: " Reed beds; Steppes; Land containing all types of prickly plants; parks (amendment 2896 clause 1 of 23/9/1983) tree and shrub
covered areas in city cemeteries and in old cemeteries located inside municipality and Village limits; Private land containing trees and shrubs which do not grow naturally in
surrounding Forests (amendment no 3373 clause 1 of 22/5/1987). Private registered land within Forest land or ajacent to Forest land, any private land outside Forest areas used as
agricultural land containing random or orderly arranged trees or clumps of any species of tree or shrub.; (amendment no 3373 clause 1 of 22/5/1987). Private land less than 3
hectars in area located outside Forest areas containing any kind of tree or shrub. Private land containing or scheduled to be planted with (according to the suitability of the region)
any kind of fruit bearing tree or shrub, including stone (nut bearing) pine and (acorn bearing) oak, (amendment no 2896 clause 1 of 23/9/1983). Private land containing grafted and
ungrafted olive trees, land containing wild olive trees that has been separated from government Forest by special law provided that the improvement and ownership conditions have
been met and land containing wild and grafted nut trees, mastic trees and … trees as specified by law 77 of 9//1956. Land covered by maquis and heather and land that does not
have conservation characteristics. " http://www.elo.org/UserFiles/File/GR_GIRAUD.doc
445. (Turkey 1987) Tree and woodland communities, which are grown by human efforts, are regarded as Forest, together with their lands; Privately owned lands containing trees and
woodland species, which do not grow naturally in the neighbouring forest or any kind of trees or woodlands on privately owned land and smaller than three hectares are not
considered as forest; http://faolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tur20346.doc
446.
(Turkey 1988) Naturally occurring or planted collections of trees or shrubs together with the land they occupy shall be called forests. …The word forest …refers to both the
forest cover and the underlying real estate. Giraud, Brian. 2011. Property rights in Turkish forests. 106 p.
http://turkeyforest.com/files/forest_report_18.02.2011_with_font_14_&_navigation_--property_rights_in_turkish_forests_-_final_version.pdf or http://turkeyforest.com/
447.
(Turkey 2000) - Forest - All tree and tree formations communities together with their land are forest. Except for land covered with steppe vegetation, marshes and wetlands
covered with buses, city park areas, cemeteries, private lands with tree cover which is not grown in surrounding forests naturally, land out of forest borders with an area of less than
3 ha. UN/ECE 2000 p 89.
448.
(Turkey 2003) Naturally occurring or planted collection of trees or shrubs together with the land they occupy. Exceptions are listed as follows: Reedbeds; Steppes; Land
containing all types of prickly plants; Parks; Tree and shrub covered areas in city cemeteries and in old cemeteries located inside municipality and village limits; Private land
containing trees and shrubs which do not grow naturally in surrounding forests; Land with Title Deeds within or adjacent to Forest Boundaries or if outside Forest Boundaries,
privately owned land with any kind of ownership document, used as agricultural land and containing random or orderly arranged trees or clumps of any tree or shrub; Private land
less than 3 hectars in area located outside forest areas containing any kind of tree or shrub; Private land with Title Deeds within or adjacent to Forest Boundaries and Private Land
with any kind of ownership document outside Forest Boundaries containing or scheduled to be planted withy (according to the suitability of the region) any kind of fruit bearing tree
or shrub, including stone (nut bearing) pine and acorn bearing) oak; Private lands containing grafted and ungrafted olive trees, land containing wild olive trees that has been
separated from government forest by special law provided that the improvement and ownership conditions have been met and land containing wild and grafted nut trees, mastic
trees and…trees as specified by law 77 of 9/1956; Land covered by maquis and heather and land that does not have conservation characteristics. Giraud, Brian. 2011. Property
rights in Turkish forests. 106 p. http://turkeyforest.com/files/forest_report_18.02.2011_with_font_14_&_navigation_--property_rights_in_turkish_forests_-_final_version.pdf or
http://turkeyforest.com/
449.
(Turkey 2004) “Groups of trees and small trees growing naturally or grown by people are considered forest together with the land where they stand” and also includes exceptions
of this definition within the rest of the article. (Turkish Article 1 of the Forest Law no. 6831). Karabeyli, Levent et al. 2004. Protection of forests. Turkish Court of Accounts.
Performance Audit Report. 78 p. http://www.sayistay.gov.tr/english_tca/Performance/ProtectionOfForests.pdf
450.
(Turkey 2004) Article 1 of the Forest Law no. 6831 defines the forests as “Groups of trees and small trees growing naturally or grown by people are considered forest together
with the land where they stand” and also includes exceptions of this definition within the rest of the article.
http://www.sayistay.gov.tr/english_tca/Performance/ProtectionOfForests.pdf
451.
(Turkey 2009) A forest ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants of which the main element is forest trees, animals and micro-organisms (biotic factors) in an area
functioning together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic factors) factors of the environment. …The forest area in terms of crown density is classified into two main groups.
Forest area with the crown density of 11-100 percent is defined as productive forest area constituting about 50 percent of the country’s forest area while the area with the crown
density of 1-10 percent, the remaining about 50 percent named as degraded forest area. GDF. 2009. State of Turkey's Forests. Republic of Turkey. Ministry of Environment and
Forestry. General Directorate of Forestry. Forest Administration and Planning Department. 28 p.
http://web.ogm.gov.tr/languages/English/dokumanlar/Publications/stateofforests.pdf
452.
(Turkey 2010) Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in
situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. FRA and LULUCF.
http://web.ogm.gov.tr/diger/forestandclimate/Dokumanlar/reports/ProposalforTurkey’sPost-2012NegotiatiForestry.pdf
453.
(Turkey 2010) The forest area of Turkey is classified into two main groups on the basis of crown coverage. Forest area with a crown coverage of 11-100 % is defined as
productive forest area and covers about 50 % of the country’s forest area. Forest area with crown coverage of 1-10 % is considered as degraded forest area which covers the
remaining 50 % of Turkish forest lands. Tolunay, Ahmet et al. 2007. Definition and Classification of Traditional Agroforestry Practices in the West Mediterranean Region
of Turkey. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2: 22-32. http://scialert.net/qredirect.php?doi=ijar.2007.22.32&linkid=pdf
454.
(Turkey 2011) - A forest is defined as land with tree crown cover of more than 10%, an area of more than 0.5 ha and an average width of more than 20 m. Trees should be able
to reach a minimum height of 5 m at maturity in situ. FOREST EUROPE, UNECE AND FAO, 2011.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
455.
(Turkey 2013) - The ecosystem with the forest trees which are able to reach a minimum height of 5 mt at maturity in suitalble sites. Forest land: The the area of land with forest
trees by hectares. http://web.ogm.gov.tr/Dkmanlar/istatistikler/Ormancilik-Istatistikleri_2011.pdf.
456.
(Uganda 2003) "forest" means an area of land containing a vegetation association that is predominantly composed of trees of any size, and includes - (a) a forest classified
under this Act; (b) a natural forest, woodland or plantation; (c) the forest produce in a forest; and (d) the forest ecosystem; "forest ecosystem" means any natural or semi-natural
formation of vegetation whose dominant element is trees, with closed or partially closed canopy, together with the biotic and abiotic environment; The National Forestry and Tree
Planting Act, 8/2003. http://www.nemaug.org/regulations/forestry_tree_planting_act.pdf
457.
(Uganda 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 1.0 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
458.
(Uganda 2008) An area of at least one hectare of land with a minimum tree canopy cover of 30% and a minimum tree potential height of 5 metres (Adapted from UNFCCC,
2001). http://www.envalert.org/docs/Inventoryofcriticalissuesinforestry.pdf
459.
(Uganda KP) Uganda has defined and communicated the national forest thresholds as land which has: • Minimum area of 1 hectare • Minimum tree crown cover of 30 %; and •
A minimum height of 5 meters at maturity. http://www.greenresources.no/Portals/0/Carbon/KFP%20CCBA%20PDD%20Version%204.pdf
460.
(Uganda) Tropical high forest. Min. canopy closure 40%. Source: ECE-FAO Partnership Programme: Kenya Workshop on Forestry Statistics. Appendix 6.
461.
(UK 2000) - Forest 20 % and 0.25 ha. For FRA 2000 - Source: UN/ECE 2000 p 90
462.
(UK 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = 20
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/report_final.pdf (2006)
463.
(UK 2006) Woodland is defined as an area of trees, where a tree is a woody species capable of achieving >5m in height and 25% canopy cover under favourable growing
conditions. http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/144275.pdf
464.
(UK 2009 NIR and NFI) Crown cover > 20%, tree height > 2m, area > 0.1 ha, width > 20 m.
http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/metaed/project_collection/JRC_54744_Mascaref_Full_Report_for_print.pdf
465.
(Ukraine 1994) Combination of land, vegetation dominated by trees and shrubs, animals, microorganisms and other natural components interconnected in their development and
influencing each other and the environment.'' [From: ``The Forest Code of Ukraine'' Kiev, 1994, 56p. "Maksym Polyakov" [email protected] Date: Thu, 11 Jun 1998
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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12:06:37 +0300 (MSD)]
466.
(Ukraine 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = 20
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/ukraine_aa_report.pdf (2006)
467.
(Ukraine 2006) - In Ukraine's forest are forest areas, including those protective plantings linear type, area of not less than 0.1 ha. In Ukraine the forest area does not include:
green spaces within settlements (parks, gardens, squares, boulevards, etc.) that are not included in the prescribed manner to the forest; individual trees and groups of trees, shrubs
on http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdfagricultural land, homestead, cottage and garden areas. Supreme Council of
Ukraine, 2006.
468.
(United Kingdom 2009) For the National Forest Inventory (2009-2014), the definition of forest or woodland as an area of tree covered land greater than 0.5ha (about 1.25 acres)
and at least 20 m wide whose “canopy cover” or “canopy closure” extends to 20% or more of the land area (or the potential to achieve this).In other words, if the site were viewed
from the air, 20% or more of the ground would be obscured by the trees' foliage when the trees are mature. This definition of woodland is in keeping with other internationally
accepted definitions of woodland. The current National Inventory is being carried out between 2009 and 2014. FC, 2010.
469.
(United Kingdom 2010) - For the National Inventory of Woodland, forest is defined as areas with a canopy cover of 20% or more (or the potential to achieve this) and over 50 m
in width. The NIWT woodland map aimed to include all areas satisfying this definition and with a minimum area of 2.0 ha or over. Woodland area from 0.1 ha to 2.0 ha was derived
from the Survey of Small Woods and Trees http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
470.
(United Kingdom) A large area dominated by trees, both conifers and broad-leaved, either planted or natural. Usually taken to include a complex landscape comprising of
woodland, open space, water and settlements. http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/fr/INFD-5V8E8R
471.
(United Kingdom) (Woodland) vegetation dominated by trees that are more than 5 m high when mature, which form a distinct, although sometimes open canopy which has a
cover of greater than 20%. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-2433#1858.
472.
(United Kingdom) Forest (Wood) - Generally speaking, a forest is a large wood or a collection of woods although the two terms are often interchangeable
http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/hcou-4ubj75
473.
(Uruguay 1988) A los efectos de la aplicación de esa Ley, se consideran bosques las asociaciones vegetales que tengan ciertas características y que ocupen una superficie
mínima de 2 500 m&sup2;. Además, se designan como terrenos forestales ciertas zonas o grupos de suelos (costas arenosas, orillas de ríos, etc.) y se habilita al departamento
competente para designar otras por razones de conveniencia pública y teniendo en cuenta la aptitud forestal de los suelos. Por otra parte, el presente Decreto establece los
requisitos y los criterios según los cuales los "bosques particulares" pueden calificarse como protectores o productores. Cuando sus características no permitan incluirlos en la
calificación indicada se considerarán "bosques generales". Asimismo se declara obligatoria la plantación de ciertos terrenos forestales que ocupen una superficie mínima de 10
hectáreas. Por último se dictan varias disposiciones cuyo objeto es la conservación de los recursos forestales y, en particular, la prohibición de las cortas que sean perjudiciales
para los bosques protectores. LEX-FAOC003578. URUGUAY: Decreto 452/988 por el que se dictan normas reglamentarias para considerar bosques aquellas asociaciones
vegetales de determinadas características. Date of text: 06 July 1988.
474.
(Uruguay 2003) Minimum area = 0.25 ha http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/2003SustainabilityReport/documents/SustainableForests.pdf
475.
(Uruguay 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.25 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
476.
(USA 2003) Minimum area = 0.5 ha, minimum tree crown cover =30%, minimum tree height = Varies
http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/2003SustainabilityReport/documents/SustainableForests.pdf
477.
(USA) A stand of trees where trees are no more than 60 feet apart. Based upon excavated roots of some mature trees and determined that a forest could not be a forest if the
trees were more than about 20 meters apart. This definition assumed that the trees were mature. This was a definition for the USA. Source: "J. Foster"
<[email protected] from an article in Journal of Forestry.
478.
(USA-FED-5-Agency1982). Treeland. Areas on which vegetation is dominated by trees, provided these areas do not qualify as Built-up land or Cultivated cropland: Examples
are areas consisting of such species as Douglas fir, Ponderosa pine, slash pine, oak, aspen, ash, and maple. http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/5-agency_paper-2.doc
479.
(USA-FED-Census Bureau1870) Woodland over 40 acres of forest per square mile. Distribution of woodland within the territory of the U.S. (1873) – See images 49-60
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@band(g3701gm+gct00008))
480.
(USA-FED-Census Bureau1995) Forest land is characterized by a predominance of tree cover and is further divided by the U.S. Census into timberland and non-timberland. By
definition, the former must be capable of producing 20 cubic feet of industrial wood per acre per year and remain legally open to timber production.
http://www.gcrio.org/CONSEQUENCES/spring95/Land.html
481.
(USA-FED-Corps of Engineers) Any area dominated by trees, that is not normally subject to inundation during the growing season or is only periodically influenced by flooding.
(Trees understood to be more than 20 feet tall). http://delta.geol.uno.edu/coastal/research/bump/usace_method.html
482.
(USA-FED-DA Bureau of Forestry 1905) An area whose principal crop is trees. A forest includes both the forest cover and the soil beneath it. A forest judged by the character of
the stand may be timberland or woodland. These constitute the two great classes of forest, between which it is possible to draw a practical but not an absolute distinction.
Timberland may be broadly defined as that class of forest which contains in commercial quantities trees of sufficient size and of the required kind to furnish saw logs, pulp wood,
ties, poles, or wood for similar uses. Woodland may be broadly defined as forest which contains trees fit for firewood or fencing, but none or very few trees which are suitable for the
uses enumerated above. A timber tract is a body of timberland, usually of large area. A woodlot is a forest of small area in which the wood is used mainly for fuel, fencing, and other
farm purposes. http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/6265/terms%20used%20in%20forestry%20%5Bocr%5D.pdf?sequence=1
483.
(USA-FED-DA-FS 1998) Forests, upland - forests where palms do not predominate and where the water table is too low to support mangrove or swamp forest species (MacLean
and others 1988a). http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr145/psw_gtr145.pdf
484.
(USA-FED-DA-NRCS) For the purpose of developing ecological site descriptions, a spatially defined site where the historic climax plant community was dominated by a 25%
overstory canopy of trees, as determined by crown perimeter-vertical projection. http://nsscnt.nssc.nrcs.usda.gov/nfm/apxframe.htm and National Soil Survey Handbook
http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/nssh/622.htm
485.
(USA-FED-DA-SCS) Lands with at least 25 percent tree canopy cover or lands at least 16.7 stocked by forest trees of any size. Source: USDA- Soil Conserv. Serv. 1977.
INTERA -FS/S'CS Agreement-Inventory, Appraisal, and Assessment Responsibilities. Memo dated 1/17/77. Note: this was an attempt to resolve differences in definitions between
the USFS and the Soil Conservation Service - now NRCS. See also Lund, et. al. 1981.
486.
(USA-FED-DC-NOAA 2007?) Areas dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall and greater than 20 percent of total vegetation cover.
http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/lca/tech_cls.html#9 and www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/lca/ccap.html.
487. (USA-FED-DC-NOAA-Coastal Services Center) Includes areas dominated by single-stemmed, woody vegetation unbranched 2 to 3 feet above the ground having a height greater
than 6 meters (20 feet) http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/lca/oldscheme.html (2004)
488. (USA-FED-DI-BLM 2011). Forest. Contains tree species commonly harvested as a timber resource including ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, spruce/fir mix, and
aspen. http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/co/programs/land_use_planning/rmp/white_river/documents/rmpa-2.Par.82091.File.dat/07_WRFO_RMPAEIS_Chapter%206_Aug2012.pdf
489.
(USA-FED-DI-FWS) Woody vegetation greater than 6 meters in height. http://www.nwi.fws.gov/riparian.htm#DEFINITIONS
490.
(USA-FED-DI-GS-NLCD 1992). Forested Upland - Areas characterized by tree cover (natural or semi-natural woody vegetation, generally greater than 6 meters tall); tree canopy
accounts for 25-100 percent of the cover NLCD 92 http://landcover.usgs.gov/classes.php#upland
491.
(USA-FED-DI-NBS/NPS 1994) Areas with tree 5 m in height or more and with crowns interlocking (60-100% crown cover). (TNC-NBS/NPS. 1994).
492.
(USA-FED-DI-NPS 2009) Areas dominated by trees. Wang, Y. Q.; Nugranad-Marzilli, J. 2009. Land cover change in Northeast Temperate Network parks 1973-2002. Natural
Resource Technical Report NPS/NETN/NRTR — 2009/238. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.
http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/netn/inventory/docs/Inventory%20Reports/Land_Cover_Change_FINAL_20091203.pdf
493.
(USA-FED-DS-AID 2008) A forest is best defined as an ecosystem or assemblage of ecosystems dominated by trees and other woody vegetation. Forests (according to the
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U.S. National Vegetation Classification system) consist of trees with overlapping crowns forming 60% to 100% cover. Woodlands are more open, with 25% to 60% cover.
http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/environment/docs/section_118/Jamaica_2008_FAA_118_and_119_FINAL.pdf
494.
(USA-FED-EPA 2001) The term forest means a concentration of trees and related vegetation in non-urban areas sparsely inhabited by and infrequently used by humans;
characterized by natural terrain and drainage patterns. http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2002/julqtr/pdf/40cfr171.2.pdf
495.
(USA-FED-EPA) - Lands at least 10 percent covered by trees of any size, at least one acre in extent. This includes areas in which trees are intermingled with other cover, such
as chaparral and pinyon, juniper areas in the Southwest, and both naturally regenerating forests and areas planted for future harvest (plantations or tree farms).
http://www.epa.gov/indicate/roe/html/roeAppDf.htm#f
496.
(USA-FED-EPA) (Natural) Forested - A class of vegetation dominated by trees generally forming 25% canopy cover. http://www.epa.gov/mrlc/Implmnt_plan.htm#Def MRLC
497.
(USA-FED-EPA) Plant communities which exist along floodplains or on the eastern side of rivers where they were protected from fires. They are dominated by trees that are
intolerant of fire and can grow in poorly drained soils, although bur oak trees can be a part of this community. In Northeastern Illinois, the word "forest" is often used interchangeably
with "woodland" or "woods," as in the "Big Woods." EPA/Great Lakes National Program Office : Natural Landscaping for Public Officials: Glossary Term Detail
http://oaspub.epa.gov/trs/trs_proc_qry.alphabet?p_term_nm=F
498.
(USA-FED-EPA) Vegetative communities comprised principally of trees potentially over 10m in height and typically characterized by closed or multi-layered canopies.
http://www.epa.gov/nerlesd1/land-sci/table1.htm
499.
(USA-FED-FGDC) Closed Tree Canopy - trees with crowns interlocking with crowns forming 60-100% cover. Open Tree Canopy - trees with crowns not usually touching forming
10- or 25-60% cover [Source: http://biology.usgs.gov/fgdc.veg/standards/appendix3.htm]
500.
(USA-FED-FGDC) Mature (late successional) height of trees > 5 m (16.5 ft.) and canopy cover =/>25%. FGDC. http://www.forestguild.org/climate_change/Pinon-Juniper.pdf and
http://www.fgdc.gov/fgdc.html
501.
(USA-FED-NASA) A dense growth of trees, plants, and underbrush covering a large area. http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=forest and
http://vathena.arc.nasa.gov/curric/land/wetland/gloss.html
502.
(Vanatu 1933) An area covered with trees with a canopy height greater than 10 m, crowns touching or overlapping, and no groundlayer visible on airphotos (GoV 1993: VANRIS);
http://cn.china.cn/2011images/vanuatu/NFP_Comprehensive_June_2011.pdf
503.
(Vanatu 1993) Areas of natural vegetation with a predominant canopy height of over 10 meters (Baldwin & Mathias, 1993);
http://cn.china.cn/2011images/vanuatu/NFP_Comprehensive_June_2011.pdf
504.
(Vanatu 2001) Any area of Vanuatu predominantly covered by trees, and includes areas planted with trees,except where such trees are for agricultural purposes (Forestry Act,
2001); http://cn.china.cn/2011images/vanuatu/NFP_Comprehensive_June_2011.pdf
505.
(Vanuatu) Forest - Tree canopy is greater than 10 m in height. Crowns are touching or overlapping. Ground layer not visible on airphotos. Source: Bellamy, J.A. Vanuatu
Resource Information System. VANRIS Handbook. Via Adam Gerrand.
506. (Venezuela 1977) AREAS BOSCOSAS: son espacios naturales compuestos por uno o más ecosistemas forestales que por sus característicaas ecológicas y masa arbórea
predominante densa, son aptas para la producción permanente de bienes forestales (maderables y no maderables) y de servicios ambientales y sociales, cuyo manejo sustentable
permita mantener los ciclos ecológicos y, por ende, la cubierta forestal. Reglamento de la Ley Forestal de Suelos y Aguas (1977). Areas Naturales Protegidas de Venezuela.
Series Aspectos Conceptuales y Metodológicos, DGSPOA/ACM/01, feb 1992. Via [email protected]
507.
(Venezuela 1977) BOSQUE: Comunidad vegetal dominada por elementos típicamente arbóreos, que forman por lo menos un estrato de copas (dosel)más o menos contínuo,
generalmente de 5 m de altura (2); espacio natural conformado por árboles, arbustos, hierbas,bacterias, hongos, protozoarios, artrópodos, otros invertebrados de todos los
tamaños, clases y descripciones, vertebrados, oxígeno, dióxido de carbono, agua, minerales y materia orgánica muerta, que en su totalidad constituyen el ecosistema forestal.
Reglamento de la Ley Forestal de Suelos y Aguas (1977). Areas Naturales Protegidas de Venezuela. Series Aspectos Conceptuales y Metodológicos, DGSPOA/ACM/01, feb
1992. Via [email protected]
508.
(Venezuela) - Incluye bosques (formas arbóreas) de al menos 5 metros de altura. http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?lang_id=1&geo_id=214
509.
(Vietnam 1998) - A biological community (including tree or bamboo dominant) which have a large area and a determine density so that relation between the biological
community and the environment , and between the diverse composition of the biological community for having an forestry environment different with the outside environment.
{Definition of barren-land: It is area of barren land without forest or actually not yet afforested, only bush or scattered trees , bamboo with a coverage < 0.3 .} Source: The Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development Vietnam Nr: ..BNN/KH signed on October 1998 by Mr Nguyen Van Dang Deputy Minister. Lund note: From the definition of Barren land, we may
assume that the threshold for forest is 30% crown cover
510.
(Vietnam 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki &
Putz 2009
511.
(Vietnam KP) forest is: (i) an area of at least 0.5 ha; with (ii) a minimum crown cover of 30%; and (iii) a minimum tree height at maturity of 3m.
http://www.asb.cgiar.org/PDFwebdocs/REALU-Final%20Report%20-%20Vietnam.pdf
512.
(Virgin Islands – St. Thomas) Forest – closed tree canopy (> 50%) http://rps.uvi.edu/CES/vivegzon.htm
513.
(Yemen 2006 KP) Cover Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
514.
(Yemen) (Local Arabic term for Forests: Ghabat or Ahraj) - Piece of land covered a vegetation in which trees (not only fruit trees) are predominant(over 50%), and with at least 3
ha of continuously forested area, and with a tree crown cover equal or superior to 10%. Mohammed Ellatifi, [email protected]
515.
(Zimbabwe 2002) Natural moist forest Tree height >15m, canopy cover >80% http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/18021/1/dp020002.pdf
516.
(Zimbabwe) Natural forest - This class which consists of moist evergreen or deciduous species can be defined as vegetation which shows a canopy cover greater than 80% and
tree heights greater than 15 metres. This class usually occurs in high rainfall areas and as riverine vegetation along big rivers. Dominick Kwesha "VegRIS"
[email protected]
2.3.3.3 As a land use type
1. (America Samoa 1988). Land at least 10 percent stocked by live trees or land formerly having such tree cover and not currently developed for nonforest use. USDA Forest Service
Resour. Bull. PSW 25. 14 p. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/basch/uhnpscesu/pdfs/sam/Cole1988AS.pdf
2. (Argentina) - Terreno que mantiene unas existencias forestales o del que ha sido extraído el arbolado, pero que muestra de forma evidente haber estado cubierto por él
anteriormente y que en la actualidad no está dedicado a otro aprovechamiento. (I. Conesa de Flores, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Argentina)
3. (Armenia 2005) Forest - interconnected and interacting integrity of biological diversity dominated by tree-bush vegetation and of components of natural environment on forest lands
or other lands allocated for afforestation with the minimal area of 0,1 ha, minimal width of 10 m and with tree crowns covering at least 30% of the area, as well as non-forested areas
of previously forested forest lands. Forest Code of Armenia: http://www.nature-ic.am/res/pdfs/legislation/general/Forest%20Code%20of%20RA.pdf
4.
(Australia -Old) An area, incorporating all living and non-living components, that is dominated by trees having usually a single stem and a mature or potentially mature stand height
exceeding 5 metres, and with existing or potential projective cover of overstorey strata about equal to or greater than 30 per cent. This definition includes Australia's diverse native
forests and plantations, regardless of age. It is also sufficiently broad to encompass areas of trees that are sometimes described as woodlands. The focus of this Statement
excludes woodlands. http://www.rfa.gov.au/nfps/gloss.html
5. (Austria 1977) An area stocked by trees (a list of tree species in this context is given in an annex to the Austrian Forestry Act), if the stocking of trees represents an area of at
least 1000 m2 and is of an average width of at least 10 m. Forest areas, which are unstocked due to forest management practices (for instance harvesting areas or areas used for
timber storage, skidding tracks or forest roads), are still referred to as "forest land." (Austrian Forestry Act (Federal Legal Gazette no. 440/1975, as amended Federal Legal Gazette
231/1977, 142/1978 and 576/1987) From: Weiss Peter [email protected])
6. (Belarus 2000) Forest includes land covered in trees (main and other forest-forming species), non-continuous forest growth, nurseries, and plantations. Not covered in trees -
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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openings, slashes, dead stands, cuttings, clearings. (For FRA 2000 - Source: UN/ECE 2000 p .73).
7. (Belarus 2006 KP) Use Min. Area (ha) = 0.1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = Min. Strip Width (m) = ns National Forest Legislation defines forested lands as
forested lands of the forest fund occupied by young forest of timber species with stand density of 0.4 and higher, and stands of other age groups with stand density of 0.3 and
higher, as well as areas occupied by bushes, at which stands of timber species cannot be developed without special forest improvement.. 0.1 hectare is adopted as a minimal
accounting unit of area. http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/initial_report_belarus_english_1.pdf
8. (Bolivia 2002) By principal land use: in Bolivia, forest land refers to areas covered with natural forest, cultivated, intended for various uses, and also treeless lands which may be
reforested. Meadows and pasture, with scattered trees or shrubs, do not constitute forest lands. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y2328e/y2328e03.htm
9. (Bolivia) TERRENO FORESTAL: Es superficie cubierta de bosque nativo, cultivado, destinado para diferentes usos; también son terrenos desprovistos de árboles, que que pueden
ser reforestados. Las praderas y pastizales con árboles o arbustos dispersos, no constituye un terreno forestal. Aquel que utilizado técnica y científicamente, proporciona en forma
permanente mayor utilidad económica, protectora y escénica, con cultivo forestal de bajo aprovechamiento agropecuario. Source: Luis Castello [email protected] Adjunto
sírvase encontrar la versión no oficial y premilinar del Glosario Forestal elaborado por el Proyecto de Apoyo a la Coordinación e Implementación del Plan de Acción Forestal para
Bolivia
10. (Bosnia – FbiH – RS) Forest land is land on which forest is grown or land that is, because its natural characteristics, foreseen or used for this purpose. Forest land is land covered
with forest or where it is more rational, due to natural characteristics, to have a forest or cultivate the land for forestry production.
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
11. (Bosnia 2001) Forest Law, land covered by forest trees in the form of stands on an area bigger than 0.1 hectare is considered forest. Separated groups of forest trees on an area
smaller than 0,1 hectare, forest nurseries, windscreen zones and parks in populated areas are not considered forests. Land where forests are grown or which are, because of their
natural features and management conditions, anticipated to be favorable for growing of forests are considered as forestlands. http://www.iufro.org/download/file/5574/4510/61300jundola01_pdf/
12. (Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013) - Forests (definitions) Including all areas covered with forest tree species, minimum (0.16 ha, minimum width 20 m) with minimum crown
coverage 20%, whatever age, or origin of the tree. Growth more than 5 m in height. Forest including areas temporarily unstocked areas (with crown cover less than 20%) if higher
coverage can be expected in the near future. Forest includes forest roads inside the forest area, less than 5 m in wide (could be covered with tree crowns) and streams. Forest
does not include forest roads wider than 5 m, and streams and rivers wider than 7 m (at the highest water level).
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
13. (Bulgaria 2007 KP) “Area over 0.1 ha, covered with forest tree species higher than 5 meters and tree crown cover over 10% or with trees which can reach these parameters in
natural environment. Forests are also: 1. areas which are in a process of recovering and are still under the parameters, but it is expected to reach forest crown cover over 10% and
tree height 5 meters; 2. areas, which as the result of anthropogenic factors of or natural reasons are temporary deforested, but will be reforested; 3. protective forest belts, as well
as tree lines with area over 0.1 ha and width over 10 meters; 4. cork oak stands.”
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/msword/initial_report-bulgaria.doc
14. (Burkina Faso 1997) Au sens du present Code, sont consideres comme forets les espaces occupes par des formations vegetales d'arbres et d'arbustes, a l'exclusion de celles
resultant d'activites agricoles (all area but town and agricultural lands) Source: au BF d'apres le Code Forestier au Burkina Faso (ministere de l'environnement et de l'eau, 1997) Loi
n[006/97/ADP du 31 janvier 1997, portant Code Forestier au Burkina FAso, Article 12. Via Daniel-Yyves Alexandre.
15. (Burundi 1985) Aux termes du présent Code, on entend, d'une manière générale, par forêts ou boisements: 1. Les terrains recouverts d'une formation végétale à base d'arbres ou
d'arbustes, que cette formation soit naturelle ou résultant de semis ou de plantations faits de main d'homme: a. capables de produite du bois ou des produits forestiers; b. ou
exerçant un effet indirect sur le climat, le régime des eaux ou le sol. 2. les terrains qui étaient recouverts de forêts ou boisements récemment coupés à blanc ou incendiés, mais
qui seront susceptibles de régénération naturelle ou de reboisement artificiel. LEX-FAOC002166. BURUNDI: Loi n&ordm; 1-02 portant Code forestier. Date of text: 25 March 1985.
16. (Cambodia 2009) Forest, means a unit of natural or artificial forest ecosystem, in the form of wet, flooded or dry land, comprised of mixed vegetation, natural or planted, wildlife and
other natural resources located therein, primarily utilized for timber and NTFPs production conservation and other forest services. Lands to which this law does not apply include all
land designated by the State as permanent agricultural land including, chamcar, idle land to be designated for non timber agriculture production, industrial land and land for
urbanization and construction. Cambodia Economic Development Council(CEDC)/ http://www.cedc-info.org/English/qtzcfg/8c09d4969ce4d2be/
17. (Cameroon 1994) Cameroon is based on the 1994 Forest Code, in which community forests are defined as forest areas in the ‘non-Permanent Forest Domain’ (NPFD), a land use
designation that permits timber extraction, agriculture, mining, and other utilisation activities. Each community forest must not exceed 5,000 hectares, and must be managed by
village communities following a simplified management plan that excludes the use of heavy machinery. http://files.forestsnetwork.org/Chapter4.pdf
18. (Canada – Indian and Northern Affairs) Land primarily intended for growing, or currently supporting, forest. Includes land not now forested, i.e. clear-cut lands; northern lands that are
forested but not intended for any use; and plantations. http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/pr/pub/bldg/frst/glss_e.html
19. (Canada 2011) Silviculture/forest management: An area managed for the production of timber and other forest produce, or maintained under woody vegetation for such indirect
benefits as the protection of watersheds, the provision of recreation areas, or the preservation of natural habitat http://nfdp.ccfm.org/terms/terms_e.php?letter=f
20. (Canada) Forest land - Land primarily intended for growing, or currently supporting forests. Includes temporarily nonforested lands such as clearcuts.
http://www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/landscape/inventory/terms/363_ch2.pdf
21. (Canada) Forest land: [terrain forestier] - Land primarily intended for growing, or currently supporting, forest. Includes land not now forested, e.g., clearcuts; northern lands that are
forested but not intended for any use; and plantations. http://www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/landscape/inventory/terms/haddon/glossary.html#F
22. (Canada) Land primarily intended for growing, or currently supporting, forest. Includes land not now forested (e.g., clearcuts), and plantations. Source: "Forest Inventory Terms in
Canada." From: "Haddon, Brian" <[email protected]
23. (Cape Verde 1998) Zona florestal - O espaço territorial que for reservado no plano de ordenamento do território a usos florestais, nomeadamente para a criação, restauração,
conservação e aproveitamento do coberto florestal; LEX-FAOC013213. CAPE VERDE: Forestry Act (No. 48/V/98).
24. (Chile) Terrenos de aptitud preferentemente forestal (Lands with forestry preferably aptitude) - Todos aquellos terrenos que por las condiciones de clima y suelo no deban ararse en
forma permanente, estén cubiertos o no de vegetación, excluyendo los que sin sufrir degradación puedan ser utilizados en agricultura, fruticultura o ganadería intensiva. All terrain
where climate and soils conditions do not allow permanent plowing, being or not covered with vegetation, excluding those that would not be degraded and can be used in
agriculture, fruit production or intensive cattle raising. From: Patricio Gonzalez <[email protected]
25. (Comoros 1930) (Article premier) Par forêt, au sens de la présente loi, on entend toutes surfaces répondant aux qualifications ci-après : - les surfaces couvertes d'arbres ou de
végétation ligneuse, autres que plantées à des fins exclusives de production fruitière, de production de fourrage ou d'ornementation; - les surfaces occupées par les arbres et les
buissons situés sur les berges des cours d'eau et lacs et sur des terrains érodés ; - les terrains dont les fruits exclusifs ou principaux sont des produits forestiers, tels qu'ils sont
définis à l'alinéa ci-dessous ; Sont qualifiés produits des forêts : tous produits naturels issus de leur exploitation et dont la liste fera l’objet d’un décret.Article 2 : Sont assimilés aux
forêts : - les surfaces non boisées d'un bien fonds forestier telles que les clairières ou surfaces occupées par des routes forestières, constructions et installations nécessaires à la
gestion forestière ; - les terrains non boisés à vocation forestière, notamment pour la conservation et la restauration des sols, la conservation de la biodiversité, la régulation des
systèmes hydriques ou l'accroissement de la production forestière dès qu'ils auront fait l'objet d'un classement tel que défini aux articles 76 et suivants de la présente loi; - les
terrains déboisés depuis moins de cinq ans et n'ayant pas fait l'objet d'une autorisation de défrichement ; - les marais, les peuplements d'aloës ; - les peuplements naturels et purs
d'arbres produisant des fruits, tels que les manguiers et anacardiers ; - les mangroves, les bois sacrés, les raphières (coeur de palmiers Ravinala). Article 3 : Des surfaces
minimales peuvent être fixées par voie réglementaire et adaptées au niveau régional. Article 4 : Ne sont pas considérés comme forêts : - les cultures d’arbres et boisements
plantés sur un terrain non forestier ; - les jardins boisés, les allées et parcs urbains et les pépinières non situées sur des biens fonds forestiers ; - les cultures d'arbres et
boisements destinés à une exploitation à court terme, plantés sur un terrain non forestier, annoncés et enregistrés comme tels auprès de l'Administration forestière lors de leur
établissement. - toute surface donnant des produits agricoles, sauf s'il s'agit de surface couverte d'arbres ayant poussé naturellement, ou de reboisements ; - les pâturages, suivant
la vocation des sols définie par la loi. EX-FAOC002302. MADAGASCAR; COMOROS: Décret du 25 janvier 1930 réorganisant le régime forestier à Madagascar et dépendances,
compte tenu des modifications jusqu'au 1941. Date of text: 25 January 1930.
26. (Congo, Democratic Republic) Article 1(a) Forestry Code: “land covered with plant formation based on trees or bushes suitable for providing forest products, sheltering wild fauna
and exercising a direct orindirect effect on the soil, climate or water system” and land that could benefit from reforestation under Article 1(b) Forestry Code: “land which, having
previously contained a tree or shrub plant covering, has been cut bare or burnt and for which natural regeneration or reforestation actions are implemented.”
http://www.nortonrose.com/files/forest-carbon-rights-in-redd-countries-a-snapshot-of-africa-pdf-994-kb-32479.pdf
27. (Cuba 1998) Patrimonio forestal lo integran los bosques naturales y artificiales, los terrenos destinados a esta actividad,las áreas deforestadas con condiciones para la actividad
forestal, así como los árboles de especies forestales que se desarrollen en forma aislada o en grupos, cualquiera que sea su ubicación y tenencia. También forman parte del
patrimonio forestal las áreas inforestales... (Artículo 3) Area inforestal: área dentro del bosque y en terrenos destinados a la actividad forestal no aptas para el crecimiento del
bosque,como pastizales, ciénagas, ríos, arroyos, embalses, asomos rocosos, viales,viveros,áreas destinadas para el autoabastecimiento, criaderos de animales e instalaciones.
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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(Artículo 2 ,Ley Forestal). Bibliografía.-Ley No 85.Ley Forestal en Gaceta Oficial de la República de Cuba,Edición Ordinaria,La Habana, Lunes 31 de Agosto de 1998."Nelida
Puentes Alvarez" <[email protected]
28. (Cyprus ) FAO definition. http://books.google.com/books?id=iU6ctBak3 gC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatia++Forest++definition+define+%22forest+is%22+law&source=bl&ots=yvf2xQpJPr&sig=mQUVqbZLIEa6C88qGsh1mYS9UDY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SoI6T_2
29. (Czech Republic 1996) Forest stands with its environment and land designated for the fulfillment of forest functions. Forest functions shall mean benefits towards the general wellbeing of the society conditional on the existence of forests, which consist of wood-producing and non-wood-producing functions. Forest stands shall mean trees and shrubs of
forest tree species which, in their particular environment, fulfil forest functions. [Source: Act on Forests and Amendments to Some Acts (the Forest Act) dated 3 November 1995.
Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic. Prague, 1996. 58 pp. From: "Maksym Polyakov" <[email protected] Date: Mon, 15 Jun 1998 11:32:47 +0300 (MSD)]
30. (Czech Republic 1997) Land destined to fulfill the forest functions, that is: (a) land with forest stands and land after clear cutting ready for reforestation, forest line and soft road of a
width less than 4 m; (b) forest roads, water surfaces, land above timber line and other land serving for forest management. Minimum area is 0.01 ha with a minimum width of 20 m
and with no definition on crown cover or stand density. (European Communities 1997b - p. 1225).
31. (Czech Republic) definition of forest is given by law: "Forest land is land destined to fulfil the forest functions that is: land with forest stands and land after clear cutting ready for
reforestation, forest line and soft road of a width less than 4 m; forest roads, water surfaces, land above timber line and other land serving for forest management." The Czech forest
management instructions give 0.01 ha as a minimum area of forest, with a minimum width of 20 m. (CarboInvent JRC:
http://afoludata.jrc.it/carboinvent/cimd_eufoin_data.cfm#countrylist) http://www.carpathianconvention.org/NR/rdonlyres/7D98EFF7-133E-4B26-9488EBF73ACD26B5/0/Report1_ForestResources.pdf
32. (Czech Republic) Forest land - Land with forests stands & cleared areas under regeneration, unpaved forest roads with width <4m, paved forest roads, nurseries, plantations, small
water areas, other areas & lands above the alpine limit of woody vegetation. http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
33. (Denmark 1998) More than 0.5 ha, broader than 30 m, covered by tree-species which are or is able to be more that 6 m's in height. (From: [email protected] Date: Tue, 29 Sep 1998
09:31:59 +0100). Note: at first glance this appears to be a land cover description, but subsequent definitions of afforestation and reforestation for Denmark show that "forest" is
really a land use term.
34. (Denmark 2006 KP) Use Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = 20
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/aareporttounfccc-20dec2006.pdf, (2006) In addition, the forest area includes
temporarily unstocked areas, smaller open areas in the forest needed for management purposes and fire breaks. Forests in national parks, reserves, or areas under special
protection are included. Windbreaks and groves covering more than 0.5 ha and with a minimum width of 20 m are also considered as forests. Farmlands, orchards, gardens
(houses and summer houses) are NOT included in the forest area.
35. (Denmark 2011) - Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10% and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of
5 m at maturity in situ. Areas with agricultural production and urban land are not included.FOREST EUROPE, UNECE AND FAO, 2011.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
36. (Denmark) Areas covered with species capable of producing wood that grow to a height of more than 6 m. Forest or plantation shall be more than 0.5 ha in size. Forest area should
be wider than 20 m (no hedgerows) although narrow sections are allowed as part of a larger forest. The forest area has -- or is expected to have within a short period -- a crown
density of at least 50 percent. Older stands of Christmas trees on arable land are considered forest, if at the time of inventory, they were in such a condition the wood production
was at least the same economic importance as the production of Christmas trees. (UN/ECE 1992 p. 140).
37. (Estonia 1999) Forest land [metsamaa] - Land that is assigned for growing ligneous plants (by land survey or by land cadastre). Other lands that have importance for forestry can
also be assigned into forest land if these are not suitable for other category. Current Estonian Forestry Act (valid until 01/01/99) From: "Sulev Svilponis" [email protected].
Definitions are unofficial translations.
38. (Estonia 2002) By legal definition, "forest" means a site of woody vegetation with an area of at least 0,5 ha, and at least one of the following requirements: Trees with the height of
at least 1,3 m and with the canopy coverage of at least 30 %. If the site is managed for obtaining timber or other forest products. http://wwwsydsvenskskogsvetenskap.slu.se/Grundutbildning/Masterk/2002/Estonia/forest.html
39. (Estonia 2005) Forest land (= productive forest land, National definition) Minimum area 0.1 ha and 30% crown cover, with height more than 1.3 m, with average annual productivity
more than 1 m3/ha of stem wood (incl. temporarily unstocked areas). Pärt E., Adermann V., Merenäk M., 2010.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
40. (Estonia) Forest land - Land which fulfils at least one of the following: 1) Trees are >1.3 m high, crown density is >30%; 2) Land is or it is intended to be managed to get timber and
other forest products or where trees are conserved for use in other ways (nature conservation, environment protection, sanitary protection, recreation, hygiene and sport, research
and studies, multiple use, hunting, state security); 3) Ability to produce timber in the long run of at least 1 m3 of bole timber per 1 ha a year. Increment on forest land with small
productivity may be lower. http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
41. (Estonia) Forest land [metsamaa] - Land which is used for forestry. Forest land can be divided: - land with forest (stands), - land without forest (not regenerated cut over areas,
treeless, openings, burnt woodlands, perished stands) - young silvicultures which are not yet dense enough, - tree nurseries. Estonian Encyclopedia From: "Sulev Svilponis"
[email protected]. Definitions are unofficial translations.
42. (Finland 2000) -Finland adopts two definitions of forests: one is the FRA FAO 2000 definition: “Forest is land spanning more than 0.5 ha with trees higher than 5 m and a canopy
cover of more than 10%, or trees able to reach these 5 m thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use.” METLA (Finnish
Forest Research Institute), 2009. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
43. (Finland 1997) Land with the potential capacity to produce a mean annual increment of at least 1 m3/ha stemwood, over bark, given an optimum tree species mixture, growing
stock volume and prescribed rotations. (European Communities 1997a - p. 186).
44. (Finland 2009) The second definition is the national definition of forest that in Finland is the same as in the two other Nordic countries, Sweden and Norway: forest is defined as a
land capable of producing an annual increment of volume growing stock of at least 1 m3/ha per year over the rotation under the most favorable tree species composition, and not
used for any other purpose than forestry or forestry related purposes. METLA (Finnish Forest Research Institute), 2009.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
45. (Gabon 1982) Sont qualifiés de forêts au sens de la présente loi, les périmètres comportant ou non une couverture végétale et capables: soit de foumir du bois ou des produits
végétaux autres qu'agricoles; soit d'abriter la faune sauvage; soit d'exercer un effet direct ou indirect sur le sol, le climat ou le régime des eaux. Source: Loi no. 1/82/PR, 22 Juillet
1982, d'orientation en matière des Eaux et Forêts Title II, Article 9 (Jean-Pierre Profizi)
46. (Germany 1975) A forest ("Wald") in the meaning of the Federal Forest Act (Section 2) is "(1)... every tract of land planted with forest plants. Also to be rated as forests are clearcut or thinned out tracts of land, forest tracks and roads, forest marking-off-safety strips, gaps in the forest cover as well as clearings, forest meadows, game feeding points, timber
storing points as well as other areas connected with forests and ancillary to them. (2) Smaller lots planted with individual clusters of trees, with line-planted trees or with hedges or
serving as forest nurseries and being situated on farmland or within built-up areas, are not forests within the meaning of this act. (3) The States may assign other tracks of land as
forests; they may institute exemptions from the legal definition of "forest" for christmas-tree plantations and plantations providing ornamental sprigs as well as for parks within
residential areas." http://www.landconsult.de/markus/foram/home/forrev2.html
47. (Germany 2001) Forest within the meaning of the FFI (Federal Forest Inventory) is any area of ground covered by forest vegetation, irrespective of the information in the cadastal
survey or similar records. The term forest also refers to cutover or thinned areas, forest tracks, firebreaks, openings and clearings, forest glades, feeding grounds for game,
landings, rides located in the forest, further areas linked to and serving the forest including areas with recreation facilities, overgrown heaths and moreland, overgrown former
pastures, alpine pastures and rough pastures, as well as areas of dwarf pines and green alders. Heaths, moorland, pastures, alpine pastures and rough pastures are considered to
be overgrown if the natural forest cover has reached an average age of five years and if at least 50% of the area is covered by forest. Areas with forest cover in open pasture land or
in built-up areas of under 1000 m2, coppices under 10 m wide and the cultivation of Christmas trees and ornamental brushwood as well as parkland attached to country houses are
not forest within the meaning of the FFI. Watercourses up to 5 m wide do not break the continuity of a forest area. (Source: Anon. 2003. Survey instructions for Federal Forest
Inventory II (2001-2002). 2nd corrected and revised reprint. May 2001. Bundesministerium für Verbaraucherschutz Ernährung und Landwirtschaft, Bonn, Germany)
48. (Germany 2002) - The National Forest Inventory definition follows the definition of forest under the Federal Forest Act: Forest within the meaning of the NFI is any area of ground
covered by forest vegetation, irrespective of the information in the cadastral survey or similar records. The term forest also refers to cutover or thinned areas, forest tracks, fire
breaks, openings and clearings, forest glades, feeding grounds for game, landings, rides located in the forest, further areas linked to and serving the forest including areas with
recreation facilities, overgrown heather and moorland, overgrown former pastures, alpine pastures and rough pastures, as well as areas of dwarf pines and green alders. Heath,
moorland, pastures, alpine pastures and in rough pastures are considered to be overgrown if the natural forest cover has reached an average age of five years and if at least 50% of
the area is covered by forest. Areas with forest cover in open pasture land or in built-up areas of under 1000 m, Coppice under 10 m wide and the cultivation of Christmas trees and
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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ornamental brushwood as well as parkland attached to country houses are not forest within the meaning of the NFI. Watercourses up to 5 m wide do not break the continuity of a
forest area. Source: Survey instructions for Second Federal Forest Inventory, 2nd corrected and revised reprint, May 2001. Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und
Verbraucherschutz, 2002. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
49. (Germany1997) Any area stocked with woody plants. Forest include clear-felled areas, forest roads, forest meadows, game pastures, timber yards, pipe routes located in the
forest, further recreation facilities connected with the forest, overgrown heathens and moors, overgrown former meadows, alpine areas and rough grazing as well as dwarf pine and
green alder areas. Heathens, moors, meadows, alpine areas and rough grazing are considered overgrown when the natural stocking has an average age of 5 years and at least 50%
of the area is stocked. (European Communities 1997a - p 306).
50. (Ghana 2006 KP) Use Min. Area (ha) = 0.1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 15 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html - Sasaki & Putz
2009
51. (Greece 1992) Forest Land includes: (a) areas larger than 0.5 ha or strips more than 30 m wide with tree crown cover (stand density) of more than 10% of the area, or areas with
250 trees of reproductive age per hectare, able to produce wood or other products or services and are not used for any other land-use (b) areas where trees are removed to below
10% of stand density and are not given for other landuse (c) reforested areas and (d) scrublands (areas covered by broadleaved evergreens). http://bookshop.europa.eu/isbin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/WFS/EU-Bookshop-Site/en_GB/-/EUR/ViewPDFFile-OpenPDFFile?FileName=LBNA24300ENC_002.pdf&SKU=LBNA24300ENC_PDF
52. (Greece 1997) Areas with 0.5 ha or 30cm (30 m?) strips with a tree crown closure that covers 10% of the area, or areas with 250 trees of a regeneration size not used for other
purposes, and which are able to produce forest products or/and other services. Includes areas where trees have been removed with a crown closure less than 10% and they have
not been used for other purposes, areas with regeneration, brush lands (areas covered by evergreen broad-leaved trees) Includes other wooded lands. (European Communities
1997a - p 371).
53. (Greece 2001) NATIONAL DEFINITIONS. Area with 0.5 ha or 30 m strips with a tree crown closure that covers 10% of the area, or areas with 250 trees of a regeneration size, not
used for other purposes or/and other services. Area where trees have been removed with a crown closure less than 10% and they have not been used for other purposes. Area with
regeneration. Brush lands (area covered by evergreen broadleaved trees.
54. (Greece 2002) 1) Areas with 0.05 ha or 30 cm (30 m?) strips with a tree crown closure that covers 10% of the area, or areas with 250 trees of regeneration size not used for other
purposes or/ and other services. 2) Areas where trees have been removed with a crown closure less than 10% and that have not been used for other purposes. 3) Areas with
regeneration. 4) Brush lands (areas covered by evergreen broad-leaved trees.) Schuck, Andreas et al. 2002. Compilation of forestry terms and definitions. European Forest Institute
Internal Report No. 6. 48 p. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/ir_06.pdf
55. (Greece 2008) Includes: (a) areas larger than 0.5 ha or strips more than 30 m wide with tree crown cover (stand density) of more than 10% of the area, or areas with 250 trees of
reproductive age per hectare, able to produce wood or other products or services and are not used for any other land-use (b) areas where trees are removed to below 10% of stand
density and are not given for other land-use (c) reforested areas and (d) scrublands (areas covered by broadleaved evergreens). Grassi, Giacomo. 2008. Reporting emissions and
removals from forests: experience from LULUCF in Europe and challenges for REDD. European Commission - Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy. 30 slides.
http://www.rainforestcoalition.org/TinyMceFiles/2008-presentations/Grassi_Berlin%20March%2016-18%202008.pdf
56. (Greece 2013) NEW DEFINTION: Forest is a land with 10% crown cover with minimum height of trees of 5 m at maturity (in situ); areas of approximately 0.5 ha or strips with
widths of 30 m (with tree canopy cover of 10%); areas not used for any purpose other than production of wood. Galatsidas S. 2001.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
57. (Grenada 1949) "Timber lands" means lands whereon trees are growing and which are not under permanent agricultural cultivation. LEX-FAOC005062. GRENADA: Forest, Soil and
Water Conservation Ordinance. An ordinance to make provision for the conservation of forest, soil, water and other natural resources of the Colony. Date of original text: 01 August
1949
58. (Hungary 1996) Forest-land shall be: a) an area of one thousand five hundred square meters or more covered with wood-including also land with spontaneous afforestation and land
temporarily utilized – together with the glades and fire strips located in it; b) an area of one thousand five hundred square meters or more on which forest plantation (seed sowing,
planting of saplings, propagation) was performed; c) the area of a tree plantation of one thousand five hundred square meters or more covered with tree species not indigenous in the
natural geographic environment of the country for the period of a production cycle, and not exceeding thirty years, planted without applying state subsidy and after the enactment of
this Act (hereinafter: tree plantation) (Act No LIV of 1996 on Forests and the Protection of Forests &sect; 8 (1)). Tree crown cover = 30% in open forest formations. For FRA 2000 Source: UN/ECE 2000 p 79
59. (Hungary 1997) A biocoenosis formed of arborescent plants of the species determined in an order by the Minister of Agriculture and of associated live beings (forest biocoenosis)
together with its soil, irrespective of whether the growing stock or another components of the biocoenosis is temporarily missing. (Act No. LIV of 1996 on Forests and the Protection
of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Hungary, Budapest, 1997)
60. (Hungary) Forest - Biocenosis formed of arborescent plants and associated live beings (forest biocenosis) together with its soil, irrespective of whether the growing stock or other
components of the biocenosis is temporarily missing, minimum size >0.15 ha for forest landhttp://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
61. (Hungary) Forest land - Area of 0.15 ha or more covered with wood – including land with spontaneous afforestation, land temporarily utilized for other purposes - together with glades
and fire strips located in it. Includes forest plantations (seed sowing, planting or coppice sprouting) of 0.15 ha or more. Includes: Forest lands smaller than the limit if surrounded by
a real estate registered in a sector other than forestry; and Land directly serving forestry activities (listed explicitly in §9).
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
62. (Iceland 2010) Forest land: All land, not included under Settlements, presently covered with trees or woody vegetation more than 2 m high, crown cover of minimum 10% and at
least 0.5 ha in continuous area and minimum width 20 m and also land which currently fall below these thresholds, but in situ expected to reach these thresholds at mature state.
http://groa.rala.is/Kortavefsja/ICELAND_NIR_2010.pdf
63. (Iceland) Forest land (skoglendi) - Land that is or will be, mostly or fully, covered by forest vegetation, natural or planted, forest or scrub*. *The Icelandic word "kjarr", which is
translated as scrub, refers to low-growing and crooked birch and in some cases willows. Source: Latest draft of a new forestry act : Þröstur Eysteinsson <[email protected]
64. (Indonesia 1998) Hutan adalah hamparan lahan yang berisi atau yang dikehendaki akan berisi pepohonan, unsur-unsur hayati lainnya, dan non-hayati yang secara keseluruhan
merupakan satu kesatuan ekosistem. (Rancangan Undang-Undang Nomor .... Tahun 1998 tentang Kehutanan). (Translation: A forest is a spread out area filled with or planned to
be filled with trees, other living (biological) and non-living elements which as a whole form a ecosystem unit. (Law on Forestry, Number ... Year 1998))Other terms used in this law
are: - Sumberdaya hutan (forest resource) - Kawasan hutan (forest area) - Kawasan hutan negara (state forest land) - Kawasan hutan adat (traditional forest land) - Kawasan hutan
produksi (production forest) - Kawasan hutan lindung (conservation/protected forest). Source: Nico Smith, MSc. Lecturer at Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Muhammadiyah
Sumatra Barat
65. (Indonesia 1998) the legal definition of forest in Indonesia is: "a spread out area filled with or planned to be filled with trees, other living (biological) and non-living elements which as
a whole form an ecosystem unit" (Law on Forestry 1998, Tr. Nico Smith 1999). http://europe.mtnforum.org/rs/econfreports/MountainPeopleForestsAndTrees.pdf
66. (Ireland 1997) - Coillte estate - High forests- commercial forests and plantable bare land - capable of growing trees. (European Communities 1997a - p. 401)
67. (Italy 1997) A territory with one or more of the following characteristics: purpose to wood or non-wood productions currently regards as forested, contain tree or bush stands with
direct or indirect function of protection, contain spontaneous tree or bush stands with naturalist, scenic or recreation function. Included also are areas temporarily without a stand
because cutting or exceptional occurrence. Not included city parks, gardens, nurseries, orchards, etc. (European Communities 1997a - p. 464)
68. (Italy 2007) - Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10% and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m
at maturity in situ. May consist either of closed forest formations where trees of various stories and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground; or open forest formations with
a continuous vegetation cover in which tree crown cover exceeds 10%. Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes which have yet to reach a crown
density of 10% or tree height of 5 m are included under forest, as are areas normally forming part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human
intervention or natural causes but which are expected to revert to forest. Includes: forest nurseries and seed orchards that constitute an integral part of the forest; forest roads,
cleared tracts, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of specific scientific, historical, cultural or
spiritual interest; windbreaks and shelterbelts of trees with an area of more than 0.5 ha and width of more than 20 m; plantations primarily used for forestry purposes, including
rubberwood plantations and cork oak stands. Excludes: Land predominantly used for agricultural practices.
69. (Japan - legal definition) - 1) Land aimed at growing a group of trees (includes a non-forested land at present) or 2) a mountainous area with tree cover registered as 'forest' on a
land register. Note: House lots and shrine enclosures being not aimed at growing trees are not forests even if they are covered with trees. Yukichi Konohira [email protected]
70. (Japan 2006 KP) Use Min. Area (ha) = 0.3 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 30 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = 20
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/aarepjpn_4.1e.pdf
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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71. (Japan) Forest: In this law, FOREST shall be defined as listed below. The definition, however, shall exclude lands used for agriculture, housing, or equivalent purposes and standing
trees and bamboo upon those lands. (1) Lands with trees and bamboo in groups and standing tree and bamboo upon the lands. (2) Besides the lands mentioned in the paragraphs,
lands that serve as habitats for trees and bamboo. Definition of Forest Law, Forest Agency. From: Masahiro Amano [email protected]
72. (Kenya 2005) Forests are often thought of as areas with continuous tree cover consisting either of naturally occurring (indigenous) tree species or plantations. However, this
definition ignores the importance of open savannah or dry land forests in which individual trees are scattered over wide areas of grassland. It also fails to cover small groups of trees
planted on farms and other cultivated land. It is these dry land forests and farm trees that provide important livelihood strategies for many of Kenya’s poor people, including wood
fuel, charcoal burning for income, and use of wood products for building. Forest Act 2005. http://www.donorplatform.org/load/5971
73. (Korea, Republic of) Forest is defined as one of followings: 1. collectively standing and growing trees and bamboos, and the land that have them. 2. the land that temporarily lost
standing trees and bamboos. 3. the land that is used for collectively growing trees and bamboos. 4. forestry roads. 5. rockland and wetland within 1, 2 and 3. Forest does not
include followings 1. Orchard 2. the land that have growing trees and bamboos within buildings 3. the road with growing street trees. 4. stream banks. Korean Forestry Law.
"Matthias ChangDuck Koo" [email protected].
74. (Kyrgyz 1999) Forest lands are lands of the Forest Fund both covered and uncovered by forest and intended for forest growing. Forest Code of the Kyrgyz Republic:
http://www.libertas-institut.com/de/Mittel-Osteuropa/Forest%20Code.pdf
75. (Kyrgyzstan -1999) - Forest lands Lands of the Forest Fund both covered and uncovered by forest and intended for forest growing. Source: Irina Yunusova [email protected] and
http://www.libertas-institut.com/de/Mittel-Osteuropa/Forest%20Code.pdf
76. (Kyrgyzstan) (forest?) areas - - Areas both covered and not covered with the forest territories included into the National Forest Fund (stock). The main use of such lands is forest
planting and growing. Source: Irina Yunusova [email protected]
77. (Latvia 2000) According to the Forest Law of the Republic of Latvia adopted in 2000 (Item 2, Paragraph 3, Section 1) "forestland is the land carrying the forest, the land under forest
infrastructure facilities, as well as overflowing clearings, bogs and glades in the forest and in the territories contiguous to it". http://www.fao.org/docrep/article/WFC/XII/0504-C3.htm
78. (Latvia) Forest land includes areas which constitute an integral part of the forest: forest roads, cleared tracts, firebreaks and other small open areas within the forest.
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
79. (Latvia) Rural or urban land covered by forest or land which is not covered by forest but prescribed for forest growing in compliance with the State Land Cadastre. Source: "Maksym
Polyakov" [email protected]
80. (Latvia) The forest definition is not included in Forest Act. State Land Service for land use inventory is applying the following definition of forest and forest land: Land with tree crown
cover of more than 20% and area of more than 0.1 ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 7m at maturity in situ. Young natural stands and artificially reforested
areas of more than 0.1 ha, up to 20 years old with mean height >1m and number of trees 2000-3000/ha (depends on species). Includes areas normally forming part of the forest
area which are temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention or natural causes but which are expected to revert to forest.
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
81. (Lesotho) - Forest - Any existing area of land under section 11 and any areas of land used for forestry, or declared forestry use, under sections 12, 13, and 14 of this Act. Forestry
Act 1998. Via David May ISTF CVP Lesotho.
82. (Liberia 2006) Forest Land: A tract of land, including its flora and fauna, capable of producing Forest Resources, not including land in urban areas, land in permanent settlements,
and land that has been in long-term use for non-shifting cultivation of crops or livestock in a manner that precludes producing Forest Resources. An Act Adopting the National
Forestry Reform Law of 2006. http://www.fao.org/forestry/16151-05fd47b845599b5d3a594a9b0240dacff.pdf
83. (Liberia KP) Liberia is proposing a forest definition that consists of a minimum canopy cover of 30%, trees greater than 5 meters, and a minimum mapping unit of 1 hectare.
http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/sites/forestcarbonpartnership.org/files/Documents/PDF/May2011/Liberia%20R-PP%20revised%20draft%20for%20presubmission%201703-11.pdf
84. (Liechtenstein 2006 KP) Use Min. Area (ha) = 0.0625- 0.25 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20-60 Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = 25-50
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/initial-report-lie.pdf (2006). The following forest areas are not subject to the criterion of
minimum stand height: shrub forest consisting of dwarf pine (Pinus mugo prostrata) and alpine alder (Alnus viridis). The following forest areas are not subject of the criteria of
minimum stand height and minimum crown cover, but must have the potential to achieve both criteria: a) afforested area on land not under forest cover for 50 years (afforestations);
b) regenerated forest, as well as burned, cut or damaged areas situated on land classified as forest. Although orchards, parks, camping grounds, open tree formations in
settlements, gardens, cemeteries, sports and parking fields may fulfil the (quantitative) forest definition, they are not considered as forests.
85. (Lithuania 2001) Forest –a land area not less than 0.1 hectare in size covered with trees, the height of which in a natural site in the maturity age is not less than 5 meters, other
forest plants as well as thinned or vegetation-lost forest due to the acts of nature or human activities (cutting areas, burnt areas, clearings). Tree lines up to 10 meters of width in
fields, at roadsides, water bodies, in living areas and cemeteries , single trees and bushes, parks planted and grown by man in urban and rural areas are not defined as forests. The
law on the amendment of the forest law of the Republic of Lithuania. http://www.seniejitrakai.lt/law-on-the-amendment.
86. (Lithuania 2006 KP) Use Min. Area (ha) = 0.1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = 10
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/initial_report_lithuania.pdf (2006) Temporarily unstocked areas (forest regeneration
areas) are included
87. (Lithuania 2010) Forest land NFI is: a land area not less than 0.1 ha in size covered with trees, the height of which in a natural site in the maturity age is not less than 5 m, other
forest plants as well as thinned or vegetation lost forest due to the acts of nature or human activities (cutting areas, burnt areas, clearings). Forest pitches, nursery areas, forest
seed orchards, raw-material bushings and plantation, forest roads, forest block, technological and fire break lines, areas covered by timber storage houses and other forest related
equipment, recreation grounds, animal feed grounds, and land assigned for afforestation is ascribed to forest land as well. Tree lines up to 10 m of width in fields, at roadsides,
water bodies, in living areas and cemeteries, single trees and bushes, parks planted and grown by man in urban and rural areas are not defined as forests. Department of Statistics,
2010. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
88. (Lithuania) Forest - A tract of land not less than 0.1 ha, covered with trees or other forest vegetation or temporarily without it (cleared or burned areas). Not considered a forest:
Clusters of trees situated in fields, by roadsides, water bodies, within towns or rural settlements as well as cemeteries, narrow - up to 10 metres - tree lines, hedges, single trees,
shrubs as well as parks planted by man within towns and rural settlements. http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
89. (Lithuania) Forest - land area, no less than 0,1 ha, covered by trees and other forest plants or temporarily has lost them (clear-cut and burnt areas). Narrow belts up to 10 m, small
groups and single trees in villages and towns, also artificially established parks are not forests. In forest inventory we use such a restriction: all forests must have site index - 11 m
and more. Forests with less productivity, mainly growing on peatlands are inventoried as peatlands covered by woody plants (Other wooded lands). Source: A. Kuliesis, Director of
Lithuanain Forest Inventory and Management Institute Email: Sekrtetore [email protected]
90. (Lithuania) Forest land - areas of land, covered by forest (stands) and without forests (clear-cut, destructed areas, glades, nurseries, seed orchards, woody plants and special
plantations for preparation of various raw materials). Forest land also includes forest roads, block lines, border lines, technological lines, antifire belts, timber yards, other areas for
technological, recreational needs, game forage, also land nominated for afforestation. Source: A. Kuliesis, Director of Lithuanain Forest Inventory and Management Institute Email:
Sekrtetore [email protected]
91. (Lithuania) Forest land is land covered by forest stands or not covered by forest (cleared areas, perished stands, forest meadows, nurseries, seed-plots, seed orchards and raw
shrubbery and plantations). Includes forest roads and drain ditches, forest compartment lines, technological and fire-prevention strips, piling places and facilities related to forest,
rest spots, game feeding points, swamps, sands, as well as land for afforestation. Forest land may be forestry or conservation designated.
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
92. (Luxembourg) Terres représentant un couvert forestier (ou peuplement équivalent) de plus de 10 % et une superficie supérieure à 0,5 ha. Les arbres doivent pouvoir atteindre une
hauteur abattable minimale de 5 mètres. Ces forêts peuvent comprendre soit des formations forestières denses dont les divers étages et le sous-bois couvrent une forte proportion
du sol, soit des formations forestières claires avec une strate herbacée continue dans lesquelles les cimes couvrent plus de 10 % de la superficie. Sont également compris dans
les forêts les jeunes peuplements naturels ou toutes plantations créées à des fins forestières, mais dont les cimes ne couvrent pas encore 10 % de la superficie ou dont les arbres
sont encore inférieurs à 5 mètres, tout comme les zones qui font normalement partie de la région forestière et qui sont temporairement déboisées par le fait de l'intervention de
l'homme ou de causes naturelles, mais qui sont appelées à redevenir des forêts. Ces terres comprennent : les pépinières, les vergers à graine qui font partie intégrante de la forêt ;
les routes forestières , les zones coupées à blanc, les pare-feu et autres petites clairières. Source: Definitions De La Foret Utilisees Dans Le Cadre De L'inventaire Forestier
National Au Luxembourg (Marc Wagner)
93. (Macedonia 1997) Land covered with forest tree and shrub as well as forest bare lands and forest roads, forest nurseries and other areas that are closely connected to forests.
(Law on forests, 1997g., article 3). Republic Of Macedonia, Ministry Of Agriculture, Forestry And Water Economy. National Forestry Strategyfor Sustainable Development, 2002.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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94. (Macedonia) - Forest - Land covered with forest trees and shrubs, including forest bare lands and meadows, pastures, nurseries, and area closely related to the forest, no area limit.
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
95. (Macedonia) Forest Land includes forest trees and shrubs, forest-bare lands and meadows, forest pastures, nurseries and other areas closely related to the forest.
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
96. (Madagascar) (Article premier) Par forêt, au sens de la présente loi, on entend toutes surfaces répondant aux qualifications ci-après : - les surfaces couvertes d'arbres ou de
végétation ligneuse, autres que plantées à des fins exclusives de production fruitière, de production de fourrage ou d'ornementation; - les surfaces occupées par les arbres et les
buissons situés sur les berges des cours d'eau et lacs et sur des terrains érodés ; - les terrains dont les fruits exclusifs ou principaux sont des produits forestiers, tels qu'ils sont
définis à l'alinéa ci-dessous ; Sont qualifiés produits des forêts : tous produits naturels issus de leur exploitation et dont la liste fera l’objet d’un décret.Article 2 : Sont assimilés aux
forêts : - les surfaces non boisées d'un bien fonds forestier telles que les clairières ou surfaces occupées par des routes forestières, constructions et installations nécessaires à la
gestion forestière ; - les terrains non boisés à vocation forestière, notamment pour la conservation et la restauration des sols, la conservation de la biodiversité, la régulation des
systèmes hydriques ou l'accroissement de la production forestière dès qu'ils auront fait l'objet d'un classement tel que défini aux articles 76 et suivants de la présente loi; - les
terrains déboisés depuis moins de cinq ans et n'ayant pas fait l'objet d'une autorisation de défrichement ; - les marais, les peuplements d'aloës ; - les peuplements naturels et purs
d'arbres produisant des fruits, tels que les manguiers et anacardiers ; - les mangroves, les bois sacrés, les raphières (coeur de palmiers Ravinala). Article 3 : Des surfaces
minimales peuvent être fixées par voie réglementaire et adaptées au niveau régional. Article 4 : Ne sont pas considérés comme forêts : - les cultures d’arbres et boisements
plantés sur un terrain non forestier ; - les jardins boisés, les allées et parcs urbains et les pépinières non situées sur des biens fonds forestiers ; - les cultures d'arbres et
boisements destinés à une exploitation à court terme, plantés sur un terrain non forestier, annoncés et enregistrés comme tels auprès de l'Administration forestière lors de leur
établissement. - toute surface donnant des produits agricoles, sauf s'il s'agit de surface couverte d'arbres ayant poussé naturellement, ou de reboisements ; - les pâturages, suivant
la vocation des sols définie par la loi. Madagascar TITRE I. DEFINITION DE LA FORET
97. (Mali 1986) - Article premier. - Une forêt est une association d'arbres biologiquement interdépendants au cours de leur évolution et exerçant une influence sur le milieu dans un
territoire plus ou moins grand. Les produits exclusifs ou principaux des forêts sont le bois d'oeuvre, le bois de service, le bois de chauffage, les résines, la gomme, les fuits et tous
autres sous-produits ligneux. Art. 2 - Les périmètres de reboisement sont les terrains plantés de mains d'homme en espèces végetales ne donnant pas de produits agricoles, ainsi
que les forêts naturelles enrichies par les travaux de plantation ou de sylviculture. Art. 3 - Les défrichements sont les périmètres dans lesquels la totalité ou une partie des arbres
et arbustes a été coupée par l'homme en vue de s'installer ou installer une production agricole ou industrielle. Art. 4- Les périmètres de protection sont les terrains soustraits des
défrichements selon les dispositions de l'art. 13 de la présente loi et qui ont fait l'objet d'un acte de classement comme tel. Art. 5 - Le domaine forestier comprend: - Les forêts
définies comme telles aux articles 1 et 51, -Les périmètres de reboisement, - Les terrains soustraits des défrichements par les dispositions de l'art. 13, - Les terrains de parcours
portant une végétation arborée ou arbustive, - Les jachères anciennes de 5 ans et plus. Art. 6 - Ne font pas partie du domaine forestier: - Les terrains de culture en cours
d'utilisation et les vergers, - Les jachères anciennes de moins de 5 ans, -Les terrains non boisés faisant l'objet d'un titre foncier appartenant à des personnes autres que l'Etat. Les emprises humains: agglomérations, routes.... LEX-FAOC002238. MALI: Loi n&ordm; 86-42/AN-RM portant Code forestier. Date of text: 24 March 1986.
98. (Malta 2003) - Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 m in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production
systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens. EarthTrends, 2003.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
99. (Mexico) (Forestal).- Todo aquello que se relaciona con los bosques. Esta definición es adecuada desde el punto de vista económico y social, ya que da idea de la relación entre
las áreas arboladas y la población. Sin embargo es más ambigua por la desigualdad en cada país en la distribución de la población urbana y rural Source: Glosario de Términos de
la Memoria del Inventario Nacional Forestal Periódico y del Reglamento de la Ley Forestal from Unidad del Inventario <[email protected]
100.
(Morocco) Forest land /Forest domain (Arabic : Ard ghabawyah/Milk ghabawee, French : Terrain forestier/Domaine forestier, Spanish : Terreno forestal) - Land covered with a
forest, or land belonging to the State and put under the control of the forest Service, even if it does not any more trees on it (but did in the past). Mohammed Ellatifi,
[email protected]
101.
(Nepal 2002) - Area where trees with well-defined stems are growing and crown coverage is more than 10 per cent. Area must not be used primarily for uses other than forestry
(widely understood) and must be at least 100 m wide. Area can include treeless patches not wider than 25 m and not exceeding 1 hectare.
http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/0276-4741(2002)022 per cent5B0085:IONSFR per cent5D2.0.CO per cent3B2
102.
(Nepal) Forest is defined as all land with a forest cover, i.e. with trees whose crowns cover more than 10% of the area, and not used primarily for purposes other than forestry.
Temporarily clear-cut area that will be planted is also forest area. http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?lang_id=1&geo_id=35
103.
(Netherlands 2006 KP) Use Min. Area (ha) = 0.5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = 30 May consist either of closed forest formations
where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground; or of open forest formations with a continuous vegetation cover in which tree crown cover
exceeds 20 per cent. Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes which have yet to reach a crown density of 20 per cent or tree height of 5 m are
included under forest, as areas normally forming part of the forest area which are temporally unstocked as a result of human intervention or natural causes but which are expected
to revert to forest. Forest Land also includes: • forest nurseries and seed orchards that constitute an integral part of the forest; • forest road, cleared tracts, firebreaks and other
small open areas, all smaller than 6 m. within the forest; • forest in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of special environmental, scientific,
historical, cultural or spiritual interest, with an area of more than 0,5 ha and a width of more than 30m; • windbreaks and shelterbelts of trees with an area of more than 0,5 ha and a
width of more than 30m. This excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems for example in fruit plantations and agro forestry systems.
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/initial_report_final_191206.pdf (2006)
104.
(New Zealand 1949) Forest land - Land on which for1est is growing, land used for agroforestry, and land intended to be forested or used for agroforestry by the owner or occupier
of the land. (from Forests Act 1949).
105.
(New Zealand 2006) Use Min. Area (ha) = 5 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 6 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns "Tree" includes not only timber trees- but also all
other kinds of trees- shrubs- and bushes- seedlings- saplings- cuttings- suckers- and shoots of every description. http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/us/us-nr-vfe-en.pdf lists the minimum
area of 0.5 ha. (2003) and USFS 2004. “Forests planted in exotic tree species predominately grown for wood or wood fibre greater than 1 ha in extent. All forest in this class will
exceed 30 percent canopy cover and 5 metres in height before 10 years of age.” “Indigenous forest is defined as forest dominated by tall indigenous forest canopy species greater
than 1 hectare in size. All forests mapped into this class exceed 30 percent canopy cover and 5 metres in height
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/application/pdf/new_zealands_initial_report_under_the_kyoto_protocol.pdf,
106.
(New Zealand 2011) Forest land: (a) means an area of land of at least 1 hectare that has, or is likely to have, tree crown cover from forest species of more than 30 percent in
each hectare; and (b) includes an area of land that temporarily does not meet the requirements specified in paragraph (a) because of human intervention or natural causes but that
is likely to revert to land that meets the requirements specified in paragraph (a); (c) does not include: – a shelter belt of forest species, where the tree crown cover at maturity has,
or is likely to have, a naverage width of less than 30 metres; or – an area of land where the forest species have, or are likely to have, a tree crown cover at maturity of an average
width of less than 30 metres, unless the area is contiguous with land that meets the requirements specified in paragraph (a) or (b). If an area of land temporarily does not meet the
forest species and crown cover requirements because of human action or natural events (it may have just been harvested, or trees may have been blown over by strong winds), but
is likely to meet these requirements again in the future, it is still considered to be forest land as per paragraph (b) above. Such areas are termed “temporarily unstocked”.
http://www.maf.govt.nz/portals/0/documents/forestry/forestry-ets/2011-ETS-look-up-tables-guide.pdf
107.
(New Zealand) Forest land - A minimum area of land of one hectare with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 30 per cent with trees with the potential
to reach a minimum height of five metres at maturity in situ. This category includes all land with woody vegetation consistent with thresholds used to define forest land in the
national GHG inventory, sub-divided at the national level into managed and unmanaged and also by ecosystem type as specified in the IPCC Guidelines.6 It also includes systems
with vegetation that currently falls below, but is expected to exceed, the threshold of the forest land category. Young natural stands and all plantations which have yet to reach a
crown density of 30 percent or tree height of five metres are included under forest, as are areas normally forming part of the forest land area which are temporarily un-stocked as a
result of human intervention such as harvesting or natural causes but which are expected to revert to forest (Kyoto Protocol definition). Tree cover less than 30 metres wide is
excluded. Does not include shelter belt where the tree crown cover at maturity has, or is expected to have, an average width of less than 30 metres; or an area of land where the
tree crown cover at maturity has, or is expected to have, an average width of less than 30 metres, unless the area is contiguous with other forest land.
http://www.climatechange.govt.nz/glossary.html#f
108.
(New Zealand) Forest land - land used for the production of commercial forests - http://www.environment.govt.nz/footprint/glossary.html
109.
(Niger 1974) Sont qualifiés forêts, les terrains dont les fruits exclusifs ou principaux sont les bois d'ébénisterie, les bois de service ou d'industrie, les bois de chauffage et à
charbon, ou des produits accessoires tels que : les écorces et fruits à tanin, les écorces textiles et tinctoriales, le kapok, la glu, les gommes, les palmiers spontanés et tous
autres végétaux ne constituant pas un produit agricole. Article 2: LEX-FAOC002294. NIGER: Loi n&ordm; 74-7 du 4 mars 1974 fixant le régime forestier. Date of text: 04 March
1974.
110.
(Norway 1993) Land which produces forest or which on an overall farming- and forestry assessment is considered to be most suitable for forest production and is not being used
for any other purpose. [Source: The Norwegian Forest and Forest Protection Act of May 21, 1965 with amendments, latest by the Act no. 96 of June 11, 1993.
http://www.nijos.no/panorama/!skog.htm From: "Maksym Polyakov" <[email protected] Date: Mon, 15 Jun 1998 19:27:19 +0300 (MSD)]
111.
(Norway 1997) Productive forest land - Land with an average potential production equal to or higher than 1 m3 (including bark) per ha and year regardless of the current stocking
(European Communities 1997b - p. 832).
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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112.
(Norway) For the purpose of this Act, «forest land» means land which produces forest 2) or which on an overall farming- and forestry assessment is considered to be most
suitable for forest production and is not being used for any other purpose. http://odin.dep.no/ld/engelsk/dep/020001-200002/index-dok000-b-n-a.html
113.
(Norway1992) - Forest is Land spanning more than 0.5 ha with trees higher than 5 m and a canopy cover of more than 10%, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It
does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Productive forest area: Forest area that under favourable stand conditions has an annual yield
capacity per hectare of at least 1 cubic metre of wood including bark. Noregs Offisielle Statistikk, 1992.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
114.
(Pakistan 1953) Forest - An area set aside for the production of timber and other forest produce, or maintained under woody vegetation for certain indirect benefits which it
provides e.g. climatic or protective. Definition adopted from the British Commonwealth Forest Terminology Part-I, 1953. Source: Mumtaz Ahmad, Section Forest Officer, Pakistan
Min. of Environment, Local Government, and Rural Development.
115.
(Peru) “Forest Land” means (i) that portion of SINANPE described in Exhibit A, which will be conserved, maintained and restored with funds provided pursuant to the Forest
Conservation Agreement, and (ii) any other forest land in Perú approved for conservation, maintenance and restoration by a majority vote of the Oversight Committee in accordance
with the terms of the Forest Conservation Agreement. http://www.mef.gob.pe/DGCP/Documentacion/fondos/PERU_USA/convenio_dinat.pdf
116.
(Philippines) - Forest lands include the public forest, the permanent forest or forest reserves, and forest reservations. Public forest is the mass of lands of the public domain
which has not been the subject of the present system of classification for the determination of which lands are needed for forest purposes and which are not. b. Permanent forest or
forest reserves refers to those lands of the public domain which have been the subject of the present system of classification and declared as not needed for forest purposes. g.
Forest reservations refer to forest lands which have been reserved by the President of the Philippines for any specific purpose or purposes. Source: REVISED FORESTRY CODE
[REVISING PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 389, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE FORESTRY REFORM CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES] http://www.chanrobles.com/pd705.htm and
http://sunsite.nus.edu.sg/apcel/dbase/filipino/primary/phdfor.html
117.
(Poland 1997) A ground covered with a forest vegetation, of area above 0.1 ha; it includes forest grounds, temporarily deprived of forest vegetation, and grounds related to
forestry (forest roads, nurseries, etc.). (European Communities 1997b - p. 1251). Forest roads, nurseries, etc. excluded. For FRA 2000 - Source: UN/ECE 2000 p 83
118.
(Poland 2006 KP) Use Min. Area (ha) = 0.1 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 2 Min. Strip Width (m) = 10
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/raport_aau_eng_22-12-06.pdf (2006)
119.
(Poland 2010) (1) Land covered with forest vegetation, of area above 0.1 ha; it includes forest grounds temporarily deprived of forest vegetation, and (2) Lands related to forestry
(forest roads, nurseries etc.) (FAO 2010). http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
120.
(Poland 2012) Land covered with forest plants or lacking such plants for a temporary period of time as well as land associate with forestry management. Land covered with
forest crops, young woodland and older trees as well as plantations of poplar and other fast growing trees being maintained both on forest land as well as outside of forests is
included in forest land surface area. Land that has been temporarily deprived of trees and which includes logged over forest, blanks, irregularly stocked open stand as well as pine
plantations being maintained on forest land and outside of forest land as well as forest land deprived of trees as a result of industrial emissions or mining (flood lands, depressed
land). Land connected with silviculture includes land used for purposes of forest management: buildings and structures, spatial division lines in forests, forest roads, forest
nurseries, wood stockpiling areas, land reclamation equipment, land under power lines, forest parking lots and tourist equipment.
http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/definicje_ENG_HTML.htm?id=ANG-3369.htm
121.
(Poland? ) In SLMN forest is defined as an area of land use categories Ls wooded, with trees older than 20 years.
http://icaci.org/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2011/Oral%20Presentations%20PDF/A3-Data%20integration/CO-028.pdf
122.
(Portugal 1997) Every portion of land with a greater than 2000 m2 and 15 m wide, is considered forest area. Forest area includes exploitable forests, recently harvested or
burned areas, recent seedlings and plantations, and green zones (reserves, protection forests and recreation forests). (European Communities 1997b - p. 879).
123.
(Romania 2007 KP) Use Min. Area (ha) = 0.25 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 10 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = ns
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/romanias_initial_report_under_the_kyoto_protocol.pdf (2007) includes also: forest
nurseries, trees genetic trials within the forest land, forest pathways and roads, meadows, glades and other forest gaps, forest ecosystems within the national and natural parks,
natural protected areas and other protected forest areas, protection forest belts with an area larger than 0.5 ha and a minimum width of 20 m, as well as Pinus mugo shrubs in
alpine areas
124.
(Romania) Forest land - Land belonging to the national forest estate, and that intended for afforested to serve silvicultural, production and/or other needs.
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
125.
(Russia (European Part) 2003) -Forest Land (FL) = covered by forest + uncovered by forest, comprises land which is suitable and designated for forest growth. FL is divided
into following categories: Forested Areas; Non-Stocked Planted Forests; Forest Plantations and Nurseries; Natural Sparse Forests; and Unforested Areas. .Forested Areas
include: (1) lands, covered by young stands with the relative stocking 0.4 and more, and stands of other age groups with the relative stocking 0.3 and more; (2) cutovers, burns and
other territories of naturally reforesting FL, on which amount and quality of natural regeneration, or young trees, protected under harvest, are corresponding to requirements,
developed for conversion of these categories into FA; (3) areas covered by shrubs in regions where tree species cannot grow due to severe natural and geographical conditions, or
where special shrub management is provided. IIASA 2003. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
126.
(Russian Federation 1965) Professional of Forest Inventory - Forest (forested area) includes lands: covered by young stands of tree species with relative stocking 0.4 and more,
and stands of other age groups with relative stocking 0.3 and more; harvested areas, burnt stands and other forest lands, which are in the process of natural regeneration, and on
which amount and quality of young trees both naturally regenerated or conserved during harvest is not less than those required by manuals applaying for transfer such areas into
forested area; covered by shrubbery in territories, on which high forests are not able to grow due to natural climatic conditios (e.g., geographical or altitudinal tree lines). Ref.
Federal Forest Service of Russia. Manual on Forest Inventory in Forest Fund of Russia, Part 1, Moscow, 1995, page 53
127.
(Russian Federation 2000) - Forest includes land -wooded land (main and other forest-forming tree species), non-continuous forest growth, nurseries and plantations, and
unwooded land-openings, slashes, dead stands, cuttings, clearings. For FRA 2000 - Source: UN/ECE 2000 p 85
128.
(Russian Federation1995) Forest lands include lands covered by forest vegetation or those not covered by it but intended for its restoration (cutovers, slashes, perished forest
stands, open stands [comment: better-sparse forests], wastelands, glades [comment: better-grassy glades and barrens], areas occupied by nurseries, free-growing forest cultures
[comment; i.e., forest plantations], and others. http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/iffn_24/iffn24.pdf
129.
(Serbia & Montenegro) A forest is a forest area exceeding 0.5 ha. Hedgerows, municipal parks, forest nurseries and groups of trees on areas smaller then 0.5 ha are not
considered forests. Plantations are forests raised from selected plant sources with intensive high yield measures (short rotation). Unstocked forest land includes land which yields
the best results if forests are growing on it. http://www.unece.org/trade/timber/docs/dp/dp-40.pdf
130.
(Serbia 2010) -The inventory uses the definition of FRA FAO. A national definition is given in the FRA 2010 country report: A forest is every area over 5 are covered with forest
trees in the form of stands having a protective function but is used for production of forest assortments or has a special purpose. Tree line paths, parks in inhabited places, forest
tree nurseries, and groups of forest trees on an area under 5 are not considered a forest. [1are=0.01 ha]
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
131.
(Slovakia 2006 KP) Use Min. Area (ha) = 0.3 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20 Min. Tree Height (m) = 5 Min. Strip Width (m) = 20
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/initial_reports_under_the_kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/svk-_aaus-initial-_report-october-2006.pdf (2006) Temporarily unstocked areas are
included (forest regeneration areas).
132.
(Slovakia) - Land determined to permanently fulfil the functions of forests (forest stands, forest nurseries, seed plantations, plots to be afforested, cleared boundary lines,
skidding roads, infertile forest land, alpine land with specific functions) (M. Jasensk á, Faculty of Wood Technology, Technical University Zvolen, Slovak Republic)
133.
(Slovakia) Forest land includes the area of forest stands, nurseries, plantations, temporary clearings where forest is under regeneration, forest roads, meadows and other areas.
http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
134.
(Slovakia) Forest Land includes: land with minimum tree crown cover of 20 % for trees capable to reach minimum height of 5 m in situ. The minimum area for forest is 0.3 ha.
Temporarily unstocked areas are included (forest regeneration areas). For linear formations, a minimum width of 20 m is applied. http://bookshop.europa.eu/isbin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/WFS/EU-Bookshop-Site/en_GB/-/EUR/ViewPDFFile-OpenPDFFile?FileName=LBNA24300ENC_002.pdf&SKU=LBNA24300ENC_PDF
135.
(Slovenia 1993) The term “forest” is defined also by the Law on Forests of Slovenia (Official Journal of the Republic of Slovenia, nr. 30/1993). Article two states: .... “A forest is
an area of land, covered with forest trees in the form of stands or other forest growths which provide any of the functions of a forest. Forest, according to this law also includes
overgrown plots of land which are defined as forest in the spatial part of the forest management plan. The forest infrastructure which is apportioned to individual plots is an integral
part of the forest. The following are not forest within the meaning of this law: individual forest trees; groups of forest trees up to an area of 0.05 ha; non-autochthonous riverine and
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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windbelt trees; avenues; pastures overgrown with forest trees if they are used for pasturing, irrespective of how they are described in the land register. Zavod za Gozdove Slovenije,
(Institution for Forest of Slovenia), 2011. http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
136.
(Slovenia 2011) - The national forest inventory defines forest as: (a) A plot of land overgrown with forest trees in the form of stands, which can reach a height of at least 5 m
and sized to at least 0.25 ha (b) A plot of agricultural land in transition to forest land sized to at least 0.25 ha that has not been used for agriculture for the last 20 years and is
overgrown with forest trees which can reach a height of at least 5 m and their crown cover should be at least 75% (c) Riverside forest corridors and windbreaks sized to at least 0.25
ha, if their widths are at least one tree-height. Kusar et al. in Tomppo et al. 2009. p. 439-440.
http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/annex_1_to_efi_technical_report_88__2013.pdf
137.
(Slovenia) Forest - National definition is use, probably close to FAO but a specific problem may be when to regard abandoned agriculture land as forest
http://www.metla.fi/eu/cost/e43/minutes/wg1-min-florence.pdf
138.
(Slovenia) Forest land is a forest or forest plot matching with the definition of forest, and non-forest plots of land ecologically or functionally linked to forest, together guaranteeing
the performance of the function of forest. http://www.fris.sk/Phare/Projects/ManagementOfForestInEurope/PDF/annex2.pdf
139.
(South Africa) - In terms of the National Forests Act, 1998, forests include all natural forests, woodlands and plantations as well as the forest produce produced in it. In keeping
with this definition, reference in this paper to forestry development and forest activities includes the use of these three categories of forest resources, as well as the primary
processing of all timber, nontimber and non-wood forest products derived from these sources.
http://www.nda.agric.za/doaDev/sideMenu/ForestryWeb/webapp/ResourceCentre/Documents/Policy,_Legislation,_Legal_Proceducers_&_Act/Third_draft_KIP_on_forestry_and_poverty_1Feb.p
140.
(South Africa) “Forest land”means any land covered by trees or which is designated in any legislation, or national or sub-national forestry plan, or land-use plan as forest land or
as land for afforestation or reforestation; www.dwaf.gov.za/Forestry/Forestry%20Policy/October%202001%20draft%20Protocol.doc
141.
(Spain 1998) Forest-tree lands. All lands with a forest-tree cover, at maturity, "in situ, of more than 5% of the area, which is able to reach a minimum height of 7 m and to
produce wood. Minimum area is 0.25 ha. Excludes wood lots and isolated tree groups with areas under 0.25 ha. Forest lands are divided into forest 20 % cc, open forests 5-20%
cc, unstocked areas and complementary areas - roads, buildings, etc. related to forestry activities. Source: Establecimiento de una tipología de usos agroselvícolas de los suelos.
Spain Min. de Agricultura, Pesca y Almentacion. 1998. 173 p.
142.
(Spain) Montes - de tierra en que vegetan espeices arbóreas arbustiva, de matorral o herbáceas, sea espontáneamente o prodedan de siembra o plantación, siempre que no
sean caracteristicas del cultivo agricola o fueran objecto de mismo (Art. 1.2 Ley de Montes) Montes 57:49. A este en añaden en la Ley de Montes, las terrenos que haya quedado
adscritos a la finalidad de ser repoblados y transformados en forestales, ye se excluyen en cambio los prados, las praderas cantá bricas y los terrenos en una finca agricoltura en
los ques existen algunas especies forestales destinadas al sostenimiento del ganado. Cabe citar un ejemplo, que luego se traera a colación, el de la Ley forestal Valenciana qye
considera también montes los terrenos yermos y agricólas abandonados en los que se de alguna de las signientes curcunstancias: - Estén en los limites de un montes, - tengan
signos de su estado forestal, - sean susceptibles de destino forestal.
143.
(Sweden 1992) Land suitable for wood production and not primarily used for other purposes. Potential yield under ideal management conditions at least 1 m3sk per hectare per
year. Includes abandoned agricultural land and land user for grazing not yet covered by forest. Includes forest land with density of tree crowns = 0%. (UN/ECE 1992 p. 249)
144.
(Sweden 1997) Land suitable for forest production, not used for other purposes, and with an average production higher than (or equal to) 1 m3 per hectare and year during a
period of 100 years. The minimum area is 0.25 ha. (European Communities 1997b - p. 983)
145.
(Sweden) Land that is suitable for timber production and that is not used for other purposes to any significant degree. Soil is deemed suitable if it can produce on average a
total forest cubic metre of 1 m3 per ha and year for a 100 year growth period (min. site quality class VIII according to Jonson or H100 higher than approx. 10 m). The class ’forest
land‘ includes extensively grazed permanent pasture and land within wildlife reserves that is not agricultural land. Also classified as forest land are abandoned farmland and other
land suitable for forest production but not used for that purpose, unless forest is a clearly inappropriate land use (e.g. monument areas). Farmland that has not been used within the
previous three years is considered abandoned and re-classified as forest land. However so-called transition land is classified as farmland until its land use is altered. Plant
nurseries, seed plantations, ornamental plant cultivations, clear cases of Christmas tree plantations and energy forest plantations are classified as built-up land. http://wwwmarkinfo.slu.se/eng/soildes/ago/agodef.html Swedish forest taxation system,
146.
(Sweden) Land which is suitable for wood production, and not used to a significant extent for other purposes; and land where tree cover is desirable in order to protect against
sand or soil erosion, or to prevent a lowering of the tree line. [Source: Swedish Forest Act - http://www.svo.se/eng/englaw.htm]
147.
(Switzerland 2006 KP) Use Min. Area (ha) = 0.0625-0.25 Min. Crown Cover (%) = 20-60 Min. Tree Height (m) = 3 Min. Strip Width (m) = 25-50 (2006). The following forest areas
are not subject to the criterion of minimum stand height: shrub forest consisting of dwarf pine (Pinus mugo prostrata) and alpine alder (Alnus viridis). The following forest areas are
not subject of the criteria of minimum stand height and minimum crown cover, but must have the potential to achieve it: afforested, regenerated, as well as burned, cut or damaged
areas. Although orchards, parks, camping grounds, open tree formations in settlements, gardens, cemeteries, sports and parking fields may fulfil the (quantitative) forest definition,
they are not considered as forests.
148.
(Taiwan, ROC) Forest land - the land that is at least 0.5 hectare in size with at least 10% of the area covered with tree crowns or commercial bamboo, the forest belt beside
road or river is at least 50 meters wide. The road, river, other water area or open lands in forest is less than 20 meters wide. The open land over than 0.5 hectare which is
considered to reforestation or afforestation. Source: The Third Forest Resources and Land Use Inventory in Taiwan&uml; - "&ordf;L&deg;È&sect;&frac12;service"
[email protected]
149.
(Tajikistan 1993) Forests lands - covered with forests, non-closed forest cultures, forest-nurseries, plantations, thinning, burning, felling and clearings; Non-forests - pashni, hay
making, pastures, waters, gardens and vineyards, roads and through cuts, farmsteads, bogs, sands and glaciers. Forest Code of the Republic of Tajikistan. .
http://faolex.fao.org/docs/texts/taj19369.doc
150.
(Thailand 1941) Land which has not been taken up or acquired by any other means under the Land Law. Forest Act, 1941, Royal Forestry Department, Ministry of Agriculture
and Cooperatives. "Wilailak Pangtawaong" <[email protected]
151.
(Togo 1938) Sont qualifiés forêts, les terrains dont les fruits exclusifs ou principaux sont les bois d'ébénisterie, d'industrie, ou de service, les bois de chauffage et à charbon ou
des produits accessoires tels que: les écorces et fruits à tanin, les écorces textiles et tinctoriales, le kapok, le caoutchouc, la glu, les résines, les gommes, les bambous, les
palmiers spontanés et tous autres végétaux ne constituant pas un produit agricole. 1. Décret du 5 février 1938 portant organisation du régime forestier du territoire du Togo LA
PRESIDENT DE LA REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE, LEX-FAOC018437. TOGO: Décret du 5 février 1938 portant organisation du régime forestier du territoire du Togo.Article 2. Date of
text: 05 February 1938
152.
(Turkey 1956) According to the Turkey's Forest Law in force, the community of trees, and shrubs grown naturally or artificially, together with the area they occupy, are
considered as forest. According to Paragraph 20 of the Regulations still in force: a) The trees are the plants of at least 8 m., or more height, have crowns and the wooden stems, at
any age or diameter. b) Shrubs are the wood plants showing generally horizontal growth and when mature reaches less than 8 m. in height. c) Community is a group of trees and
shrubs occupying an area with a density of 0.1 or more. In the areas which can give the benefits expected from a forest which receives care continuously or periodically, density
limit is not applicable. Also the areas exposed to the risk of erosion, and the areas important for the climate and water regime can be considered as forest even if the density is
under 10 %. d) Areas are defined as places covered by the trees and shrubs or deforested as a result of human activity or natural events. For the private forests there is a size limit.
Areas smaller than 3 ha. are left outside the forest regime. According to Paragraph 2, Section 1 of the Turkey’s Forest Law in force the following areas are not forests: a) marshy
places, b) areas covered with step plants, c) thorn bushes, d) parks, e) places covered with trees and shrubs in the ancient graveyards in towns and villages, and city parks, f)
places covered with trees and shrubs in groups within agricultural lands or private property which are in or near forests, g) places covered with trees and shrubs, not larger than 3
ha. Far from the forests and privately owned, h) areas containing fruit trees already mature or those to be grown in future including Pinus pinaster and Quercus aegilops trees within
owned lands, i) privately owned areas covered with olive trees wild or domesticated by grafting; wild olive groves separated from state forests by special laws, and fulfilled the
conditions to private ownership, and groves of Pistachio, Carob and Mastic trees, wild or improved by grafting as specified by the Law No. 6777 (9 July 1956). j) Areas of maquies or
heather not subject to soil erosion are not considered as forest. Source: Turkey's Forest Law No.6831 - "Ersin Yýlmaz" [email protected]
153.
(UK 1997) Woodlands minimum mappable area of 1 ha. In general the width for a woodland is 50 m. Areas of scattered trees with distinct crowns constitute woodland if the
canopy covers more than 20 percent of the ground. Areas of young trees which have to potential to achieve a canopy cover more than 20% are also interpreted as woodland.
Woodland also includes areas that may be temporarily without tree cover following forest operations such as felling. Orchards are excluded. (European Communities 1997b - p.
1127-1128).
154.
(UK 2009) The UK has chosen the following definition of forest and single minimum values (also in table NIR.1). A definition of „forest‟ as agreed with the Forestry Commission
comprising: a minimum area of 0.1 hectares; a minimum width of 20 metres; tree crown cover of at least 20 per cent, or the potential to achieve it; a minimum height of 2
metres, or the potential to achieve it. This definition includes felled areas awaiting restocking and integral open space (open areas up to 1 hectare) (Forestry Statistics 2009,
section 11.1). http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat07/1010151419_ukghgi-90-08_main_chapters_Issue3_r.pdf
155.
(UK 2010) The definition of woodland in United Kingdom forestry statistics and in National Inventory is land under stands of trees with a canopy cover of at least 20% (or having
the potential to achieve this), including integral open space, and including felled areas that are awaiting restocking. There is no minimum size for a woodland. http://uk-
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat07/1010151419_ukghgi-90-08_main_chapters_Issue3_r.pdf
156.
(USA-FED-5-Agency1982) Land at least ten percent stocked by trees of any size or formerly having had such tree cover and not currently built-up or developed for agricultural
use. Forest land may include Grassland, Shrubland, Treeland, Wetland and/or Barren land. Examples of forest land use arc grazing, recreation and timber production. (Note we are
not recommending that “ten percent stocked” be used to determine dominance in the classification categories.) (Land Use and Land Cover Common Terminology Work Group
1985). http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/5-agency_paper-2.doc
157.
(USA-FED-Census Bureau 2006). A Land cover/use category that is at least 10 percent stocked by single-stemmed woody species of any size that will be at least 4 meters (13
feet) tall at maturity. Also included is land bearing evidence of natural regeneration of tree cover (cut over forest or abandoned farmland) and not currently developed for nonforest
use. Ten percent stocked, when viewed from a vertical direction, equates to an areal canopy cover of leaves and branches of 25 percent or greater. The minimum area for
classification as forestland is 1 acre, and the area must be at least 100 feet wide. http://www.allcountries.org/uscensus/383_land_cover_use_by_state.html
158.
(USA-FED-Congressional Research Service and House of Representatives 1992) A classification of land use in the Natural Resources Inventory (NRI). It includes areas where
trees cover at least 10% of the land and must be at least an acre in size. Forestland was found on 395 million acres, almost 30% of all private lands, in the 1992 NRI.
http://www.cnie.org/nle/AgGlossary/letter-f.html Congressional Research Service Report for Congress Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws and
http://agriculture.house.gov/glossary/forestland.htm
159.
(USA-FED-DA 2003) Land with a specified minimum tree crown cover and generally more than the specified minimum area, including land that formerly had such tree cover and
that will be naturally or artificially regenerated. The trees should generally be able to reach a minimum specified tree height at maturity in situ. It may consist either of closed forest
formations in which trees of various stories and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground, or of open forest formations with a continuous vegetation cover in which tree
crown cover exceeds the minimum percent. Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes, which have yet to reach the minimum crown density or tree
height, are included under forest, as are areas normally forming part of the forest area that is temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention or natural causes, but which
are expected to revert to forest. Limiting measures for qualification as forest land vary by country. Current minimum area, cover, and tree height needed to be classified as forest by
country: . http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/us/us-nr-vfe-en.pdf
160.
(USA-FED-DA-ERS 2003) Forest land, as defined by the U.S. Forest Service, includes land at least 10 percent of which is stocked by trees of any size, or land formerly having
had such tree cover that will be naturally or artificially regenerated. Forest land includes transition zones, such as areas between heavily forested and nonforested lands that are at
least 10 percent stocked with forest trees and forest areas adjacent to urban and built-up lands. The total includes pinyon-juniper and chaparral areas in the West and afforested
areas. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/majorlanduses/glossary.htm#grassland
161.
(USA-FED-DA-ERS 2003) Forest-use land (total forest land exclusive of forested areas in parks and other special uses), 642 million acres (ERS 2003)
162.
(USA-FED-DA-FS 1972) Land at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size or formerly having had such tree cover, and not currently developed for nonforest use.
(Note: Stocking is measured by comparison of basal area and/or number of trees, by age or size and spacing with specified standards. The minimum area for classification forest
land is 1 acre. Roadside, streamside. and shelterbelt strips of timber must have a crown width of at least 120 feet wide to qualify as forest land. Unimproved roads and trails,
streams, or other bodies of water or clearings in forest areas shall be classed as forest if less than 120 feet in width.) (FS 1972) http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/5-agency_paper2.doc
163.
(USA-FED-DA-FS 1993) Land at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, including land that formerly had such tree cover and that will be naturally or artificially
regenerated. Forest land includes transition zones, such as areas between heavily forested and nonforested lands that are at least 10 percent stocked with forest trees and forested
areas adjacent to urban or built-up lands. Also included are pinyon juniper and chaparral areas in the West and afforested areas. The minimum area for classification of forest is 1
acre. Roadside, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of timber must have a crown width of at least 120 feet to qualify as forest land. Unimproved roads and trails, streams, and
clearings in forest areas are classified as forest if less than 120 feet wide. (Powell et al. 1993) http://www.fs.fed.us/land/sustain_dev/sd/criter2.htm ,
http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/majorlanduses/glossary.htm#forest, and http://www.srsfia.usfs.msstate.edu/wo/review.htm
164.
(USA-FED-DA-FS 1997) Land at least 10 percent stocked with live trees, or land that had this minimum tree stocking in the past and is not currently developed for nonforest
use. The minimum area recognized is 1 acre. (Waddell and Bassett 1997).
165.
(USA-FED-DA-FS 2001) Land that is at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or land formerly having such tree cover, and is not currently developed for a
nonforest use. The minimum area for classification as forest land is one acre. Roadside, stream-side, and shelterbelt strips of timber must have a crown width at least 120 feet wide
to qualify as forest land. Unimproved roads and trails, streams and other bodies of water, or natural clearings in forested areas shall be classified as forest, if less than 120 feet in
width or an acre in size. Grazed woodlands, reverting fields, and pastures that are not actively maintained are included if the above qualifications are satisfied. (Also see definitions
of nonforest land, idle farmland and improved/maintained pasture.) Forest land is divided into timberland, reserved timberland and woodland. SRS FIA Southern Research Station
Field Guide; Version 1.5; January 8, 2001, Updated March 23, 2001; Based upon FIA National Core Field Guide, Version 1.5, January, 2001 and FIA National Manual v1.4
166.
(USA-FED-DA-FS 2004) Forest land -"(a) the condition is at least 10-percent stocked by trees . . . of any size or has been at least 10-percent stocked in the past. Additionally,
the condition is not subject to nonforest use(s) that prevent normal tree regeneration and succession such as regular mowing, intensive pruning, or recreation activities; or "(b) in
several western woodland species . . . where stocking cannot be determined, and the condition has at least 5 percent crown cover by trees of any size, or has had at least 5
percent cover in the past. Additionally, the condition is not subject to nonforest use that prevents normal regeneration and succession such as regular mowing, chaining, or
recreation activities." Further, the condition generally must be at least 36.6 m (120 ft.) wide and 0.40 ha (1.0 ac.) in area to qualify as forest land (Perry et al 2005 and USDA Forest
Service, 2004).
167.
(USA-FED-DA-FS 2006). Land that is at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or land formerly having such tree cover, and not currently developed for a nonforest
use. The minimum area for classification as forest land is one acre. Roadside, stream-side, and shelterbelt strips of timber must be at least 120 feet wide to qualify as forest land.
Unimproved roads and trails, streams and other bodies of water, or natural clearings in forested areas are classified as forest, if less than 120 feet in width or one acre in size.
Grazed woodlands, reverting fields, and pastures that are not actively maintained are included if the above qualifications are satisfied. Forest land includes three sub-categories:
timberland, reserved forest land, and other forest land. http://socrates.lv-hrc.nevada.edu/fia/ab/issues/pending/glossary/Glossary_5_30_06.pdf
168.
(USA-FED-DA-FS 2007) forest land—Land at least 120 feet wide and 1 acre in size with at least 10 percent cover (or equivalent stocking) by live trees of any size, including
land that formerly had such tree cover and that will be naturally or artificially regenerated. Forest land includes transition zones, such as areas between forest and nonforest lands
that have at least 10 percent cover (or equivalent stocking) with live trees and forest areas adjacent to urban and built-up lands. Roadside, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of trees
must have a crown width of at least 120 feet and continuous length of at least 363 feet to qualify as forest land. Unimproved roads and trails, streams, and clearings in forest areas
are classified as forest if they are less than 120 feet wide or an acre in size. Tree-covered areas in agricultural production settings, such as fruit orchards, or tree-covered areas in
urban settings, such as city parks, are not considered forest land. NOTE: This definition does not apply to the data for western Texas, western Oklahoma, and interior Alaska,
which, to date, have not had field verification of reported http://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/pubs/gtr/gtr_wo78.pdf (Smith et al. 2009).
169.
(USA-FED-DA-FS) Land currently growing forest trees of any size with a total stocking value of at least 16.7 (10 base 100 in the West), or lands formerly forested, currently
capable of becoming forest land, and not currently developed for nonforest uses. These lands must be a minimum of 1 acre in area. Roadside, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of
timber must have a crown width of at least 120 feet to qualify as forest land. Unimproved roads, trails, streams, and clearings within forest areas are classified as forest land if they
are less than 120 feet wide. Recently clearcut areas that are currently nonstocked are classed as forest land unless they are being used for a nonforest use such as agriculture.
Forest land is divided into two categories (timberland and other forest land), and both of these categories may be further classified as reserved if harvesting of trees is prohibited by
statutory or administrative restrictions. http://www.srsfia.usfs.msstate.edu/scripts/ew.htm.
170.
(USA-FED-DA-FSA 2003). A land cover/land use category that is at least 10 percent stocked by singlestemmed woody species of any size that will be at least 13 feet tall at
maturity. Also included, for the NRI, is land bearing evidence of natural regeneration of tree cover and not currently developed for nonforest use.
http://www.fsa.usda.gov/dafp/cepd/epb/pdf/ECP_Final_PEIS_0303/15_Glossary.pdf
171.
(USA-FED-DA-NRCS 1992) A Land Cover/Use that is at least 10 percent stocked by single stemmed forest trees of any size which will be at least 4 meters (13 feet) tall at
maturity. When viewed vertically, canopy cover is 25 percent or greater. Also included are areas bearing evidence of natural regeneration of tree cover (cutover forest or abandoned
farmland) and not currently developed for nonforest use. For classification as forest land, an area must be at least one acre and 100 feet wide. [NRI-92] Forest land, grazed. Forest
land that is being grazed by livestock and managed using range management principles and practices adapted to the forest ecosystem. [NCPM].
http://www.ftc.nrcs.usda.gov/doc/nri/72.html
172.
(USA-FED-DA-NRCS 2000) A site type of “forestland” is assigned and described where a 25% overstory canopy of trees, as determined by crown perimeter-vertical projection,
dominated this historic vegetation. http://soils.usda.gov/technical/handbook/contents/part622.html
173.
(USA-FED-DA-NRCS 2002 & 2004) A land cover/use category that is at least 10 percent stocked by single-stemmed woody species of any size that will be at least 4 meters
(13 feet) tall at maturity. Also included is land bearing evidence of natural regeneration of tree cover (cutover forest or abandoned farmland) and not currently developed for non-forest
use. Ten percent stocked, when viewed from a vertical direction is a canopy cover of leaves and branches of 25 percent or greater. The minirnum area is 0.40 ha (1.0 ac) and.width
is 30.5 m (100 ft.) '(Perry et al 2005 and Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2002, ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NCGC/products/nri/2004range/appendixd.pdf ).
174.
(USA-FED-DA-NRCS) A Land cover/use category that is at least 10 percent stocked by single –stemmed woody species of any size that will be at least 4 meters (13 feet) tall
at maturity. Also included is land bearing evidence of natural regeneration of tree cover (cut over forest or abandoned farmland) and not currently developed for nonforest use. Ten
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percent stocked, when viewed from a vertical direction, equates to an areal canopy cover of leaves and branches of 25 percent or greater. The minimum area for classification as
forest land is 1 acre, and the area must be at least 100 feet wide. http://www.nh.nrcs.usda.gov/NRI/Publications/NRIglossary.pdf
175.
(USA-FED-DA-NRCS) Land use designation for land on which the primary vegetation is forest (climax, natural, or introduced plant community) and use is primarily for production
of wood products http://www.ftc.nrcs.usda.gov/doc/npph/glossary/56.html National Planning Procedures Handbook (NPPH) Glossary
176.
(USA-FED-DA-SCS 1980) Land at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or formerly having had such tree cover, and not currently developed for nonforest use.
The minimum area is 1 acre and must be at least 100 feet wide. (Ten percent tree canopy cover is used to separate forest land from rangeland in the transition vegetation types.)
(SCS 1980) http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/5-agency_paper-2.doc
177.
(USA-FED-DA-SCS 1982) Land at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or formerly having had such tree cover and not currently developed for non-forest use.
The minimum area for classification of forestland is one acre and must be at least 100 feet wide. Forestland is distinguished from rangeland in transition vegetation types if the tree
canopy cover exceeds 10 percent. Forestlands include cut over areas temporarily unstocked as well as young stands and plantations established for forestry purposes which do
not yet have 10 percent crown cover. [source: USDA-SCS 1982 NRI] http://farm.fic.niu.edu/foe2/report/foeglos.html and http://208.55.71.155/cae/foe2/report/foeglos.html
178.
(USA-FED-DD-AF 1994) Land on which forest trees of various sizes constitute at least 10 percent of the area. This category includes open land that is capable of supporting
trees and is planned for forest regeneration and management http://www.afrpa.hq.af.mil/handbook/basis/guidance/afi/af327064.htm#Att1
179.
(USA-FED-DI-BIA) Land for which a primary use is the growing and harvesting of forest tree species. Source: THE CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF THE GRAND RONDE
COMMUNITY OF OREGON FOREST PRACTICES ORDINANCE TRIBAL CODE &sect; 6.20 http://thorpe.ou.edu/codes/grandronde/ch620.html
180. (USA-FED-DI-BLM 1971) (Productive forest land) Any forested land capable of being both at least 16.7% stocked and capable of producing 20 cubic feet per acre per year of
merchantable wood. (Lund 1974).
181.
(USA-FED-DI-BLM 1973) Land which is, or has been, at least 16.7 percent stocked by forest trees (10 percent of normal yield values), and not currently developed for nonforest
use. This included land currently developed for nonforest use, such as urban or thickly settled residential or resort areas, city parks, orchards, improved roads, or pastureland
improved by such measures as seeding or irrigation. (BLM 1973). http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/5-agency_paper-2.doc
182.
(USA-FED-DI-BLM 1998) Lands capable of growing trees for harvest, land at least ten percent stocked with trees of any species and size, or lands that were stocked, have
been harvested, and will be replanted. Source: Stewardship Assets - http://www.blm.gov/narsc/blmannual/annual98/stewardship.html
183.
(USA-FED-DI-BLM 2003) Land that is now, or is capable of becoming, at least 10 percent stocked with forest trees, and that has been developed for nontimber use. Pinedale
Resource Management Plan, http://www.pinedalermp.com/documents/PinedaleGlossaryJanuaryMSA.pdf
184.
(USA-FED-DI-BLM 2003) Those lands with 10 percent or greater stocking (or the potential to in tree species which are typically used in commercially processed wood products
(lumber, plywood, paper, etc.), such as ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, white spruce, white fir, grandfir, hemlock, and aspen. Stocking can be measure by either crown
density, stem density, or basal area. Include land that formerly had such tree cover and that will be managed to be naturally or artificially regenerated with tree cover.
http://www.blm.gov/nhp/efoia/wo/fy03/im2003-035attach1.pdf
185.
(USA-FED-DI-BLM) Land that is now, or is capable of becoming, at least l0 percent stocked with forest trees and that has not been developed for nontimber use. Source: Coos
Bay Record of Decision - http://www.or.blm.gov/coosbay/rmp/glossary.html, .(Streamnet online) http://www.streamnet.org/ff/Glossary/glossaryforest.html,
http://web.ead.anl.gov/rmpweb/application/rmp_browse.cfm?rmpid=28&idref=27602 and Medford Record of Decision and Resource Management Plan
http://www.or.blm.gov/Medford/medford/glossary.html
186.
(USA-FED-DI-GS 1952) (Woods, Woodland). Areas 1 acre or greater containing tree cover or brush that is potential tree cover. The growth must be at least 6 feet tall and dense
enough to impede foot travel or give cover for troops. Logged or burnt areas are classed as "woods" unless new growth is not going to be established. (USGS 1952)
187.
(USA-FED-DI-GS 1976) Land which has a tree-crown areal- density (crown closure percentage) of 10 percent or more, is stocked with trees capable of producing timber or other
wood products, and exerts an influence on the climate or water regime. Land from which trees have been removed to less than 10 percent crown closure but which has not been
developed for other uses also is included. (Anderson, et. al., 1976) http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/5-agency_paper-2.doc
http://mapping.usgs.gov/pub/ti/LULC/lulcpp964/lulcpp964.txt
188.
(USA-FED-DI-GS) Land currently supporting forest or land with potential to support forest that formerly had such tree cover and that will be naturally or artificially regenerated –
Note 1) forest land includes (a) transition zones, such as areas between forested and non-forested lands that are at least 10 percent stocked with forest trees, and forest areas
adjacent to urban and built-up lands; note 2) the minimum area for classification of forest land is 1 acre (0.4 ha); roadside, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of trees must have a
crown width of at least 120 ft. (36.6 m); unimproved roads and trails, streams, and clearings in forest areas are classified as forest if less than 120 ft wide. (cf.) Forest (1.1.2.)
http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/brd/DefLandTerms.htm
189.
(USA-FED-DI-OSM) Land used or managed for the long-term production of wood, wood fiber, or wood-derived products. http://www.osmre.gov/stateregs/wyregschap1.txt
190.
(USA-FED-DI-OSM) Land with at least 25 percent tree canopy or that has been stocked with at least 10 percent forest trees of any size, including land that formerly had such
tree cover and that will be naturally or artificially reforested. http://www.osmre.gov/mountaintop.htm#74 and
http://www.wvgazette.com/static/series/mining/reports/EIS/VIII.Glossary.pdf
191.
(USA-FED-DOE) Any land that is capable of producing or has produced forest growth or, if lacking forest growth, has evidence of a former forest and is not now in other use.
http://www.eren.doe.gov/biopower/glossary.html#F
192.
(USA-FED-DOE) Land at least 16.7 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or formerly having such tree cover, and not currently developed for nonforest use. Glossary of
Terms used in Timber Harvesting and Forest Engineering. Biomass Resource Information Clearinghouse, Renewable Resource Data Center, US Dept. of Energy
193.
(USA-FED-DOE-EIA 2007) Land at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or formerly having such tree cover, and not currently developed for non-forest uses. The
minimum area considered for classification is one (1) acre. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Form EIA-1605 (2007)
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/pdf/EIA1605_Instructions_10-23-07.pdf
194.
(USA-FED-EPA) - Land that is at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, including land that formerly had tree cover and that will be naturally or artificially
regenerated. The minimum area for classification of forest land is one acre. http://www.epa.gov/indicate/roe/html/roeAppDf.htm#f
195.
(USA-FED-GPO 2010)-Forest means any operation engaged in the outdoor production of any agricultural plant to produce wood fiber or timber products. USA WORKER
PROTECTION STANDARD http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?
c=ecfr;sid=d5c57af0e98338afc8fe525fef980c92;rgn=div5;view=text;node=40%3A23.0.1.1.20;idno=40;cc=ecfr#40:23.0.1.1.20.1.19.2
196.
(USA-FED-NASA) Those ecosystems that have a tree crown density (crown closure percentage) of 10% or more and are stocked with trees capable of producing timber or
other wood products. This includes land from which trees have been removed to less than 10%, but which have not been developed for other uses.
http://www.hq.nasa.gov/iwgsdi/Forest_Land.html, http://www.hq.nasa.gov/iwgsdi/Land_Ecosystems.html, and http://www.hq.nasa.gov/iwgsdi/FW_SDI_Env_Endow.html
197.
(Vanatu 2011 Proposed Definition) Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach
these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agriculture or urban use. Forest is determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of other
predominant land uses. Areas under reforestation that have not yet reached but are expected to reach a canopy cover of 10 percent and a tree height of 5 meter are included, as
are temporarily unstocked areas, resulting from human intervention or natural causes, which are expected to regenerate.
http://cn.china.cn/2011images/vanuatu/NFP_Comprehensive_June_2011.pdf
198.
(Venezuela 1969) Terrenos forestales: a) los que deban permanecer cubiertos por vegetación forestal; b) el que carece de vegetación alguna, pero que por su declive y
estructura necesita una cobertura vegetal permanente que asegure su conservación; el que por sus condiciones climáticas, topográficas y agrológicas sea impropio para las
actividades agropecuarias productivas y permanentes. LEX-FAOC003046. VENEZUELA: Decreto N&ordm; 1.333 por el cual se edita el Reglamento de la Ley Forestal, de Suelos y
de Aguas. Date of text: 11 February 1969.
199.
(Vietnam 1991) - Natural and man-made forests established on forest land with all their resources such as vegetation, wildlife and other natural assets found therein. Forest land
comprises: 1) Forested land and 2) Non forested land for which plans have been made for forest plantation , below referred to as forest plantation land . Source: Article 1. The
National assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, legislature VIII session IX , held from July 27th to August 12th 1991.
200.
(Vietnam 1991) Forestry land includes: 1. Land of forest cover, 2. Land of no forest cover is planned for afforestation, hereinafter called afforestation land.
http://coombs.anu.edu.au/~vern/luat/english/Law-forest-protect.txt ORDER NO. 58-LCT/HDNN8 DATED 19-8-1991
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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201.
(Vietnam 1993) Forestry Land = DDa^'t la^m nghie^.p - Land designated primarily for use in silviculture production, including land with natural forest, land under afforestation, and
land used for forestry purposes such as afforestation, forest nursery, protection for natural rehabilitation, forest enrichment and experimental research on silviculture.
http://coombs.anu.edu.au/~vern/luat/english/Law-land-law.txt LAND LAW OF VIETNAM Article 43 1993
202.
(Yugoslavia) Forestland - a section of land on which forest is cultivated. "Srdjan BOJOVIC" <[email protected]
2.3.3.4 Ecological/Miscellaneous Definitions
1. (Azerbaijan Republic) - Forest - from the biological point of view the unity of interconnected and mutually influencing at development, lands, waters, trees, bushes and grasses,
animals, microorganisms and other components of environment; The Forest Code of Azerbaijan Republic http://www.enpifleg.org/fileadmin/ufs/04.%20Program%20Information/4.02%20Program%20Components/4.02.01%20General/4.02.01.Azerbaijan/4.02.01.Forest_Code_ENG.pdf
2. (Azerbaijan) Forest - from the biological point of view the unity of interconnected and mutually influencing at development, lands, waters, trees, bushes and grasses, animals,
microorganisms and other components of environment; Forest Code of Azerbaijan; http://www.enpi-fleg.az/index/leg/Forest%20Code%20in%20English.pdf
3. (Cambodia 2000) "Forest" means natural ecosystems, land, water, plants, and micro-organisms etc. which are dominated by woody plants or bamboo of more than ten (10%)
percent and has a size of 0.5 hectare or more, including dryland and wetland forest formations and any non-treed wetlands covering most part of land or open land within a forest
that form ten (10%) of that ecosystem. All stages of natural forest succession and planted trees for forestry purposes with a leaf density smaller than ten (10%) percent or former
forest land that were degraded by human action or natural acts but is expected to be repaired/improved shall be deemed forest. www.mlmupc.gov.kh/mlm/docout.php?ID=396
4. (Cambodia) - A forest is anywhere there have ever been trees. http://www.wisc.edu/ltc/news82a1.html
5. (Cameroon) A forest is an ecosystem or a combination of ecosystems. http://befac.net/pdf/t127.pdf
6. (Chile 1931) “lands preferentially suitable for forestry”. These are defined as “all those grounds that due to climate and soil conditions should not be plowed permanently,
independently of whether they are covered by vegetation or not, excluding those grounds that might be used for intensive agriculture, fruit growing, or cattle ranching without
suffering degradation”. http://derechoambiental.udp.cl/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/chile-case-cdm-ar-projects-as-published-by-iucn.pdf
7. (Czech Republic 1995) The new Forest Act No. 289/1995 Coll., in force since 1 January 1996, defines forests as national heritage which constitutes an irreplaceable part of the
environment http://www.natura2000.gov.si/uploads/tx_library/Diaci_Virgin_forests_and_forest_reserves__Cost_E4_.pdf
8. (Estonia) Forest - National definition in use, related to productivity, do not have data for swamps http://www.metla.fi/eu/cost/e43/minutes/wg1-min-florence.pdf
9. (Greece 1979) Greek Constitution, article 24, “As forest or forest ecosystem is meant the organic whole of wild plants with ligneous trunk on the requisite land surface, which,
together with the co-existing flora and fauna, form throughout their mutual interdependence and interactions, a certain biological community (forest biological community) and a
certain natural environment (forest environment). Wooded tract exists when in the aforementioned whole the wild ligneous vegetation, high or bushy, is sparse.”
http://www.oikotechnics.org/greek_legislation.html
10. (Greece 2005) According to the existing Greek Constitution, article 24, “As forest or forest ecosystem is meant the organic whole of wild plants with ligneous trunk on the requisite
land surface, which, together with the co-existing flora and fauna, form throughout their mutual interdependence and interactions, a certain biological community (forest biological
community) and a certain natural environment (forest environment). Wooded tract exists when in the aforementioned whole the wild ligneous vegetation, high or bushy, is sparse.”
Greek Forest Protection and Forest Development Legislation 2005. . http://www.oikotechnics.org/greek_legislation.html
11. (Grenada) ‘Forest’ is understood to include all forest ecosystems (from coastal scrub and mangroves through to cloud forests) and non-agricultural trees, as well as the goods and
services that they provide. (Grenada’ means ‘Grenada, Carriacou and Petit Martinique) http://www.unccd.int/cop/reports/lac/national/2000/grenada-eng.pdf
12. (Indonesia 2000) "Forest means a unit of ecosystem….comprising biological resources, dominated by trees in their natural forms and environment….". Indonesia.
http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/country/id/id_25.htm
13. (Ireland 1998) "forest" includes-- a natural forest, a woodland and a plantation; the forest produce in it; and the ecosystems which it makes up;
http://www.nwpg.gov.za/esds/links/Act84%20-%20National%20Forests%20.htm
14. (Kazakhatan) "forest" means a natural complex formed on a certain territory based on the aggregate of trees and shrubs vegetations and other wildlife components interacting with
environment and having environmental, economic and social importance; http://faolex.fao.org/docs/texts/kaz41426E.doc
15. (Kazakhstan 2002) "forest" means a natural complex formed on a certain territory based on the aggregate of trees and shrubs vegetations and other wildlife components interacting
with environment and having environmental, economic and social importance; Forest Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan: faolex.fao.org/docs/texts/kaz41426E.doc
16. (Kyrgyz Republic 1999) Forest is one of the main types of vegetation on the Earth, comprising trees, shrubs, grassland and other plants, including animals and microorganisms,
which are biologically interrelated in their evolution and exert influence on one another and the environment. Forest Code of The Kyrgyz Republic. http://www.libertasinstitut.com/de/Mittel-Osteuropa/Forest%20Code.pdf
17. (Latvia) The term “forest” is defined as “an ecosystem in all its development stages, dominated by trees, the height of which in the particular forest site may reach at least seven
metres, and the present or potential tree crown cover accounts for at least 20% of the stand area.” ). http://www.iufro.org/download/file/5574/4510/61300-jundola01_pdf/
18. (Liberia ) forest, as being ‘a tract of land consisting of flora and fauna’ (s.1.3).
http://www.sdiliberia.org/sites/default/files/documents/So%20Who%20Owns%20the%20Forest_full%20report.pdf
19. (Paraguay) Suelos de prioridad forestal: Cuando los estudios técnicos determinen que su aptitud productiva es preferentemente forestal. Bosque: Todo agrupamiento vegetal en el
que predominan árboles, incluyendo además los suelos, las aguas y la vida silvestre asociada a ellos. Suelos de aptitud productiva preferentemente forestal: Aquellos en el que el
sitio pueda sostener en forma indefinida el cultivo de árboles adecuados para la industrialización y destinados principalmente para fines maderables.Ley N&deg; 536 - DE
FOMENTO A LA FORESTACION Y REFORESTACION. Decreto N&deg;: 9.425 Artículo 2do. [email protected] (Nombre Apellido)
20. (Philippines 1972) - Any untitled lands having slope greater than 18% are "forestland" (regardless of whether there have been any trees on them in generations!). Source:
Presidential Decree 705 issued in 1972(?) (Todd R. Johnson - [email protected]) The following lands, even if they are below eighteen percent (18%) in slope, are needed
for forest purposes, and may not, therefore, be classified as alienable and disposable land, to wit: 1.Areas less than 250 hectares which are far from, or are not contiguous with any
certified alienable and disposable land; 2.Isolated patches of forest of at least five (5) hectares with rocky terrain, or which protect a spring for communal use; 3.Areas which have
already been reforested; 4.Areas within forest concessions which are timbered or have good residual stocking to support an existing, or approved to be established, wood
processing plant; 5.Ridge tops and plateaus regardless of size found within, or surrounded wholly or partly by, forest lands where headwaters emanate; 6.Appropriately located
road-rights-of-way; 7.Twenty-meter strips of land along the edge of the normal high waterline of rivers and streams with channels of at least five (5) meters wide; 8.Strips of
mangrove or swamplands at least twenty (20) meters wide, along shorelines facing oceans, lakes, and other bodies of water, and strips of land at least twenty (20) meters wide
facing lakes; 9.Areas needed for other purposes, such as national parks, national historical sites, game refuges and wildlife sanctuaries, forest station sites, and others of public
interest; and 10.Areas previously proclaimed by the President as forest reserves, national parks, game refuge, bird sanctuaries, national shrines, national historic sites: Forestry
Code, Revised (PD No. 705, 1975, as amended)
21. (Philippines 2004) Forests are ecosystems, which include all living organisms (flora and fauna), as well as nonliving components (litter, soils, water, etc.)
http://books.google.com/books?id=h6nVjxfMKQIC&pg=PA123&lpg=PA123&dq=%22Forests+are+ecosystems,+which+include+all+living+organisms+
(flora+and+fauna)%22,&source=bl&ots=M5CZriR-J-&sig=MjGu90sbVH5BhOYbeU1cW0IYJg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rNk4T8akJOnf0QGPzMWfAg&sqi=2&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Forests%20are%20ecosystems%2C%20which%20include%20all%20living%20organ
22. (Romania) Forestland is land that is undeveloped. http://bucharest.usembassy.gov/InfoA/new05.htm
23. (Russia Khabarovsk Krai 1999) Forest is defined as the totality of forest vegetation, land, wildlife, and other components’ of the environment having important ecological, economic
and social significance. http://wenku.baidu.com/view/d74f09d349649b6648d747c8.html
24. (Russian Federation 1997 Ecological) - Forest is the aggregate of forest vegetation, land, fauna and other components of the natural environment that are of great ecological,
economic and social importance. Ref. Forest Code of the Russian Federation, adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation 22 January 1997, page 3, Moscow, 1997
25. (South Africa ) Under the Forest Act, not only does the definition of forest include all biological organisms, it also includes the desire to “do anything in a state forest for which a
licence is required” (which could apply to hunting) (sec. 29). http://www.fao.org/legal/prs-ol/lpo%2084.pdf
26. (South Africa 1998) forest" includes-- a natural forest, a woodland and a plantation; the forest produce in it; and the ecosystems which it makes up; National Forests Act No. 84 of
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1998 http://www.nwpg.gov.za/esds/links/Act84%20-%20National%20Forests%20.htm
27. (South Africa 1998) forest” includes— (a) a natural forest, a woodland and a plantation; (b) the forest produce in it; and (c) the ecosystems which it make it up;
(http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70636
28. (Suriname 2008) Forests are part of (the form and nature) of the landscape of Suriname. http://www.tropenbos.org/file.php/243/proceedings_cli-preparatory-workshop_final.pdf
29. (Thailand) Forest means land that is not legally occupied or tilled by any person. http://www.terraper.org/English_part/hot_issues/comfor_bill-people_s.htm
30. (Tonga 2008) National Forest Policy defines forestry as the economic, social and environmental interaction of forests, and trees outside of forests, with people. http://www.tongaenergy.to/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Draft-Tonga-Natl-Forest-Policy-5Aug2008.pdf
31. (Trinidad and Tobago 2011) Forests: are ecosystems occurring on areas of land with existing or potential tree canopy of at least 50% that cover a minimum land area of 0.4 ha.
National Forest Policy. http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=36486064
32. (Turkey 1987) - Tree and woodland communities, which are grown by human efforts, are regarded as Forest, together with their lands; • Privately owned lands containing trees and
woodland species, which do not grow naturally in the neighbouring forest or any kind of trees or woodlands on privately owned land and smaller than three hectares are not
considered as forest; FOREST LAW No. 6831, ARTICLE 1 (AS AMENDED BY LAW NO. 3373, 1987): http://faolex.fao.org/docs/texts/tur20346.doc
33. (Turkey 2004) A unity of life consisting of small systems made of various plants, animals, bacteria and microorganisms. Karabeyli, Levent et al. 2004. Protection of forests. Turkish
Court of Accounts. Performance Audit Report. 78 p. http://www.sayistay.gov.tr/english_tca/Performance/ProtectionOfForests.pdf
34. (Turkey 2004) forest is a unity of life consisting of small systems made of various plants, animals, bacteria and microorganisms.
http://www.sayistay.gov.tr/english_tca/Performance/ProtectionOfForests.pdf
35. (Turkey 2009) GDF. A forest ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants of which the main element is forest trees, animals and micro-organisms (biotic factors) in an area
functioning together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic factors) factors of the environment. …The forest area in terms of crown density is classified into two main groups.
Forest area with the crown density of 11-100 percent is defined as productive forest area constituting about 50 percent of the country’s forest area while the area with the crown
density of 1-10 percent, the remaining about 50 percent named as degraded forest area. http://web.ogm.gov.tr/languages/English/dokumanlar/Publications/stateofforests.pdf
36. (Ukraine 2010) A forest is a type of natural complex combining mostly tree and bush vegetation with corresponding soils, herbaceous vegetation, fauna, micro-organisms and other
natural components, which are interrelated in their development and affect each other and the environment.
http://www.envsec.org/publications/fact_finding_study_illegal_logging_eng_feb_11.pdf
37. (United Kingdom) Historically in Britain a Forest, with a capital 'F', was a tract of land subject to special laws for hunting (as in "Royal Forests" and "Chases"). Some of these
Forests contained little woodland. The modern usage of the word is far more general, relating to any extensive tract of tree-covered land. Large areas of more or less natural tree
cover are always termed forest. In Britain, the word has recently been applied specifically to large conifer plantations, such as those in the uplands.
http://www.woodlander.co.uk/cgi-bin/viewrecordsalpha.asp?letter=F
38. (USA-FED-DA-NRCS) Forestland ecological sites are separated from rangeland ecological sites based on the historic climax plant community that occupied the site before the
arrival of European settlers. An Ecological Site Type of "Forestland" is assigned and described where this historic vegetation was dominated by a 25% overstory canopy of trees, as
determined by crown perimeter-vertical projection. A tree is defined as a woody-stemmed plant that can grow to 4 meters in height at maturity.
http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/nssh/622.htm
39. (USA-FED-DA-NRCS) Land on which the historic climax plant community is dominated by trees. www.plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/idpmctn280101.pdf
40. (USA-FED-DI-BIA) (2) "forest" means an ecosystem of at least one acre in size, including timberland and woodland, which - (A) is characterized by a more or less dense and
extensive tree cover, (B) contains, or once contained, at least ten percent tree crown cover, and (C) is not developed or planned for exclusive nonforest use;
http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/uscode/25/33/3103
41. (USA-FED-DI-BLM 1999) Land on which the potential natural community is dominated by trees. http://www.blm.gov/nstc/library/pdf/1734-7.pdf
42. (USA-FED-DI-BLM 1999) Land on which the vegetation is dominated by trees. Lands are classified forestland if the trees now (not?) present will provide 25 percent or greater
canopy cover at maturity. Lands not presently forestland that were originally or could become forested through natural succession may be classified as potential natural forestland.
http://www.blm.gov/nstc/library/pdf/samplveg.pdf and http://www.blm.gov/nstc/library/pdf/utilstudies.pdf
43. (USA-FED-EPA 2002) Terrestrial ecosystem (biome) with enough annual precipitation (at least 76 centimeters or 30 inches) to support growth of various species of trees and
smaller forms of vegetation. http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/outreach/general/glossary.pdf, http://www.gcrio.org/OnLnDoc/pdf/2002-inventory.pdf, and
http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/webprintview/Glossary.html#F
44. (USA-FED-OOP) -Terrestrial ecosystem (biome) with enough average annual precipitation (at least 76 centimeters or 30 inches) to support growth of various species of trees and
smaller forms of vegetation. Office of Policy : Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. Annex T: Glossary Term Detail. http://www.epa.gov/trs
45. (Vietnam) forest. According to Vietnam’s Forest Protection and Development Law 2004, “forest” is defined as ‘an ecosystem with trees, animals and biota, soil and other
environmental factors, in which timber species, bamboo or other species provide a canopy cover of more than 10%. Plantation forest and natural forest are grouped into production
forest, protection forest and special-use forest’. http://www.asb.cgiar.org/PDFwebdocs/REALU-Final%20Report%20-%20Vietnam.pdf
46. (Yugoslavia) Forest - the terrain on which forest trees grow. "Srdjan BOJOVIC" <[email protected]
2.3.4 State, province and local definitions.
2.3.4.1 As a declared, legal, or administrative unit
1. (Canada-BC 2010) "Provincial forest" means forest land designated under section 5; FOREST ACT [RSBC 1996] CHAPTER 157 (Current to 19 Jan 2010).
http://www.bclaws.ca/Recon/document/freeside/--%20f%20--/forest%20act%20%20rsbc%201996%20%20c.%20157/00_act/96157_01.xml
2. (Canada-BC) = Treed - A polygon is considered Treed if at least 10% of the polygon area, by crown cover, consists of tree species of any size.
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/RIC/Pubs/teVeg/VRI-PhotoInterp/photo-03.htm#P213_14404
3. (Canada-BC) Forest: as defined by the Forest Practices Code of British Columbia Act includes all of the following - forest land, whether Crown land or private land; Crown range;
Crown land or private land that is predominantly maintained in one or more successive stands of trees, successive crops of forage, or wilderness.
http://www.babineefmpp.com/glossary/F.html
4. (Canada-BC) In British Columbia, provincial forests and other unalienated Crown lands for which the Ministry of Forests is responsible, including both forested lands and nonforested lands such as tundra, wetlands, rangelands, deserts, rock, and ice. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/westland/gloss.htm
5. (Canada-BC) Land classified under Section 4 of the Forest Act that the chief forester considers will provide the greatest contribution to the social and economic welfare of the
Province if predominantly maintained in successive crops of trees or forage, or both, or maintained as wilderness. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/Planning/RPGLOSS/F.htm
6. (India Maharashtra and Anr.2010) Forest “land which is part of forest or lies within it or was part of forest or was lying within forest”. http://www.nlsenlaw.org/land/caselaws/supreme-court-1/maharashtra-land-development-corporation-and-ors-v-state-of-maharashtra-and-anr/
7. (India Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry 2008?) Tree - Includes any tree seedling, sapling, transplant or coppice shoot of any age and any root, branch or other part.
http://www.saiindia.gov.in/english/home/public_folder/Professional_Practices_Group/State_Local_Manual/PUDUCHERRY_MANUAL/Wad%20Manual/Forest.pdf
8. (India-Himachal-Pradesh 1999) -“Forest” means a reserved forest or protected forest, duly notified as such under the Act; “AUTHORITATIVE ENGLISH TEXT OF THIS
DEPARTMENT NOTIFICATION No. FFE-A(C) 7-1/96-II DATED 17.11.1999 AS REQUIRED UNDER CLAUSE (3) OF ARTICLE 348 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.
GOVERNMENT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH FOREST DEPARTMENT NOTIFICATION No. FFE-A(C) 7-1/96-II Dated Shimla-2, the 17-11-1999
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/20991283/GOVERNMENT-OF-HIMACHAL-PRADESH-FOREST-DEPARTMENT andhttp://www.hpforest.nic.in/FireRulesEng.pdf
9. (INDIA-Kerala 1978)-“Forest” means any reserved forest within the meaning of the Kerala Forest Act. 1961 (4 of 1962) and includes any forest vested in the Government under
section 3 of the Kerala Private Forests (Vesting and assignment) Act. 1971 (26 of 1971). www.ielrc.org/content/e7805.pdf
10. (INDIA-Mizoram 2010) “Reserved Forest” means any area which is constituted as reserved forest under the Assam Forest Regulation, 1891 as adopted.
http://www.forest.mizoram.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=127
11. (Indonesia-Papua 2002) Forest area means a certain area which is designated and or stipulated by government to be retained as permanent forest. http://74.125.93.132/search?
q=cache:bwzUkrDvEFsJ:www.papuaweb.org/dlib/lap/sullivan/perdasi-perdasus/forestry.rtf+%22forest+means%22&cd=215&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=safari
12. (Philippine Palawan 1992) Forest land includes the public forest, the permanent forest or forest reserves, and forest reservations. Public forest is the mass of lands of the public
domain which has not been subject to the present system of classification for the determination of which lands are needed for forest purposes and which are not. Permanent forest
or forest reserves refers to those lands of the public domain which have been the subject of the present system of classification and declared as not needed for forest purposes.
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16.
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
http://thelawofnature.ph/downloadables/legal-arsenal/CHAPTER_2-_LAND.pdf
(UK-Northern Ireland-1977) the “Forest” means the lands under the control of the Department of Agriculture of Northern Ireland. http://www.forestserviceni.gov.uk/forest-service-byelaws.pdf
(USA-STATE-Alaska) In the Preliminary Classification for Alaskan Vegetation, vegetation with at least a 10% crown cover by trees; i.e., single stemmed woody plants at least 5 m
in height at maturity. http://www.Colorado.Edu/INSTAAR/TEAML/atlas/chapters/definitions.html#Forest
(USA-STATE-Hawaii 2009) The term “Forest” means the Hawaii Experimental Tropical Forest. http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/16/usc_sec_16_00004503---b000-.html
(USA-STATE-Illinois 1990)"Forest" means an area whose principal crop is trees. Illinois. http://dnr.state.il.us/LEGAL/ADOPTED/1537.pdf 1990.
(USA-STATE-Kansas) An area of land proclaimed to be forest under a Forest Act or Ordinance. "Terminology of Forest Science, Technology, Practice & Products" SAF, 1971.
Robert L. Atchison [email protected]
(USA-STATE-Mississippi 2008) From a management standpoint, a forest is a collection of stands administered as a unit. http://msucares.com/pubs/publications/p1250.pdf
(USA-STATE-Oregon 1997) - A parcel of land of more than 10 acres that has been zoned in the comprehensive plan for exclusive farm use, forest use or farm and forest use and
that is, as of the assessment date for which value for the forest homesite is being determined: (A) Land that has as its highest and best use the growing and harvesting of trees of a
marketable species; (B) Land that has been designated as forestland under ORS 321.257 to 321.381 or 321.805 to 321.825; or (C) Land that has been classified under ORS
321.705 to 321.765. http://landru.leg.state.or.us/ors/308.html 1997 Oregon Revised Statutes
(USA-STATE-Oregon) - Lands acquired under ORS 530.010 to530.040. http://www.odf.state.or.us/Landbase/MgtRule.htm
(USA-STATE-Wisconsin 1912) State forests lands include all lands granted to the state by an act of congress entitled, "An act granting lands to the state of Wisconsin for forestry
purposes," approved June 27, 1906; all lands donated to the state by the Nebagamon Lumber Company for forestry purposes; all lands acquired pursuant to chapter 450, laws of
1903, chapter 264, laws of 1905, chapter 638, laws of 1911, and chapter 639, laws of 1911, or under ss. 1494-41 to 1494-62, 1915 stats., and all lands subsequently acquired for
forestry purposes. Unless an island is designated as state forest land by the department, state forest lands do not include lands granted to the state by an act of congress entitled,
"An act granting unsurveyed and unattached islands to the state of Wisconsin for forestry purposes," approved August 22, 1912. The department may designate as state forest
lands any lands within state forest boundaries which were purchased with other conservation funds and where forestry would not conflict with a more intensive use. 28.02(1)
http://folio.legis.state.wi.us/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll?clientID=171211&advquery=forest&headingswithhits=on&infobase=stats.nfo&record={D}&recordswithhits=on&zz=
2.3.4.2 As a land cover type
1. (Australia-NSW) - A plant community dominated by long-boled trees in close proximity. cf. woodland. Flora of New South Wales http://155.187.10.12/glossary/fl-nsw.html
2. (Australia–NSW) - Closed Forest vegetation where trees cover more than 80% of the area under application. Open Forest vegetation where the trees cover more than 50% of the
area under application. http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/veg/pdfs/clearing_vegtypes_mar02.pdf
3. (Australia-Queensland) There are many definitions of what constitutes a forest or woody vegetation. A common definition used by foresters is 20 per cent crown cover which
equates to approximately 12 per cent foliage projective cover (FPC) (NFI, 1998) http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/slats/final9799.html
4. (Australia-South Australia) - Forest is mapped where trees form the tallest stratum and their projective foliage covers more than 30% of the ground.
http://www.atlas.sa.gov.au/atlas1986/2ENVIRONMENT_RESOURCES/5VEGETATION.cfm
5. (Australia-Tasmania 1985) "forest" means an area containing trees; Forest Practices Act 1985 - Sect 3. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/consol_act/fpa1985183/s3.html
6. (Australia-Tasmania) - An area, incorporating all living and non-living components, that is dominated by trees having usually a single stem and a mature or potentially mature stand
height exceeding 5 metres, and with existing or potential projective cover of overstorey strata about equal to or greater than 30 per cent.
http://www.delm.tas.gov.au/pluc/glossy.html
7. (Australia-Tasmania) - Vegetation with trees more than 5 m high and more than 50% solid canopy cover. http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Attachments/LJEM6K32GF/$FILE/Glossary,%20Appendices,%20Index.pdf
8. (Australia-Tasmania) "Forest" or "forest" means an area of land carrying a Forest Community, or a plantation of one or more tree species established for timber production;
http://www.workplacetransformations.com/Forestry%20Scam%20Erica%206-426.htm
9. (Australia-Tasmania) forest in the context of this regional forest agreement, is an area, incorporating all living and non-living components, that is dominated by trees having usually a
single stem and a mature or potential mature stand height exceeding 8 metres, and with existing or potential projective cover of overstorey strata about equal to or greater than 5
per cent. http://www.rfa.gov.au/rfa/tas/raa/envher/volumes1-4/gloss.html
10. (Belgium-Wallonie) A continuous tract over a large area where the dominant organisms are trees. Trees are of height >5m, tree crown cover of >10%, area >0.5ha and width >20m.
http://mrw.wallonie.be/cgi/dgrne/sibw/eunis.glo.pl?WORD=forest
11. (Belgium-Walloon Region 1997) - Wooded areas 100 ha. (European Communities 1997a - p 94).
12. (Belgium-Walloon Region 2000) Voici notre définition de la forêt. On se rattache en fait à la Définition de la FAO utilisée pour les statistiques internationales sauf pour l'étendue
minimale qui est de 10 ares (surface pouvant contenir notre grande placette) et la largeur minimale du peuplement qui est de 9m. Terrains avec un couvert forestier de plus de 10%,
que ce soit des formations forestières denses ou claires, avec des arbres dont la hauteur abattable minimale est de 5m; -terrains avec jeunes peuplements naturels ou plantés
pouvant devenir à terme des peuplements forestiers mais dont le couvert n'atteint pas encore 10% et la hauteur minimale 5m; -terrains temporairement déboisés mais appelés à
redevenir des peuplements par évolution naturelle ou par plantation (mises à blanc et trouées). Il n'est donc pas question de 100 ha si ce n'est dans la terminologie qui est basée
sur l'étendue des peuplements: massifs forestiers si plus de 100 ha, bois entre 10 et 100 ha, bosquets ou boqueteaux si entre 10 ares et 10 ha. Source: Hugues Lecomte, member
of the Walloon Forest Service, leader of the permanent Walloon forest inventory ([email protected]) via Jacques HEBERT ([email protected]). 6 jul 2000.
13. (Canada- BC) Crown land or private land that is predominantly maintained in one or more successive stands of trees, successive crops fo forage or wilderness.
http://books.google.com/books?
id=zeTU8QauENcC&pg=PA192&lpg=PA192&dq=Germany+Forest+definition+define+%22forest+is%22+law+act+code&source=bl&ots=1jUsKaLHy4&sig=uRBHD83hyloLheFqPmfiDgK687o&h
T7PEOcX10gHzx8jzBw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Germany%20Forest%20definition%20define%20%22forest%20is%22%20law%20act%20code&f=false
14. (Canada-Alberta) Forest land means public land intermittently covered with forest growth. http://www3.gov.ab.ca/srd/forests/fmd/directives/fa.html
15. (Canada-BC 2008) “A complex community of plants and animals in which trees are the most conspicuous members and where the tree crown density—the amount of compactness
of foliage in the tree tops—is greater than 10 percent” (64):Section F quote BC 2008 http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/documents/glossary/Glossary.pdf
16. (Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador) "Forest land" means land upon which are growing or standing trees or shrubs and includes dry marsh, bogland and land commonly known as
"barrens"; http://www.gov.nl.ca/hoa/statutes/f23.htm#2
17. (Canada-Nova Scotia) “Forest" means a plant association consisting predominately of trees. http://www.gov.ns.ca/just/regulations/regs/for8297.htm and
http://www.gov.ns.ca/just/regulations/regs/fofire.htm
18. (Canada-Ontario 1998) Forest (including woodland) - A treed community with at least 34% tree cover. (Ecological Land Classification for southern Ontario, O.M.N.R., 1998).
http://www.ontarionature.org/pdf/Significant_Woodlands_Guidelines(Draft%20Aug%202004).pdf
19. (Canada-Ontario 2003) (Ecology) A plant community predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation, growing more or less closely together.
http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@forests/documents/document/mnr_e000254.pdf.
20. (Canada-Ontario 2003) (Forest Diversity) An aggregate of stands. http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@forests/documents/document/mnr_e000254.pdf.
21. (Canada-Ontarioa 2008) (woodland) – Synonymous with forest, any land covered with trees and shrubs.
http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups@mnr/@forests/documents/document/stdprod_0899387.pdf
22. (Canada-Ontario-Halton Region) Forest means woodlands as defined by The Woodlands Improvement Act, covering a ground area of 10ha or more.
http://www.region.halton.on.ca/ppw/OfficialPlan/definitions/cont1.htm
23. (Canada-Saskatchewan) “Forest land” means any uncultivated land in Saskatchewan on which trees or shrubs are growing or standing or any barren, dry marsh or bog, and
includes any highway over any such lands; http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/English/Statutes/Statutes/P22-1.pdf .
24. (India- Harda District, Madhya Pradesh 2005). All lands with a tree canopy density of more than 10 per cent, though they may not be statutorily notified as forest.
.http://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/harda/reports/B4-ELDFReport.pdf
25. (India -Madhya Pradesh) Forest (in context of private forest) as area of 10 hectare or more having at least 200 trees per hectare. Source: Narendra Kumar
[email protected].
26. (India -United Khasi and Jaintia Hills Autonomous District 1960) The Management & Control of Forests), Act 1958, amended in 1960,“Forest is and shall be deemed to be a forest if
in the area there are reasonable number of trees, say not less than 25 trees per acre, reserved or any other forest produce growing on such area, which have been or are capable of
being exploited for purposes of business or trade.” http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=382252&catid=52
27. (Russia Federation Tundra Boundary) In the Russian studies, the northern forest boundary was drawn based on medium resolution (Resurs MSU-SK) winter images, using data
from sites with known characteristics as reference. The criteria set for boundary delineation of forest from tundra: · Minimum tree canopy cover of forest: 20 percent · Minimum width
of forest: 20 kilometres. More narrow strips of forest (e.g., along river valleys), as well as directly adjacent treeless areas (alpine areas and bogs), were excluded from the mapped
intact forest landscape http://www.resgeom.slu.se/swe/Publikationer/VisaPub.cfm?1080
28. (UK-Great Britain) Forest - 20 % crown cover http://www.metla.fi/eu/cost/e43/minutes/wg1-min-florence.pdf
29. (UK-Halton Borough) Community Forest- A large area of wooded landscape in and around towns containing a mixture of woodlands and other land uses including farmland, villages,
leisure enterprises, nature areas and public open space. http://www.cartoplus.co.uk/halton/text/app_5_glossary.htm
30. (UK-Scotland) - An area of woodland, often used to describe large areas with coniferous or deciduous trees or a mixture of both http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/HCOU-4X2K5J
31. (USA-FED-DA-FS-R8 1997) An area of trees with overlapping crowns (generally forming a 60 to 100 percent cover) USDA
32. (USA-FED-DA-FS-SRS) An assemblage of woody vegetation typically attaining positions in a plant community at the tallest level; attains height and diameter growth of canopylayer trees within established averages for the species. http://www.srs.fs.fed.us/sustain/report/appendix/glossary.htm
33. (USA-FED-EPA-Yosemite 2007) Forest is a tract of land thick with trees and underbrush. http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/NPDES+Permits/Sewage+S825/$FILE/503032007.pdf
34. (USA-STATE-Arkansas) Forest - a large area of land primarily covered with trees as well as the other organisms, soil, water and air associated with them. Source: Principles of
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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Silviculture, Frederick F. Baker Jim Grant [email protected] no official definitions in Arkansas law.
35. (USA-STATE-California 2002) A forest is a complex interrelationship of soil, air, water, climate, trees, plants, fish, wildlife, grazing animals, and people, together with their machines
and structures. http://www.fire.ca.gov/CDFBOFDB/pdfs/Role%20of%20RPF_2002%20ygeditfinal_.pdf
36. (USA-STATE-Connecticut 2004) - The term "forest land" means any tract or tracts of land aggregating twenty-five acres or more in area bearing tree growth in such quantity and so
spaced as to constitute in the opinion of the State Forester a forest area and maintained in the opinion of the State Forester in a state of proper forest condition and such land
consists of (1) one tract of land of twenty-five or more contiguous acres, which acres may be in contiguous municipalities, (2) two or more tracts of land aggregating twenty-five
acres or more in which no single component tract shall consist of less than ten acres or (3) any tract of land which is contiguous to a tract owned by the same owner which has
been designated as forest land by the State Forester, provided land designated by the State Forester as forest land in accordance with section 12-107d prior to July 1, 1976, shall
not be subject to the provisions of subdivisions (1) to (3), inclusive, of this subsection; Source: http://farm.fic.niu.edu/fic/laws/state/ct12107.html and
http://www.caao.com/M39FORESTLAND.pdf
37. (USA-STATE-Connecticut 2011) "Forest land" means that portion of a parcel of land which constitutes a total of at least one contiguous acre on which there is no structure,
maintained landscape area, accessway or other improvement and which is (A) occupied in random distribution by trees having a minimum diameter of three inches as measured
from a point on the trunk which is four and one-half feet above the ground such trees comprising at least seven and one-half square feet of basal area and the crowns of such trees
occupying no less than fifteen per cent of the total area; or (B) which is planted with at least five hundred trees per acre and is not maintained for Christmas tree or nursery stock
production; http://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/pub/chap451a.htm and http://search.cga.state.ct.us/dtsearch_lpa.asp?
cmd=getdoc&DocId=20782&Index=I%3A%5Czindex%5C1991&HitCount=8&hits=2ab+382+38b+47c+4e2+878+987+e6e+&hc=79519&req=his&Item=2138
38. (USA-STATE-Delaware) "Forest" means a biological community dominated by trees covering a contiguous area of land and includes any definition thereof developed by the
Department of Agriculture Forest Service. A "forest" may be identified by the diversity of the tree species composing it or by its type. A "forest type" is a forest composed of
associations of tree species that have similar ecological requirements.
39. (USA-STATE-Delaware-Wilmington) Forested area(s): A forest is defined as any area on a site with greater than or equal to one hundred (100) trees per acre.
http://www.wilmingtonnc.gov/Portals/0/documents/Development%20Services/Plans%20and%20Documents/LDC/Art%2015%20-%20Definitions.pdf
40. (USA-STATE-Florida 1999). Upland Forest -This category of land cover is reserved for those upland areas which support a tree canopy closure of ten (10) percent or more.
http://www.dot.state.fl.us/surveyingandmapping/Manuals/fluccmanual.pdf
41. (USA-STATE-Florida 2009) A biological community of plants and animals that is dominated by trees and other woody plants. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr063 Florida 2009
42. (USA-STATE-Hawaii 1993) “Forest” means forest land occupied by forest trees and associated wildlife species, and timber thereon.
http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/rules/Chap106.pdf
43. (USA-STATE-Hawaii) Closed forest--Generally, a unit of vegetation with overstory trees whose crowns are mostly touching. Plant communities with trees having a crown cover of 60
percent or more are considered closed forests. http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr076/psw_gtr076.pdf
44. (USA-STATE-Hawaii-Kauai County) "Forest" means forestland occupied by forest trees and associated wildlife species, and timber thereon.
http://www.kauaigov.org/finance/RPA/tfde.htm
45. (USA-STATE-Idaho) Forest land means any land which has enough forest growth, standing or down, to constitute, in the judgement of the Department, an insect or disease
infestation breeding ground of a nature to constitute a menace, injurious and dangerous to the forest resources in the district or zone of infestation.
www.fs.fed.us/im/directives/field/r1/fsm/3400/3400_zero_code.rtf
46. (USA-STATE-Illinois) - Includes areas that are predominantly covered with trees and woody vegetation. http://www.agr.state.il.us/gis/stats/landcover/mainpages/glossary.htm
47. (USA-STATE-Illinois) Forest means a dense growth of trees and underbrush covering a large tract of land, or a significant portion of a large tract of land.
http://www.gurnee.il.us/municipal_code/pdf_chapters/chapter45.pdf
48. (USA-STATE-Illinois) Generally, land with trees on it. Foresters define as forestland any land stocked with trees of any size that cover 16.7% of the land area.
http://dnr.state.il.us/orep/inrin/ctap/sumrepo/glossary.htm The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends.
49. (USA-STATE-Iowa 1999) "Forest" means stands of native or introduced trees containing at least two hundred trees per acre and located on privately owned land. However, a stand
of fruit trees is not a forest. http://www.legis.state.ia.us/IACODE/1999SUPPLEMENT/161A/42.html
50. (USA-STATE-Iowa 2003) “Forest land” means land with stands of native or introduced trees containing at least 200 trees per acre. Stands of fruit trees shall not be considered as
forest land. http://www.legis.state.ia.us/Rules/2003/iac/027iac/2710/2710.pdf
51. (USA-STATE-Iowa) "Forestland" means stands of native or introduced forest plantation of at least three acres, including trees located on privately owned land. However, a stand of
fruit trees or Christmas trees is not forestland. http://www.legis.state.ia.us/GA/77GA/Legislation/HF/02300/HF02351/Current.html
52. (USA-STATE-Kansas 1971) Forest - Generally an ecosystem characterized by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover. More particularly, a plant community predominantly
of trees and other woody vegetation, growing more or less closely together. "Terminology of Forest Science, Technology, Practice & Products" SAF, 1971. Robert L. Atchison
[email protected]
53. (USA-STATE-Kentucky) "Forest land" means lands dominated by canopy forming trees, or from a postmining land use standpoint, areas planted throughout with trees.
http://www.surfacemining.ky.gov/Publications/NonCoalRegs/405KAR5_001_Definitions_091203.pdf
54. (USA-STATE-Kentucky) "Forest" means a concentration of trees and related vegetation in nonurban areas characterized by natural terrain and drainage patterns.
http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/kar/302/028/010.htm
55. (USA-STATE-Kentucky) Forest - an ecosystem characterized by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover, often consisting of composition, structure, age class, and
associated processes, and commonly including meadows, streams, fish, and wildlife. The State of Kentucky does not have the terms Forest, Forestland, or Tree officially defined in
State Statute or Regulation. The Division of Forestry utilizes the Society of American Forester's definitions for these terms as listed in John A. Helms' The Dictionary of Forestry.
[email protected]
56. (USA-STATE-Louisiana) Forest - A large area of land primarily covered with trees as well as the other organisms, soil, water and air associated with them.
http://text.lsuagcenter.com/en/environment/forestry/commercial_forestry/Glossary+of+Forestry+Terms.htm#F.
57. (USA-STATE-Louisiana) Forestland - Tract of land with trees and woody plants generally covering the landscape.
http://text.lsuagcenter.com/en/environment/forestry/commercial_forestry/Glossary+of+Forestry+Terms.htm#F.
58. (USA-STATE-Maine) - Land 5 acres or greater dominated by the growth of forest trees and other woody vegetation.
http://www.memun.org/resources/public/html/TAXDATA/PropertyTaxBull/bulletin4.htm
59. (USA-STATE-Maine) A biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants. (http://www.maine.gov/doc/mfs/woodswise/glossary.html#F
60. (USA-STATE-Maryland) “Forest” means:(i) a biological community dominated by trees or other woody plants covering a land area of 1 acre or more, or (ii) an area that has been cut
but not cleared of trees or other woody plants. http://www.dnr.state.md.us/download/reforest.pdf and
http://www.sha.state.md.us/businesswithsha/bizStdsSpecs/oed/reforestationLawSum/reforestlaw.asp
61. (USA-STATE-Maryland) A biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants covering a land area of at least 10,000 square feet as long as there are at least 100 live
trees per acre with at least 50 percent of those trees having a 2-inch or greater diameter at 4.5 feet above the ground. Areas that have been cut but not cleared of stumps or the root
mat may also be included. "Forest" does not include orchards. http://pilot.wash.lib.md.us/washco/forestcn.html and http://www.dnr.state.md.us/forests/landplanning/fca.html
62. (USA-STATE-Maryland) A biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants. http://www.dnr.state.md.us/Forests/Education/gloss.html,
http://www.pfmt.org/glossary/f.htm or http://www.dnr.state.md.us/forests/gloss.html#f
63. (USA-STATE-Maryland-Rockville) A dense growth of trees, together with other plants, covering a large area. According to the Forest and Tree Preservation Ordinance of the City of
Rockville, a forest must cover a land area of 10,000 square feet or greater. http://www.rockvillemd.gov/zoning/glossary.htm
64. (USA-STATE-Michigan) “Forest” means a tract of land that is thick with trees and underbrush. www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-swq-biosolids-Part%2024.doc
65. (USA-STATE-Michigan) Upland Forest - Natural areas dominated by tree cover that is generally over 6 meters, or 20 feet, in height. The forest cover must occur in an upland setting
with an understory of natural plant material or ground cover. If the understory has been altered to accommodate an agricultural or urban land use activity, such as a pasture or park,
the area would be assigned to the appropriate land use type. Forest cover occurring in wetland environments would be assigned to the forested wetland group.
http://www.rsgis.msu.edu/pdf/lclu/MIRIS_2_definitions.pdf
66. (USA-STATE-Michigan-Alpena County) Forestland use areas are generally at least ten percent stocked by trees of any size.
http://www.alpenalib.org/Alpena%20Library/Chapter6_Land-Use.PDF
67. (USA-STATE-Minnesota 2009) "Forest" means a plant association predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation occupying an extensive area of land.
http://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/stats/88/01.html
68. (USA-STATE-Minnesota) Forest Includes areas with at least two-thirds or more of the total canopy cover composed of predominantly woody deciduous or coniferous species.
http://deli.dnr.state.mn.us/metadata/tables/lusatra3_tab.html
69. (USA-STATE-Minnesota) Forested: Areas where two-thirds or more of the total canopy cover is composed of predominantly woody deciduous and coniferous species and areas of
regenerated or young forest where commercial timber has been completely or partially removed by logging, other management activities or natural events; includes woodlots,
shelterbelts and plantation. http://www.lmic.state.mn.us/projects/aboutlanduse.html
70. (USA-STATE-MississippI 2008) Forest -- A plant community dominated by trees and woody plants. http://msucares.com/pubs/publications/p1250.pdf
71. (USA-STATE-Missouri 1998) Although we do not have "official" definitions, we commonly use the accepted SAF definitions for these terms. See Dictionary of Forestry; John A.
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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Helms, editor; published 1998 by the Sociecy of American Foresters. "Mike Hoffmann" [email protected]
72. (USA-STATE-Missouri 2003) An area dominated by trees forming a closed canopy and interspersed with multilayer shade tolerant sub-canopy trees, shrubs, vines, ferns and herbs.
Trees attain a height of 60 to over 100 feet. The ground-flora is rich in spring ephemerals. http://mdc4.mdc.mo.gov/Documents/13183.doc
73. (USA-STATE-MissourI 2003) An ecosystem characterized by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover, often consisting of stands varying in characteristics such as species
or composition, structure, age class, and associated processes, and commonly including meadows, streams, fish, and wildlife – note: forests include special kinds such as
industrial forests, non-industrial private forests, plantations, public forests, protection forests, and urban forests, as well as parks and wilderness.
http://mdc4.mdc.mo.gov/Documents/13183.doc.
74. (USA-STATE-Montana) "Forest" means a tract of land with trees and underbrush. http://www.deq.state.mt.us/dir/Legal/Chapters/CH50-08.pdf
75. (USA-STATE-Montana) "Forest" means forest land and the timber on the land. http://data.opi.state.mt.us/bills/mca/15/44/15-44-102.htm
76. (USA-STATE-New Jersey 2002)This Level I category contains any lands covered by woody vegetation other than wetlands. These areas are capable of producing timber and other
wood products, and of supporting many kinds of outdoor recreation. Forestland is an important category environmentally, because it affects air quality, water quality, wildlife habitat,
climate, and many other aspects of the ecology of an area. The Level II categories under Forestland are Deciduous; Coniferous; Mixed Deciduous-Coniferous; and Brushland.
http://www.state.nj.us/dep/gis/digidownload/metadata/lulc02/anderson2002.html
77. (USA-STATE-New Jersey) “Forest” means and includes any forest, bushland, grassland, salt marsh, and any combination thereof.
http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/fire/docs/conservation_and_development.pdf
78. (USA-STATE-New Jersey) Forested - that tree species with an average height greater than 20 feet are the predominant vegetation present.
http://www.state.nj.us/dep/landuse/mglossary.html#f
79. (USA-STATE-New Mexico 2007) “Forest” means an area of at least one acre with at least 10 percent tree crown cover. New Mexico.
http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/FD/documents/19204_Amended_6-14-07.pdf and http://www.conwaygreene.com/lpbin21/lpext.dll/Test/NMACRaw/1/51fd0/571dd/572c0/572d3?
fn=document-frame.htm&f=templates
80. (USA-STATE-North Carolina 1971) Forest - A plant community predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation, growing more or less closely together. Source: Terminology of
Forest Science, Technology Practice and Products. Edited by F.C. Ford-Robertson. Society of American Foresters, Washington, D.C., 1971. David R. Brown
[email protected]
81. (USA-STATE-North Carolina 1994) Forest lands are covered with deciduous or coniferous woody vegetation about 3 meters or more in height. Forest lands exhibit a tree-crown area
density of at least 10 percent. Lands from which trees have been removed to less than 10 percent crown density should be included in Category 3 (Herbaceous Cover and
Shrubland) or another land cover category if appropriate. This category includes upland forests and forest land on seasonally or permanently wet or inundated areas often called
"forested wetlands" in other classification schemes. For lands on which there is forest rotation involving clear-cutting and block planting, the clear-cut or plantation areas are not
included in this subcategory until planted trees reach a growth stage to meet the criteria for 10 percent crown density coverage. Otherwise, these areas are classified under
Category 3. This category includes managed areas of tree growth such as orchards or Christmas tree farms that meet the basic criteria for forest areas. Where applicable,
subcategory definitions include a reference to physiographic classes accepted by the Forest Resources Division of the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and
Natural Resources on which the forest stands most commonly occur. http://cgia.cgia.state.nc.us/gicc/standards/nclulc.html#P3 and
http://www.ncgicc.com/Portals/3/documents/nclulc.html#P2
82. (USA-STATE-North Dakota) "Forest" means an area of land normally supporting a growth of planted tree cover, woodlands, or windbreaks.
http://www.state.nd.us/lr//cencode/T57C57.pdf
83. (USA-STATE-Ohio) Forest Lands have a tree-crown areal density (crown closure percentage) of 10 percent or more, are stocked with trees capable of producing timber or other
wood products, and exert an influence on the climate or water regime. http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/odnr/relm/remsen/landuse/class4.html#no4
84. (USA-STATE-Oregon) "Forestland" means any woodland, brushland, timberland, grazing land or clearing that, during any time of the year, contains enough forest growth, slashing
or vegetation to constitute, in the judgment of the forester, a fire hazard, regardless of how the land is zoned or taxed. As used in this subsection, "clearing" means any grassland,
improved area, lake, meadow, mechanically or manually cleared area, road, rocky area, stream or other similar forestland opening that is surrounded by or contiguous to forestland
and that has been included in areas classified as forestland under ORS 526.305 to 526.370 http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/477.html and
http://www.paperadvantage.org/ORS/526.html#forestland.
85. (USA-STATE-Oregon-Portland) Trees with their crowns overlapping (generally forming 60-100% of cover. Natural Resource Inventory vegetation mapping project City of Portland
Bureau of Planning. 18 p. http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=106047
86. (USA-STATE-Pennsylvania 1974) "Forest reserve." Land, ten acres or more, stocked by forest trees of any size and capable of producing timber or other wood products. Source:
"PA FARMLAND & FOREST LAND ASSESSMENT ACT" (CLEAN AND GREEN) Act of 1974, P.L. 973, No. 319 http://farm.fic.niu.edu/fic/laws/state/pa72.html
87. (USA-STATE-Pennsylvania-Centre County) Forests are a biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants covering a land area of one acre or more. This also
includes forests that have been cut but not cleared. In other areas, Forests are a biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants covering a land area of 10,000
square feet or greater. http://county.centreconnect.org/planning/compplan/draft/forest.pdf
88. (USA-STATE-Rhode Island) - Any tract or contiguous tracts of land, ten (10) acres or larger, exclusive of house site, bearing a dense growth of trees, including underbrush and
young regenerating forest and ancillary habitat areas having either the quality of self perpetuation, or being dependent upon its development by the planting and replanting of trees in
stands of closely growing timber, actively managed under a stewardship plan approved by the director. http://www.dem.ri.gov/pubs/regs/regs/agric/ffosimp.pdf
89. (USA-STATE-South Carolina) From a fire management perspective - Lands shall be construed as "forest land" which have enough forest growth, standing or down, or have sufficient
inflammable debris or, outside of corporate limits, to constitute, in the judgement of the State Commission of Forestry, a fire menace to itself or adjoining lands.
http://www.state.sc.us/forest/lawpro.htm#20
90. (USA-STATE-South Dakota) Forest: An ecosystem characterized by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover, often consisting of stands varying in characteristics such as
species composition, structure, age class, and associated processes, and commonly including meadows, streams, fish, and wildlife. Forests include special kinds such as
industrial forests, nonindustrial private forests, plantations, public forests, protection forests, and urban forests, as well as parks and wilderness. Source - The Dictionary of
Forestry, 1998, published by the Society of American Foresters, John A. Helms, editor. [email protected]
91. (USA-STATE-Texas 1977) "Forest" means the standing trees on forest land. Source: CHAPTER 152. FOREST PEST CONTROL SUBCHAPTER A. GENERAL PROVISIONS
http://capitol.tlc.state.tx.us/cgi-bin/cqcgi?CQ_SESSION_KEY=XMYTLGTJBKOU&CQ_QUERY_HANDLE=123988&CQ_CUR_DOCUMENT=14&CQ_TLO_DOC_TEXT=YES,
http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/statutes/nr/nr0015200.html and http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/NR/htm/NR.152.htm
92. (USA-STATE-Texas 1999) Forested – trees with crowns overlapping (generally 60-100% cover) http://www.dir.state.tx.us/tgic/pubs/lulc-report.pdf 1999
93. (USA-STATE-Texas) "Forest" means a tract of land thick with trees and underbrush. http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlo/74R/billtext/SB00977H.HTM and .
http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/NR/htm/NR.152.htm
94. (USA-STATE-Texas) (3) "Forest land" means land on which the trees are potentially valuable for timber products, protection of watersheds, wildlife habitat, recreational uses, or for
other purposes, but does not include land within the incorporated limits of a village, town, or city. http://capitol.tlc.state.tx.us/cgi-bin/cqcgi?
CQ_SESSION_KEY=XMYTLGTJBKOU&CQ_QUERY_HANDLE=123988&CQ_CUR_DOCUMENT=14&CQ_TLO_DOC_TEXT=YES and
http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/NR/htm/NR.152.htm
95. (USA-STATE-Texas) Deciduous or evergreen trees dominant; mostly greater than 30 feet tall with closed crowns or nearly so (71 to 100 percent canopy cover); midstory generally
apparent except in managed monoculture. http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/conserve/whap/appendices.htm
96. (USA-STATE-Texas) Trees with crowns overlapping (generally 60-100% cover) (woody veg > 4 m in height) www.tgic.state.tx.us/tgic/documents/plans/lulc-report.pdf
97. (USA-STATE-Utah-Tremonton) Areas, groves, or stands of mature or largely mature (i.e., greater than six inches caliper) trees covering an area greater than one-quarter acre; or
groves of mature trees (greater than 12 inches caliper) consisting of more than 10 individual trees. http://www.ulct.org/resources/ordinance_codes/tremonton/tremzong.html
98. (USA-STATE-Virgin Islands) Closed tree canopy (Trees >5 m, canopy cover > 50%) http://rps.uvi.edu/CES/vivegzon.htm
99. (USA-STATE-Virginia 2002?) - Forest – vegetation dominated by trees (= 6m [20 ft] tall) producing a more or less closed canopy, typically with 60-100% cover; some forests may
temporarily have < 60% canopy cover following disturbances such as windthrow, disease, etc. http://www.state.va.us/dcr/dnh/ncglossary.htm
100.
(USA-STATE-Virginia) - "Forest land" means land on which forest trees are found. Under Authority of Department of Forestry. § 10.1-1178. Definitions. "Starr, James"
[email protected].
101.
(USA-STATE-Virginia) – For Gypsy Moth Spraying - Any spray block proposed for treatment under this program must contain an area that meets the following definition of
susceptible forest. A susceptible forest is a wooded area where the trees are 25 feet or more in height and 50% or more of the surface area, when viewed from above, is covered by
the tree crowns of moderately or highly susceptible hardwood tree species. Any block that does not contain a forested area as defined will not be accepted for treatment under this
program. Residential or other qualified properties with only scattered ornamental trees and shrubs or only a few large shade trees are not acceptable. However, residential or other
qualified properties, even if they do not contain trees directly around them, are acceptable if they are less than 200 feet from a susceptible forest.
http://gypsymoth.ento.vt.edu/vagm/VDACS_CostShare02.pdf
102.
(USA-STATE-Washington 1998) Forest (land use category) - Includes public or private forest lands and tree farms, and may be designated for recreational uses. Forested
Wetland - Any area of vegetated wetland where woody vegetation over 20 feet tall and dominated by trees (e.g., alder, cedar, hemlock, cottonwood, some willow species)
comprises at least 30 percent areal cover. http://www.efsec.wa.gov/oplarchive/DEIS/TOC/glossary.pdf
103.
(USA-STATE-West Virginia) (a) "Timberland" means any surface real property except farm woodlots of not less than ten contiguous acres which is primarily in forest and which,
in consideration of their size, has sufficient numbers of commercially valuable species of trees to constitute at least forty percent normal stocking of forest trees which are well
distributed over the growing site. http://www.legis.state.wv.us/scripts/as_web.exe?Command=search&file=total2&request=forest+definition&MaxHits=10&NumLines=1
104.
(USA-STATE-Wyoming) Forest -We informally use the FS definition of >10% crown cover to define forest vs nonforest. To the best of my knowledge there is no definition either
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
in statute or in any written documents. "Howard Pickerd" [email protected]
2.3.4.3 As a land use type
1. (Australia-Tasmania) An area incorporating all living and non-living components, dominated by trees having usually a single stem and a mature (or potentially mature) stand height
exceeding 5m, with existing or potential projective foliage cover of overstorey strata, about equal to or greater than 30%. This definition includes native forests and plantations
regardless of age, and areas of trees sometimes described as woodlands.
http://www.forestrytas.com.au/forestrytas/pdf_files/sustainable_forest_management/sfm_2003/glossary.pdf
2. (Australia-Victoria) An area, incorporating all living and non-living components, that is dominated by trees with an existing or potential stand height exceeding 5 metres, and with
existing or potential projective foliage cover of overstorey strata at least 30 per cent. This definition includes Australia's diverse native forests and plantations, regardless of age. It is
also sufficiently broad to encompass areas of trees that are sometimes described as woodlands.
http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/dse/nrenfor.nsf/FID/-9A9762E4B40E608F4A256AB1000306D0?OpenDocument
3. (Australia-Victoria) Woody vegetation with a potential top height greater than five metres and with a crown cover projection greater than 10 percent.
http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/dse/nrenfor.nsf/FID/-9A9762E4B40E608F4A256AB1000306D0?OpenDocument
4. (Belgium-Flemmish Region 1997) - Wooded areas = 50 acres, width = 25 m, cover = 20 % (excepted for clear cutting or forest damages). (European Communities 1997a - p 112).
5. (Canada-BC) - Land having as its highest and best use the growing and harvesting of trees. BC Assessment Authority http://www.swp.bc.ca/myw/html/21_Glossary.htm
6. (Canada-BC) "Forest land" means land classified as forest land under section 4; = Forest land. The chief forester must classify land as forest land if he or she considers that it will
provide the greatest contribution to the social and economic welfare of British Columbia if predominantly maintained in successive crops of trees or forage, or both, or maintained as
wilderness. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/tasb/legsregs/forest/foract/part2.htm#4
7. (Canada-BC) "Forest land" means land, other than a farm, that (a) is forest reserve land, other than forest reserve land that is not used for the production and harvesting of timber, or
(b) although not forest reserve land, has as its highest and best use the production and harvesting of timber;
http://www.assessmentappeal.bc.ca/informationsheets/AACT1098board.asp#defn
8. (Canada-BC) Crown land or private land that is predominantly maintained in one or more successive stands of trees, successive crops of forage, or wilderness. [Source: Glossary of
Forestry Terms, Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests, http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/glossary/glossary.htm via Igor A. Yakovlev]
9. (Canada-Manitoba) "Forest land" means any uncultivated land in the province on which trees or shrubs are growing or standing; any barren, dry marsh, or bog, whether the land is
owned by the Crown or by private persons, or held under lease from the Crown; (« forêt ») http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/f150e.php
10. (Canada-New Brunswick) Forest land means any land outside the boundaries of a city or town and not cultivated for agricultural purposes on which trees, shrubs, plants or grass
are growing. http://www.gnb.ca/public/fire-feu/prevent-e.asp
11. (Canada-Nova Scotia 2009) "Forest land" means land bearing forest growth or land from which the forest has been removed but which shows surface evidence of past forest
occupancy and is not now in other use; http://www.gov.ns.ca/just/regulations/regs/for8297.htm and. http://www.gov.ns.ca/just/regulations/regs/fofire.htm
12. (Canada-Ontario 2003). (Silvicultural Management) An area managed for the production of timber and other forest products, or maintained under woody vegetation for such indirect
benefits as protection of site or for recreation. http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@forests/documents/document/mnr_e000254.pdf
13. (Canada-Prince Edward Island) “Forest land” means (i) any land, excluding the cleared land immediately adjacent to an occupied building, on which living or dead trees are the
tallest type of vegetation, (ii) any land on which tree seedlings exist or have been planted and are retained for the purposes of producing forest products, or (iii) any land which is
being manipulated by tree harvesting, site preparation, tree planting, and or other techniques that promote the establishment of tree seedlings;
http://www.gov.pe.ca/law/statutes/pdf/f-14.pdf
14. (INDIA-Kerala 2003) “forest” means any land principally covered with naturally grown trees and under growth and includes any forest statutorily recognized and declared as reserved
forest, protected forest or otherwise, but does not include any land which is used principally for the cultivation of crops of long duration such as tea, coffee, rubber, pepper,
cardamom, coconut, arecanut or cashew or any other sites of residential buildings and surroundings essential for the convenient use of such buildings;
http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/legislation/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Act2003.pdf
15. (USA-FED-DA-FS-INT) Land that is at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size (or 5 percent crown cover where stocking cannot be determined), or land formerly having
such tree cover, and is not currently developed for a nonforest use. The minimum area for classification as forest land is one acre. Roadside, stream-side, and shelterbelt strips of
timber must be at least 120 feet wide to qualify as forest land. Unimproved roads and trails or natural clearings in forested areas shall be classified as forest, if less than 120 feet in
width or an acre in size. Streams and other bodies of water within forest will be considered forest land if they are less than 1 acre and 30-feet wide. Grazed woodlands, reverting
fields, and pastures that are not actively maintained are included if the above qualifications are satisfied. (Also see definitions of nonforest land, idle farmland and
improved/maintained pasture.) Note: In some instances, area previously stocked with woodland species that have had some type of treatment (e.g., chaining or other mechanical
treatment) are classified as nonforest land. Interior West FIA annual manual 5/2000 – Terms not in National Manual
16. (USA-FED-DA-FS-NC) Land not currently developed for nonforest use and having a stocking value of at least 10.0 of all live forest trees of any size or formerly having a stocking
value of at least 10.0. Unimproved roads and trails, streams or other bodies of water or clearings in forest areas will be classed as forest if less than 120 feet wide. The minimum
area for classification of forest land is one acre and 120 feet in width. Roadside, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of timber must be at least 120 feet wide to qualify as forest land.
Also see definitions for land area, commercial forest land, noncommercial forest land, productive-reserved forest land, stocking, unproductive forest land, and water. North Central
FIA manual 9/99 – terms not in National Manual
17. (USA-FED-DA-FS-R8) Land at least 10.0 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or land formerly having such tree cover, and is not currently developed for non-forest use. The
minimum area for classification of forestland is 1 acre. Roadside, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of timber must have a width of at least 120 feet wide to qualify as forestland.
Unimproved roads, and trails, streams and other bodies of water, or natural clearings in forested areas shall be classified as forest, if less than 120 feet in width or an acre in size.
Grazed woodlands, reverting fields, and pastures that are not actively maintained are included if the above qualifications are satisfied. (Also see definitions of non-forest land, idle
farmland and improved/maintained pasture.) Southern Region FIA manual 5/2000 – Terms not in National Manual
18. (USA-FED-DA-FS 2004) Land with a specified minimum tree crown cover and generally more than the specified minimum area, including land that formerly had such tree cover and
that will be naturally or artificially regenerated. The trees should generally be able to reach a minimum specified tree height at maturity in situ. It may consist either of closed forest
formations in which trees of various stories and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground, or of open forest formations with a continuous vegetation cover in which tree
crown cover exceeds the minimum percent. Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes, which have yet to reach the minimum crown density or tree
height, are included under forest, as are areas normally forming part of the forest area that is temporarily unstocked as a result of human intervention or natural causes, but which
are expected to revert to forest. http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/us/us-nr-vfe-en.pdf
19. (USA-FED-DA–R8) An area managed for the production of timber and other forest products, or maintained under woody vegetation for indirect benefits as protection of a watershed,
recreation, or wildlife habitat. http://www.r8web.com/gwj/lrmp/plandocs/glossary.html#definitions
20. (USA-FED-EPA-R3) - Land bearing a stand of trees of any stature, including seedlings, and of species attaining a minimum of 6 feet average height at maturity or land from which
such a stand has been removed but on which no other use has been substituted. The term is commonly limited to land not in farms; forests on farms are commonly called
woodland or farm forest. http://www.epa.gov/region3/mtntop/pdf/VIII.Glossary.pdf
21. (USA-FED-EPA-R3) - Land with at least 25 percent tree canopy or that has been stocked with at least 10 percent forest trees of any size, including land that formerly had such tree
cover and that will be naturally or artificially reforested. http://www.epa.gov/region3/mtntop/pdf/VIII.Glossary.pdf
22. (USA-STATE-Alabama) forest (meaning real property used for the growing and sale of timber and forest products) Source: http://farm.fic.niu.edu/fic/laws/state/al40.html#stat
23. (USA-STATE-Alaska) "Forest land" means land stocked or having been stocked with forest trees of any size and not currently developed for nonforest use, regardless of whether
presently available or accessible for commercial purposes, and includes any such land under state, municipal, or private ownership;
http://touchngo.com/lglcntr/akstats/Statutes/Title41/Chapter17/Section950.htm
24. (USA-STATE-Arkansas 1995) Forestland - an area at least 1 acre in size that is at least 10 percent stocked with trees, or formerly having such tree cover and not currently
developed for nonforest uses. Forest Inventory and Analysis definition - Forest Statistics for Arkansas Counties - 1995 Jim Grant [email protected] - no official definitions
in Arkansas law
25. (USA-STATE-Arkansas) - Land bearing forest growth, or land from which the forest has been removed, and is in any stage of forest growth, or production, or maintains the potential
for forest growth. http://www.forestry.state.ar.us/bmp/glossary.html
26. (USA-STATE-California) "Forestland" means the land: (1) can support 10 percent or more tree cover with trees native to California, including native oaks, (generally but not always
this is Site V (Dunning) and better timberland); and (2) is zoned to allow forest resource management. http://ceres.ca.gov/foreststeward/pdf/CFIPguide.pdf
27. (USA-STATE-California) ‘‘Forest’’ means lands that support, or can support,’’ at least 10 percent tree canopy cover and that allow for management of one or more forest resources
including timber, fish and wildlife, biodiversity, water quality, recreation, aesthetics and other public benefits.
http://www.energy.ca.gov/global_climate_change/documents/SB_812_20020909_chapter.pdf and http://www.arb.ca.gov/bluebook/bb03/HS/42801.htm
28. (USA-STATE-California-Mendocino County) “Forest Land” means lands, which are suited for and are appropriately retained for the growing, harvesting and production of timber and
forest and timber-related products. The classification includes lands eligible to be zoned Timberland Production (TPZ), including lands which have the present or future potential for
timber production, intermixed smaller parcels and other contiguous lands, the inclusion of which is necessary for the protection and efficient management of forest resource lands.
http://mendolafco.org/lafcopp/lafcopandp2002.html
29. (USA-STATE-Colorado) "Forest land" means land of which at least ten percent is stocked by forest trees of any size and includes land that formerly had such tree cover and that
will be naturally or artificially regenerated. "Forest land" includes roadside, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of timber which have a crown width of at least one hundred twenty feet.
"Forest land" includes unimproved roads and trails, streams, and clearings which are less than one hundred twenty feet wide. http://www.palmerfoundation.org/Legal_CO.htm
30. (USA-STATE-Florida 1999) Forests (Upland) - This category of land cover is reserved for those upland areas which support a tree canopy closure of ten (10) percent or more. The
Upland Forests include both the xeric (drysite) and mesic (moderately moist site) forest communities. Wetland, or hydric, forest communities fall under the broad wetland category.
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
Also included in the Upland Forest category are areas in which timber harvesting has occurred but which exhibit no evidence of being developed for other intended uses (clear-cuts
in an area in which rotation forest management is practiced is a prime example of such a case). http://www.dot.state.fl.us/surveyingandmapping/Manuals/fluccmanual.pdf
31. (USA-STATE-Florida) ``Forest" means land stocked by trees of any size used in the production of forest products, or forest land that has been harvested and is not currently
developed for nonforest use. http://www.myflorida.com/dor/tips/tip98a115.html and http://election.dos.state.fl.us/laws/98laws/ch_98-294.pdf
32. (USA-STATE-Florida-Hernando Co.) Timberland - Must be a minimum of 20 acres in size and in planted pines or a predominantly natural stand of pines. A forestry management
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
plan must be implemented and followed and a copy of the plan kept on file with the Property Appraiser's Office. Larger tracts will be reviewed and approved based on the
merchantability of the timber and whether or not management has been sufficient. This guideline covers both hard wood and mixed tracts. Christmas tree production will be
considered as nursery land. http://www.co.hernando.fl.us/pa/greenbelt.htm
(USA-STATE-Hawaii-Kauai Co. 1988) Land at least 10 percent stocked with trees and not now developed for nonforest use; also includes land 50 percent or more covered by
shrubs. The minimum area recognized as forest land is 1 acre. This land includes both timberland and other forest land (Buck et al. 1988). http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/rb156.pdf
(USA-STATE-Idaho) Forestland means privately owned land being held and used primarily for the continuous purpose of growing and harvesting trees of a marketable species.
http://www2.state.id.us/tax/propertytax/PTpdfs/revisedforestlanddesign.pdf
(USA-STATE-Idaho-2005) "Forest" means forest land and the timber thereon. "Forest land" means privately owned land being held and used primarily for the continuous purpose of
growing and harvesting trees of a marketable species. Having met the above criteria, forest land may be further identified by the consideration of any of the following criteria: (a)
Forest land is land evidenced by present use and silvicultural treatment. (b) Forest land is land which has a dedicated use that is further evidenced by a forest land management
plan that includes eventual harvest of the forest crop. (c) Forest land is land bearing forest growth or land which has not been converted to another use. (d) Forest land is land which
has had the trees removed by man through harvest, including clear-cuts or by natural disaster, such as but not limited to fire, and which within five (5) years after harvest or initial
assessment will be reforested as specified in the forest practices act (chapter 13, title 38, Idaho Code). http://www3.state.id.us/oasis/2005/H0126.html and
http://www3.state.id.us/cgi-bin/newidst?sctid=630170001.K
(USA-STATE-Illinois 1996) State forests shall include only such lands as are decided by the Department of Natural Resources to be more valuable for the growing of forests than for
other purposes, and shall have for their purpose the production of forest products, the protection of watersheds that are subject to serious erosion, the maintenance of purity of
springs and streams and to afford recreation places for the people of the State. (Source: P.A. 89-445, eff. 2-7-96.) Source:
http://www.legis.state.il.us/ilcs/ch525/ch525act40.htm#Top
(USA-STATE-Illinois) "Forest" means an area whose principal crop is trees. http://www.legis.state.il.us/commission/jcar/admincode/017/017015370000010R.html and
http://dnr.state.il.us/legal/1537.pdf
(USA-STATE-Illinois) "Forestry" means land used or managed for the long-term production of wood, wood fiber, or wood-derived products. Allowable support facilities include water
impoundments, access and fire control lanes, erosion control structures such as grassed waterways, downdrains, terraces and sediment ponds, and other incidental facilities
related to sound multiple use management of the forest resource. http://dnr.state.il.us/legal/62-1701.htm
(USA-STATE-Illinois) Land used or managed for the long-term production of wood, wood fiber or wood derived products. Land used for facilities in support of forest harvest and
management operations that is adjacent to or an integral part of these operations is also included. http://dnr.state.il.us/mines/lrd/guides/citrec7.htm
(USA-STATE-Iowa 1999) "Forest" means stands of native or introduced trees containing at least two hundred trees per acre and located on privately owned land. However, a stand
of fruit trees is not a forest. 1999. http://www.legis.state.ia.us/IACODE/1999SUPPLEMENT/161A/42.html
41. (USA-STATE-Kansas 1971) An area managed for the production of timber and other forest produce, or maintained under woody vegetation for such indirect benefits as protection of
catchment areas or recreation. "Terminology of Forest Science, Technology, Practice & Products" SAF, 1971. Robert L. Atchison [email protected]
42. (USA-STATE-Kansas) Forest land - Land at least 10% stocked by forest trees of any size, or formerly having such tree cover, and not currently developed for non-forest use.
Stocking is measured by comparing specified standards with basal area and /or number of trees, age or size and spacing. The minimum area classification for forest land is 1 acre.
Roadside, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of timber must have a crown width of at least 120 feet to qualify as forest land. "An Analysis of the Forest Resources of Kansas",
Leatherberry, Schmidt, Strickler & Aslin, USDA/FS NCRS NC-334. Robert L. Atchison [email protected]
43. (USA-STATE-Kentucky) Forest land" means land used or managed for the long-term production of wood, wood fiber, or wood derived products. Land used for facilities in support of
forest harvest and management operations which is adjacent to or an integral part of these operations is also included. http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/kar/405/030/010.htm
44. (USA-STATE-Kentucky) Forestland - land at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, including land that formerly had such cover and that will be naturally or artificially
regenerated. The State of Kentucky does not have the terms Forest, Forestland, or Tree officially defined in State Statute or Regulation. The Division of Forestry utilizes the Society
of American Forester's definitions for these terms as listed in John A. Helms' The Dictionary of Forestry. [email protected]
45. (USA-STATE-Maine) "Forest land" means land used for the production of forest products. http://janus.state.me.us/legis/statutes/17/title17sec3853-D.html
46. (USA-STATE-Maine) Forest land. "Forest land" means land used primarily for growth of trees to be harvested for commercial use, but does not include ledge, marsh, open swamp,
bog, water and similar areas, which are unsuitable for growing a forest product or for harvesting for commercial use even though these areas may exist within forest lands. Source:
http://janus.state.me.us/legis/statutes/36/title36sec573.html
47. (USA-STATE-Maine) Forestland--means land used primarily for growth of trees to be harvested for commercial use; may be either seedling, pole timber, or saw log stands.
Forestland does not include ledge, marsh, open swamp, bog, water and similar areas that are unsuitable for growing a forest product or for harvesting for commercial use even
though these areas may exist within forestlands. http://www.state.me.us/revenue/propertytax/Bulletins/Tax%20Bulletin%2019.htm
48. (USA-STATE-Maine) Land used primarily for growth of trees to be harvested for commercial use; may be either seedling, poletimber, or sawlog stands. Land which would otherwise
be included in this definition shall not be excluded because of: (1) Multiple use for public recreation; (2) Statutory or governmental restrictions which prevent commercial harvesting
of trees or require a primary use of the land other than commercial harvesting; (3) Deed restrictions, restrictive covenants or organizational charters that prevent commercial
harvesting of trees or require a primary use of land other than commercial harvesting and that were effective prior to January 1, 1982; or (4) Past or present multiple use for mineral
exploration. http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:www.memun.org/municipal_resources/Public_files/TAXDATA/HTML/PropertyTaxBull/html/bulletin19.htm
49. (USA-STATE-Maine-Acton 2003) Forest Land means land used primarily to grow trees to be harvested for commercial use, but does not include marsh, open swamp, bog, water
and similar areas, which are unsuitable for growing a forest product or for harvesting for commercial use even though these areas may exist within forest lands.
http://www.actonmaine.com/warrant/2003/warrant.pdf
50. (USA-STATE-Maryland 1974)- These lands are at least 10% stocked with trees capable of producing timber or other wood products, and lands dedicated to forest production but
temporarily cleared (i.e. logged). This lands include abandoned fields with woody brush that prevents classification as Agricultural land.
http://ia700309.us.archive.org/35/items/landuseclassific209mary/landuseclassific209mary.pdf
51. (USA—STATE-Maryland 2007) (i) "Forest" means a biological community dominated by trees or other woody plants covering a land area of 1 acre or more.(ii) "Forest" includes an
area that has been cut but not cleared of trees or other woody plants. Maryland 2007. http://www.dnr.state.md.us/download/reforest.pdf
52. (USA-STATE-Maryland) - Land bearing forest growth or land from which the forest has been removed but which shows evidence of past forest occupancy and which is not now in
other use. http://www.mde.state.md.us/assets/document/sedimentStormwater/MDEFHOESManualDraft063005_glossary.pdf
53. (USA-STATE-Maryland-1974) - Forest land are lands that are at least 10 percent stocked with trees capable of producing timber or other wood products that exert an influence on
climate or water regime. Lands from which trees have been removed to less than 10 percent stocking but which have not been developed for other use are also included.
http://ia700309.us.archive.org/35/items/landuseclassific209mary/landuseclassific209mary.pdf
54. (USA-STATE-Maryland-Easton) "Forest" means a biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants covering a land area of 10,000 square feet or greater. B.
"Forest" includes: (1) Areas that have at least 100 live trees per acre with at least 50 percent of those trees having a 2-inch or greater diameter at 4.5 feet above the ground and
larger; and (2) Areas that have been cut but not cleared. C. "Forest" does not include orchards. http://www.town-eastonmd.com/Planning/fco/fco_a002.pdf
55. (USA-STATE-Maryland-Rockville 2009) “forest" means (1) a contiguous biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants covering a land area of five thousand
(5,000) square feet or greater. (2) "Forest" includes:a. Areas that have at least one hundred (100) live trees per acre with at least fifty (50) percent of those trees having a two-inch or
greater diameter at four and one-half (4.5) feet above the ground and larger; and b. Areas that have been cut but not cleared. (3) "Forest" does not include orchards. “Rockville,
Maryland. 2009. http://www.rockvillemd.gov/e-gov/rec-parks/ForestConservationManual.pdf
56. (USA-STATE-Maryland-Rockville) A biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants covering a land area of 10,000 square feet or greater. Forest includes: (1)
Areas that have at least 100 trees per acre with at least 50 percent of those trees having a 2-inch or greater dbh. (2) Forest areas that have been cut, but not cleared. Forest does
not include orchards. http://www.ci.rockville.md.us/cityprojects/envguide/eggloss.htm
57. (USA-STATE-Massachusetts) Forest Land means land with at least 15% of the area occupied by the crowns of forest trees of any size that contains at least 7.5 square feet of
basal area per acre; or that is a plantation containing at least 500 trees per acre; or land recently harvested that is in the process of regeneration.
http://www.state.ma.us/dem/regs/304011c.htm
58. (USA-STATE-Massachusetts) Forest Lands: (1) To be eligible for classification, land must meet the following criteria: (a) be a parcel of land containing ten or more adjacent or
contiguous acres; (b) be at least 16 and 7/8% stocked with forest products and contain at least 7 and 5/10 square feet of basal area per acre by forest trees of any size; or formerly
had such tree cover and is not currently developed for nonforest use, or is a plantation containing at least 500 trees per acre; and (c) has no subdivision plan on file. (2) The
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
following areas may be included in the calculation of acreage: (a) certain permanent or temporary wetlands, water courses and submerged areas and other minor unproductive
areas deemed by the State Forester to be comparable with forest production; (b) cleared rightsofway not exceeding 20 feet in width, including road bed, brushed out road edges,
and other reasonable improvements to reduce erosion of the rightofway and to protect forest land, wetlands and stream crossings, or when the primary purpose of the improvement
is for forest protection and access for forest management. The maximum width may be exceeded for turnouts, turn arounds or for temporary storage areas for forest products.
Source: 304 CMR 8.00: CHAPTER 61, FOREST CLASSIFICATION http://www.daviesand.com/Laws/Chapter_61/Ch61_Regs/
(USA-STATE-Massachusetts) Land that is at least sixteen and seven-tenths per cent stocked, that contains at least seven and five-tenths square feet of basal area per acre by
forest trees of any size; or that formerly had such tree cover and is not currently developed for non-forest use; or that is a plantation containing at least five hundred trees per acre.
[Source Chapter 61 Massachusetts Taxation Law - http://www.forestmeister.com/laws/ch61.html]
(USA-STATE-Michigan) "Forest land" means a tract of land or the timber rights in that land owned or occupied by a member, which land is at least 10% occupied by forest tree
species with a growth potential of 50 cubic feet per acre per year and consists of 40 acres or more. Forest land includes land from which forest tree species have been removed and
have not been restocked, but does not include land converted to uses other than the growing of forest tree species or land currently zoned for uses incompatible with forest
practices. http://www.dnr.state.mi.us/www/law/law_book/statutes/code/part501.html
(USA-STATE-Michigan) "Forest land" means timbered land, potential timber-producing land, cutover or burned timber land or grass lands not including lands devoted to agriculture.
http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10367_11851-24039--,00.html
(USA-STATE-Michigan) (d) " Forest land" means a tract of land that may include nonproductive land that is intermixed with productive land that is an integral part of a managed
forest and that meets all the following: (i) Does not have material natural resources other than those resources suitable for forest growth or the potential for forest growth. (ii) Is not
used for agricultural, mineral extraction except as provided in section 51113, grazing, industrial, developed recreational, residential, resort, commercial, or developmental purposes.
(iii) The owner agrees to develop, maintain, and actively manage the land as a commercial forest through planting, natural reproduction, or other silvicultural practices. Source:
http://www.michiganlegislature.org/law/getObject.asp?objName=324-51101&objType=section&highlight=forest
(USA-STATE-Minnesota 2009) -"Forest land" means land which is at least ten percent stocked by trees of any size and capable of producing timber, or of exerting an influence on
the climate or on the water regime; land from which the trees described above have been removed to less than ten percent stocking and which has not been developed for other
use; and afforested areas. - https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=88.01
(USA-STATE-Minnesota) Forest land or forest. Forest land or forest, means land on which occurs a stand or potential stand of trees valuable for timber products, watershed or
wildlife protection, recreational uses or other purposes, and shall include lands owned or controlled by the state of Minnesota. http://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/stats/89/51.html
(USA-STATE-Montana 1996) "Forest" means forest land and the timber on the land. (5) "Forest land" means contiguous land of 15 acres or more in one ownership that is capable
of producing timber that can be harvested in commercial quantity and is producing timber unless the trees have been removed by man through harvest, including clearcuts, or by
natural disaster, including but not limited to fire. Forest land includes land: (a) that has not been converted to another use.
http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/1997/Bills/Senate/SB0100_ENR.htm
(USA-STATE-Montana) "Forest land" means contiguous land of 15 acres or more in one ownership that is capable of producing timber that can be harvested in commercial quantity
and is producing timber unless the trees have been removed by man through harvest, including clearcuts, or by natural disaster, including but not limited to fire. Forest land
includes land: a) that has not been converted to another use; and b) on which the annual net wood production equals or exceeds 25 cubic feet an acre at the culmination of mean
annual increment. http://data.opi.state.mt.us/bills/mca/15/44/15-44-102.htm
(USA-STATE-Nevada) “Forest” or “forest land” means land on which occurs a stand or potential stand of trees valuable for timber products, watershed or wildlife protection,
recreational uses or for other purposes. http://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-527.html
(USA-STATE-Nevada) Land which is at least 10 percent occupied by forest trees of any size or formerly having had such tree cover and not currently developed for non-forest use.
Lands developed for non-forest use include areas for crops, improved pasture, residential, or administrative areas, improved roads of any width, and adjoining road clearing and
power line clearing of any width. http://www.state.nv.us/cnr/ndwp/dict-1/WORD_F.htm Water Words Dictionary, http://www.nalms.org/glossary/lkword_f.htm Lake and Water Words
Glossary, http://www.dcnr.nv.gov/nrp/y-tr1nrp.pdf and (36 CFR 219.3) http://www.safc.org/resources/glossary.htm#definitions
(USA-STATE-New York) Forest land means land primarily devoted to and suitable for forest crop production under accepted evenaged or unevenaged forest management systems
through natural regeneration or through forestation and sufficiently stocked with forest trees to produce a merchantable forest crop within 30 years of time of original certification.
Forest land shall consist of a stand or stands of commercial species of forest trees which contain at least either 500 stems per acre or 60 square feet of basal area per acre which
shall be evenly distributed over the area of the stand. The department may approve a smaller number of planted trees per acre if the resulting spacing between trees is appropriate
for satisfactory growth for the species being planted. For natural seedlings to be part of a stand, they must be at least one foot in height, and planted trees must be at least in their
third growing season on the site. http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/regs/199.htm
(USA-STATE-North Carolina 1990) Forestland - Land at least 16.7 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or formerly having had such tree cover, and not currently developed
for nonforest use. Source: Forest Statistics for North Carolina, 1990. Resource Bulletin SE-120, by Tony G. Johnson. USDA-Forest Service, Southeastern Forest
(USA-STATE-North Carolina) Individually owned forestland consisting of one or more tracts, one of which consists of at least 20 acres that are in actual production and are not
included in a farm unit. http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/wq/LandPreservationNotebook/statutes/nc/presentusevalue.htm
(USA-STATE-North Carolina) Land that is a part of a forest unit that is actively engaged in the commercial growing of trees under a sound management program. Forestland
includes wasteland that is a part of the forest unit, but the wasteland included in the unit shall be appraised under the use-value schedules as wasteland. A forest unit may consist
of more than one tract of forestland, but at least one of the tracts must meet the requirements in G.S. 105-277.3(a)(3), and each tract must be under a sound management
program. http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/wq/LandPreservationNotebook/statutes/nc/presentusevalue.htm and http://www.co.forsyth.nc.us/tax/defermnt.htm
(USA-STATE-North Carolina-Counties) Forestland means land that is a part of a forest unit that is actively engaged in the commercial growing of trees under a sound management
program. Forestland includes wasteland that is a part of the forest unit, but the wasteland included in the unit shall be appraised under the use value schedules as wasteland. The
requirements for a forestland deferment are as follows: May consist of more than one tract of forestland, but at least one of the tracts must meet the qualification requirements and
each tract must be under a sound management program. One tract must consist of at least 20 acres that are in actual production and are not included in a farm unit. If individually
owned, the property must be the owner's residence or have been owned by the current owner or a relative of the current owner for four years preceding January 1 of the year in
which the benefit is claimed. http://www.lincolncounty.org/County/Departments/Tax/LandUseValueQualifications.htm and http://www.co.anson.nc.us/assessor/defermnt.htm,
http://www.co.chatham.nc.us/dept/tax/web/Listing.htm
(USA-STATE-Ohio 2001) "Forest land" means land for which the primary purpose is the growing, managing and harvesting of a merchantable forest product of commercial species
under accepted silvicultural systems through natural or artificial reforestation methods and for which there is an approved forest management plan. The forest land shall consist of a
stand or stands of commercial species of forest trees which contain at least fifty square feet of basal area or at least three hundred stems per acre which shall be evenly distributed
throughout the stand. http://www.ohiodnr.com/forestry/rules/pdf/3-10-01.pdf and http://auditor.cuyahoga.oh.us/auditor/appraisal/forestland.htm
(USA-STATE-Oklahoma 2003) Forest means a tract of land that is at least ten percent (10%) stocked by trees of any size, whether of commercial or noncommercial species, or
formerly having tree cover and not currently developed for nonforest use, including woodlands, woodlots, windbreaks, and shelterbelts; www.lsb.state.ok.us/2003-04SB/sb606_cs.rtf
(USA-STATE-Oklahoma) "Forests" means forest land that is at least ten percent (10%) stocked by forest trees of any size, whether of commercial or noncommercial species, or
formerly having such tree cover and not currently developed for nonforest use, including woodlands, woodlots, windbreaks and shelterbelts; Source: &sect;2-1301-102.
http://oklegal.onenet.net/oklegal-cgi/isearch
(USA-STATE-Oregon) "Forestland" means land zoned in a county comprehensive plan for forest or farm use that is capable of producing commercial hardwood or softwood timber,
regardless of the vegetation currently on the land. http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/rules/OARS_600/OAR_629/629_022.html
(USA-STATE-Oregon) “Forestland" means forestland that is a parcel of land of more than 10 acres that has been zoned in the comprehensive plan for exclusive farm use, forest use
or farm and forest use and that is, as of the assessment date for which value for the forest homesite is being determined: (a) Land that has as its highest and best use the growing
and harvesting of trees of a marketable species; (b) Land that has been designated as forestland under ORS 321.257 to 321.390 or 321.805 to 321.825; or (c) Land that has been
classified under ORS 321.705 to 321.765. http://www.savinggraves-us.org/or/laws/308a.htm
(USA-STATE-Oregon) Any land producing forest products. http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/321.html and http://www.leg.state.or.us/99reg/measures/sb1100.dir/sb1151.en.html
(USA-STATE-Oregon) Any land that is capable of producing or has produced forest growth or, if lacking forest growth, has evidence of a former forest and is not now in other use.
http://rredc.nrel.gov/biomass/states/bio_glossary/glossary.html
(USA-STATE-Oregon) Forestland” means land used for the growing and harvesting of forest tree species, regardless of how the land is zoned, taxed or how any state statutes or
local ordinances, rules or regulations are applied. http://159.121.125.11/forasst/Library/Pub/UrbanFP.pdf, http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/teach/for442/odfdefin.htm and
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/rules/OARS_600/OAR_629/629_600.html
(USA-STATE-Oregon) Land at least 10% stocked by forest trees of any size, including land that formerly had such tree cover and that will be regenerated. Strips of forest must
have a crown width of 36.58 meters to qualify as forestland. http://159.121.125.11/rp/Far/crt5ind26.asp#SelectRef
(USA-STATE-Oregon) Land that is used for the growing and harvesting of forest tree species. http://www.law.utexas.edu/dawson/nuisance/or_nuis.htm
(USA-STATE-Oregon-Klamath County) Forest lands are (1) lands composed of existing and potential forest lands suitable for commercial forest uses; (2) other forested lands
needed for watershed protection, wildlife and fish habitat, and recreation; (3) lands where extreme conditions of climate, soil and topography require the maintenance of vegetative
cover irrespective of use; and (4) other forested lands in urban and agricultural areas that provide urban buffers, wind breaks, wildlife and fish habitat, livestock, scenic corridors and
recreation use. http://www.co.klamath.or.us/ComDevelopment/Planning/GOAL4.pdf
(USA-STATE-Oregon-Multnomah Co.) - Those lands used or suitable for the production of forest products. http://www2.co.multnomah.or.us/Community_Services/LUTPlanning/urban/CRGNSAPlan/PartII/NSAMP_PII_C2Forest.htm
(USA-STATE-Pennsylvania) Land used for the long-term production of wood, wood fiber or wood-derived products; watershed protection or site stabilization and for the production,
protection and management of species of fish and wildlife. Land used for facilities in support of forestry and watershed management operations which is adjacent to or an integral
part of these operations is also included. http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/0088.html
(USA-STATE-Rhode Island) -“Forestland” means any tract or contiguous tracts of land, five (5) acres or more bearing a dense growth of trees, young regenerating forest, and having
either the quality of selfperpetuation, or being dependent upon its development by the planting and replanting. http://www.state.ri.us/dem/pubs/regs/regs/forest/altgrant.pdf
(USA-STATE-Rhode Island) I.2.c. Forestland - In this report, forestland is defined in the same way as "commercial forestland," and is based on the standard definition developed by
the USDA Forest Service. According to the Forest Service, "Commercial forestland is land that is capable of producing more than 20 cubic feet of biomass per acre per year."
http://rredc.nrel.gov/biomass/doe/rbep/ri_wd_waste/one.html
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
89. (USA-STATE-Rhode Island) The term "forest land" means any tract or contiguous tracts of land, ten (10) acres or larger bearing a dense growth of trees, including any underbrush
thereon, and having either the quality of self perpetuation, or being dependent upon its development by the planting and replanting of trees in stands of closely growing timber,
actively managed under a forest management plan approved by the director of environmental management. http://farm.fic.niu.edu/fic/laws/state/ri44271.html and
http://www.state.ri.us/dem/pubs/regs/regs/agric/ffosimp.pdf
90. (USA-STATE-South Carolina 2009) Forest land" or "forest" means land supporting a stand or potential stand of trees valuable for timber products, watershed or wildlife protection,
recreational uses, or for other purposes. South Carolina South Carolina Code of Laws (Unannotated) Current through the end of the 2009 Session
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t48c029.htm and http://www.lpitr.state.sc.us/code/t48c029.htm
91. (USA-STATE-South Dakota 1998) Forest land: Land at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, including land that formerly had such tree cover and that will be
naturally or artificially regenerated. Forest land includes (a) transition zones, such as areas between forested and nonforested lands that are at least 10 percent stocked with forest
trees, and forest areas adjacent to urban and built-up lands, (b) pinion-juniper and chaparral areas. The minimum area for classification of forest land is 1 acre (0.4 ha); roadside,
streamside, and shelterbelt strips of trees must have a crown width of at least 120 ft (36.6 m); unimproved roads and trails, streams, and clearings in forest areas are classified as
forest if less than 120 ft (36.6 m) wide. Source - The Dictionary of Forestry, 1998, published by the Society of American Foresters, John A. Helms, editor. [email protected]
92. (USA-STATE-Tennessee) "Forest land" means land constituting a forest unit engaged in the growing of trees under a sound program of sustained yield management or any tract of
fifteen (15) or more acres having tree growth in such quantity and quality and so managed as to constitute a forest; Source: http://farm.fic.niu.edu/fic/laws/state/tn675100.html and
http://www.padctn.com/greenbelt_law.htm
93. (USA-STATE-Texas) "Forest land" means land on which the trees are potentially valuable for timber products, protection of watersheds, wildlife habitat, recreational uses, or for
other purposes, but does not include land within the incorporated limits of a village, town, or city. http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/statutes/nr/nr0015200.html
94. (USA-STATE-Texas) Forest land” means land on which the trees are potentially valuable for timber products.
http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/texaswater/rivers/riddellcriminaltrespass.phtml
95. (USA-STATE-Vermont) (9) "Managed forest land" means any land, exclusive of any housesite, which is at least 25 acres in size and which is under active forest management for
the purpose of growing and harvesting repeated forest crops in accordance with accepted forest management practices. There shall be a presumption that land is under active forest
management if at least 50 percent of the land: (A) is certified to be a "tree farm" under the American Tree Farm System; (B) has qualified for a federal cost-sharing forest
improvement program, and that program has actually been carried out within the past five years; (C) is certified by the county forester as conforming with accepted forest
management practices; or (D) conforms with such criteria for managed forest land as are accepted by the board; Source: Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 32, &sect;&sect; 3751 to 3775
http://farm.fic.niu.edu/fic/laws/state/vt323751.html
96. (USA-STATE-Vermont) Forest land means any land, exclusive of any housesite, which is under active forest management for the purpose of growing and harvesting repeated forest
crops. www.leg.state.vt.us/statutes/fullchapter.cfm?Title=24&Chapter=075.
97. (USA-STATE-Virginia 1997) Forest Land - Land at least 10 percent stocked by trees of any size or formerly having had such tree cover and not currently built-up or developed for
agricultural use. Forestland may include Grassland, Shrubland, Treeland, Wetland, and/or Barren land. Examples of forest land use are grazing, recreation, and timber production.
See Forest Land Class for further breakdowns. Virginia Fire Law defines forestland as 80 woody stems per acre http://www.dof.virginia.gov/edu/glossary.htm#F
98. (USA-STATE-Virginia 2000) Forestland is defined as lands with at least a stocking of 10% cover of live forest trees of any size, or formerly having such tree cover, and not currently
developed for non-forest use. The minimum area for classification of forestland is usually 1 acre with a minimum width of 120 feet stem-to-stem. Forested strips must be at least
120 feet wide for a continuous length of at least 363 feet in order to meet the acre threshold. Unimproved roads and trails, and clearings in forest areas are classified as forest if less
than 120 feet wide or smaller than 1 acre. http://www.dof.virginia.gov/gis/dwnld-vaforest2000-faq.shtml
99. (USA-STATE-Virginia-Ablemarle County 2010) - Land used for forestal use must be a minimum of twenty acres and must include standing timber and trees devoted to tree growth
in such quantity and so spaced and maintained as to constitute a forest area. Requires a minimum of 20 or more contiguous unimproved acres exclusively devoted to forestal use
with no livestock access. Forestal acreage with livestock access must be qualified under the agricultural use category. Forestal participants are required to have a forest
management plan prepared by a forestry professional or a letter of intent stating that the land will be forested. http://www.albemarle.org/department.asp?
department=finance&relpage=3309
100.
(USA-STATE-Virginia-Loudoun Coounty) To qualify for this category, the property must be a minimum of twenty acres and must meet the standards for productive forestland or
nonproductive forestland. http://www.co.loudoun.va.us/finserv/landuse2.htm
101.
(USA-STATE-Washington 1996) Land primarily devoted to growing trees for long-term commercial timber production on land that can be economically and practically managed
for such production, including Christmas trees subject to the excise tax imposed under RCW 84.33.100 through 84.33.140, and that has long-term commercial significance. In
determining whether forest land is primarily devoted to growing trees for long-term commercial timber production on land that can be economically and practically managed for such
production, the following factors shall be considered: (a) The proximity of the land to urban, suburban, and rural settlements; (b) surrounding parcel size and the compatibility and
intensity of adjacent and nearby land uses; (c) long-term local economic conditions that affect the ability to manage for timber production; and (d) the availability of public facilities
and services conductive to conversion of forest land to other uses. 1994 State Legislature http://www.gmaboards.wa.gov/eastern/ew_decisions/ew1996/96-10017,ellensburg,orderoncomplianceandinvalidity.htm
102.
(USA-STATE-Washington 1996) Land primarily useful for growing trees, including Christmas trees subject to the excise tax imposed under RCW 84.33.100 through 84.33.140,
for commercial purposes, and that has long-term commercial significance for growing trees commercially. The Growth Management Act RCW 36.70A.30(8).
http://www.gmaboards.wa.gov/eastern/ew_decisions/ew1996/96-1-0017,ellensburg,orderoncomplianceandinvalidity.htm
103.
(USA-STATE-Washington 2001) “Forest land" means all land which is capable of supporting a merchantable stand of timber and is not being actively used for a use which is
incompatible with timber growing. Forest land does not include agricultural land that is or was enrolled in the conservation reserve enhancement program by contract if such
agricultural land was historically used for agricultural purposes and the landowner intends to continue to use the land for agricultural purposes in the future.
http://www.leg.wa.gov/sl/2001-02/5497-s_sl.pdf
104.
(USA-STATE-Washington) (3) "Timber land" means any parcel of land that is five or more acres or multiple parcels of land that are contiguous and total five or more acres which
is or are devoted primarily to the growth and harvest of forest crops for commercial purposes. Wash. Rev. Code secs. 84.34.010 to - .922
http://farm.fic.niu.edu/fic/laws/state/wa8434.html
105.
(USA-STATE-Washington) State Tax Assessment- Any parcel of land twenty or more acres in size or multiple parcels of land that are contiguous and total twenty acres or
more in size that is primarily used for the growth and harvesting of timber. http://www.sanjuancounty.org/assessor/dfl.html
106.
(USA-STATE-Washington-Bainbridge Island 2004) Land used for growing trees, not including Christmas trees, for commercial purposes (as shown by record of income) that has
long-term commercial significance; or unharvested forest land preserved in open space for the environmental benefits and maintenance of rural character. http://www.ci.bainbridgeisl.wa.us/documents/CompPlan2004_Glossary.pdf
107.
(USA-STATE-Washington-San Juan County) - Timber Land means any parcel of land that is five or more acres or multiple parcels of land that are contiguous and total five or
more acres which is or are devoted primarily to the growth and harvest of forest crops for commercial purposes. http://www.co.san-juan.wa.us/assessor/current.aspx
108.
(USA-STATE-Washington-San Juan County) Land designated as ‘forest land’ means any parcel of land twenty or more acres in size or multiple parcels of land that are
contiguous and total twenty acres or more in size that is primarily used for the growth and harvesting of timber. Forest land refers only to the land. http://www.co.sanjuan.wa.us/assessor/default.asp?page=dfl
109.
(USA-STATE-Washington-Stevens County) Forestland means all land in contiguous ownership of 20 or more acres; which is primarily devoted to and used for growing and
harvesting timber. http://www.co.stevens.wa.us/assessor/Current%20Land%20Use/PDF%20docs/continuance.PDF
110.
(USA-STATE-Wisconsin 2003) "Forest Land" means any area on which trees exist, standing or fallen, alive or dead, that are primarily grown because they are valuable for forest
products, watershed or wildlife protection or non-residential recreational uses in contrast to areas where shade or ornamental trees are grown primarily because they are valuable for
landscape, aesthetic, agricultural or similar purposes. http://www.wra.org/pdf/government/landuse/Proposal_Shoreland_Changes2003.pdf
111.
(USA-STATE-Wyoming 2002) Forestry means land used or managed for the long-term production of wood, wood fiber, or wood-derived products.
http://www.osmre.gov/stateregs/wyregschap1.txt (2002)
2.3.4.4 Ecological/Miscellaneous Definitions
1. (INDONESIA-Papua-2002) Forest means a unit of ecosystem in the form of lands comprising biological resources, dominated by trees in their natural forms and environment, which
can not be separated each other. http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache:bwzUkrDvEFsJ:www.papuaweb.org/dlib/lap/sullivan/perdasiperdasus/forestry.rtf+%22forest+means%22&cd=215&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=safari
2. (Russia Khabarovsk Krai 1999) Forest is defined as the totality of forest vegetation, land, wildlife, and other components’ of the environment having important ecological, economic
and social significance. http://wenku.baidu.com/view/d74f09d349649b6648d747c8.html
3. (USA-STATE-California 2002) ‘‘Forest’’ means lands that support, or can support,’’ at least 10 percent tree canopy cover and that allow for management of one or more forest
resources including timber, fish and wildlife, biodiversity, water quality, recreation, aesthetics and other public benefits.
http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/publications/legislation/SB_812.PDF
4. (USA-STATE-California) "Forest land" means timberland defined pursuant to subdivision (g), and other lands that have been withdrawn from timber production, such as units of the
state park system, national parks, and wilderness areas. http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cacodes/prc/4789-4789.7.html
5. (USA-STATE-Georgia 2003) - 'Forest' means lands that support, or can support, at least 10 percent tree canopy cover and that allow for management of one or more forest
resources including but not limited to timber, fish and wildlife, biodiversity, water quality, air quality, soil conservation, recreation, aesthetics, or other benefits.
http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2003_04/fulltext/sb356.htm
6. (USA-STATE-Indiana 1999) Sec. 1. For the purpose of property taxation, forest land may be classified and assessed under this chapter if the land satisfies the conditions
prescribed in this chapter for classification as native forest land or a forest plantation. (Formerly: Acts 1975, P.L.47, SEC.1.) IC 6-1.1-6-2 Sec. 2. Land may be classified as a forest
plantation if it is cleared land which has growing on it a good stand of timber producing trees as that concept is understood by competent foresters. (Formerly: Acts 1975, P.L.47,
SEC.1.) IC 6-1.1-6-3 Sec. 3. Land may be classified as native forest land if it has never been plowed or cultivated and contains at least forty (40) square feet of basal area per acre
or at least one thousand (1,000) timber producing trees, of any size, per acre. (Formerly: Acts 1975, P.L.47, SEC.1.) IC 6-1.1-6-4 Sec. 4. For purposes of this chapter, the following
types of trees are not considered timber producing trees: dogwoods (Cornus); water-beech (Carpinus); ironwood (Ostrya); red bud (Cercis); sassafras; persimmon; pawpaw; black
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
haw; willows (Salix); pomaceous trees; and Christmas trees which are grown for commercial purposes. (Formerly: Acts 1975, P.L.47, SEC.1.). Source: Chapter 6. Assessment of
Certain Forest Lands IC 6-1.1-6-1http://www.state.in.us/legislative/ic/1999/title6/ar1.1/ch6.html
(USA-STATE-Minnesota) "Forest land" means land which is at least ten percent stocked by trees of any size and capable of producing timber, or of exerting an influence on the
climate or on the water regime; land from which the trees described above have been removed to less than ten percent stocking and which has not been developed for other use;
and afforested areas. Source: Section: 88.01 continued... http://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us:81/SEARCH/BASIS/mnstat/public/www/DDW?
W%3DTEXT+PH+IS+%27forest+means%27+ORDER+BY+SORT_KEY/Ascend%26M%3D1%26K%3D88.01%26R%3DY%26U%3D20%26PCU%3D1
(USA-STATE-Mississippi 2008) Forestland -- Land which is currently producing (or, in some cases, capable of producing) a forest.
http://msucares.com/pubs/publications/p1250.pdf
(USA-STATE-Montana) "Forest land" means land that has enough timber, standing or down, slash, or brush to constitute in the judgment of the department a fire menace to life or
property. Grassland and agricultural areas are included when those areas are intermingled with or contiguous to and no further than one-half mile from areas of forest land.
http://www.dnrc.state.mt.us/forestry/classifi.htm and http://www.discoveringmontana.com/racicot/eo/21-22-23Background.htm
(USA-STATE-Nebraska) Nebraska accepts the definitions of forestland, forest, etc. as defined in the U.S. Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis program.
[email protected].
(USA-STATE-New Hampshire) "Forestland'' means all lands in this state, except those owned and managed by the United States of America, which by reason of their location and
character of soil have the capacity to grow trees and the continuance of which under forest cover is of substantial importance to the public interest.
http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XIX-A/227-G/227-G-2.htm
(USA-STATE-New Jersey) A "forest" means and includes any forest, brush land, grass land, salt marsh, wooded area and any combination thereof, including but not limited to, an
open space area, public lands, wetlands, park lands, natural habitats, a State conservation area, a wildlife refuge area or any other designated undeveloped open space whether or
not it is subject to specific protection under law. http://www.judiciary.state.nj.us/criminal/charges/arson2.htm
(USA-STATE-New York) "Forest land" includes not only lands which may be covered with tree growth but also lands which are best adapted to forests.
http://assembly.state.ny.us/cgi-bin/claws?law=37&art=12
(USA-STATE-North Dakota) "Forest" means an area of land normally supporting a growth of planted tree cover, woodlands, or windbreaks.
http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t57c57.pdf
(USA-STATE-Oregon) "Forestland" means any woodland, brushland, timberland, grazing land or clearing, which, during any time of the year, contains enough forest growth,
slashing or vegetation to constitute, in the opinion of the forester, a fire hazard, regardless of how the land is zoned or taxed. Source: 526.005 Definitions
http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/526.html
(USA-STATE-Oregon-Yamhill County) Forest land is land which either is being held or used predominantly to grow and harvest trees of a; marketable species and has been
designated as forest land or is land the highest and best use of which is to grow and harvest such trees. A. Land may qualify if the designated area is at least two contiguous acres
of bare land or two contiguous acres plus one homesite of improved land in one ownership. B. The land must meet one of the following stocking requirements: 1.Trees of a
marketable species must be growing on the land, and there must be at least a minimum number of these trees per acre according to the rules established by the state forester.
Call the state forester, extension service or your county assessor for more information. 2.If the land does not meet the requirements in (1) above, the owner must give the assessor
a written management plan for establishing trees to meet the minimum stocking requirements. At least one-fifth (20 percent), but not less than two acres, of the area in the plan
shall be planted by December 31 of the first assessment year that the land is designated as forest land. Each additional year thereafter, a minimum of 1/5 (20 percent) of the area
shall be planted, in addition to the previous year's requirements. At the end of the fifth year after designation is approved by the assessor, 100 percent of the area in the plan must
be planted. Extensions to planting requirements may be granted by the assessor if a loss of planted stock occurs due to conditions beyond the control of the land owner.
http://www.co.yamhill.or.us/assessor/bin/forest.htm
(USA-STATE-Pennsylvania) Forests are defined as ecosystems dominated by trees, but with other components such as shrubs, herbs, mammals, birds, insects, microscopic
creatures, soil, air, water, and the interactive processes that bind them together. http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/sfrmp/overview.htm#sustainability
2.3.5 Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is a "Forest?"
What are the thresholds for determining?
What is the source of information on forests?
You will note that the definitions for some countries like Norway and Finland indicate that "forest" land are lands capable of producing a minimum volume per ha. Certainly much of
the agriculture land in those countries could produce that volume if it were in forest. There must be some other criteria that are considered in the definition of forest land for these
two countries that is unwritten. The question is what are the additional criteria?
The answers have a bearing on how "deforestation, reforestation, and afforestation" may be defined and interpreted.
2.4 TREE – Etymology: Middle English, from Old English treow. dreu-. To be firm, solid, steadfast; hence specialized senses “wood,” “tree,” and derivatives referring to objects made of
wood. http://www.bartleby.com/61/52/T0335200.html and http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE87.html\
As indicated above, many definitions of "forest" included the term "tree." Therefore, we also need to understand what is considered a "tree." Many of the above forest definitions
included definitions of "tree." Several have built-in height thresholds varying from 2-15 m. (For reference, shrubs may be considered - a vegetation type where the dominant woody
elements are shrubs which grow to a height of more than 50 cm and less than 5 metres on maturity. The height limits for trees and shrubs should be interpreted with flexibility
http://europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm)
As of 28 March 2014, there are 244 definitons of trees listed below.
2.4.1 Definitions
1. (Antigua and Barbuda 1941) - Timber - Any kind of growing tree except brushwood or trees growing on cultivated lands or on cleared lands or pasture lands on any estate. Forestry
Act. 1941. Craig and Diann [email protected] .
2. (Argentina) Woody plant with a defined stem and canopy clearly formed with secondary growth and lignificated tissues. "Mirta Rosa Larrieu"[email protected]
3. (Argentina 2009) Tree, mature native. - An autochthonous weedy species, with a central stem, whcih ramifies from above ground level. Includes palm trees. Presidential Regulation
Order (Presidencia de la Nación Argentina 2009)
4. (Australia Tasmania 1985) A tree is any living or dead woody plant and includes seedlings and regrowth.
http://www.fpa.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/58114/A_guide_to_planning_approvals_for_forestry_in_Tasmania_Nov_2011.pdf
5. (Australia) A woody plant at least 5 metres high, with a main axis the lower part of which is usually unbranched - http://155.187.10.12/glossary/fl-aust.html
6. (Australia–NSW – Penrith City) A perennial plant with a self-supporting stem which: (a) has a girth of 30cm or more, measured at a distance of 40cm above ground; and (b) has a
height in excess of 3m. www.penrithcity.nsw.gov.au/PCC/tree.htm
7. (Australia-NSW 1938) - A perennial plant having a self-supporting woody stem or trunk which usually develops woody branches (under the Soil Conservation Act, 1938 a tree
includes sapling, shrub or scrub). http://www.forest.nsw.gov.au/education/glossary/default.asp#Ltr_W
8. (Australia-NSW) - A woody plant usually with a single distinct trunk and generally more than 5 m high. http://155.187.10.12/glossary/fl-nsw.html
9. (Australia-Victoria) Includes trees, shrubs, bushes, seedlings, saplings and reshoots whether alive or dead of any genus, species or variety usually growing in a forest and includes
every part of such tree. http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/dse/nrenfor.nsf/FID/-9A9762E4B40E608F4A256AB1000306D0?OpenDocument
10. (Bangladesh 1927) Tree includes palms, bamboos, stumps, brush-wood and canes. LEX-FAOC006895. BANGLADESH: Forest Act, 1927. Date of text: 1927.
11. (Barbados 1981) Applies to any tree the circumference of which is one metre or more at a point half a metre or more from the ground but does not apply to a tree the killing of which
if for the prevention of imminent danger or is in compliance with an obligation under any other enactment. LEX-FAOC002736. BARBADOS: Trees (Preservation) Act, 1981 (Act No.
49). Date of text: 07 December 1981.
12. (Belgium-Wallonie) A woody plant with a single main stem (the trunk), that is unbranched near the ground; some trees (e.g. oak, ([Quercus]) and ash ([Fraxinus])) have multitrunked forms. At the end of each growing season there is no die-back of aerial parts, apart from the loss of foliage. Trees which are able to reach a height of 5m at maturity.
http://mrw.wallonie.be/cgi/dgrne/sibw/eunis.glo.pl?WORD=tree
13. (Belize) Includes shrubs, bushes, palms, bamboos, creepers, canes, stumps, seedlings, saplings and coppice shoots. [LEX-FAOC002737] BELIZE: Forests Ordinance (Chapter
176).
14. (Bolivia) ÁRBOL: Planta perenne de tronco leñoso y elevado que se ramifica a cierta altura del suelo; constituye un elemento de bosque, pero en forma individual tiene una
existencia limitada. Source: Luis Castello [email protected] Adjunto sírvase encontrar la versión no oficial y premilinar del Glosario Forestal elaborado por el Proyecto de
Apoyo a la Coordinación e Implementación del Plan de Acción Forestal para Bolivia
15. (Botswana 1968) Includes palms, shrubs, bushes, climbers, seedlings, saplings and regrowth of all ages and of all kinds, and any part thereof. [LEX-FAOC002748] BOTSWANA:
Forest Act. Date of consolidation/reprint: 1976. Date of original text: 10 March 1968. http://www.mewt.gov.bw/uploads/files/forest_act.pdf
16. (Bulgaria 1988) Tree - species with long-living stems, from 3-5 m up to 150 m high (Delkov, N., 1988, Dendrology). Forest Research Institute <[email protected]>
17. (Canada) [arbre] A woody, perennial plant generally with a single, well-defined stem and a more or less definitely formed crown. Source: "Forest Inventory Terms in Canada." From:
"Haddon, Brian" <[email protected] and http://www.pfc.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/landscape/inventory/terms/haddon/glossary.html#T
18. (Canada-Alberta) - Woody, single-stemmed perennial plants which reach a mature height of at least 3 m. http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/agdex/100/3400600.html
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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19. (Canada-British Columbia) - Any living, erect, woody plant which is: 5 metres (16.3 feet) or more in height; or 10 centimetres (3.9 inches) or more in diameter measured 1.5 metres
above the ground. www.civicinfo.bc.ca/Local_Content/legal-information/622.doc
20. (Canada-Calgary) Any perennial woody plant that normally has one or few upright stems and is maintained as a tree and includes plants designated as trees by the General
Manager, Parks; http://www.calgary.ca/docgallery/BU/cityclerks/23M2002.pdf
21. (Canada-Ontario-Guelph) “Tree” means and includes any Deciduous or Coniferous growing tree that has a minimum height of 4.5 metres (15 feet) and a minimum diameter or 75
millimetres (3 inches) at a point one metre above ground level. http://www.city.guelph.on.ca/uploaddocuments/d2169+Tree.pdf
22. (Canada-Ontario-Halton and York) Any species of woody plant which has reached or can reach an average height of at least 5 metres (15 feet) at physiological maturity.
http://www.region.halton.on.ca/PPW/archives/by-79-83.pdf and http://www.region.york.on.ca/Services/Forestry/Tree+By-Law/default+tree+by+law.htm
23. (Canada-Ontario-Simcoe) Any species of woody plant which has reached or can reach an average height of at least 5 metres (15 feet) at physiological maturity;
http://www.county.simcoe.on.ca/services/forestry/bylaw.shtml
24. (Canada-Ontario-Stratford 2003) Any shade or ornamental tree, all or part of which is located on, above or below a public highway.
http://www.city.stratford.on.ca/documents/bylaws/by_law_5_2003.pdf
25. (Cape Verde 1998) Árvore - As árvores, os arbustos e as formações herbáceas, com excepção das cultivadas ou destinadas a fins agrícolas; LEX-FAOC013213. CAPE VERDE:
Forestry Act (No. 48/V/98).
26. (Costa Rica) - Planta perenne de tronco leñoso y elevado que se ramifica a mayor o menor altura del suelo, que es fuente de materia prima que origina industrias como
aserraderos, fabricas de tableros, de chapa, de fósforos, de celulosa, de aceites esenciales, de resinas y taninos"(Reglamento a la Ley Forestal 7575).
27. (Cuba) Arbol: Planta de fuste generalmente leñoso, con la presencia de un solo tallo dominante en la base, que en su estado adulto y en condiciones normales de hábitat puede
alcanzar, no menos de 5 metros de altura, o una menor en condiciones ambientales negativas que limiten su desarrollo. "Nelida Puentes Alvarez" [email protected]
28. (Cyprus)- A woody perennial plant, typically large and with a well-defined stem carrying a more or less definite crown and with a minimum height of 5 m. A.K. Christou "Forestry
Department - Research and Publicity Sector" [email protected]
29. (Estonia) [puud] - Long-lived higher plants with lignified stem. Estonian Encyclopedia From: "Sulev Svilponis" [email protected]. Definitions are unofficial translations.
30. (Ethiopia 1994) Trees. are defined as ..any woody plant regardless of its, species, age, size including bamboo, reeds and palms as well as other plants to be designated as .trees
by the Ministry. (Art.2.4). The definition given to .forest. and .trees. in the SNNPRS Forestry Proclamation is similar to that given in the Federal Proclamation (Arts.2.3 and 2.8 of
Proclamation No.77/2004). http://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/L/4/Q/L4QB30W8C5RYZMT6UKOFX1PV9GNIHS/Annex%205%20Legal%20aspects.pdf?
t=OXR8bHpqZnlvfDByMiF2MIecUaf9gjv8IjJT
31. (Ethiopia 2007) "tree" means any woody plant regardless of its species, age or size and includes bamboo, reeds and palms as well as other plants to be designated as such by the
Ministry; http://www.pfmp-farmsos.org/Docs/forest%20proclamation_english.pdf
32. (Ethopia) A ligneous perennial species with a single (and occasionally double) stem. The distinction b/n woody shrub and small tree also need the knowledge of the species, as
well as the ecology. http://www.dse.de/zel/landinfo/pas/tk247_lup_eth/forest_inventory.pdf.
33. (European Environment Agency)- Any large woody perennial plant with a distinct trunk giving rise to branches or leaves at some distance from the ground.(Source: CED) European
Environment Agency (EEA), European Topic Centre on Catalogue of Data Sources (ETC/CDS) : General Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus Term Detail. http://www.epa.gov/trs
34. (Fiji 2000) Includes trees, shrubs and bushes of all kinds, seedlings, saplings and re-shoots of all ages, climbers and creepers and any part of the tree. Malakai Sevudredre,
Conservator of Forests, F.9641/2. 01/06/2000.
35. (Fiji) Tree - "trees" include trees, shrubs and bushes of all kinds, seedlings, saplings and re-shoots of all ages, climbers and creepers and any part of the tree.
http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act_OK/fa98/
36. (Finland) trees (5 m tall, clear trunk): Guide book for woody plants in Finland. Seppo Ruotsalainen <[email protected]
37. (France) tree = arbre : plante ligneuse dotée d'une écorce, d'une assise subérophellodermique et d'une tige capable d'atteindre 8 mètres de hauteur (les Palmiers ne sont donc pas
des arbres) "Michel Godron" <[email protected]
38. (Gambia) - A woody perennial plant typically large that has the potential of growing to more than three meters and with a single well defined stem carrying a more or less defined
crown, and includes palm. Source: Danso A. A. Forestry Department <[email protected]
39. (Ghana 1999) A tall plant that can usually last for long period of time. A tree also has a thick central wooden stem or the trunk from which branches grow, which normally bears the
leaves. (Osei Kofi, Forestry Dept.- Letter 7 May 99)
40. (Grenada 1949) Includes palms, bamboos, stumps, brushwood and canes. LEX-FAOC005062. GRENADA: Forest, Soil and Water Conservation Ordinance. An ordinance to make
provision for the conservation of forest, soil, water and other natural resources of the Colony. Date of original text: 01 August 1949.
41. (Guatemala) - Planta leñosa con fuste y copa definida. (Decreto 106-96, capitulo II: definiciones; art. 4)
42. (India 1927) "tree" includes palms, bamboos, skumps, brush-wood and canes. http://envfor.nic.in/legis/forest/forest4.html
43. (India Kerala) Any woody plant whether fruit bearing or not and includes bamboos. http://www.kerala.gov.in/law_reforms/12_treegroth.pdf
44. (India Madhya Pradesh 1927) The act goes on to define the trees that include palms, bamboos, stumps, brushwood and canes. http://banajata.org/pdf/state-level/chattisgarh.pdf
45. (India Mizoram 2010) ‘Tree’ includes palms, bamboos, stumps, brushwood and canes; Mizoram (Forest) Act,19553. http://www.forest.mizoram.gov.in/index.php?
option=com_content&task=view&id=127
46. (India Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry 2008?) Tree - Includes any tree seedling, sapling, transplant or coppice shoot of any age and any root, branch or other part.
http://www.saiindia.gov.in/english/home/public_folder/Professional_Practices_Group/State_Local_Manual/PUDUCHERRY_MANUAL/Wad%20Manual/Forest.pdf
47. (India) - In this report, denotes all perennial woody vegetation (including bamboos, palms, coconut, neem, peepal, fruit trees, etc.). It excludes non-perennial non-woody species
(e.g., banana) and tall shrubs or climbers (e.g., lantana or canes). For the purpose of assessing tree cover, only those trees having diameter of 10 cm or more at breast height (1.37
m) have been considered. In case of trees having multiple branches below breast height, the individual stems with diameter over 10 cm at breast height have been considered as
individual trees http://moef.gov.in/nfc/s-git.pdf
48. (India) - The term used in this report refers to the notional area covered by crown of trees that is too small to be delineated by digital interpretation of remote sensing data used for
forest cover delineation. http://moef.gov.in/nfc/s-git.pdf
49. (Isle of Man) The term "tree" is generally not defined. In certain Acts the term is given a special meaning, e.g. - In the Forestry Act "trees" is defined as including shrubs. "IOM Gov
DAFF" <[email protected]
50. (Israel) Tree: A plant with woody stem (s), with height at maturity of 4 meters or higher. From: [email protected]
51. (Japan) A woody perennial plant whose cambium makes secondary growth (often includes tree ferns and bamboo). High tree : a tree with enough height ( usually more than 5m )
and with a stem readily distinguishable from branches. Low tree : a tree with a certain height limit and the general absence of a well-defined main stem. Yukichi Konohira
<[email protected]
52. (Kyrgyzstan) - A perennial plant with clearly defined stem, carrying side branches and with a top shoot. The whole system of branches together with the corresponding part of the
stem forms the crown. Tree is a widely spread life form of plants, playing the major role in the forest and landscape formation. Source: Irina Yunusova [email protected]
53. (Lesotho 1998) Tree - Include any seedlings, saplings, transplant or coopice shoot of any age. Forestry Act 1998. Via David May ISTF CVP Lesotho.
54. (Lithuania) - A woody perennial plant, typically large and with a well defined stem or stem carrying a more or less definite crown, attaining a minimum diameter 14 cm and a
minimum height 11 m at maturity. Source: A. Kuliesis, Director of Lithuanain Forest Inventory and Management Institute Email: Sekrtetore [email protected]
55. (Luxembourg) Eléments ligneux pérennes comportant un tronc principal unique ou , s'agissant de taillis, comprennant plusieurs tiges, un houppier plus ou moins caractérisé.
Source: Definitions De La Foret Utilisees Dans Le Cadre De L'inventaire Forestier National Au Luxembourg (Marc Wagner)
56. (Malaysia 1984) -A wood perennial with a well-defined stem or trunk which supports a crown of branches and leaves (except in coppice management systems) and of a species
which is usually capable of reaching a height of 5 meter at maturity in most of its distribution area. However, the legal definition under the Malaysian National Forestry Act 1984, it
is defined as to include roots, stumps, branches, stems, leaves, brush-wood, palms, bamboos, canes, and creepers. From: [email protected] (Thang Hooi Chiew), Forestry
Department Peninsular Malaysia
57. (Mauritius 1983) - "Tree" includes live or dead timber, shrubs, underwood, brushwood, bamboo, palm, branches and twigs. (The Forests and Reserves Act 1983 http://www.intnet.mu/iels/Forest_act_1983.htm)
58. (Mexico) (Arbol).- Planta leñosa, usualmente de más de tres metros de alto, cuyo tallo forma en su base un tronco manifiesto y que más arriba se ramifica formando una copa.
Source: Glosario de Términos de la Memoria del Inventario Nacional Forestal Periódico y del Reglamento de la Ley Forestal from Unidad del Inventario <[email protected]
59. (Morocco) Tree ( Arabic : Shajarah, French : Arbre, Spanish : Arbol) - Woody perennial plant with one main stem, and a total height greater than 7 m. Mohammed Ellatifi,
[email protected]
60. (Myanmar 1992) Includes root, stump, stem, branch, bush, creeper, bamboo, cane, orchid and seedling. Source: FOREST LAW State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No.
8/92 (3 November 1992) http://sunsite.nus.edu.sg/apcel/dbase/myanmar/primary/myafor.html#ch1 and
61. (Nalms) A woody plant which at maturity is usually 6 meters (20 feet) or more in height and generally has a single trunk, unbranched for 1 m or more above the ground, and a more
or less definite crown; e.g., red maple (Acer rubrum), northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) http://www.nalms.org/glossary/lkword_t.htm
62. (New Zealand 2011) Forest species - A tree species capable of reaching at least five metres in height at maturity in the place that it is located, but does not include tree species
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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grown or managed primarily for the production of fruit and nut crops. For the purposes of the Forestry ETS, any woody vegetation (and including tree ferns) capable of reaching 5
metres in the place it is growing is considered to be a “tree”. http://www.maf.govt.nz/portals/0/documents/forestry/forestry-ets/2011-ETS-look-up-tables-guide.pdf
63. (New Zealand 1949) - Includes not only timber trees, but also all other kinds of trees, shrubs, and bushes, seedlings, saplings, cuttings, suckers, and shoots of every description.
(from Forests Act 1949)
64. (Northern Mariana Islands) A physical, living plant structure that utilizes solar energy in combination with water moisture and minerals in the ground to produce and contribute life
sustaining oxygen for all other living organisms on the planet. Source: Estanislao Villagomez [email protected] Division of Agriculture.
65. (Pakistan 1927) Tree includes palms, bamboos, stumps, brush-wood and canes. Pakistan Forest Act of 1927. Source: Mumtaz Ahmad, Section Forest Officer, Pakistan Min. of
Environment, Local Government, and Rural Development.
66. (Papua New Guinea) Any woody perennial plant that has a single stem (except coppices) and with a diameter greater than 10 cm dbh and height of more than 5 metres and having
a somewhat distinct crown shape. Vitus Ambia, Papua New Guinea Forest Authority.
67. (Romania) - Wooden perennate plant, with a minimum 7 m height, able to accumulate vegetal biomass and to reproduce itself. Source: Sorin Sfirlogea <[email protected] National
Forests Administration.
68. (SADC 1997) Self-supporting, single stemmed for with a few definitive trunks branching about ground level. Woody plants typically +/- 5 m in height. (Trevett 1997)
69. (SAF 1958) A woody plant having one well defined stem and a more or less definitely formed crown, usually attaining a height of at least 8 feet. (SAF 1958)
70. (SAF 1971) A woody perennial plant, typically large and with a single well defined stem carrying a more or less definite crown. (FORD-ROBERTSON 1971)
71. (Science: botany) A woody plant at least 5 metres high, with a main stem the lower part of which is usually unbranched. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Tree
72. (Seychelles) Bush vegetation: Mixture of cinnamon, prune de France and various tree species, generally lower than 10m. http://www.fstcu.org/national/seychell/vegtypes.htm . By
default, a tree would be 10 m or greater.
73. (Sierra Leone 1988) Any woody vegetation. LEX-FAOC005732. SIERRA LEONE: Forestry Act, 1988. Being an Act to make new provisions in the Law relating to Forestry in Sierra
Leone and for connected purpose.
74. (SAF 1998) A woody perennial plant, typically large and with a well-defined stem or stems carrying a more or less definite crown --note sometimes defined as attaining a minimum
diameter of 5 in (12.7 cm) and a minimum height of 15 ft (4.6 m) at maturity, with no branches within 3 ft (1 m) of the ground". SAF (1998)
75. (Solomon Islands 1999) Includes any root, stump, stem, branch, brushwood, ung(?) tree or sapling. . [LEX-FAOC018884] SOLOMON ISLANDS: Forests Act (No. 3 of 1999). Date
of text: 24 September 1999.
76. (South Africa) A woody single stemmed plant more than 3m in height or a woody multi-stemmed plant more than 5m in height. From: Graeme Wild <[email protected]
77. (St. Lucia) A large woody plant with a clearly defined bale or stem and a well developed crown. Includes palms, bamboos, stumps, brushwood and canes. (Source: Michael
Andrew, [email protected])
78. (Standard) - Trees within a coppiced woodland which are allowed to grow to maturity and traditionaly then felled or large timber
http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/herts/reserves/glossary.html#Acid
79. (Swazi Nation 1910) "brushwood" means any bushes, underwood or similar growths on Government land or on Swazi nation land which are not included in the terms "indi- genous
timber" or "government timber"; www.sntc.org.sz/documents/ForestPreservationAct.do
80. (Swaziland 1951) Tree means the whole or any part of any tree as ordinarily understood or of shrub, bush, seedling, transplant, sapling, reshoot, underbrush or regrowth. LEXFAOC012388. SWAZILAND: Private forests Act 1951 (No. 3 of 1951). An Act to provide for the better regulation and protection of private forests in Swaziland.
81. (Swaziland) "tree" means a perennial plant having a self-supporting woody main stem or trunk and growing to a height of not less than five feet, but does not include bushes or
shrubs http://www.sntc.org.sz/legislat/sntcact1.html
82. (Sweden 2000) - Tree - able to reach 5 meters when soil fertility and surrounding environment optimal. For FRA 2000 - Source: UN/ECE 2000 p 87
83. (Taiwan, ROC) A woody plant having one well-defined stem and a more or less definitely formed crown, usually attaining a DBH of at least 10cm, and all bamboo stands. Source:
"&ordf;L&deg;È&sect;&frac12;service" [email protected]
84. (Tanzania) - Includes palms, bamboos, canes, shrubs, bushes ,plants, poles, climbers, seedlings, saplings and regrowth thereof, all ages and all kinds and part. From: Tanzania
Forest policy, Roger Malimbwi, Faculty of Forestry <[email protected]
85. (Thailand) - Plant with gbh15 cm divided into 3 classes: gbh 16-45 cm, gbh 46-100 cm; gbh 100 cm. Songkram Thammincha <[email protected]
86. (Tonga 1961) Includes palms, shrubs, bushes, climbers, seedlings, saplings, and re-shoots of all ages and of all kinds, and any part thereof. Forests Act 1961 (Chapter 126 of the
1988 Revised Edition of the Laws of Tonga). Via James Barton [email protected]
87. (Trinidad and Tobago) Tree - all species of trees listed in the second schedule and bamboo, palms and brushwood found growing on state lands – Forests Act: Chapter 66:01.
Narine Lackhan, Director of Forestry.
88. (Turkey) The trees are the plants of at least 8 m., or more height, have crowns and the wooden stems, at any age or diameter. Source: Turkey's Forest Law No.6831 - "Ersin
Yýlmaz" [email protected]
89. (Uganda 1947) - Includes trees palms, bamboo, canes shrubs bushes, climbers, seedlings, and re-growth of all ages and of all kinds, and any part thereof. THE FORESTS ACT,
1947. An Act To Consolidate the Law Relating to Forests and Forest Reserves.
90. (United Kingdom) A tree is only a tree if its trunk had a diameter of at least seven inches. Lord Demning. http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2009/220.html
91. (United Kingdom) Native Tree - Those trees that colonised the British Isles after the last ice age and before they were cut off from the rest of Europe by the rising sea levels.
Includes the island of Ireland as well as Britain. http://www.u-net.com/trees/p4.htm.
92. (United Kingdom) Not easy to define, a tree is a woody plant that often grows to 6m (20ft) or more on a single stem. Compare with shrub. http://www.woodlander.co.uk/cgibin/viewrecordsalpha.asp?page=2&letter=t
93. (United Kingdom) – A tree is defined by its species, a list of tree species is given in Chapter 4 of (http://www.forestry.cov.uk/website/foreststats./sources.html. From Stefania
Pizzirani, Research Gate. 4 Feb. 2014.
94. (UN EP/EAP.AP) - Trees are woody plants land cover with a single well defined stem and more than 3 meters in height.
http://www.eapap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/training/module1.html
95. (UN FAO 1998) - A woody perennial plant with a single well defined stem or, in the case of coppice, with several stems, carrying a more or less defined crown. Includes: a)
bamboos, palms meeting the above criteria, b) trees as described above being at least 3 m tall, c) woody plants without a tree-like appearance but being more than 5 m tall
(Choudhury and Jansen 1998).
96. (UN FAO 1998) - A woody perennial plant with a single, well defined stem carrying a more-or-less-defined crown and being at least 3 m tall. Note: where a clear separation between
trees and shrubs is too difficult to establish, a sub-condition of Height is applied: a woody plant higher than 5 m is classified as a Tree; a woody plant lower than 5 m is classified
as a shrub. This general rule is subject to the following exception: a woody plant with the clear physiognomic aspect of tree can be classified as a Tree even if the height is less
than 5 m, but more than 3 m (Di Gregorio and Jansen 1998).
97. (UN FAO 2000 and 2005) A woody perennial with a single main stem or, in the case of coppice with several stems, having a more or less definite crown. Includes: Bamboos, palms
another woody plants meeting the above criterion (UN-ECE/FAO 1997 and FAO 1998). and http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/lulucf/application/pdf/060830_killmann.pdf
98. (USA-Congress-OTA 1984) A woody perennial plant having a single, usually elongate, main stem generally with few or no branches on its lower part.
http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/ota/Ota_4/DATA/1984/8426.PDF
99. (USA-FED-5WAY 1985) Tree. (III) A woody plant usually having one erect perennial stem at least 7.5 cm in diameter at breast height at maturity: a more or less definitely formed
crown of foliage, and a height of at least 5 m at maturity (Land Use and Land Cover Common Terminology Work Group 1985).
100.
(USA-FED-Census 1870) Trees grow to 30 feet or higher. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@band(g3701gm+gct00008))
101.
(USA-FED-DA-FS 1979) A woody plant having one erect perennial stem or trunk at least 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) in diameter at ‘breast height (4 1/2 feet or 1.3 meters), a
more or less definitely formed crown of foliage, and a height of at least 13 feet (4meters) (LITTLE 1979)
102.
(USA-FED-DA-FS 1989) A woody plant usually having one or more perennial stem at least 3 inches d.b.h. at maturity, a more or less definitely formed crown of foliage, and a
height of at least 16 feet at maturity (USDA Forest Service 1989).
103.
(USA-FED-DA-FS 1999) A woody plant usually having one or more perennial stems, a more or less definitely formed crown of foliage, and a height of al least 12 feet at maturity.
http://www.srsfia.usfs.msstate.edu/scripts/ew.htm and http://www.gcrio.org/OnLnDoc/senate_epw990603.html
104.
(USA-FED-DA-FS 2006) A woody perennial plant, typically large, with a single well-defined stem carrying a more or less definite crown; sometimes defined as attaining a
minimum diameter of 3 inches (7.6 cm) and a minimum height of 15 ft (4.6 m) at maturity. For FIA, any plant on the tree list in the current field manual is measured as a tree.
http://fia.fs.fed.us/tools-data/docs/default.asp
105.
(USA-FED-DA-NRCS 1992) (Cover) An Earth Cover (Level 1) category with vegetative cover recognized as woody plants which usually have one perennial stem, a definitely
formed crown of foliage, and a mature height of at least 4 meters. This category contains all trees, even those planted for the purposes of producing food and ornamentals, including
Christmas trees. The second level categories of tree cover include fruit and nut trees, conifers, hardwoods, inter-mixed, and tropical species. [NRI-92]
http://www.ftc.nrcs.usda.gov/doc/nri/72.html
106.
(USA-FED-DA-NRCS) For the purpose of developing ecological site descriptions, a woody-stemmed perennial plant, usually single stemmed, that can grow to 4 meters in
height at maturity. http://nsscnt.nssc.nrcs.usda.gov/nfm/apxframe.htm and National Soil Survey Handbook http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/nssh/622.htm
107.
(USA-FED-DA-SCS & FS 1997) (Forest tree) A woody perennial plant having a single well developed main stem and usually more than 12 feet in height at maturity. (FS 1977)
108.
(USA-FED-DI-BLM 1999, 2001) A woody perennial, usually single-stemmed plant that has a definite crown shape and characteristically reaches a mature height of at least 5
meters (16 feet). Some plants, such as oaks (Quercus spp.), may grow as either trees or shrubs http://www.blm.gov/nstc/library/pdf/samplveg.pdf,
http://www.blm.gov/nstc/library/pdf/utilstudies.pdf, and http://www.blm.gov/nstc/library/pdf/1734-7.pdf.
109.
(USA-FED-DI-FWS) A woody plant which at maturity is usually 6 m (20 feet) or more in height and generally has a single trunk, unbranched for 1 m or more above the ground,
and a more or less definite crown; e.g., red maple (Acer rubrum), northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). http://www.nwi.fws.gov/contents.html#concept
110.
(USA-FED-EPA 2003) A tall woody plant having comparatively great height and a single trunk from which an annual fruit or vegetable crop is produced for commercial purposes,
such as maple tree for syrup, papaya tree, or orchard tree. Plantain and banana plants are also included. Trees used for pulp or timber are not considered trees under this part.
http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2003/August/Day-11/i20345.htm
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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111.
(USA-FED-FGDC 1997) Woody plants that generally have a single main stem and have more or less definite crowns. In instances where life form cannot be determined, woody
plants equal to or greater than 5 m in height will be considered trees. [Source: http://biology.usgs.gov/fgdc.veg/standards/appendix3.htm]
112.
(USA-FED-FGDC 2007 Draft) A woody plant that generally has a single main stem and a more or less definite crown. In instances where growth form cannot be determined,
woody plants equal to or greater than 5 m in height at maturity shall be considered trees (adapted from FGDC 1997). Includes dwarf trees (Tart et al. 2005b) or “treelets” (Box
1981). http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/FGDC-standards-projects/vegetation/index_html
113.
(USA-FED-NOAA 2003) Single-stemmed, woody vegetation unbranched 2 to 3 feet above the ground having a height greater than 6 meters (20 feet).
http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/lca/tech_cls.html
114.
(USA-STATE-Airports) "Tree" means a tree or other object of natural growth. http://www.townofbourne.com/Town%20Offices/Bylaws/Chapter5.htm
115.
(USA-STATE-Arizona-Tempe) A woody plant which, at maturity, has one well-defined trunk at least two (2) inches in diameter, a height of at least ten (10) feet, and a formed
crown of foliage. http://www.tempe.gov/tdsi/Planning/CPTED/cpted3.htm
116.
(USA-STATE-Arkansas) Tree - a woody plant at least 8 feet tall with one well-defined stem and a more or less definitely formed crown. Other definitions say a woody plant from
12 - 15 feet tall with one well-defined stem and a more or less definitely formed crown. Several sources. The SAF definition is one stem and 15 feet. Other definitions ranged from 8
- 15 feet. Jim Grant [email protected] no official definitions in Arkansas law.
117.
(USA-STATE-California) A self-supporting woody plant which will reach a height of at least 4.5 m (15 ft) at maturity;
http://mississauga.ca/CORPSVCS/clerk/bylaws/tree_residentinfo.PDF
118.
(USA-STATE-Florida) Any self-supporting, woody plant that normally grows to a minimum height of 15 feet or greater with a mature crown spread of 15 feet or greater and having
trunks that can be maintained with over five feet of clear wood. Mangroves shall be considered trees. 24.73.97.98/BDLG%5CTreePermApp.doc
119.
(USA-STATE-Hawaii) Tree--A woody plant that usually has an erect perennial stem or trunk at least 7.5 cm d.b.h. and a total height of at least 5 m.
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr076/psw_gtr076.pdf
120.
(USA-STATE-Illinois) "Tree" or "trees" means any tree, standing or felled, living or dead, and includes both those trees included within the definition of "timber" in Section 2 of
the "Timber Buyers Licensing Act" and Christmas trees. The term does not apply to trees or parts of trees that have been cut into firewood
http://www.legis.state.il.us/ilcs/ch225/ch225act740.htm
121.
(USA-STATE-Indiana-Bloomington) A woody, perennial plant with one main stem or trunk which develops many branches.
http://www.city.bloomington.in.us/code/TITLE12/Chapter_12_24_TREES/12_24_010_Definitions_.html
122.
(USA-STATE-Iowa) Forest trees. The ash, black cherry, black walnut, butternut, catalpa, coffee tree, the elms, hackberry, the hickories, honey locust, Norway and Carolina
poplars, mulberry, the oaks, sugar maple, cottonwood, soft maple, osage orange, basswood, black locust, European larch and other coniferous trees, and all other forest trees
introduced into the state for experimental purposes, shall be considered forest trees within the meaning of this chapter. In forest reservations which are artificial groves, the willows,
box elder, and other poplars shall be included among forest trees for the purposes of this chapter when they are used as protecting borders not exceeding two rows in width around
a forest reservation, or when they are used as nurse trees for forest trees in such forest reservation, the number of such nurse trees not to exceed one hundred on each acre;
provided that only box elder shall be used as nurse trees. Source: 427C.5 http://www2.legis.state.ia.us/wais/bin/waisgate?WAISdocID=4782917490+0+0+0&WAISaction=retrieve
123.
(USA-STATE-Kansas) A woody plant usually having one or more erect perennial stems, a stem diameter at breast height of at least 3 inches, a more or less definitely formed
crown of foliage, and a height of at least 13 feet at maturity. Robert L. Atchison [email protected]
124.
(USA-STATE-Kentucky) A woody perennial plant, typically large and with a well-defined stem or stems carrying a more or less definite crown (usually more that 12 feet in height
at maturity). The State of Kentucky does not have the terms Forest, Forestland, or Tree officially defined in State Statute or Regulation. The Division of Forestry utilizes the Society
of American Forester's definitions for these terms as listed in John A. Helms' The Dictionary of Forestry. [email protected]
125.
(USA-STATE-Maryland 2000) Tree – trees are greater than 5.0 inches diameter at breast height (DBH) and greater than 20 feet tall
dnrweb.dnr.state.md.us/download/education/wetlands.doc
126.
(USA-STATE-Maryland) A large, branched woody plant having one or several self-supporting stems or trunks that reach a height of at least 20 feet at maturity.
http://pilot.wash.lib.md.us/washco/forestcn.html
127.
(USA-STATE-Maryland-Easton) "Tree" means a large, branched woody plant having one or several self-supporting stems or trunks that reach a height of at least 20 feet at
maturity. http://www.town-eastonmd.com/Planning/fco/fco_a002.pdf
128.
(USA-STATE-Maryland-Laytonsville) A perennial plant that has a woody stem or trunk, and which customarily grows to a height of not less than ten feet when fully grown.
http://www.laytonsville.md.us/tree_ordinance.htm
129.
(USA-STATE-Maryland-Rockville) A large, woody plant having one or several self-supporting stems or trunks and numerous branches that reach a height of at least 20 feet at
maturity. http://www.ci.rockville.md.us/cityprojects/envguide/eggloss.htm
130.
(USA-STATE-Michigan) TREE: It might seem silly, at first, to define a tree. Everyone knows what a tree is . . . don't they? The difference between and tree and shrub can be
defined without difficulty. A tree is "a woody perennial plant, typically large and with a well-defined stem or stems carrying a more or less definite crown --- note sometimes defined
as attaining a minimum diameter of 5 inches and a minimum height of 15 feet at maturity, with no branches within 3 feet of the ground" [Society of American Foresters, 1998]. The
problem is that some species can grow as trees or shrubs depending on climate and site conditions. A good example is black cherry. Throughout most of its range, it grows as a
tree. But put on a poor site or along the northern edge of its range and it grows as a shrub. Species that are obviously trees further south will sometimes occur only as shrubs in
the far north. http://mff.dsisd.net/PDF/0-IntroStuff/4-Glossary.pdf
131.
(USA-STATE-Missouri) Although we do not have "official" definitions, we commonly use the accepted SAF definitions for these terms. See Dictionary of Forestry; John A.
Helms, editor; published 1998 by the Society of American Foresters. "Mike Hoffmann" <[email protected]>
132.
(USA-STATE-Nevada) A woody plant which at maturity is usually 6 meters (20 feet) or more in height and generally has a single trunk, unbranched for 1 m or more above the
ground, and a more or less definite crown; e.g., red maple (Acer rubrum), northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Water Words Dictionary http://www.state.nv.us/cnr/ndwp/dict1/WORD_T.htm and http://www.nalms.org/glossary/lkword_f.htm Lake and Water Words Glossary
133.
(USA-STATE-New Mexico-2007) “ “Tree” means a woody perennial plant usually having a single main stem generally with few or no branches on its lower part; however, species
such Gambel oak (quercus gambelii) and one seed juniper (juniperus monosperma) may be multi-stemmed and species such as fir (abies), spruce (picea) and juniper (juniperus)
may have many branches on the stem’s lower part. http://www.conwaygreene.com/lpbin21/lpext.dll/Test/NMACRaw/1/51fd0/571dd/572c0/572d3?fn=documentframe.htm&f=templates&2.0
134.
(USA-STATE-North Carolina) Tree - A woody perennial plant, typically large and with a single well defined stem carrying a more or less definite crown. Source: Terminology of
Forest Science, Technology Practice and Products. Edited by F.C. Ford-Robertson. Society of American Foresters, Washington, D.C., 1971. David R. Brown
<[email protected]>
135.
(USA-STATE-Oregon-Canby) A woody perennial plant having a single elongated main stem generally with few or no branches on its lower part.
http://www.ci.canby.or.us/municipalcode/Title12%20StreetsSidewalks&PublicPlaced/12.32TreeRegulations.htm
136.
(USA-STATE-South Dakota 1996) Tree: A woody plant usually having one or more erect perennial stems, a stem diameter at breast height of at least 3 inches, a more or less
definitely formed crown of foliage, and a height of at least 13 feet at maturity. Source - Leatherberry, Earl C., Ronald J. Piva, and Gregory J. Josten. 2000. South Dakota's Forest
Resources Outside the Black Hills National Forest, 1996. USDA Forest Service North Central Research Station, Res. Pap. NC-338. [email protected]
137.
(USA-STATE-Virginia) - "Forest trees" means only those trees which are a part of and constitute a stand of potential, immature, or mature commercial timber trees. The term
"forest trees" includes shade trees of any species around houses, along highways and within cities and towns if the trees constitute an insect or disease menace to nearby timber
trees or timber stands. Under Authority of Department of Forestry. § 10.1-1178. Definitions. "Starr, James" [email protected]
138.
(USA-STATE-Virginia) Real Estate - TREE. A tree is single woody stem of a species presently or prospectively suitable for commercial industrial wood products. Standards for
Classification of Real Estate As Devoted To Forest Use Under The Virginia Land Use Assessment Law Under the authority of 58.1-3229, et. seq. of the Code of Virginia "Starr,
James" [email protected]
139.
(USA-STATE-Virginia 1997) A woody plant having a well-defined stem, more or less definitely formed crown and usually attaining a height of at least 10 feet.
http://www.dof.virginia.gov/edu/glossary.htm#F.
140.
(USA-STATE-Wisconsin) A woody plant which at maturity is 20 feet or more in height, with a single trunk, unbranched for at least several feet above the ground and having a
more or less definite crown. http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr037.pdf
141.
(Venezuela 1977) ARBOL: planta perenne de tronco leñoso y elevado que se ramifica a cierta altura del suelo, con una altura superior a los 5 metros: constituye un elemento
del bosque. Reglamento de la Ley Forestal de Suelos y Aguas (1977). Areas Naturales Protegidas de Venezuela. Series Aspectos Conceptuales y Metodológicos,
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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DGSPOA/ACM/01, feb 1992. Via [email protected]
142.
(WCMC) Mainly phanerophytes (single-trunked individuals, as most trees) and not chamaephytes (multi-stemmed individuals, as most shrubs).
http://www.wcmc.org.uk/forest/data/cdrom2/text2.htm
143.
(Yemen) - Woody perennial plant with one main stem, and a total height greater than 5 m. Mohammed Ellatifi, [email protected]
144.
(Zambia 1973) Includes bushes, climbers, coppice, palms, reshoots, saplings, seedlings and shrubs of all ages and of all kinds and nay part thereof. LEX-FAOC003914.
ZAMBIA: Forests Act 1973 (Act No. 39). An Act to repeal and replace the Forest Act and to provide for the establishment and management of national forests and local forests, the
conservation and protection of forests and trees, the licensing and sale of forest produce and other matters.
145.
A large perennial woody plant. Though there is no set definition of size, it is generally at least 6 m (20 ft) high at maturity, and with branches supported on a single main stem.
Compared with most other forms of plants, trees are long-lived. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree
146.
A large perennial woody plant. Though there is no set definition of size, it is generally at least 6 m (20 ft) high at maturity, and with branches supported on a single main stem.
Compared with most other forms of plants, trees are long-lived. A few species of trees grow to over 100 m (300 ft) tall and some live for several millennia. Trees are important
components of the natural landscape and significant elements in landscaping. http://explanation-guide.info/meaning/Tree.html and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree
147.
A large woody perennial plant, usually single stemmed, that has a definite crown shape and characteristically reaches a mature height of more than 10 feet. RANGELAND
TERMINOLOGY http://ag.arizona.edu/arec/pubs/rmg/2._Rangeland_Management_/4Terms.pdf and http://www.agroselviter.unito.it/range/docs/4Terms.pdf and
148.
A large woody plant that has a trunk which supports branches and leaves. http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/conted/onlinecourses/enviroglos/t.html#anchor122359 and
http://www.physicalgeography.net/physgeoglos/anchor122359
149.
A large woody plant, usually with a main stem or trunk http://www.naturedetectives.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/D5E0AFFC-D1FD-447E-9E1B2EE0F61EB1C8/0/2927Woodlandmaths.pdf
150.
A perennial plant having a self-supporting woody main stem or trunk which usually develops woody branches. A tree, under the Soil Conservation Act, 1938, includes sapling,
shrub and scrub in this definition. http://www.privateforestry.org.au/glos_o-z.htm
151.
A perennial plant that grows from the ground with a single, normally tall, woody, self-supporting trunk or stem and an elevated crown of branches and foliage (or only foliage as
in the palms). http://www.botany.com/16.tr.html
152.
A perennial woody plant consisting of roots, a trunk, and branches, usu. growing to a substantial height. http://www.wordsmyth.net/cgi-bin/simplesearch.cgi?
matchent=trees&matchtype=exact&matchid=-1&retall=1&template=wordsmyth&senses=1
153.
A perennial woody plant having a main trunk and usually a distinct crown. http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=tree
154.
A perennial woody plant with a single stem which from natural tendencies generally divides into two or more branches at some distance from the ground. (Moon and Brown
1914).
155.
A plant is called a tree if it has a woody stem 8 feet or more in height. The stem often has no branches for several feet above the ground. At the top it has a crown of branches
and leaves. Botanists do not separate shrubs and trees. Shrubs are smaller. They branch close to the ground and have many stems. http://www.fix.net/~ggoven/trees.html and
http://www.optonline.com/comptons/ceo/04851_A.html
156.
A plant or shrub resembling a tree in form or size. http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=tree
157.
A plant that is usually more than 12 feet tall and has a single main woody stem with a distinct crown of leaves. http://www.landhelp.info/FramifyGlossary.php
158.
A plant that produces wood (made by xylem cells). These tall plants grow taller each year. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/glossary/indext.shtml
159.
A plant with a trunk, leaves, and roots. http://www.LittleExplorers.com/Tisfor.shtml
160.
A shrub or herb of arborescent form <rose trees <a banana tree http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=tree
161.
A single stemmed, woody plant with a mature height of a minimum of fifteen (15) feet; a small tree less than twenty-five feet (25’), a medium tree twenty-five to forty feet
(25’-40’), and a large tree over forty feet (40’). http://www.orgler.ws/huxley/Huxley%20Tree%20Ordinance%202001.htm
162.
A tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms) http://www.notredame.ac.jp/cgibin/wn?tree#Overview of noun tree
163.
A tall plant which has a wooden trunk and branches that grow from its upper part. Other tall plants which do not have wooden trunks are also often referred to as trees - palm
trees. http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk/elt/dictionary/default.asp?String=tree*1%2B0&ACT=SELECT
164.
A tall plant with a hard trunk, branches, and leaves. http://www.linguistics.ruhr-uni-bochum.de:8099/cgi-bin/search.sh?tmpl=tmpls&itmpl=tmpls&form=tree
165.
A tall, woody plant. (Scrabble words)
166.
A thing that will stand in one place fifty years and then suddenly jump in front of a woman driver. Banana River Peelings, (The Left Handed Dictionary)
http://www.workinghumor.com/dictionary/index.php?s=tree&B1=Search%21
167.
A very large bush, shrub. Babylon.com
168.
A very large plant that is at least 20 feet tall, it has only one main trunk (stem) that grows in circumference (around) every year. The stem is persistent (it does not die back),
and the stem lives for many, many years. The stem also has a vascular system – it has cells that look and act like straws. http://woodmagic.forprod.vt.edu/Kids/glossary/
169.
A very tall plant that has a wooden trunk, branches, and leaves. http://www.foreignword.com/Tools/dictsrch_aff.asp?
menu=Y&query=forest&src=BP&srcbox=18&go=Translate&trg=AG
170.
A woody perennial at least 10 ft. tall, usually with one main stem. http://ehe.nmsu.edu/directory/esource/Powerpoint/HORT%20302-02a%20Definitions%20&%20Tools.ppt
171.
A woody perennial plant having a single usually elongate main stem generally with few or no branches on its lower part [Source: WWWebster] http://www.m-w.com/cgibin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=tree
172.
A woody perennial plant that has a trunk circumference of twenty (20) inches measured at twenty-four (24) inches above the ground surface; or A woody perennial plant at least
fifteen (15) feet in height that usually, but not necessarily, has a single trunk. In applying subsection (1) above, for trees with more than one trunk, the circumference measurement
shall be ascertained from a single measurement around the outside perimeter of all trunks and shall not be calculated as the sum total of the circumferences of the individual
trunks. References to "tree" shall include the plural. http://www.tiburon.org/Government/images/Departments/planning%20dept/plng%20forms/TreeOrd.htm#Section%2015A2.%20Definitions.
173.
A woody perennial plant with a single, well defined stem carrying a more-or-less-defined crown (Ford-Robertson, 1971).
174.
A woody perennial plant, having a self-supporting main stem or trunk http://www.anzlic.org.au/icsm/topo/tddsect3.htm
175.
A woody perennial, usually seed-bearing plant 20 feet tall or more at maturity (in temperate area of moderate rainfall), in which the main stem (q.v.) dominates the lateral
branches in growth, either through life (as in most conifers) to produce a conical or pyramidal outline, or only during early growth after a few years forking one to several times to
produce several ascending, almost equally important branches that collectively form a flat or rounded crown. Encyclopedia Britannia 1970.
176.
A woody perennial, usually singlestemmed plant that has a definite crown shape and reaches a mature height of at least 4 meters. The distinction between woody plants known
as trees and those called shrubs is gradual. Some plants, such as oaks (Quercus spp.), may grow as either trees or shrubs (SRM 1999). http://www.blm.gov/nstc/library/pdf/17346.pdf
177.
A woody plant 5 inches or greater in diameter at breast height and 20 feet or taller. http://www.habitat-restoration.com/paeglos.htm
178.
A woody plant at least 3 metres high, usually with an evident trunk. http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Glossary.htm
179.
A woody plant at least 5 meters (metres) high, with a main stem the lower part of which is usually unbranched. http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/search/dict-search.phtml?
title=tree and http://www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?tree
180.
A woody plant having a well-defined stem, more or less definitely formed crown and usually attaining a height of at least 10 feet.
http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/rhgiles/appendices/glosst.htm and http://ext.msstate.edu/pubs/pub1250.htm
181.
A woody plant having one well-defined stem and a more or less definitely formed crown, usually attaining a height of at least 8 ft. http://64.77.121.89/T-U-V-W-X.html
182.
A woody plant having one well-defined stem and a more or less definitely formed crown and roots, usually attaining a height of at least 2 metres.
http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/AgroModels/DBases/af/
183.
A woody plant having one well-defined stem and a more or less definitely formed crown and roots, usually attaining a height of at least 2.5 metres.
http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/ and http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/InformationResources/T-V.asp
184.
A woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance.
http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Tree
185.
A woody plant that produces one main trunk or bole and a more or less distinct and elevated head. http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/ and
http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/InformationResources/T-V.asp
186.
A woody plant that usually grows to at least 20' in height at maturity, typically having a single trunk with no branches within 3' of the ground. Mitigin the Ojibwe. Boundary
Waters Compendium Glossary - http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/lists/glossary/
187.
A woody plant which at maturity is usually 6 meters (20 feet) or more in height and generally has a single trunk, unbranched for 1 m or more above the ground, and a more or
less definite crown; e.g., red maple (Acer rubrum), northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). http://www.aces.edu/waterquality/glossary/glossary_results.php3?rowid=5326
188.
A woody plant with a distinct central trunk. Compare shrub. (SHRUB -- A woody plant with a framework of branches and little or no central stem.)
http://www.boldweb.com/greenweb/glossary.htm#T
189.
A woody plant with a single main stem in natural growth http://www.tnw.org.uk/Note17.html
190.
A woody plant with a tall final height; commonly with one stem [trunk] from the base. http://endeavor.des.ucdavis.edu/cnps/intro.html#use
191.
A woody plant, usually four or more metres tall, with a single main stem (trunk) and a more or less distinct crown of leaves. http://www.hww.ca/glossary.asp#letterT
192.
A woody, perennial plant which attains the height of 20 feet or higher and a DBH of 4 inches or larger and tends to have a single, central bole. http://www.inwoodlands.org / and
http://www.fnr.purdue.edu/inwood/glossary.html
193.
A woody, self-supporting perennial plant usually with a single main stem and generally growing more than 20 feet tall http://www.gardenweb.com/glossary/tree
194.
A woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (angiosperms, gymnosperms, and some pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.
http://www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?trees
195.
All perennial woody vegetation (including bamboos, palms, coconut, neem, peepal, fruit trees, etc.). It excludes non-perennial non-woody species (e.g., banana) and tall shrubs
or climbers (e.g., lantana or canes). For the purpose of assessing tree cover, only those trees having diameter of 10 cm or more at breast height (1.37 m) have been considered. In
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case of trees having multiple branches below breast height, the individual stems with diameter over 10 cm at breast height have been considered as individual trees.
http://envfor.nic.in/nfc/s-git.pdf
196.
All plants which grow with a permanent single woody stem or trunk of some height, branching out at some distance from the ground. Encyclopedia Britannia 1910.
197.
An herb or shrub growing naturally in or trained into the form or a tree. http://www.botany.com/16.tr.html
198.
An imprecise term for a perennial woody plant that is larger than a bush or shrub, generally understood to describe a large growth having one main trunk with few or no branches
projecting from its base, a well-developed crown of foliage, and a height at maturity of at least 12 feet. http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary/def/1/0/5/7/10579900.html
199.
Any object of natural growth, except farm crops which are cut at least once a year, and except shrubs, bushes or plants which do not grow to a height of more than five feet.
https://secure.finishlinestudios.com/users/www_cityofbaraboo_com/files/code/chapters/43/Chapter26.doc
200.
Any of a variety of shrubs, bushes, or plants similar to a tree in shape or size http://www.wordsmyth.net/cgi-bin/simplesearch.cgi?
matchent=trees&matchtype=exact&matchid=-1&retall=1&template=wordsmyth&senses=1
201.
Any perennial woody plant of considerable size (usually over twenty feet high) and growing with a single trunk. http://machaut.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/WEBSTER.sh?WORD=tree
202.
Any self-supporting woody plant of a species which normally grows to an overall height of fifteen (15) feet or more. (Ord., 2-28-92; Ord., 8-14-92)
http://www.eastgr.org/citycode/IIIPARKS/35.html
203.
Any tall plant, including many conifers and flowering plants, as well as extinct lycophytes and sphenophytes. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss8botany.html
204.
Any woody plant that normally grows to a mature height greater than 20 feet and has a diameter of four inches or more at a point four feet above the ground.
http://www.railtrails.org/whatwedo/railtrailinfo/resources/glossary.html#F
205.
Any woody plant whose branches spring from and are supported upon a trunk or body and whose trunk or body is not less than five centimetre in diameter at a height of thirty
centimetres from the ground level and is not less than one metre in height from the ground level; http://www.goaforest.com/regulation/body_preservoftrees2.htm
206.
Anything that ordinarily one would call a tree. Source: Jon Robins "Hedge of darkness" in the Law - T2 section of The Times Newspaper, London, 05 August 2003, page 21. Via
John Palmer [email protected]
207.
Differ from herbs in having woody structure and perennial life and from shrubs in developing single stems that elevate the crowns above other forms of vegetation. (Fergusen
1916)
208.
Erect plant with a single woody stem capable of reaching a height of at least 6-8 m (20-25 ft.) at maturity. Academic American Encyclopedia
209.
Forest tree, a tree of the forest, especially a timber tree, as distinguished from a fruit tree. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc
210.
Large plant with trunk – http://crossword911.com/tree.html.
211.
Large, generally single-stemmed, woody plants. (http://www.globalff.org/Feature_Articles/Previous_Articles/pre-defo.htm and
http://www.geocities.com/atlas/word/gff_deforest.html)
212.
Live tree - a tree that has 10 percent or greater live crown http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/teach/for442/odfdefin.htm
213.
Mature tree. Has a single well-defined stem and is taller than 7 meters, different from a mature shrub that is usually less than 7 meters.
http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~idgec/publications/reports/forest.pdf
214.
Perennial plant with woody stem - usually a single stem or trunk made up of wood and protected by an outer layer of bark. It absorbs water through a root system. There is no
clear dividing line between shrubs and trees, but sometimes minimum height of 6 m (20 ft.) is used to define a tree. Lindley and Moore 1998.
215.
Perennial woody plant that typically has a single up-right stem or trunk. Colliers Encyclopedia.
216.
Perennial woody plant with a single main stem (the trunk or bole) from which branches and twigs extend to form a characteristic crown
http://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/13034.html
217.
Perennial, woody species life form with a single stem (trunk), normally greater than 4 to 5 meters or 13 to 16 feet in height; under certain environmental conditions, some tree
species may develop a multi-stemmed or short growth form (less than 4 meters or 13 feet in height). (Anderson et al. 1998)
218.
Plant with branches. http://crossword911.com/tree.html.
219.
Plants having a well-developed, woody stem and usually more than 12 feet in height at maturity. www.socrates.lv-hrc.nevada.edu/fia/dab/core1-7/appendix7_12_00.doc
220.
Plants having true xylem and phloem; with true leaves present and usually having more than one vein (megaphylls); enations absent; stems branching in various ways or
unbranched; reproducing by means of seeds developed from ovules. ([email protected] from Stern (1991)).
221.
Plants that are perennial (live for several to many years), woody (have tough cell walls of wood), shedding (use and shed woody and non-woody parts) and compartmented
(made up of many compartments). Trees usually have a single stem over three yards tall. Shrubs usually have many stems less than three yards tall.
http://www.chesco.com/~treeman/words/words-t.html
222.
Self-supporting, woody plants with a single main stem and which commonly reach a height of over 5 meters (Hamilton 1991).
223.
Single-stemmed woody plants (From: Barry Wyatt [email protected] - Dansereau, P. (1957).
224.
Tall plant with a central trunk. The term does not imply anything about relationships, but is a growth pattern that has evolved several times in plants.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5ecol.html
225.
Tall woody perennial plant that typically has one main stem or trunk and which, unlike a shrub, usually only begins to branch at some distance from the ground;
http://www.allwords.com/query.asp
226.
The general name of the largest of the vegetable kind, consisting of a firm woody stem springing from woody roots, and spreading above into branches which terminate in leaves.
A tree differs from a shrub principally in size, many species of trees growing to the highth of fifty or sixty feet, and some species to seventy or eighty, and a few, particularly the
pine, to a much greater highth http://www.christiantech.com/cgi-bin/webster.exe?search_for_cgi-bin_texts_web1828=tree
227.
Tree (Árbol) - Vegetal leñoso al menos de 5 m. de altura con el tallo simple, denominado tronco, hasta la llamada cruz, en donde se ramifica y forma la copa. Tiene
considerable crecimiento en grosor. Se diferencia del arbusto en que suele ser más alto y no se ramifica hasta cierta altura. http://www.guiaverde.com/arboles/glosario.htm
228.
Tree (cover) - The amount or density of tall woody plants occupying the surface of a specified area http://www.anzlic.org.au/icsm/topo/tddsect4.htm
229.
Tree (layer) - The highest vegetation zone, lying above the shrub layer, from about eight metres upwards. The tree tops themselves form the canopy. Birdwatcher's Dictionary
http://birdcare.com/bin/showdict?tree+layer
230.
Tree means any tree, sapling or shrub, now or hereafter growing on property of the City, unless a contrary intention appears. http://code.municipalworld.com/kitchener/690.pdf
231.
Tree means any tree. http://www.newrichmond.org/treeord.pdf
232.
Trees outside forests - Trees outside forests include all trees found outside forests and outside other wooded lands: - stands smaller than 0.5 ha; - tree cover in agricultural land,
e.g. agroforestry systems, home gardens, orchards; - trees in urban environments; - along roads and scattered in the landscape. (IPCC 2006 GL FRA 2005)
http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/lulucf/application/pdf/060830_killmann.pdf
233.
Usually trees are defined as having a large, single trunk rising above the ground. The trunk is composed of wood and is divided usually into a series of branches.
http://www.alienexplorer.com/ecology/e17.html
234.
Woody perennial having an elongated stem, usually standing over 15 feet tall at maturity. http://www.eresourcesystems.com/Help/Glossary/glossary.html
235.
Woody perennial plant characterized by having a main stem or trunk or a multi-stemmed trunk system with more or less definitely formed crown, usually over ten feet high at
maturity. This definition shall not include trees planted, grown and held for sale by licensed nurseries or the first removal or transplanting of such trees pursuant to and as part of the
operation of a licensed nursery business. http://bpc.iserver.net/cgibin/hilite.pl/codes/scottsva/_DATA/TITLE17/Chapter_17_44__GENERAL_AND_SPECIAL/17_44_080_Tree_protection_regu.html
236.
Woody perennial plants, usually single stemmed with definite crown shape and reaching a height of five meters in height when mature.
http://www.gap.uidaho.edu/handbook/LandCoverMapping/UNESCO/default.htm
237.
Woody plant – http://corssword911.com/tree.html.
238.
Woody plant that renews its growth every year (called a perennial). Most plants classified as trees have a single self-supporting trunk containing woody tissue and in most
species the trunk produces secondary limbs, called branches. Encyclopedia Britannia 1995.
239.
Woody plant that usually grows to at least 20 feet in height at maturity, typically having a single trunk with no branches within 3 feet of the ground
http://www.pfmt.org/glossary/t.htm
240.
Woody plant with a distinct main stem, or trunk. At maturity, trees are usually the tallest of plants, and their height and single main stem differentiate them from shrubs, which
are shorter and have many stems. Trees are perennials, plants that live for at least three years. Some species of tree only grow to 4 m (13 ft) in height, but the tallest species may
reach heights of more than 112 m (more than 367 ft). http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:www.iversonsoftware.com/business/plant/Tree.htm
241.
Woody plants greater than 7 meters tall, and usually with one main trunk http://www.aswm.org/lwp/nys/glossary.htm#T
242.
Woody plants having a well-developed stem and which are usually more than 3.7 meters in height at maturity. (Lund 1984)
243.
Woody plants having one erect perennial stem or trunk at least 3 inches d.b.h., a more or less definitely formed crown of foliage, and a height of at least 13 feet (at maturity)
(Little 1979).
244.
Working trees - those intentionally established in rural and urban landscapes to achieve specific functions (Perry et al. 2005).
2.4.1.a Trees outside forest
1. (FAO-2002) Trees growing outside the forest and not belonging to the category of forests, forest lands, or other wooded land. According to this definition, Trees outside forests are
located on "other land", such as agricultural land, built-up areas such as settlements and infrastructure, and bare land (dunes, former mining areas, etc.). (Bellefontaine, Ronald et
al. 2002. Trees outside forests - Towards a better awareness. FAO Conservation Giude 35. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y2328E/y2328e00.htm#toc)
2. (FAO-2003) Trees on land not defined as forest and other wooded land. Includes: trees on land that fulfils the requirements of forest and other wooded land except that the area is
less than 0.5 ha; trees able to reach a height of at least 5 m at maturity in situ where the stocking level is below 5 percent; trees not able to reach a height of 5 m at maturity in situ
where the stocking level is below 20 percent; scattered trees in permanent meadows and pastures; permanent tree crops such as fruit-trees and coconuts; trees in parks and
gardens, around buildings and in lines along streets, roads, railways, rivers, streams and canals; trees in shelterbelts of less than 20 m width and 0.5 ha area (Rawat, J.K. et al.
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2003. Training Manual on Inventory of Trees Outside Forests (TOF). FAO http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ac840e/AC840E00.htm#TOC. FAO. 2001. Global forest resources
assessment 2000. Main report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/y1997e/y1997e00.htm )
3. Tree lands: (India Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry 2008?) i.e., those areas which though outside the scope of the ordinary forest management are essential for the amelioration of
physical conditions of the country.
http://www.saiindia.gov.in/english/home/public_folder/Professional_Practices_Group/State_Local_Manual/PUDUCHERRY_MANUAL/Wad%20Manual/Forest.pdf
4. Trees on land not defined as forest and other wooded land. This may include agricultural land, including meadows and pasture, built-on land and barren land. (da Costa Coura,
Samuel Martins et al. 2006+ Evaluation of High Resolution Imagery to Identify Trees Outside Forest (TOF) In Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest
http://www.lars.cl/biblioteca/Coura_Samuel.pdf.)
2.4.2 Summary table
Search for definitions: forest, tree, forest summary, woodland, afforestation, deforestation, reforestation, other terms.
The following table (table 3) focuses on national definitions of forest. Some countries reported having no national or official definitions of forest or tree. This information is also useful.
Countries reporting no official definitions include:
Antigua and Barbuda. - None - Forestry Act. 1941, Craig and Diann - [email protected]
Barbados - None - Eckelmann, Claus (FAOSLAC) 2000.
Lebanon - None - Fady ASMAR, Rural Development and Natural Resources Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Beirut-Lebanon. "Fady Asmar" [email protected]
Seychelles (uses the international convention for these definitions - but conventions not specified) Source: M.K Vielle Assistant Director Forestry. : "doe" <[email protected]
The definitions of countries with UNFCCC after their name show thresholds that the nation recently adapted.
Table 3 – National criteria used for defining forestland.. Blanks mean no threshold values were stipulated or found
Minimum Threshold Values
Strip
Countries
Notes
Definition
Area
Crown Tree Height
Width
Type
(ha)
Cover (%)
(m)
(m)
Afghanistan
Cover
20
Albania
Cover
0.1
20/30
5
Albania UNFCCC
0.1
30
3
Algeria
Unknown
American Samoa
Cover
Angola
Unknown
Antigua & Barbuda
None
Source: http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/us/us-nr-vfe-en.pdf and
Argentina
Use
0.5
10
5
USFS 2004.
Argentina UNFCCC
1
22.5
3
Armenia
Cover
Aruba
Cover
Another source gives min. area of 0.5 ha, Crown Cover of 20
Australia
Cover
30
5
% and tree height of 2 m. http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/us/usnr-vfe-en.pdf (2003) and USFS 2004.
Australia UNFCCC
0.2
20
5
Austria
Use
0.1
30
10 Traub et al. 1998 give the minimum area as 0.05 ha
Austria UNFCCC
0.05
30
2
10
Azerbaijan
Unknown
Azerbaijan UNFCCC
0.5
20
2.5
Bahamas
Unknown
"Tree" includes palms- bamboos- stumps- brush-wood and
Bangladesh
Declared
canes
Barbados
None
Belarus
Cover
National Forest Legislation defines forested lands as forested
lands of the forest fund occupied by young forest of timber
species with stand density of 0.4 and higher, and stands of
other age groups with stand density of 0.3 and higher, as well
Belarus UNFCCC
Use
0.1
30
as areas occupied by bushes, at which stands of timber
species cannot be developed without special forest
improvement.. 0.1 hectare is adopted as a minimal
accounting unit of area. (2006)
Belgium Flemmish
Use
0.05
20
25
Belgium Walloon
Use
0.01
10
5
9
Belgium UNFCCC
0.5
20
5
"Tree" includes shrubs- bushes- palms- bamboos- creepersBelize
Unknown
canes- stumps- seedlings- saplings and coppice shoots
Belize UNFCCC
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bolivia UNFCCC
Bosnia and Herzegovina
0.3
30
5
0.5
0.1
30
4
Cover
Declared
Use
Cover
Botswana
Declared
Brazil
Brazil UNFCCC
British Virgin Islands
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Bulgaria UNFCCC
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cambodia UNFCCC
Cameroon
Canada
Canada UNFCCC
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
None
Unknown
Unknown
Admin
"Tree" includes palms- shrubs- bushes- climbers- seedlingssaplings and regrowth of all ages and of all kinds- and any
part thereof.
Reportedly has no national or legal definition
1
30
5
0.1
0.1
10
3
5
0.5
30
10
5
5
0.5
1
20
25
5
5
10
5
Use
Use
Cover
Cover
Use
Use
Unknown
Declared
Unknown
10
Excludes degraded areas- and areas used for agriculturefruit trees and intense grazing. .
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Chile
Cover
5
10
China
Cover
0.067
20
5
0.67
20
2
1.0
30
5
China UNFCCC
Colombia
Colombia UNFCCC
Comoros
Congo (Zaire)
Congo- Republic of
Costa Rica
Costa Rica UNFCCC
Côte d'Ivoire
Côte d'Ivoire UNFCCC
Croatia
Croatia UNFCCC
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Czech Republic UNFCCC
Democratic Republic Congo
UNFCCC
Denmark
None
Cover
10
Includes lands with more than 70 trees per ha and with dbh
15 cm.
2
70
30
5
1.0
0.1
30
5
0.1
10
2
5
0.01
0.05
20
30
2
0.5
30
3
0.5
30-50
6
Cover
Cover
Declared
Use
Use
Use
Use
Use
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic UNFCCC
Ecuador
Ecuador UNFCCC
Egypt
El Salvador
El Salvador UNFCCC
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Estonia UNFCCC
Ethiopia
Ethiopia UNFCCC
Unknown
Declared
Cover
Fiji
Cover
Finland
Potential
Finland UNFCCC
Use
France
Cover
0.5
10
5
0.0629
40
20
5
5
1.0
30
5
0.5
30
5
0.05
10
30
30
68
20
1.3
1.3
7
2
4
15
Excludes palms and bamboos
20 Min area also 400 sq m
20
20-30
Forest area includes temporarily unstocked areas, smaller
open areas in the forest needed for management purposes
and fire breaks. Forests in national parks, reserves, or areas
under special protection are included. Windbreaks and
20 groves covering more than 0.5 ha and with a minimum width
of 20 m are also considered as forests. Farmlands, orchards,
gardens (houses and summer houses) are NOT included in
the forest area.
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Cover
Use
0.5
0.5
Cover
Unknown
Cover
Declared
Cover
Cover
Use
Cover
Potential
Cover
Use
Able to produce 1 m3 of bole timber per ha per year
20
Includes shrubs and bushes of all kinds- seedlings- saplings
and re-shoots of all ages- climbers and creepers and any part
of the tree.
Excludes land capable of producing less than 1m3 and ha
stemwood
0.25
0.5
10
0.05
10
0.5
10
5
10
3
0.1
0.1
50
10
5
0.1
15
20
10
25
0.5
0.3
5
5-7
20
Updated by Nabila Mamza – [email protected] (23 Jan 02).
25 Traub et al. 1998 give the strip width of 15 m. There should
be at least 500 trees/ha with dbh <24.5 cm.
20
10
2
30
2
Unknown
Grenada
Use
Guadeloupe
Guam
Guatemala
Guatemala UNFCCC
Guinea
Guinea Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Honduras UNFCCC
Hungary
Unknown
Unknown
Cover
"Tree" includes palms- bamboos- stumps- brushwood and
canes.
2
0.5
Unknown
Cover
Declared
Declared
Cover
Use
Hungary UNFCCC
Iceland
Iceland UNFCCC
India
Reportedly has no national or legal definition
Use
Cover
Cover
Denmark UNFCCC
France UNFCCC
French Guyana
French Polynesia
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Germany UNFCCC
Ghana
Ghana UNFCCC
Great Britain
Greece
Greece UNFCCC
Greenland (Denmark)
http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/us/us-nr-vfe-en.pdf lists min.area
as 0.5 ha, Crown cover as 25% and min height as 2 m and
USFS 2004.
Includes bamboo and trees. Updated by Zhang Xiaoquan –
(23 Jan 02). Trees > 2 cm dia.
http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/index.jsp?
10
lang_id=1&geo_id=102. http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/us/usnr-vfe-en.pdf list minimum area as 0.5 ha, crown cover as
20% and tree height as 2 m. (2003) and USFS 2004
Use
Cover
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
30
2
10
1.0
0.15
30
15/30
5
0.5
30
5
10
10
2
0.25
0.5
10
67/96
21/5/2014
India UNFCCC
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
0.05
Use
Cover
Unknown
Use
Ireland UNFCCC
Isle of Man
None
Israel
Italy
Italy UNFCCC
Jamaica
Japan
Japan UNFCCC
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kenya UNFCCC
Korea- Dem.People's Rep.
Korea- Republic of
Korea- Republic of UNFCCC
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan UNFCCC
Lao
Lao UNFCCC
Latvia
Latvia UNFCCC
Lebanon
Cover
Use
Lesotho
Use
Liberia
Libya Arab Jamahiriy
Liechtenstein
Unknown
Unknown
Cover
Cover
Cover
Use
Unknown
Unknown
Cover
15
2
1
0.5
20
0.1
20
5
10
20
10
75
30
30
4
0.2
0.5
4
0.3
0.3
0.1
40
30
2
2
0.5
10
5
20
20
20
20
20
20
2
3
40 Excludes areas producing less than 4 m3/ha/yr
Young natural stands and all plantations that have yet to
reach a crown density of 20 percent or a tree height of 5
metres are included under forest. Areas normally forming part
of the forest area that are temporarily un-stocked as a result
of human intervention, such as harvesting or natural causes
such as wind-throw, but which are expected to revert to forest
are also included.
"Forest" usually interpreted as woodland. "Tree" includes
shrubs.
20
5
5
5
5
)
Excludes tree crops
20
Unknown
Use
Excludes orchards
Unknown
Use
0.5
Cover
Use
0.5
0.1
0.1
25
5
7
5
None
Tree includes any seedlings- sapling- transplant or coppice
shoot of any age.
20
25-50
0.06250.25
20-60
Cover
0.1
20
Use
0.1
10
5
Luxembourg
Luxembourg UNFCCC
Macedonia
Madagascar
Madagascar UNFCCC
Malawi
Malaysia
Malaysia UNFCCC
Maldives
Mali
Mali UNFCCC
Malta
Martinique
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Mexico UNFCCC
Moldova- Republic of
Moldova- Republic of UNFCCC
Monaco
Monaco UNFCCC
Mongolia
Mongolia UNFCCC
Montserrat
Morocco
Morocco UNFCCC
Mozambique
Use
0.5
0.5
10
10
5
5
1.0
100
5
0.5
30
80
10
30
1.0
20
30
2
0.15
1.0
10
30
3
4
0.25
30
5
0.5
10
5
1
10
1
3
1.0
30
25
25
7
2
7
Myanmar
Declared
Myanmar UNFCCC
Namibia
Cover
20
20
Nepal
Use
10
Netherlands
Use
Liechtenstein UNFCCC
Use
Lithuania
Lithuania UNFCCC
3
The following forest areas are not subject to the criterion of
minimum stand height: shrub forest consisting of dwarf pine
(Pinus mugo prostrata) and alpine alder (Alnus viridis). The
following forest areas are not subject of the criteria of
minimum stand height and minimum crown cover, but must
have the potential to achieve both criteria: a) afforested area
25-50 on land not under forest cover for 50 years (afforestations); b)
regenerated forest, as well as burned, cut or damaged areas
situated on land classified as forest. Although orchards,
parks, camping grounds, open tree formations in
settlements, gardens, cemeteries, sports and parking fields
may fulfil the (quantitative) forest definition, they are not
considered as forests.
10Includes trees with a minimum dbh 14 cm or greater.
10 Temporarily unstocked areas (forest regeneration areas) are
included.
Cover
Use
Cover
Cover
Use
Unknown
Unknown
Cover
Use
Use
5
5
Unknown
None
Unknown
Declared
Cover
Cover
"Tree" includes root- stump- stem- branch- bush- creeperbamboo- cane- orchid and seedling.
1
0.5
20
2
5
Wallace (1988) also indicates a 50% threshold for crown
cover.
6
30
May consist either of closed forest formations where trees of
various storeys and undergrowth cover a high proportion of
the ground; or of open forest formations with a continuous
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
68/96
21/5/2014
DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
Netherlands UNFCCC
Use
New Caledonia
Unknown
New Zealand
New Zealand UNFCCC
Nicaragua
Nicaragua UNFCCC
Niger
Niger UNFCCC
Nigeria
Northern Mariana Islands
Use
0.5
20
6
1
5
1.0
30
25
20
1.0
30
4
Cover
0.01
Potential
0.1
Norway UNFCCC
Oman
Unknown
Pakistan
Use
Philippines UNFCCC
Poland
Poland UNFCCC
Portugal
Portugal UNFCCC
Puerto Rico
Reunion
Romania
0.5
4
Cover
Potential
Includes land with an average potential production equal to or
higher than 1 m3 (including bark) per ha and year
10
5
0.05
30
3
1.0
100
45
30
10
5
5
0.5
25
5
0.5
30
5
1
10
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.2
1
10
5
10
10-15
10
2
1.5
5
Unknown
Cover
"Tree" includes palms- bamboos- stumps- brush-wood and
canes.
http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/index.html
Cover
Topography
and cover
Use
Use
Use
Declared
Unknown
Use
Romania UNFCCC
Use
Russian Federation
Cover
Russian Federation UNFCCC
Rwanda
Unknown
Rwanda UNFCCC
Saint Lucia
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Senegal UNFCCC
Serbia and Montenegro
"Tree" includes not only timber trees- but also all other kinds
of trees- shrubs- and bushes- seedlings- saplings- cuttingssuckers- and shoots of every description.
http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/us/us-nr-vfe-en.pdf lists the
minimum area of 0.5 ha. (2003) and USFS 2004. “Forests
planted in exotic tree species predominately grown for wood
or wood fibre greater than 1 ha in extent. All forest in this
class will exceed 30 percent canopy cover and 5 metres in
height before 10 years of age.” “Indigenous forest is defined
as forest dominated by tall indigenous forest canopy species
greater than 1 hectare in size. All forests mapped into this
class exceed 30 percent canopy cover and 5 metres in
height,
Use
Norway
Philippines
5
5
Unknown
Cover
Pakistan UNFCCC
Palestine
Panama
Panama UNFCCC
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Paraguay UNFCCC
Peru
Peru UNFCCC
20
vegetation cover in which tree crown cover exceeds 20 per
cent. Young natural stands and all plantations established for
forestry purposes which have yet to reach a crown density of
20 per cent or tree height of 5 m are included under forest, as
areas normally forming part of the forestarea which are
temporally unstocked as a result of human intervention or
natural causes butwhich are expected to revert to forest.
30 Forest Land also includes: • forest nurseries and seed
orchards that constitute an integral part of the forest; • forest
road, cleared tracts, firebreaks and other small open areas,
all smaller than 6 m. within the forest; • forest in national
parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as
those of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural
or spiritual interest, with an area of more than 0,5 ha and a
width of more than 30m; • windbreaks and shelterbelts of
trees with an area of more than 0,5 ha and a width of more
than 30m. This excludes tree stands in agricultural
production systems for example in fruit plantations and agro
forestry systems.
0.25
0.25
60Generally excludes areas with slopes < 18%
10
15
20
7
10
Includes also: forest nurseries, trees genetic trials within the
forest land, forest pathways and roads, meadows, glades and
other forest gaps, forest ecosystems within the national and
natural parks, natural protected areas and other protected
forest areas, protection forest belts with an area larger than
0.5 ha and a minimum width of 20 m, as well as Pinus mugo
shrubs in alpine areas.
http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/us/us-nr-vfe-en.pdf lists
minimum area as 0.5 ha and minimum tree height varies.
(2003) and USFS 2004
5
30
0.5
30
5
0.05
10
3
0.5
0.5
30
2
Use
Unknown
Unknown
Use
Seychelles
International
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Declared
Unknown
Use
Slovakia UNFCCC
Use
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
Reportedly has no national or legal definition but uses
international conventions. Which conventions were not
specified. Shrubs > 10 m.
"Tree" includes any woody vegetation.
10
0.01
0.3
20
5
20
Temporarily unstocked areas are included (forest
regeneration areas).
Excludes individual trees- riverine and windbelt treesplantations- etc. Slovenian Forest act (1994) -Forest means
69/96
21/5/2014
Slovenia
DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
Cover
Slovenia UNFCCC
0.05
Solomon Islands
Unknown
Somalia
South Africa
South Africa UNFCCC
Spain
Spain UNFCCC
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka UNFCCC
St. Helena
St. Kitts & Nevis
St.Vincent & Grenadine
Sudan
Suriname
Cover
Cover
Swaziland
Unknown
Sweden
Sweden UNFCCC
Switzerland
Potential
Use
0.05
Unknown
Use
Cover
Tanzania
Cover
Thailand
Thailand UNFCCC
Togo
Use
2
20
75
30
5-10
10
45
30
5
3
2
40
10
20 Excludes lands capable of producing less that 1 m3/ha/yr
5
3
"Tree" means the whole or any part of any tree as ordinarily
understood or of shrub- bush- seedling- transplant- saplingreshoot- underbrush or regrowth.
0.25
0.5
Cover
Syrian Arab Rep.
Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Tajikistan
0.06250.25
20
10
20-100
20-60
0.5
5
5
3
3
10
60
8
0.16
30
3
0.5
10
5
0.4
10
3
3
10
8
Excludes land capable of producing less than 1m3 /ha/yr
10
25-50
The following forest areas are not subject to the criterion of
minimum stand height: shrub forest consisting of dwarf pine
(Pinus mugo prostrata) and alpine alder (Alnus viridis). The
following forest areas are not subject of the criteria of
minimum stand height and minimum crown cover, but must
25-50 have the potential to achieve it: afforested, regenerated, as
well as burned, cut or damaged areas. Although orchards,
parks, camping grounds, open tree formations in
settlements, gardens, cemeteries, sports and parking fields
may fulfil the (quantitative) forest definition, they are not
considered as forests.
50Trees include bamboo. Min. d.b.h. for tree is 10 cm
"Tree" includes palms- bamboos- canes- shrubs- bushes plants- poles- climbers- seedlings- saplings and regrowth
thereof- all ages and all kinds and part.
Use
Togo UNFCCC
Tonga
Declared
Trinidad & Tobago
Cover
Trinidad & Tobago UNFCCC
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Cover
Use
Unknown
Uganda
Declared
Uganda UNFCCC
Ukraine
Ukraine UNFCCC,
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United Kingdom UNFCCC
0.05
0.2
1
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Cover
Unknown
Use
30
Excludes agricultural lands. Tree includes any root- stumpstem- branch- brushwood- ung (?) tree or sapling.
Cover
Switzerland UNFCCC
land overgrown with forest trees in the form of stands or other
forest plants which provides any of the functions of a forest.
Forest according to this Act also includes overgrown plots of
land defined as forest in the spatial element of the forest
management plan.
0.05
1.0
United States
Use
Uruguay
Uruguay UNFCCC
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Viet Nam
Viet Nam UNFCCC
Virgin Islands
Western Sahara
Western Samoa
Yemen
Yemen UNFCCC
Yugoslavia
Zambia
Cover
Zimbabwe
EU
EU UNFCCC
IIASA
SADC
UN CCD
UN ESCO
"Tree" includes palms- bamboo- canes shrubs bushesclimbers- seedlings- and re-growth of all ages and of all
kinds- and any part thereof.
4
0.1
30
60
30
0.25-1
0.1
20
20
2
0.4
10
4
0.25
0.25
30
3
Cover
Unknown
Use
Includes palms and bamboo
Tree includes palms- shrubs- bushes- climbers- seedlingssaplings- and re-shoots of all ages and of all kinds- and any
part thereof.
"Tree" includes bamboo- palms and brushwood found growing
on state lands
Unknown
Cover
Use
Use
5
5
10
5
20
20-50 Traub et al. 1998 list minimum area as 2 ha.
20
http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/us/us-nr-vfe-en.pdf gives a
36 minimum area of 0.5 ha (1 acre), cover of 20 percent and
minimum tree height of 5 m (16.4 ft.) (2003) and USFS 2004
Crowns touching or overlapping
0.5
30
30
50
3
5
3
0.5
10
30
5
3
Cover
80
15
Cover
10
5
"Tree" includes bushes- climbers- coppice- palms- reshootssaplings- seedlings and shrubs of all ages and of all kinds
and nay part thereof.
Includes bamboos
Cover
Cover
Cover
Cover
40
70
6
5
Excludes planted forests
40
5
Cover
Unknown
Unknown
Cover
Includes bamboo
Use
Declared
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
Later definition specifies a 10 m height.
Excludes woodland or forest used only for recreation
70/96
21/5/2014
DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
UN Land Use
Use
UN LCCS
UN FRA 2000
UN FCCC
Cover
Use
Use
purposes. Stands of permanent crops such as rubber- fruit
trees- nut trees- are classed as permanent crops under
agricultural lands
0.5
0.05-1
10
10-30
3
5
2-5
20
As you will note from above, ‘tree’ may include Any woody vegetation, bamboos, branches, brushwood, bushes, canes, climbers, coppice shoots, creepers, cuttings, orchids, palms,
plants, poles, regrowth of all ages, re-shoots of all ages, roots, saplings, seedlings, shoots, shrubs, stems, stumps, suck ers, transplants, underbrush, and ung.
2.4.3 Questions
1. You will note that some of the definitions contain a minimum height for a plant to be classed as a tree. If taken literally, newly planted or established seedlings would not be
considered "trees" under these definitions. If they are not considered trees, what are they?
2. Is there some other text that needs to be added in these situations?
2.5 WOODS, WOODLAND, OTHER WOODED LANDS (OWL).
Woods, woodlands, woodlot are often used interchangably with forest and vice versa. As of 28 March 2014 there were 241 definitions listed for woodlands.
Search for definitions: forest, tree, forest summary, woodland, afforestation, deforestation, reforestation, other terms.
1. (Australia - NSW) - Plant communities dominated by trees whose crowns shade less than 30 per cent of the ground; wooded country with tree canopy covering an average of 10
to 30 per cent of the area; vegetation type that covers the driest and poorest soil areas of New South Wales. http://www.forest.nsw.gov.au/education/glossary/default.asp#Ltr_W
2. (Australia – NSW) - Woodland vegetation where trees cover 20-50% of the area under application (Crown separation ratio is 0.25-1). The trees are native but the shrubs or
grasses may be native or exotic. Open Woodland where individual trees cover 0.2 - 20% of the area under application (Crown separation ratio is 1-20). The trees are native but
the shrubs or grasses may be native or exotic. http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/veg/pdfs/clearing_vegtypes_mar02.pdf
3. (Australia – South Australia) - Woodland is mapped where the trees are the tallest stratum but the foliage covers less than 30% of the ground.
http://www.atlas.sa.gov.au/atlas1986/2ENVIRONMENT_RESOURCES/5VEGETATION.cfm
4. (Australia - Tasmania) -Vegetation with trees more than 5 m high, and solid canopy cover of between 5% and 50%. http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Attachments/LJEM6K32GF/$FILE/Glossary,%20Appendices,%20Index.pdf
5. (Australia 2008) A sparse forest in which the tree crown cover, viewed from above, ranges between 20% and 50% of the land area.
http://data.daff.gov.au/forestsaustralia/_pubs/sofr2008reduced.pdf
6. (Australia) - A vegetation type dominated by woody vegetation having a mature or potential mature stand height exceeding 5 metres, with an overstorey canopy cover less than
20%. http://www.rfa.gov.au/documents/janis/janis011.html#E9E11
7. (Australia) Crown cover range used by the Australian National Forest Inventory for woodland is 20-50%. (Isaac Mapaure. Researchgate. 23 Jan 2014).
8. (Australia) Wooded Land - Land with vegetation with a projected foliage cover of less than 10% (this is equivalent to a crown cover of 0.25 to 20%) and included Tall, Medium and
Low Trees (>30, 10-30 and <10 m respectively) and Tall Shrubs (>2 m). The Tall Shrubs category excludes eucalypts as these are included under 'forest' as Mallees."
[email protected] NFI (1999) definition of Other Wooded land.
9. (Austria) (and non-forest land) - Areas which are not under forest management and which have a crown cover of less than 30%; areas stocked by shrubs (except coppice stands
and areas which have been identified as protective forests); rows of trees (except wind belts); short rotation plantations, for instance for fuelwood production (with a rotation
period of less than 30 years); Christmas tree cultures, forest nurseries, plantations for seeds of forest trees or fruits. (Austrian Forestry Act (Federal Legal Gazette no. 440/1975,
as amended Federal Legal Gazette 231/1977, 142/1978 and 576/1987) From: Weiss Peter [email protected])
10. (Canada) - Non-workable land such as woodlots, sugarbushes, tree windbreaks, and bush that is not used for grazing.
http://www.statcan.ca/english/agcensus2006/glossary.htm#gt36
11. (Canada) Productive woodland - Wooded land with trees having over 25% canopy cover and being over 20 feet in height approximately. Much cutover and burned over land is
included. http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/landuse/clsys/Canada2.htm.
12. (CANADA-Ontario) Woodland (including “forest”) - A treed community with at least 34% tree cover. (Ecological Land Classification for southern Ontario, O.M.N.R., 1998).
http://www.ontarionature.org/pdf/Significant_Woodlands_Guidelines(Draft%20Aug%202004).pdf
13. (CANADA-Ontario-Peel Region) Woodlands are complex ecosystems comprised of communities of trees, shrubs, ground vegetation and immediate environmental conditions on
which they depend. Woodlands are further defined as any area greater than 0.5 ha that has:a) a tree crown cover of over 60% of the ground, determinable from aerial
photography, or b) a tree crown cover of over 25% of the ground, determinable from aerial photography, together with on-ground stem estimates of at least: • 1,000 trees of any
size per hectare, or • 750 trees measuring over five centimetres in diameter, per hectare, or • 250 trees measuring over 20 centimetres in diameter, per hectare (densities based
on the Forestry Act of Ontario 1998), Treed portions with less than the required stocking level will be considered part of the woodland as long as the combination of all treed
units in the overall connected treed area meets the required stocking level. Woodlands experiencing changes such as harvesting, blowdown or other tree mortality are still
considered woodlands. Such changes are considered temporary whereby the forest still retains its long-term ecological value. And, which have a minimum average width of 40
metres or more measured to crown edges. Woodlands include cultural woodlands, cultural savannahs and plantations except if the plantation is: a) managed for production of
fruits, nuts, Christmas trees or nursery stock; b) managed for tree products with an average rotation of less than 20 years (e.g. hybrid willow or poplar); or c) established and
continuously managed for the sole purpose of complete removal at rotation, as demonstrated with documentation acceptable to the Region or area municipality, without a
woodland restoration objective. http://www.peelregion.ca/planning/officialplan/pdfs/P-09-02%20ROPA%2021%20Appendix%20I%20January%2027%202009%20-%202.pdf.
14. (Czech Republic) Land covered by trees and/or shrubs which is not destined to fulfil forest functions e.g., the belts on river banks. (European Communities 1997b - p. 1225).
15. (Estonia) - Other wooded lands - includes shrubs, bushes and non-agricultural land covered with trees. For FRA 2000 - Source: UN/ECE 2000 p. 77.
16. (EU) - Open stand of trees up to approximately 18 metres in height in which tree crowns cover at least 30 per cent of the land area but are, for the most part, not overlapping
http://europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm and http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/body/publications/forests/en/en4_6.htm
17. (EU) - Other wooded land are areas which have some characteristics of forests but which are not forests as defined above. They include open woodland and scrub, shrub and
brushland. http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/envir/report/en/lex_en/report_en.htm
18. (EU) 2000. Other wooded land is land which has some forestry characteristics but is not forest as defined above. It includes open woodland and scrub, shrub and brushland,
whether or not used for pasture or range. It excludes land occupied by "trees outside the forest.” http://europa.eu.int/estatref/info/sdds/en/for/for_res.htm#toc
19. (EU) 2000. Wooded area - includes forest area and other types of wooded land. http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/envir/report/en/lex_en/report_en.htm and
http://europa.eu.int/estatref/info/sdds/en/for/for_res.htm#toc
20. (Finland) Scrubland - Potential capacity to produce a mean annual increment of at least 0.1 m3/ha but less than 1.0 m3/ha given an optimum tree species mix. (European
Communities 1997a - p. 186)
21. (France) A subcategory of forest land - where the main function is not production. They consist of unmanaged forests: in accessible forest or forest land located on too steep
slopes, protective forests (where cuttings are forbidden) and recreation forests, green spaces, no-admittance areas (military grounds for example). (European Communities
1997a - p. 255)
22. (ICSU) Woodlands have 50-100% tree canopy cover by trees, and a sometimes sparse, but always significant gramineous layer; http://www.icsuscope.org/downloadpubs/scope56/Chapter04.html
23. (Ireland) Coillte estate - Scrub and/or Amenity forests. (European Communities 1997a - p. 401).
24. (Millennium Eciosystem Assessment) - woodland’’ refers to the type of land cover characterized by trees and shrubs. www.maweb.org/documents/document.290.aspx.pdf. From
Stefania Pizziran Resarch Gate 4 Feb 2014.
25. (Miombo) Any woodland which is dominated by species of three related genera in the family Leguminosae: Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isoberlinia. Miombo is regarded as
woodland, in spite of its closed canopy (with crowns touching), because of its light foliage which allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support a continuous ground cover
of grasses and other herbs. Source: http://www.africa-insites.com/zambia/travel/General/vegetati.htm
26. (NASDA) Woodland - Wood lots or timber tracts, natural or planted. Exclude cropland (bearing orchards, etc.) and pasture, but include woodland occasionally grazed.
http://www.nasda-hq.org/NASDA_NASS/docs/EDUCATIO/REFERENC/TERMS___/TERMSDEF.PDF
27. (Norway) Other wooded land then corresponds to: "Non-productive forest land" and "wooded mire". Non-productive forest land should have an average potential production of
between 0.1 and 1.0 m3 per ha and year, regardless of the current stocking and it should have mineral soil. Wooded mire has the same production potential as non-productive
forest land, with a peat soil. From: [email protected] (European Communities 1997b - p. 832).
28. (Oak) Those Devon woods which are dominated by English oak, sessile oak or the hybrids between the two. Devon Biodiversity Action http://www.devoncc.gov.uk/biodiversity/oakwood.html
29. (Remote Sensing) Area with tree crown cover of 5-20% of the surface. Trees should be able to grow to a height of more than 7 m (Koehl and Paivinen 1996) Woodlands, almost
exclusively of Aleppo Pine, with at least 20% ground cover by trees; http://content.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilripublicaties/publicaties/Pub36/Proceeding%20of%20the%20workshop%20leeg-h3.pdf
30. (Russian Federation) - OWL = includes areas of shrubs and bushes. For FRA 2000 - Source: UN/ECE 2000 p 85.
31. (SAF) (1958) (Farm woodland) The wooded portion of a farm or ranch, or the wooded land operated in connection with a farm or ranch. In the Southwest. the piñion-juniper and
chaparral forest types. In California, the open stand of oaks and occasionally digger pine in valleys and foothills, (SAF 1958)
32. (SAF) (1971) Generally, a wooded area. More particularly, as in the tropics and western USA. plant communities in which trees, often small and characteristically short-holed
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
relative to their depth of crown, are present but form only an open canopy, the intervening areas being occupied by lower vegetation, commonly grass, in contrast to a typical
wood. (FORD-ROBERTSON 1971)
(South Africa) Woodland - Tree canopy cover between 40-70%. A closed-to-open canopy community, typically consisting of a single tree canopy layer and a herb (grass) layer.
Thompson 1996? www.sac.co.za/geoinfo/ field_guide.htm.
(South Africa) Woodlands - 40-99% canopy cover, usually a tree layer, shrub layer and grass layer, typically 6m or more tall; regular fires.
http://www.polity.org.za/govdocs/green_papers/forest1.html#t1.1
(SRM) (1974) A land area occupied by trees, a forest, woods. (SRM 1974)
(SRM) (1980) An area on which trees often small and characteristically short-boled relative to their depth of crown, usually form an open canopy, and the intervening areas are
occupied by herbaceous and shrubby vegetation. (SRM 1980)
(Sweden) - OWL - a quarter of the land with a tree crown ranging from 1-20 percent and areas larger than 0.25 ha. For FRA 2000 - Source: UN/ECE 2000 p 87.
(Tanzania) Woodlands are defined to have 10 - 40 % crown cover (Iversen 1991) and dominant height less than 10 meters. Source: Kari Hyytiaeinen, Land Use Classification and
Mapping for the East Usambara Mountains, Usambara Catchment Forest Project, Technical Paper No. 12, Department of International Development Co-optation, Finland,
Metsaehallitus - Forest and Park Service, 1995 http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/landuse/clsys/Usambara.htm
(Thailand 2001) Other wooded area; woodland. Area that has some forest characteristics but does not meet the definition of forest given above. Includes areas occupied by
windbreaks groups of trees, fallow land, and shrubland. http://www.landcoalition.org/sites/default/files/legacy/legacypdf/08_gtz_land_tenure_systems.pdf
(Turkey 2012) Woodlands are defined as; ‘long-lived copse with the expanding top as a result of growth and overly developed side branches, showing the width growing manner
in general, not reaching 8 m in length, at any age or diameter. According to the Regulation of the Forest Cadaster and 2/B Application dated 20.11.2012, (see the article 14,
subparagraph B in the regulation).
(Uganda –National Biomass Study) Woodlands: These are wooded areas where trees and shrubs are predominant. There are wet and dry types. The wet type occurs as a zone
along riverine forest and the dry type is found on grasscovered upland areas. To qualify as woodland the average height of the trees must exceed 4 m.
http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/SDRN4ZBQ7XGTGK2W2TH9Y83L11ANG7 (UK)
(UK) The definition of woodland in United Kingdom forestry statistics is land under stands of trees with a canopy cover of at least 20% (or having the potential to achieve this),
including integral open space, and including felled areas that are awaiting restocking. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/foreststats.nsf/byunique/sources.html. From Stefania
Pizziran Resarch Gate 4 Feb 2014.
(UK-Halton Borough) An area that is largely occupied by growing trees. http://www2.halton.gov.uk/pdfs/environment/planning/haltonudpappendices
(UN-CCD) - “Woodland”: Light canopy with single storey of small to medium sized trees with crowns more or less touching and a sparse grass stratum sometimes with
herbaceous or shrub vegetation; http://www.unccd.int/actionprogrammes/asia/national/2000/yemen-eng.pdf United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
(UN-EP) Wooded land, which is not classified as forest, spanning more than 0.5 hectares, with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of 5-10 per cent, or trees able to
reach these thresholds in situ, or with a combined cover of shrubs, bushes and trees above 10 per cent. It does not include areas used predominantly for agricultural or urban
purposes. http://www.unep.org/geo/geo4/report/Glossary.pdf
(UN-ESCO-1993) Scrub woodland. Stunted woodland less than 8 m tall or vegetation intermediate between woodland and bushland.
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/1993annex3iufro.pdf
(UN-ESCO-1993) Transition woodland. Intermediate between forest and woodland. http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/1993annex3iufro.pdf
(UN-ESCO-1993) Woodland. An open stand of trees at least 8 m tall with a canopy cover of 40% or more. The field layer is usually dominated by grasses.
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/1993annex3iufro.pdf
(UN-FAO-2000, 2001) ‘‘Wodland’’ refers to the type of land cover characterized by trees and shrubs: ‘‘other wooded land.’’ Other wooded land, or OWL, is defined by FRA-2000
as land with a tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of 5–10% of trees able to reach a height of 5 meters at maturity, a crown cover of more than 10% of trees not able to
reach a height of 5 meters at maturity (such as dwarf or stunted trees), or shrub and bush cover of more than 10%. OWL excludes areas with the tree, shrub, or bush cover just
specified but of less than 0.5 hectares and width of 20 meters, as well as land predominantly used for agricultural practices (FAO 2000, 2001c).
http://www.maweb.org/documents/document.290.aspx.pdf
(UN-FAO-2004) Trees outside forests - all trees found outside forests and outside other wooded lands: stands smaller than 0.5 ha; tree cover in agricultural land, e.g.
agroforestry systems, homegardens, orchards; trees in urban environments; along roads and scattered in the landscape.
http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/webview/forestry2/index.jsp?siteId=4261&sitetreeId=13629&langId=1&geoId=0
(UN-FAO-2004, 2013) Other wooded land - Land not classified as Forest, spanning more than 0.5 hectares; with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of 5-10 percent,
or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ; or with a combined cover of shrubs, bushes and trees above 10 percent. It does not include land that is predominantly under
agricultural or urban land use. http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/webview/forestry2/index.jsp?siteId=4261&sitetreeId=13629&langId=1&geoId=0 and
http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/ap862e/ap862e00.pdf.
(UN-FAO-2005) Other wooded land is land with: (i) crown cover of 5–10% for trees able to reach a height of 5 metres or more at maturity; or (ii) crown cover of more than 10% for
trees not able to reach a height of 5 metres at maturity; or (iii) shrub or bush cover of more than 10%. http://www.fao.org/es/ess/census/PROGwca2010/chapter11_r7.pdf
(UN-FAO-2005) Woodland or forest - This includes woodlot or timber tracts, natural or planted, constituting part of the holding which have or will have value as wood, timber,
other forest products or for protection. Forest tree nurseries should be included in this category. Rows, belts and small clumps of trees, bamboo and other woody vegetation
should be included in woodland and forest. http://www.fao.org/es/ess/census/12ch5.asp
(UN-FAO-2010) Other wooded land - Land not classified as “Forest”, spanning more than 0.5 hectares; with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of 5-10 percent, or
trees able to reach these thresholds in situ; or with a combined cover of shrubs, bushes and trees above 10 percent. It does not include land that is predominantly under
agricultural or urban land use. FRA 2010 http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/north-and-central-america/united-states-virgin-islands-2010-224.doc.
(UN-FRA-2010 Proposed) - Land with tree canopy cover of more than 5 percent and area of more than 0.5 hectares. Trees, defined by Ecoregion, should be able to reach a
minimum height of 2m at maturity in situ. Generally, woodland trees will not excede 5m in height at maturity. Source: Brad Smith, USDA Forest Service, May 2002.
(UN-HCR 2005) - Open stand of trees up to approximately 18 metres in height in which tree crowns cover at least 30 per cent of the land area but are, generally, not overlapping.
http://postconflict.unep.ch/liberia/displacement/documents/UNHCR_IUCN_Forest_Management_Refugee_Returnee_Situations.pdf. UNHCR 2005
(United Kingdom) - An area of trees, often used to describe small areas of deciduous trees. It can, however, also be used for larger areas and areas planted with conifers.
http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/HCOU-4X2K5J
(United Kingdom) - An area of trees, where a tree is a woody species capable of achieving >5m in height and 25% canopy cover under favourable growing conditions.
http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/144275.pdf
(United Kingdom) - Land under stands of trees with a canopy cover of at least 20% (25% in Northern Ireland), or having the potential to achieve this, including integral open
space, and including felled areas that are awaiting restocking http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/ForestStats2006.nsf/byunique/glossary.html
(United Kingdom) - OWL - wood pastures For FRA 2000 - Source: UN/ECE 2000 p 90
(USA-FED-CENSUS) (1992) Woodland, total. This category includes natural or planted woodlots or timber tracts, cutover and deforested land with young growth which has or
will have value for wood products, land planted for Christmas tree production, and woodland pastured. Land covered by sagebrush or mesquite was to be reported as other
pastureland and rangeland or other land. http://www.census.gov/prod/2/agr/92area/aca11.pdf
(USA-FED-CENSUS) (1997) Woodland, total. This category includes natural or planted woodlots or timber tracts, cutover and deforested land with young growth which has or
will have value for wood products, and woodland pastured. Land covered by sagebrush or mesquite was to be reported as other pastureland and rangeland or other land. Land
planted for Christmas tree production was to be reported in cropland harvested, and land in tapped maple trees reported as woodland not pastured.
http://www.census.gov/prod/ac97/ac97a-11.pdf
(USA-FED-DA-FS) (1979) An area on which the dominant vegetation is broadleaf or deciduous trees. (FS 1979B)
(USA-FED-DA-FS) (1980) A plant community composed of trees at least 4 meters tail with crown not usually touching but with a foliar cover of over 25 percent but less than 61
percent at maturity. A herbaceous and/or scrub understory is usually present. (FS 1980)
(USA-FED-DA-FS-R8) An open stand of trees with crowns not usually touching (generally forming a 25 to 60 percent cover). USDA Forest Service 1997.
(USA-FED-DA-SCS) (1970) Land used primarily for the production of adapted wood crops and to provide tree cover for watershed protection, beautification, etc. Does not include
farmstead and field windbreak plantings. (SCS 1970)
(USA-FED-DC-NOAA) Woody Land class includes any species with an aerial stem that persists for more than one season. The Woody class is divided into three subclasses:
1.41 - Deciduous, 1.42 - Evergreen, and 1.43 - Mixed. http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/lca/proto2.html. 1995
(USA-FED-DI-BIA) Woodland - Forestland with less than 5% crown cover by commercial timber species. http://conbio.rice.edu/nae/docs/assessment.html
(USA-FED-DI-BLM) Those lands with 5 percent or greater crown cover in tree species not typically used in commercially processed wood products, including such species as
pinyon pine, juniper, white oak, live oak, and black spruce. Stocking can be measure by either crown density, stem density, or basal area. Include land that formerly had such
tree cover and that will be managed to be naturally or artificially regenerated to tree cover. http://www.blm.gov/nhp/efoia/wo/fy03/im2003-035attach1.pdf
(USA-FED-DI-GS) -Woodland, which is defined as "forest land," includes deciduous, evergreen, and mixed forest land, and orchards. The woodland data layer identifies
deforestation or reforestation resulting from urbanization or conservation. The woodland is compiled using criteria based on tint and spectral reflectance. The minimum mapping
unit for woodland is 10 acres. The classification scheme adopted for woodland is a modification of the Anderson Level II classification system. All woodland areas are collected
as polygons, compiled into one separate coverage, and assigned category 44. http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/phil/gis.html
(USA-FED-DI-OSM) "Woodlands" is defined in CSR 38-2-2.134 to mean commercial woodlands where the postmining land use would result in the development of a commercial
product for which flat or gently rolling land is essential to facilitate the operation of mechanical harvesting equipment. http://www.osmre.gov/mountaintop.htm
(USA-FED-FGDC) - Woodland: Mature (late successional) height of trees > 5 metes and canopy cover +/> 10 % and =/< 25 %.
http://www.forestguild.org/climate_change/Pinon-Juniper.pdf and http://www.fgdc.gov/fgdc.html.
(USA-STATE-Hawaii) A unit of vegetation dominated by trees whose crowns generally are not touching. Plant communities with trees having a crown cover of 25 to 60 percent
are considered woodlands. http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr076/psw_gtr076.pdf
(USA-STATE-Illinois) Woodlands a tract or parcel of land covered wholly or in substantial part with trees and related environs.
http://www.gurnee.il.us/municipal_code/pdf_chapters/chapter45.pdf
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
75. (USA-STATE-Indiana-Board of Tax Review)- Land that has at least 50% canopy cover qualifies as woodland for purposes of assessment. The amount of canopy cover usually is
measured from aerial photographs. http://www.in.gov/ibtr/files/07-004-02-1-5-00184.pdf
76. (USA-STATE-Kansas) Woodland is an area having woody plant species that produce canopy cover of at least 25% of the basal area. (2004)
http://www.kdwp.state.ks.us/PDF/EnvSrvs/docs/ESSsbjEvalTrrstrlHbts04.pdf
77. (USA-STATE-Nevada) (1997) Woodland — All forest land consisting of non-timber species not traditionally used for industrial products. Such species include juniper, pinon pine,
cottonwood, willow, aspen, as well as others. http://www.dcnr.nv.gov/nrp/y-tr1nrp.pdf (Nevada Forest Stewardship Program, Five Year Plan, 1997 -2002, December 1997, NDF
Forest Stewardship Coordinating Committee)
78. (USA-STATE-Oklahoma-Norman City) Woodland forest is a transition zone between prairie and bottomland. It is dominated by shrubs, vigorous grasses,and native tree
species. http://www.ci.norman.ok.us/planning/greenbelt/pdf_files/GreenDreams.pdf
79. (USA-STATE-Oregon-Portland) Woodland: Open stands of trees with crowns not usually touching (generally forming 25-60% of cover). Canopy tree cover may be less than 25%
in cases where it exceeds shrub, dwarf-shrub, herb, and nonvascular cover, respectively. Natural Resource Inventory vegetation mapping project City of Portland Bureau of
Planning. 18 p. http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=106047
80. (USA-STATE-TEXAS) Woods - Woody plants mostly nine to 30 feet tall with closed crowns or nearly so (71 to 100 percent canopy cover); midstory usually lacking.
http://www.texasep.org/html/wld/wld_4hab.html
81. (USA-STATE-Virgin Island) Open tree canopy, crowns not touching each other. Generally forming 25-50% tree cover. http://rps.uvi.edu/CES/vivegzon.htm
82. (USA-STATE-Virginia) - Woodland - Forest land incapable of producing 20 cubic feet per acre per year of industrial wood under natural conditions, because of adverse site
conditions. http://state.vipnet.org/dof/glo.htm and http://www.srs.fs.fed.us/sustain/report/appendix/glossary.htm
83. (Vanuatu) Trees with separated crowns, generally <10 m tall. A clearly visible layer of herbs and/or grasses. Source: Bellamy, J.A. Vanuatu Resource Information System.
VANRIS Handbook. Via Adam Gerrand.
84. (WCMC) Woodland includes thicket and bushland but not shrubland http://www.panda.org/downloads/forests/wcmcflrmapping.pdf
85. (Zimbabwe 2002) Woodland Tree height 5-15m, canopy cover 20-80% http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/18021/1/dp020002.pdf
86. .(Romania) - OWL - forests owned by different state owners outside the "forest fund" - which are not characterized by statistical parameters. For FRA 2000 - Source: UN/ECE
2000 p 85
87. “Farmed woodland’ 50 trees/ha (>15cm dbh).
http://www.montpellier.inra.fr/safe/publications/communications/Orlando/Policy%20support%20for%20Agroforestry%20in%20the%20European%20Union.pdf
88. 20% to 49% trees. Source: Amreican Forests via Fleishman, Sandra. 2003. Why were the trees cut down? The Washington Post. Section F1,8-9. 28 June. Note: area with less
than 20% trees are termed “Developed Acreage.”
89. A biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants. http://www.woodlandowner.org.uk/glossary.htm#W
90. A cultural period of the Eastern North American Aborigine Indians dating from 3,000 - 1,300 B.P. Usually, the presence of pottery differentiates the Woodland culture from the
Archaic culture which preceded it. http://members.aol.com/artgumbus/glossary.html
91. A forest where tree crowns cover less than 20 percent of the ground; also called open canopy. http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/glossary/glossaryw.mhtml
92. A forest with low tree densities, often defined as less than 20% to 30% crown cover when trees are mature. http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/Extension/ssfor11.htm
93. A landscape where the dominant vegetation is composed of tree species that are generally not capable of producing commercial tree growth.
http://www.for.nau.edu/courses/for250/Definitions/Definitions.html
94. A native plant community dominated by trees with relatively open spacing (up to 30% of the land surface covered by the crowns), often with a dense understorey.
http://www.forestry.sa.gov.au/pdf/glossary.pdf
95. A natural community of widely spaced and often stunted trees that occurs on knolls and hill tops where soils are excessively well-drained and bedrock outcrops are abundant.
http://www.midcoast.com/~wpl/mvlt/nri/glossary.html
96. A piece of land on which trees are cultivated http://www.ifdn.com/teacher/glossary.htm
97. A plant community dominated by short-boled trees (usually species of eucalypts) that are separated from each other and with grasses and other herbs forming a more or less
continuous ground cover between them. http://155.187.10.12/glossary/fl-nsw.html
98. A plant community dominated by trees with over 35% canopy cover. http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/ONHS/final_report/Glossary.pdf
99. A small forest. http://www.fnr.purdue.edu/inwood/glossary.html
100. A tract of forest. http://www.michigandnr.com/publications/pdfs/huntingwildlifehabitat/Landowners_Guide/Introduction/Glossary.htm
101. A vegetation community that includes widely spaced large trees. The tree crowns are typically more spreading in form than those of forest trees and do not form a closed
canopy. Grass, heath, or scrub may develop between the trees. http://mojavedesert.net/glossary/forest.html
102. A woodland is a stand of trees up to 18m high with a canopy cover of 20-80%. Ground layer is dominated by grasses (Timberlake, Nobanda & Mapaure, 1993; Pratt, Greenway
& Gwynne, 1966). (Isaac Mapaure. Researchgate. 23 Jan 2014).g
103. An area or biotic community dominated by widely-spaced trees of short stature growing on warm, dry sites. In the Southwest, common woodland species are oak, pinyon, and
juniper; these woodlands usually occur below 8,000 feet elevation. http://www.rmrs.nau.edu/publications/rm_gtr_295/glossary.html
104. An area planted to trees for fuel, or timber. http://www.echonet.org/Technotes/AgroforestryPrinciples.html#definitions
105. An area primarily covered with trees. http://glossary.gardenweb.com/glossary/woodland.html
106. An environment characterized by patchy stands of relatively short trees separated by grassy areas. http://www.becominghuman.org/resources/glossary.php?
mode=definition&termID=268
107. An open stand of trees > 8 metres high and with a canopy cover of 40% or more, usually among grasses. Woodland is often described by its dominant species, for example,
'Acacia woodland', 'Acacia-Themeda woodland', 'Combretum woodland'. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/InformationResources/T-V.asp
108. Any wooded areas having a canopy closure of 50% and greater. http://gisdasc.kgs.ukans.edu/metadata/landcover.html
109. Area occupied by trees. http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/forests/glossary.htm
110. Area of land on which many trees grow http://www.newberry.org/k12maps/glossary/index.html
111. Area that has some forest characteristics but does not meet the definition of forest given above. Includes areas occupied by windbreaks groups of trees, fallow land, and
shrubland. http://www.wrm.org.uy/actors/WB/1991policy3.html and. https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/i490a/teaching/M4901430/ws_03_04/reading_materials/New_Neef_Schwarzmeier_Studie.pdf.
112. Area with tree crown cover of 5-20% of the surface. Trees should be able to grow to a height of more than 7 m. Included are 1) the area with young trees or coppice able to form
open forest in the future, 2) area of potentially open forest which is temporarily unstocked due to regeneration or damage. Forest roads, firebreaks etc., as well as nurseries and
storages less than 0.5 ha are included in open forest area (Köhl and Päivinen 1996).
113. Areas dominated by trees with a total canopy cover of 26-60 %, most tree crowns not touching each other. An herbaceous or shrub understory, or both, are usually present. An
open stand of trees, sometimes called "open forest." http://www.gap.uidaho.edu/handbook/LandCoverMapping/UNESCO/
114. Areas of trees whose tops collectively shade less that 30 percent of the ground http://www.nafi.com.au/k12/ourforests/glossary.html
115. Areas with an annual yield capacity between 0.1 and 1 m3 wood including bark per hectare under favourable stand conditions. As for productive forest land, consideration should
be given to yield capacity and not a temporary absence of trees. [From: Stein Tomter [email protected] Date: Mon, 15 Jun 1998 14:50:20 +0200]
116. Comprised of open stands of trees more than 5 meters tall with crowns not touching. Greater than 40% of the ground is covered by the tree canopy. Definitions for Mainly
Evergreen Woodland, Mainly Deciduous Woodland, and Extremely Xeromorphic Woodland are similar to forest definitions with sparser stocking of individual trees.
http://mirror.globe-germany.de/sda-bin/wt/ghp/tg+L(en)+P(landcover/MUCglossary-full and http://www.geery.com/Norfork_MUC.htm
117. Forest land and includes deciduous, evergreen, and mixed forest land and orchards. http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/phil/rbradford-paper.pdf
118. Forest land producing trees not typically used as saw timber products and not included in calculation of the commercial forest land ASQ. Medford Record of Decision and
Resource Management Plan http://www.or.blm.gov/Medford/medford/glossary.html and http://www.streamnet.org/pub-ed/ff/Glossary/glossaryforest.html
119. Forest land producing trees not typically used as saw timber products and not included in calculation of the commercial forest land allowable sale quantity.
http://www.streamnet.org/pub-ed/ff/Glossary/glossaryforest.html
120. In a woodland, trees are spaced further apart. In a forest, the treetops touch each other to form a canopy. http://www.globaled.org/issues/152/a.html
121. In a woodland, trees grow far apart, so that the canopy is open. In a forest the crowns of individual trees touch to form a single canopy.
http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/envfacts/facts/deforestation.htm
122. In ecological terms, a forest may be differentiated from a woodland: a forest is considered to have a more or less closed canopy, where the branches and foliage of trees meet
or interlock; a woodland is considered to have an open canopy, where some sunlight penetrates between the trees (see also: savanna). http://explanationguide.info/meaning/Forest.html
123. In the Preliminary Classification for Vegetation of Alaska, forest vegetation with 10 to 25% crown cover of the tree crowns. http://www.arcticatlas.org/glossary/index
124. Includes natural or planted woodlots or timber tract, cutover and deforested land with young growth that have or will have value for wood products, land planted for Christmas tree
production, and pastured woodland. http://agglossary.uaex.edu/viewWGlossary1.asp
125. Land covered with wood i.e. trees; a wooded region or piece of ground. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary http://www.taxbar.com/tr/jaggers.htm
126. Land devoted to the growing of trees http://www.co.hunterdon.nj.us/depts/taxboard/farmland.htm
127. Land either with a tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of 5-10 percent of trees able to reach a height of 5 m at maturity in situ; or a crown cover (or equivalent stocking
level) of more than 10 percent of trees not able to reach a height of 5 m a maturity in situ (e.g. dwarf or stunted trees) and shrub or bush cover. Excludes: Areas having the tree,
shrub or bush cover specified above but of less than 0.5 ha and width of 20 m, which are classed under "other land"; Land predominately used for agricultural practices (UN-ECE
1997).
128. Land having a cover of trees, shrubs, or both. http://www.anzlic.org.au/icsm/topo/tddsect3.htm
129. Land supporting a stand of trees up to 20 m in height, with an open or continuous but not thickly interlaced canopy, and a canopy cover of not less than 20%. Shrubs, if
present, constitute less than one-tenth of the canopy cover. Grasses and other herbs dominate the ground cover. Epiphytic ferns are rare. Often subject to periodic burning. Tree
thicket (Wt) or coppice woodland (Wc) can be recognised. Sub-types by genera e.g. Brachystegia . Julbernardia woodland; Acacia seyal woodland.
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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http://www.usangu.org/reports/landres.pdf
130. Land that is mostly covered with dense growths of trees and shrubs. A generalised term http://www.tnw.org.uk/Note17.html
131. Land under open stands of trees. Paraphrased from http://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/Project-Gutenberg/etext99/world97.txt
132. Leaf /branch cover above 8m off ground, 60%-20%. http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/adams3.html
133. Open stands of tree species, 25-60% canopy cover.. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/naturemapping/naturemapping_process/habitat_codes.html#forest
134. Open stands of trees – Formed by trees at least 5 m tall, with most of their crowns not touching each other but covering at least 30% of the sky.
http://www.birdlist.org/cam/themes/Volume_I_s.pdf
135. Open stands of trees with crowns not usually touching (25- 59% cover). www.tgic.state.tx.us/tgic/documents/plans/lulc-report.pdf
136. Open stands of trees with crowns not usually touching (generally forming 25-60% cover). Canopy tree cover may be less than 25% in cases where it exceeds shrub, dwarfshrub, herb, and nonvascular cover, respectively. http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/fff/GLOSS_E.HTM#Forest and http://www.wec.ufl.edu/coop/gap/moreinfo.htm
137. Other wooded areas are the wooded formations of any kind less than 0,5 ha in size, as well as open woodlands having a crown density less than 20%, areas of brushwood,
shrubland, stunted trees etc.. http://192.83.171.71/newcrons/navig/en/theme8/milieu/10fo/notmeth.htm
138. Predominantly tree covered land whether in large tracts (generally called forests) or smaller units (known by a variety of terms such as woodlands, woods, copses and
shelterbelts). http://www.ukwas.org.uk/standard/certification_standard/glossary.html
139. Predominately tree covered land. Paraphrased from http://www.fsc-uk.demon.co.uk/Appendices.html.
140. Small forest, a forest composed of young trees, or a forest from which fuelwood is cut. Colliers Encyclopedia.
141. The tract of wooded land which is maintained primarily to furnish fuel, posts, lumber and other wood products for use on the farm. (Fergusen 1916).
142. This category includes natural or planted woodlots or timber tracts, cutover and deforested land with young growth which has or will have value for wood products, and woodland
pastured. Land covered by sagebrush or mesquite was to be reported as other pastureland and rangeland or other land. Land planted for Christmas tree production was to be
reported in cropland harvested, and land in tapped maple trees reported as woodland not pastured. http://agcensus.mannlib.cornell.edu/glossary.php#woodland
143. Trees outside forests (ToF). Trees and tree environments on lands not defined as forest or other wooded lands. Include: (a) groups of trees covering an area of less 0.5 ha,
including lines and shelterbelts along infrastructure features and agricultural fields; (b) scattered trees in agricultural landscapes; (c) tree plantations mainly for other purposes
than wood, such a fruit orchards and palm plantations; and trees in parks and gardens and around buildings. ToF are not assigned an area in the overall land use classification,
but occurs inside Other wooded land and Other land. Although the definition of ToF is based on the trees, the concept includes also the site and other vegetation at the location.
(FAO 2000b)
144. Upland and bottomland forests or idle areas over grown with trees having canopy greater than 10 percent and at least 100 feet wide. Fence rows and woody draws are not
classified as woodland but are included as features in the cropland, pature/hayland or old field habitat types. http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/landown/wild/guide/
145. Vegetation dominated by woody plants, and included "forest" (if closed), "bushwood" (if shrubs were more abundant than trees), and "shrubwood" (if entirely of shrubs).
http://www.fs.fed.us/research/publications/forest_production_for_tropical_america/appendix_d.pdf
146. Vegetation in which trees, often small and characteristically short-boled in relation to their crown depth, are present but form only on open or sparse canopy, the intervening
areas being occupied by shrubs or herbs. http://www.arcticatlas.org/glossary/index
147. Wood lot means any piece of land of which trees in each hectare being not less than twenty-five; http://www.goaforest.com/regulation/body_preservoftrees2.htm
148. Wooded area - A land area which is at least six (6) percent covered with trees that are two (2) metres or more in height.
http://home.gdbc.gov.bc.ca/TRIM/IDM_Project_Riparian_Zone_specs.pdf
149. Wooded area - Corresponds to the FAO definition of forest and woodland. It refers to land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not, and includes land
from which forests have been cleared but that will be reforested in the foreseeable future. http://www.tpesp.es/informe/HTMNF/COMPENDI/CHAP8.HTM
150. Wooded area consists of forest area and other wooded areas. http://192.83.171.71/newcrons/navig/en/theme8/milieu/10fo/notmeth.htm
151. Woodland - woody vegetation formations with scattered trees generally with less than 40% crown cover, also known as open forests
http://www.asiaforestnetwork.org/glossary.html#gft
152. Woodland refers to the type of land cover characterized by trees and shrubs: http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.290.aspx.pdf
153. Woodland, open- An open woodland - canopy cover of 20-60% and a well developed grass layer. (Isaac Mapaure. Researchgate. 23 Jan 2014).g
154. woodland, open OW = grasses plus other annual herbs, trees > 5 m representing < 25%)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229505636_The_impact_of_shrub_encroachment_on_savanna_bird_diversity_from_local_to_regional_scale
155. woodland, shrubby (SW = mix of grasses, shrubs and trees > 5 m, with woody cover representing between 25 and 50%)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229505636_The_impact_of_shrub_encroachment_on_savanna_bird_diversity_from_local_to_regional_scale
156. Woodlands - 50-100% tree canopy cover, and a graminaceous layer http://www.savannas.org.uk/savdef.htm
157. Woodlands - tree-dominated plant association. Trees spaced more widely apart. Ground cover not inhibited by lack of sunlight. Environment drier than forests.
http://web.uccs.edu/geogenvs/ges100-online/Chapt11.doc
158. Woodlands have 50-100% tree canopy cover by trees, and a sometimes sparse, but always significant gramineous layer; Savannas have 10-50% cover by woody plants, and
in the unexploited state, a well-developed grass layer; http://www.scopenvironment.org/downloadpubs/scope56/Chapter04.html
159. Woodlands, open with less than 20% tree cover, often as small forest remnants scattered over the hill ranges; the domination is important: it indicates that these terrains,
regardless of their administrative status, are used as grazing lands, and that their production potential for animal husbandry is more important than for timber production
http://content.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/publicaties/Pub36/Proceeding%20of%20the%20workshop%20leeg-h3.pdf
160. Woodlot - A restricted area of woodland, usually privately maintained as a source of fuel, posts, and lumber. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1985&page=674
161. Woodlot – A small forest. http://www.fnr.purdue.edu/inwood/glossary.html
162. Woodlots: term used for forest plantings on farms for wood production; also see farm forestry. http://www.forestry.sa.gov.au/pdf/glossary.pdf
163. Woods, Copses, Shelterbelts - predominately tree covered land in smaller units. Paraphrased from http://www.fsc-uk.demon.co.uk/Appendices.html.
164. Woody land - "The Woody land class includes any species with an aerial stem that persists for more than one season. The class is divided into three subclasses: 1.41Deciduous, 1`.42-Evergreen, and 1.43-Mixed." (Dobson, et al. 1995). Each of these classes in turn are divided into Forest and Scrub/Shrub components based on a 20 foot
height criterion. http://www.dos.state.ny.us/cstl/Final_Draft_HTML/Tech_Report_HTM/Land_Cover/Appendices1_LC.htm
165. Woody Land includes non-agricultural trees and shrubs. The category alleviates the problem of separating various sizes of trees and shrubs using satellite remote sensor data
but allows a height-based separation if high-resolution aerial photography are available. The class may be partitioned into three subclasses: Deciduous, Evergreen, and Mixed.
These three subclasses generally can be discriminated with satellite remote sensing systems. http://www.hgac.cog.tx.us/resources/wq/crp/lcmethod_rev3.pdf.
166. Woody vegetation formations with scattered trees, generally with less than 40% crown cover. Also known as open forests. http://www.asiaforestnetwork.org/pub/pub29.pdf
2.6 Non-Forest
1. (Fiji) Non-forest: .is defined as areas covered by settlements, urban areas, and grass and shrub vegetation visible as such in the satellite images. http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/fj/fjnr-04-en.pdf
2. (Russia 1995) Non-forest lands include lands that are part of the forestry system (land occupied by cutlines between forest compartments or blocks, roads, arable lands, and other
lands), as well as other lands located within the borders of the Forest Fund (lands occupied by bogs, rocky places, or other lands unsuitable for use. http://www.fire.unifreiburg.de/iffn/iffn_24/iffn24.pdf
3. Lands that are incapable of having 10 percent or more of the area occupied by forest trees, or lands developed for other uses.
http://www.r5.fs.fed.us/sixrivers/publications/feis/appedix/g.pdf
4. Non-forest - Land not primarily intended for growing or supporting forest. Includes alpine, rock, slide, non-productive burn, non-productive brush, swamp or muskeg, cultivated,
cleared, urban, open range, wild hay meadow, clay bank, gravel bar, and other categories. http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/tib/reports/glossary/glossary.htm#n.htm
5. Non-forest ecosystem - Grasslands, shrublands, chaparral, wetlands, deserts, etc., where trees are not the dominant life form, although they may be present as scattered
individuals or in patches. See forest ecosystem. http://legacy.ca.gov/pub_docs/CCRISP_ResourceAssessmentMethodologyCaseStudies.pdf and http://www.emanrese.ca/eman/ecotools/protocols/terrestrial/vegetation/glossary.html
6. Non-forest land - Land not primarily intended for growing or supporting a forest. http://www.babineefmpp.com/glossary/N.html and
http://www.swp.bc.ca/myw/html/21_Glossary.htm
7. Unforested [adj.] Not covered with forest; "unforested lands."
2.7 NATIVE FOREST (See http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/pristine.htm)
2.8 NATURAL FOREST (See http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/pristine.htm)
2.9 SEMI-NATURAL FOREST (Seehttp://home.comcast.net/~gyde/pristine.htm)
2.10 PLANTATION (Forest Cultures) (See http:// http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/pristine.htm)
2.11 STOCKING (Stand Density, Crown Cover)
1. (Canada) A qualitative expression of the adequacy of tree cover on an area in terms of crown closure, number of trees, basal area or volume in relation to a pre-established norm.
[Source: Criteria and Indicators of sustainable forest management in Canada: Glossary http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/cfs/proj/ppiab/ci/gloss_e.html From: "Maksym Polyakov"
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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<[email protected] Date: Wed, 17 Jun 1998 11:20:37 +0300 (MSD)]
2. (Canada-BC) A measure of the area occupied by trees, usually measured in terms of well- spaced trees per hectare, or basal area per hectare, relative to an optimum or desired
level. [Source: Glossary of Forestry Terms, Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests, http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/glossary/glossary.htm From: "Maksym
Polyakov" <[email protected] Date: Wed, 17 Jun 1998 11:20:37 +0300 (MSD)]
3. (Of growing stock trees) – The degree of occupancy of land by growing stock trees, measured by basal area and/or the number of trees in a stand by size or age and spacing,
compared to the basal area and/or number of trees required to fully utilize the growth potential of the land; that is, the stocking standard. A stocking percentage of 100 indicates full
utilization of the site and is equivalent to 80 square feet of basal area per acre in trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger. In a stand of trees less than 5 inches d.b.h., a stocking
percentage of 100 would indicate that the present number of trees is sufficient to produce 80 square feet of basal area per acre when the trees reach 5 inches d.b.h.
http://ifdc.nres.uiuc.edu/publications/pdf/forestresources02/pg81-86.pdf
4. (Russian Federation)- Degree of a denseness of growing of trees in a tree stand describing a share of use by them of taken space. Usually under definition of stocking (polnota)
understands a relative polnota of a tree stand - ratio of the sum of areas of cross-cuts of all trees of a tree stand at height of 1.3 meters (breast-height) on 1 ha to the sum of areas
of cross-cuts of a normal tree stand (with a polnota 1,0), i.e. tree stand with optimum for the given species and types of forest growing conditions the sum of areas of cross-cuts,
which undertakes from the tables of growth. . [From: " Russian Forest Encyclopedia" "Igor Yakovlev" [email protected] Date: Sat, 6 Jun 1998 21:16:59 +0400]
5. A relative number of trees or volume per acre. A forest stand is most often described as being well-stocked, poorly stocked or overstocked. [Source: Glossary of Forestry Terms
Commonly Used in Forest Management Plans http://ww.ehnr.state.nc.us/EHNR/DFR/fm-22.htm From: "Maksym Polyakov" <[email protected] Date: Wed, 17 Jun
1998 11:20:37 +0300 (MSD)]
6. Crown cover -- The degree to which the crowns of trees are nearing general contact with one another. http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/TMDLs/Umatilla/UmatillaTMDLAppxA-1.pdf
7. Crown Cover or Crown Closure - The percentage of a given area covered by tree crowns. http://www.privateforestry.org.au/glos_a-g.htm
8. Stand Density - A measure of the amount of timber growing on a site expressed in number of trees, basal area, or volume. http://216.239.39.100/search?
q=cache:3wFtRKEEkxEC:www.gfc.state.ga.us/Publications/Educational/glossary.pdf+%22stand+density%22++definition+glossary&hl=en&ie=UTF-8#10
9. Stand density - A quantitative measure of tree stocking usually expressed in terms of the absolute number of trees, basal area, volume, or other criteria on a per unit area basis
(Wenger 1984).
10. Stand Density - The quantity of trees per unit area, usually evaluated in terms of basal area, crown cover and stocking http://www.privateforestry.org.au/glos_o-z.htm
11. Stand Density - The quantity of trees per unit area. Density usually is evaluated in terms of basal area or percent-crown cover. See basal area, crown cover, stocking.
http://www.dof.state.va.us/mgt/glossary.shtml#S
12. stand density [densité de peuplement (n.f.)] - A quantitative measurement of tree stocking, expressed in terms of number of trees, total basal area, or volume, per unit of area.
More precisely, a measure of the degree of crowding of trees within a stand, commonly expressed by various growing-space ratios of crown length to tree height; crown diameter to
dbh or crown diameter to tree height; or of stem spacing to tree height. (3) http://nfdp.ccfm.org/silviterm/silvi_e/silvitermqtote.htm#S
13. Stocking - An indication of the number of trees in a stand as compared to the desirable number for best growth and management, such as well-stocked, overstocked, partially
stocked. http://www.dof.state.va.us/mgt/glossary.shtml#S
14. Stocking – The number and density of trees in a forest stand. Stands are often classified as understocked, well-stocked or overstocked. http://www.privateforestry.org.au/glos_oz.htm
15. Stocking - The number of trees in a forest stand. Often, stocking level is compared to the desirable number of trees for best growth and management, such as partially stocked,
well stocked or over-stocked. http://216.239.39.100/search?
q=cache:3wFtRKEEkxEC:www.gfc.state.ga.us/Publications/Educational/glossary.pdf+%22stand+density%22++definition+glossary&hl=en&ie=UTF-8#10
16. Stocking – The relative degree of occupancy land by trees, measured as basal area or the number of trees in a stand by size or age and spacing, compared to the basal area or
number of trees required to fully utilize the growth potential of the land; that is, the stocking standard. http://216.239.39.100/search?q=cache:iFF2UlzBb4kC:socrates.lvhrc.nevada.edu/fia/dab/core1-6/appendix7_12_00.doc+%22stand+density%22++definition+glossary&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
17. Stocking [densité relative (n.f.)] - A qualitative expression of the adequacy of tree cover on an area, in terms of crown closure, number of trees, basal area, or volume, in relation to
a preestablished norm. In this context, "tree cover" includes seedlings and saplings; hence, the concept carries no connotation of a particular age. Stocking may be described in
regionally or locally developed classes, or as a percentage of regional or local normal standards, which vary according to site-specific conditions. (5)
http://nfdp.ccfm.org/silviterm/silvi_e/silvitermqtote.htm#S
18. S to cki n g : Degree of ut i l i z at i on of l and by t rees . M eas ured i n t erm s of bas al area and/ or t he num ber of t rees i n a s t and c om pared t o t he bas al
area and/ or num ber of t rees requi red t o ful l y ut i l i z e t he growt h pot ent i al of t he l and. A s t oc k i ng perc ent of 100 i ndi c at es ful l ut i l i z at i on of t he s i t e
and i s equi val ent t o 80 s quare feet of bas al area per ac re i n t rees 5 i nc hes i n dbh and l arger. A s t oc k i ng perc ent of 100 i n a s t and of t rees l es s
t han 5 i nc hes i n dbh woul d i ndi c at e t hat t he pres ent num ber of t rees i s s uffi c i ent t o produc e 80 s quare feet of bas al area per ac re when t he t rees
reac h S i nc hes dbh. A s t oc k i ng perc ent of over 100 i s ful l y ut i l i z i ng t he s i t e. S t oc k i ng c l as s es - F ul l y s t oc k ed s t ands -S t ands i n whi c h t he
s t oc k i ng of t rees i s from 100 t o 133 perc ent . M edi um s t oc k ed s t ands -S t ands i n whi c h t he s t oc k i ng of t rees i s from 60 t o 100
perc ent . Nons t oc k ed areas -Com m erc i al fores t l and on whi c h t he s t oc k i ng of t rees i s l es s t han 16. 7 perc ent . Overs t oc k ed s t ands -S t ands i n whi c h
t he s t oc k i ng of t rees i s 133 perc ent or m ore. P oorl y s t oc k ed s t ands -S t ands i n whi c h t he s t oc k i ng of t rees i s from 16. 7 t o 60 perc ent
ht t p: / / www. c am pbel l group. c om / t i m ber_i nves t / gl os s ary . ht m
19. The amount of live trees on a given area in relation to what is considered the optimum. [Source: USDA Forest Service General Technical Report WO-44. Forest Stand Density and
Stocking: concepts, terms, and use of the stocking guides. 8 p.]
20. The sum of areas of cross-cuts of all trees of a tree stand at height of 1.3 meters (breast-height) on 1 ha' is basal area. [From: "Maksym Polyakov" <[email protected]
Date: Wed, 17 Jun 1998 11:20:37 +0300 (MSD)]
21. Tree Stocking: An expression of the number and size of trees per acre. http://www.crcd.org/voloak.html
2.12 FORESTRY
1. (Morocco) Forestry (Arabic : ‘Ilm Al Ghabat, French : Foresterie/Sciences forestière, Spanish : Ciencias de bosques) - Field of all the different discilines related to forestry aspects,
such as reproduction, cultivation, caring, protection, development, etc. Mohammed Ellatifi, [email protected]
2. (Yemen) Forestry (Arabic : ‘Ilm Al Ghabat, French : Foresterie/Sciences forestière, Spanish : Ciencias de bosques) - Field of all the different discilines related to forestry aspects,
such as reproduction, cultivation, caring, protection, development, etc. Mohammed Ellatifi, [email protected]
3. Forest Management - The practical application of scientific, economic and social principles to the administration and working of a forest for specified objectives. Particularly, that
branch of forestry concerned with the overall administrative, economic, legal and social aspects and with the essentially scientific and technical aspects, especially silviculture,
protection and forest regulation. (2) http://www.ncfcnfr.net/glossary.html
4. The art, science, and practice of managing forest landscapes to provide a sustained production of a variety of goods and services for society.
http://www.forestinfo.org/Discover/glossary.htm
5. The science of developing, caring for, or cultivating forest. The management of growing timber (WWWebster)
6. The science of planting, managing and protecting forest http://ifdn.com/teacher/glossary.htm#d
7. The scientific field of forest management: . http://nhd.heinle.com/nhd-bin/searchNHD.pl
2.13 GROVE, THICKET
1. (NASDA) An orchard; a small stand of trees. http://www.nasda-hq.org/NASDA_NASS/docs/EDUCATIO/REFERENC/TERMS___/TERMSDEF.PDF
2. A forestry plantation – http://www.tnw.org.uk/Note17.html.
3. A group of similar trees growing in a confined area http://www.newberry.org/k12maps/glossary/index.html
4. A group of trees planted close together http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=grove*1+0
5. A pinetum is a grove or plantation where pine trees are cultivated, particularly for scientific, educational &/or esthetic purposes. It is a specialized type of arboretum --- a place
where many kinds of trees are grown for the same purposes. http://www.lovett-pinetum.org/2whatis.htm
6. A small cultivated wood without undergrowth - http://www.notredame.ac.jp/cgi-bin/wn?grove
7. A small growth of trees without underbrush - http://www.notredame.ac.jp/cgi-bin/wn?grove
8. A small stand of fruit or nut trees; orchard. http://www.wordsmyth.net/cgi-bin/simplesearch.cgi?matchent=grove&matchtype=exact&matchid=-1&retall=1
9. A small wooded area, esp. one with little ground cover. http://www.wordsmyth.net/cgi-bin/simplesearch.cgi?matchent=grove&matchtype=exact&matchid=-1&retall=1
10. A smaller group of trees than a forest, and without underwood, planted, or growing naturally as if arranged by art; a wood of small extent. - http://www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?
grove
11. Areas dominated by fruit or nut trees planted on a regular and generally consistent row and plant spacing. Stands are planted for the purpose of producing a fruit or nut crop.
Examples include areas used for the production of apples, peaches, oranges, pecans, walnuts, cherries, and bananas.
http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/documents/standards/vegetation/vegclass.pdf
12. Sacred grove - a place apart, consecrated to a spirit or divinity, or to the memory of a hero; with trees, rocks and water, surrounding a shrine or an altar, in a temple or within a
grotto or cave. This religious or spiritual quality separates, though not sharply, the 'sacred grove' from the gardens of Flora. http://www.copper-beech.com/glossary.html
13. Thicket - A dense growth of small trees or bushes. http://nfdp.ccfm.org/silviterm/silvi_e/silvitermqtote.htm#T
2.14 STAND
1. (Australia–NSW) A group (or cluster) of upright trees. http://www.forest.nsw.gov.au/education/glossary/default.asp#Ltr_W
2. (USA-State-Oregon) A term used in this plan to designate a contiguous area of land in the same vegetative series and having the same management history.
http://www.odf.state.or.us/DIVISIONS/management/state_forests/sfplan/eorfmp95-final/A_gloss.pdf
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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3. A community of trees, including aboveground and belowground biomass and soils, sufficiently uniform in species composition, age, arrangement, and condition to be managed as a
unit. http://www.bib.fsagx.ac.be/coste21/glossary.html#d
4. A contiguous group of trees sufficiently uniform in species composition, arrangement of age classes, and condition to be a homogeneous and distinguishable unit.
http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/NPS/MMGI/Chapter3/ch3-3.html, http://www.fs.fed.us/r4/wcnf/projects/decisions/bear_hodges2/glossary,.pdf and
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/pubs/stand_density_mgt/sdm-73.htm#s
5. A defined area of standing trees or forest, usually of one species, age and tending regime. http://www.maf.govt.nz/statistics/primaryindustries/forestry/forest-resources/nationalexotic-forest-2000/nappendix1.htm
6. A geographically contiguous parcel of land containing one or more stand types and is usually constructed for administrative reasons.
http://www.fnr.purdue.edu/inwood/glossary.html
7. A group of forest trees of sufficiently uniform species composition, age, and condition to be considered a homogeneous unit for management purposes.
http://www.privateforestry.org.au/glos_o-z.htm
8. A group of trees in a given area that consist of one species, size, or grade; used as the basic unit in forest mapping. http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary/def/4/1/0/8/4108500.html
9. A group of trees reasonably similar in age structure and species composition, usually occupying at least 5 acres (Hunter 1990).
http://depts.clemson.edu/extfor/publications/fortp19/definitions.htm
10. A group or area of trees http://www.tnw.org.uk/Note17.html
11. A grouping of trees in a forest of similar conditions that separate it from trees in other adjacent areas. http://ashland.or.us/Files/Fire%20city%20Plan%202002.htm
12. A plant and animal community. http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/rhgiles/appendices/glosss.htm
13. A standing growth of trees or plants http://www.ifdn.com/teacher/glossary.htm
14. A unit of forest classification generally based on the type and age of the dominant tree vegetation (e.g., 80-year aspen stand). Most stands are initiated through disturbance events
such as fire. http://www.borealcentre.ca/glossary.html
15. An aggregation of trees or other growth occupying a specific area and sufficiently uniform in composition to be distinguishable from the adjoining forest or other growth.
http://www.eresourcesystems.com/Help/Glossary/glossary.html
16. An aggregation of trees or other growth occupying a specific area and sufficiently uniform in composition (species), age arrangement, and condition as to be distinguishable from
the forest or other growth on adjoining areas (a minimum of 1 acre of forest land that is at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size). A forest stand is said to be " pure" if
80 percent or more of the trees present are of the same species. If less than 80 percent of all trees present are of the same species. the stand is said to be " mixed."
http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/rhgiles/appendices/glosss.htm
17. An area composed of trees that are similar in type, or age, or size. http://www.dnr.state.mi.us/wildlife/Landowners_Guide/Introduction/Glossary.htm
18. An area of trees with similar characteristics. http://www.forestenterprises.co.nz/cfi/investmentstructure.htm
19. An easily defined area of the forest that is relatively uniform in species composition or age and can be managed as a single unit.
http://www.timbervest.net/faqs_and_glossary/glossary.htm
20. An ecologically homogeneous area within an ecosystem or landscape, a minimum of 5 acres (2 ha) in size
http://fscus.org/html/standards_policies/us_regional_standards/archives/ozark_ouachita4.html
21. Community of trees with similar characteristics and managed as one unit http://www.woodlands.co.uk/book/appendices.pdf
22. Group of trees which exhibit similar features, occupy an unbroken minimum area and all require similar silvicultural treatment.
http://media.payson.tulane.edu:8083/html/env/enven/vol205.htm#Annex: Glossary of selected terms
23. Stand: (of trees) A tree community that possesses sufficient uniformity in composition, constitution, age, spatial arrangement, or condition to be distinguishable from adjacent
communities. http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/glossary.html#T
24. Standing growth of plants; a particular example of a plant community, e.g. forest or grassland in which monitoring plot(s) are established. http://www.emanrese.ca/eman/ecotools/protocols/terrestrial/vegetation/glossary.html
25. The basic unit of spatial arrangement of the forest identifiable in the terrain and shown on a forestry map. [Source: Act on Forests and Amendments to Some Acts (the Forest Act)
dated 3 November 1995. Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic. Prague, 1996. 58 pp. From: "Maksym Polyakov" [email protected] Date: Mon, 15 Jun 1998
11:32:47 +0300 (MSD)]
26. The crop of trees in a forest. http://www.forestry.sa.gov.au/pdf/glossary.pdf
27. Trees of one type or species [e.g. coppice, alder] grouped together within a woodland. http://www.angelfire.com/on3/wildberks/Glossary.htm and
http://www.woodlandowner.org.uk/glossary.htm#W
28. Unit of vegetation that is essentially homogeneous in all layers and differs from adjacent types qualitatively and quantitatively.
http://www.unb.ca/web/forestry/centers/cwru/soe/gloss.htm
3. ACTION TERMS
Afforestation, Deforestation, and Reforestation are actions or acts. There are probably fewer disagreements over these terms than on what to call the lands (deforested, afforested, and
reforested) once the action is completed and how long the lands remain in those historical categories. A/R - Afforestation and reforestation. Term given to the class of projects
devoted to the planting of trees on unforested land for carbon emissions reduction and other environmental benefits. http://www.carbonpositive.net/viewarticle.aspx?articleID=44
Action
Afforestation
Reforestation
Deforestation
Total
Table 4 - Number of Forest Action Definitions Listed as of 26 Oct 2007
Change in
Legal
Land Cover
Land Use
Land Cover & Use
Status
2
79
0
18
0
90
0
13
2
129
20
55
4
298
20
86
Total
99
103
206
408
"Forestation," "degradation," and "regeneration" are action terms which are not included in the Kyoto Protocol but which we appear to need to include in the discussions of changes in
carbon emissions and sinks. All of these are descriptors of actions ending in changes in either land cover, land use or both.
3.1 AFFORESTATION - Afforestation may be a legal term or a process of stocking land. In the case of the latter, we group the definitions into those that imply a change in land cover
only and those that imply a change in land cover and use. Four definitions specify "crops" implying that the trees will be later removed for commercial purposes. The time period for
lands "never having been forested" vary from never to 30 to 100 years.
Search for definitions: forest, tree, forest summary, woodland, afforestation, deforestation, reforestation, other terms.
3.1.1 Legal Term
1. AFFOREST: To make into a forest by application of forest law. http://orb.rhodes.edu/Medieval_Terms.html
2. Place an area under forest law and administration; the creation of a forest by stipulated procedures (M, 26 (v) – 30 (r)); (2) http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/forests/glossary.htm
3. To bring land within Forest Law (historically) or in current parlance to bring within the control of the Verderers and their Bye-Laws. It is a legal act.
http://www.hants.org.uk/newforest/bibliog.html
3.1.2 Land Cover
1. (Australia and New Zealand) The establishment of a species of forest on an area where it does not occur naturally (British Commonwealth Terminology) (Ford-Robertson 1971).
2. (Bolivia) AFORESTACION: Siembra de árboles en tierras que nunca antes tuvieron bosques, por ejemplo, en sabanas, praderas y llanos naturales. Source: Luis Castello
[email protected] Adjunto sírvase encontrar la versión no oficial y premilinar del Glosario Forestal elaborado por el Proyecto de Apoyo a la Coordinación e Implementación
del Plan de Acción Forestal para Bolivia
3. (Bulgaria) Afforestation - The creation of new forests includes the activities connected with the collection of seeds, production of seedlings and saplings, afforestation, selective
cuttings, inventory of the young forests and preventing of the erosion. Areas for afforestation in the forest lands are: bare lands, non-regenerated cutting areas and burnt out lands.
The afforestation in the forest lands aims: 1. Regeneration and helping the regeneration in mature high-stemmed or coppice forests; 2. Replenishment of interrupted plantations and
stands; 3. Improving of the composition and the state of the stands; 4. Creation of forests on the place of bare areas, burnt out lands and withered plantations and stands; 5.
Preserving from erosion, fires, snow accumulation, floods, snow-slips and land-slips; 6. Creation of intensive plantations with fast growing species for wood and bio-mass
production; 7. Creation of industrial plantations for production of Christmas trees, timber assortments and other rough materials; 8. Creation of forest fruit plantations; 9. Creation of
seed yielding and experimental plantations; 10. Creation of recreation forests and ornamental planting; 11. Re-cultivation of devastated terrain. Forest Research Institute
[email protected]
4. (Cape Verde) Afforestation - converting a bare or agricultural space by planting trees and plants; reforestation involves replanting trees on areas that have been cut or destroyed by
fire. http://www.indexmundi.com/cape_verde/environment_current_issues.html
5. (Canada - BC) The establishment of trees on an area that has lacked forest cover for a very long time or has never been forested. [Source: Glossary of Forestry Terms, Province of
British Columbia, Ministry of Forests, http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/glossary/glossary.htm via Igor A. Yakovlev] and http://www.cinar.gr/delfi The DELFI Vocabulary of
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
Forest Fire Terms
(Canada - BC) The process of converting open land into forest. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/westland/gloss.htm
(Canada) Afforestation - The conversion of land that has not been forested for at least 50 years to forested land through human activities such as planting and seeding.
http://carbon.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/definitions_e.html
(Colombia) Areas de Aptitud Forestal: "se definen como aquellas que originalmente tuvieron bosques o deberían tenerlo de acuerdo a criterios eco-biológicos y socio-económicos" (
Ministerio del medio Ambiente. Doc. Compes 2834. Politica de Bosques"). "Gerardo Lozano" <[email protected].
(Cote d’Ivoire) Sont considérés comme reboisement, les terrains plantés de main d'homme en espèces ne donnant pas de produits agricoles, ainsi que les forêts naturelles
enrichies artificiellement en essence de bois d'oeuvre par des travaux de plantation ou be silviculture. TITRE I DEFINITIONS, Article 1. - LOI NO 65/425 DU 20 DEC 1965. portant
Code Forestier
(Cuba) Forestación: la acción de poblar con especies arbóreas terrenos donde nunca hubo bosques, naturales o artificiales, o donde hace mucho desaparecieron. Christoph Kleinn
<[email protected]
(Cyprus) Afforestation: the establishment of a forest or stand in an area where the preceding vegetation or land use was not forest. A.K. Christou "Forestry Department - Research
and Publicity Sector" [email protected]
(EC) Measures to encourage new woodland development, including financial incentives for farmers who convert agricultural land to woodland and forest.
http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/publi/enlarge/gloss_en.pdf
(EU) The establishment of a more or less contiguous tree cover, normally by planting, in areas which have previously been without trees
http://europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm.
(Fiji) Newly planted trees where no trees existed before. Malakai Sevudredre, Conservator of Forests, F.9641/2. 01/06/2000.
(France) afforestation = reboisement ou repeuplement : plantation de jeunes arbres ou semis de graines d'arbres "Michel Godron" <[email protected]
(Ghana) An act to plant areas of land with trees to attain forest status. Example is woodlot establishment. (Osei Kofi, Forestry Dept.- Letter 7 May 99)
(GM/UNCCD 2008) -The process of establishing and growing forests on bare or cultivated land, which has not been forested in recent history. http://www.globalmechanism.org/dynamic/documents/document_file/final2-viet-nam-climate-change-report---1july08.pdf
(Hungary) The activity aimed at reproducing the felled or dead growing stock of the forest. The afforestation may be performed: a) by natural means aa) from the seed of the wood
being felled dropping onto the soil (natural afforestation from seed origin), and ab) from the shoots sprouting from the root or stump of the felled wood (natural afforestation from
shoot origin), ac) by select-cutting ensuring the creation and continuous maintenance of a mixed-age growing stock; b) artificially, in the course of which at the location of the felled
or dead and removed wood a new growing stock is generated by seed sowing, sapling or shoot planting (Act No LIV of 1996 on Forests and the Protection of Forests. Section V
&sect; 41
(India) Bringing any land under forest cover, which was not previously under forest cover. [Source: Glossary of Technical Terms, Forest Research Institute, India. From: "Vivek K.
Varma" <[email protected] Date: Fri, 17 Jul 1998 02:28:29 -0400 (EDT)]
(Indonesia - 2002) The establishment by human action of forest cover on land that was not previously forested or was not forested within living memory.
http://www.globalforestwatch.org/common/indonesia/sof.indonesia.english.low.pdf
(IPCC - 2003) Planting of new forests on lands that historically have not contained forests. For a discussion of the term →forest and related terms such as →afforestation,
→reforestation, and →deforestation: see the IPCC Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (IPCC, 2000). See also the Report on Definitions and Methodological
Options to Inventory Emissions from Direct Human-induced Degradation of Forests and Devegetation of Other Vegetation Types (IPCC, 2003) (Source: Second Order Draft Glossary
IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report http://www.junkscience.com/draft_AR4/GLOSSARY_SOD_TSU_FINAL.pdf )
(IPCC -1997) Forest stands established artificially on lands that previously have not supported forests for more than 50 years http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/regional/327.htm
(Isle of Man) "Afforestation" is also not generally defined, but is normally taken as meaning new planting of previously bare land. "IOM Gov DAFF" <[email protected]
(Kyrgyzstan) - The creation and growing of artificial forest plantations on the territories formerly not covered with the forest. Source: Irina Yunusova [email protected]
(Latvia) A complex of measures to afforest such land (area) not covered by forest where forest has not grown before. Source: "Maksym Polyakov" [email protected]
(Lithuania) Establishment of trees on a non-forest land. Source: A. Kuliesis, Director of Lithuanain Forest Inventory and Management Institute Email: Sekrtetore [email protected]
(Malaysia) The artificial establishment of forests by direct seeding or planting seedlings or cuttings on lands which previously (within the living memory or within 50 years) and did
not carry any forests. From: [email protected] (Thang Hooi Chiew), Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia
(Morocco) Afforestation / Forestation (Arabic : Tashjeer, French : Boisement/Reboisement) - Artificial creation (by man) of a forest on an land which has never been forested before,
as far as man’s memory can remember, using seedlings, vegetative materials or seeds(sowing) Mohammed Ellatifi, [email protected]
(Northern Mariana Islands) Afforestation - The science and art of diversifying existing forestland with other suitable species for any generalized purpose beneficial to mankind,
wildlife and ecosystem. Source: Estanislao Villagomez [email protected] Division of Agriculture.
(Pakistan 1) To establish a forest on an area from which forest vegetation has always or long been absent. Definition adopted from the British Commonwealth Forest Terminology
Part-I, 1953. Source: Mumtaz Ahmad, Section Forest Officer, Pakistan Min. of Environment, Local Government, and Rural Development.
(Pakistan 2) To establish a species or frees on an area in which it did not occur naturally. Definition adopted from the British Commonwealth Forest Terminology Part-I, 1953.
Source: Mumtaz Ahmad, Section Forest Officer, Pakistan Min. of Environment, Local Government, and Rural Development.
(Papua New Guinea) The replanting of trees in areas that did not support trees previously in living memory. Such areas include grasslands and savanna that are common in the
Highlands and in the western side of the main island of New Guinea. Vitus Ambia, Papua New Guinea Forest Authority.
(Paraguay) Forestación: La acción de establecer bosques, con especies nativas o exóticas en terrenos que carezcan de ellas o donde son insuficientes. Ley N&deg; 536 - DE
FOMENTO A LA FORESTACION Y REFORESTACION. Capítulo I. Artículo 2do. [email protected] (Nombre Apellido)
(Romania) - The act of installation, through artificial methods, of the forest vegetation on lands where forest was never present or it was removed for a long time. Sorin Sfirlogea
<[email protected] National Forests Administration.
(Taiwan, ROC) To forest in Nonforested land (grass lands or bare soil). Source: "&ordf;L&deg;È&sect;&frac12;service" <[email protected]
(United Kingdom) The new planting of bare lands with trees, usually of a substantial area. (Forestry Commission 1998)
(Ukraine) Creation of forest plantation on the lands which previously were not covered by forest. Note that ``forest plantations'' defined as ``forest stands created by planting of
seedlings, saplings of trees or shrubs or by sowing of their seeds'', i.e. it here this means only origination of stands, not intensity of management. . [Source: State Standard of
Ukraine, DSTU 2980-95 ``Forest plantations. Terms and definitions'', being in force since 01.01.96. From: "Maksym Polyakov" [email protected] Date: Sat, 28 Mar
1998 21:09:08 +0200 (UKR)] (Czech Republic)
(UNDP 1999) - Generally refers to planting of trees on ground where trees have never existed or were last present hundreds of years ago. Afforestation carbon offset projects bear
an additional burden of showing ecological compatibility. http://www.un.org.vn/undp/projects/profor/pdffiles/trexler.pdf.
(UN-DP 1999) Generally refers to planting of trees on ground where trees have never existed or were last present hundreds of years ago. Afforestation carbon offset projects bear an
additional burden of showing ecological compatibility. http://www.profor.info/pdf/InnovatForesFinanc.pdf
(UN-EP 2003) - Planting of new forests on lands that historically have not contained forests. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=usdafsfacpub
(UNFCCC 2001) “Afforestation” is the direct human-induced conversion of land that has not been forested for a period of at least 50 years to forested land through planting, seeding
and/or the human-induced promotion of natural seed sources; http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop6secpart/l11r01.pdf
(UN-FRA 2000) Artificial establishment of forest on lands which previously did not carry forest within living memory. (UN-ECE/FAO 1997 and FAO 1998)
(USA – STATE -Maryland) The establishment of a forest, according to the definitions and procedures contained herein, on an area which is not presently in forest cover.
http://pilot.wash.lib.md.us/washco/forestcn.html
(USA-FED-CIA) converting a bare or agricultural space by planting trees and plants; reforestation involves replanting trees on areas that have been cut or destroyed by fire.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html#2032
(Venezuela) AFORESTACION: plantación de árboles en tierras que antes no tuvieron bosques, por ejemplo, en sabanas, praderas y llanos naturales. Reglamento de la Ley
Forestal de Suelos y Aguas (1977). Areas Naturales Protegidas de Venezuela. Series Aspectos Conceptuales y Metodológicos, DGSPOA/ACM/01, feb 1992. Via
[email protected]
(WAF 2004) The establishment of forest on land that has been without forest for a period of time and was previously under a different land-use.
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Publications/files/book/BK0073-04.PDF
(World Bank 2000) – (Also reafforestation) Establishment of a tree crop in an area from which it has always or long been absent. . http://www.holz.unigoettingen.de/ek/woodsat/pdf/worldbankforestry.pdf.
(Yemen) - ( Local Arabic term : Tashjeer or Tahreej) Artificial creation (by man) of a forest on an land. Mohammed Ellatifi, [email protected]
Afforestation is the planting of trees for commercial purposes, usually on land supporting non-forest veld types, e.g. grassland or fynbos.
http://www.deltaenviro.org.za/resources/envirofacts/afforestation.html
An establishment system that consists in seeding or planting (stocking) forest trees in order to create a new forest ecosystem. Lorenzo Ciccarese [email protected]
Artificial establishment of forest stands on lands that previously have not supported forests for more than 50 years. http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/tectran/362.htm
Conversion of bare land into forest land by planting of forest trees. http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/
Conversion of bare or cultivated land into forest http://www.lehigh.edu/~kaf3/books/reporting/glossary.html
Conversion of non-forest to forest on lands that have, historically, not contained forests and did not in 1990. http://www.gcrio.org/OnLnDoc/senate_epw990603.html
Creation of forest plantation on the lands which previously were not covered by forest. The establishment of forest stand. [Source: Act on Forests and Amendments to Some Acts
(the Forest Act) dated 3 November 1995. Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic. Prague, 1996. 58 pp. From: "Maksym Polyakov" <[email protected] Date: Mon,
15 Jun 1998 11:32:47 +0300 (MSD)]
Creation of new forest by planting" (Hibberd 1991a). Lorenzo Ciccarese [email protected]
Direct human-induced conversion of non-forested land to forested land. In the context of the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, afforestation can take place on land not covered by
forest for a period of at least 50 years. http://www.plant-a-tree-today.org/webcontrol/ShowPicture.asp?Status=ShowLibraryPDF&LiId=40
Establish a tree crop on an area which has not carried wood for some time (L, 236) http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/forests/glossary.htm
Establishing new forests on lands which have not contained forests before. [From: "Igor Yakovlev" [email protected] Date: Wed, 10 Jun 1998 02:51:19 -0400 (EDT)]
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
60. Establishing new forests on lands which, historically, have not contained forests (Schlamadinger 1998).
61. Establishment of forest on unforested lands or areas that have been deforested for at least 30 years (WWF/IUCN 1996).
62. Forestation -- the establishment of a forest, either natural or human-made, on an area that previously have had none. http://epdweb.engr.wisc.edu/dmc/courses/hazards/BB02apx1.html
63. Generally refers to the planting of trees on ground where trees have never existed or were last present hundreds of years ago. Afforestation carbon offset projects bear an additional
burden of showing ecological compatibility. http://www.usask.ca/agriculture/caedac/dbases/glossary.htm and http://www.undp.org/seed/forest/pdf/InnovatForesFinanc.pdf.
64. Growing or planting of new woods or forests http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/hcou-4ubj75
65. Human-induced conversion of land to forest, where the land has not been forested for a period of at least fifty years. http://greenplanet.eolss.net/EolssLogn/mss/C09/E4-27/E4-2708/E4-27-08-04/E4-27-08-04-TXT.aspx#Glossary_
66. Planting of new forests on lands that have not been recently forested. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/vr95rpt/gloss.html and
http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/outreach/general/glossary.pdf and http://www.theadvisorygroup.com/PDF2/publications/Carbon%20Sequestration%20Paper.pdf
67. Planting of new forests on lands which, historically, have not contained forests. These newly created forests are included in the category Changes in Forest and Other Woody
Biomass Stocks in the Land Use Change and Forestry module of the emissions inventory calculations (IPCC 1996).
68. Planting or seeding trees in an area previously devoid of trees, for example, pastures and agricultural fields. http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/Extension/ssfor11.htm
69. Planting trees where there were none before. http://www.rona.unep.org/action/ap1.htm
70. Process of establishing forests on previously non-forested lands. http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~idgec/publications/reports/forest.pdf
71. The act of converting into forest or woodland. http://www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?afforestation
72. The act of turning ground into forest or wood land. http://www.christiantech.com/cgi-bin/webster.exe?search_for_cgi-bin/texts/web1828=afforestation
73. The act or process of establishing a forest especially on land not previously forested. [Source: WWWebster Dictionary and EPO.
http://harp.gsfc.nasa.gov/v0ims/glossary.of.terms.html and http://www.windows.umich.edu/glossary/glossary_afforestation.html
74. The conversion of non-forested areas to forest by tree planting. http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/aric/diction.html
75. The creation on a tract that is not presently in forest cover, of a biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants, at a density of at least 100 trees per acre with at
least 50 percent of the trees having the capability of growing to a diameter, at 4.5 feet above the ground (diameter at breast height), of 2 inches or more within seven years.
http://www.ci.rockville.md.us/cityprojects/envguide/eggloss.htm
76. The establishment of a more or less contiguous tree cover, normally by planting, in areas which have previously been without trees
http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/forests/en/en4_6.htm
77. The establishment of a tree crop on an area from which it has always or very long been absent. http://www.dnr.state.md.us/criticalarea/glossary.html
78. The establishment of forest by natural succession or by the planting of trees on land where they did not grow formerly. http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/zy198.htm
79. The establishment of forest cover on land not previously forested. Afforestation may be necessary to increase the net capacity of Earth's forests to absorb CO2 and other
greenhouse gases (Source: Mintzer, 1992) http://www.globalchange.org/glossall/glossa-c.htm
80. The establishment of forest on a previously non-forested site (Prüller 1998).
81. The planting of a crop or plantation of trees on land not currently covered with forest. http://www.forestry.sa.gov.au/pdf/glossary.pdf
82. The planting of a forest crop on land that has not previously, or not recently, carried a forest crop. http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/
83. The planting of open areas which are not presently in forest cover http://www.dnr.state.md.us/criticalarea/glossary.html
84. The planting of trees for commercial purposes, usually on land supporting non-forest veld types, e.g. grassland or fynbos. Source:
http://www.deltaenviro.org.za/resources/envirofacts/afforestation.html
85. The planting of trees in unforested areas. http://www.wrm.org.uy/actors/WB/1991policy3.html
86. The planting of trees on ground where trees have never existed or were last present hundreds of years ago. Afforestation carbon offset projects bear an additional burden of showing
ecological compatibility. http://www.climateservices.com/glossary.htm
87. The process of converting bare or cultivated land into forest, by planting seeds or transplanting seedlings or mature trees.
http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary/def/2/6/7/5/267500.html
88. To convert (open land) into a forest by planting trees http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Andes/7292/Terms.html
89. To convert (open land) into a forest by planting trees or their seeds. http://www.allwords.com/query.asp#AHD
90. Upland afforestation - A sudden and fundamental change of vegetation from moorland and bog to woodland". (Hibberd 1991b).
91. When revegetation is established outside the forest areas (Setiadi 1996). Lorenzo Ciccarese [email protected]
3.1.3 Land Cover and Use
1. (Austria) (Neubewaldung) - A land use change from different uses to forests. Both natural regeneration and artificial planting count as afforestation. (Austrian Forestry Act (Federal
Legal Gazette no. 440/1975, as amended Federal Legal Gazette 231/1977, 142/1978 and 576/1987) From: Weiss Peter [email protected])
2. (Canada) The establishment of a tree crop on an area from which it has always or very long been absent. Where such establishment fails and is repeated, the latter may properly be
termed "reafforestation". (http://nrcan.gc.ca/cfs/proj/ppiab/sof/sof.html)
3. (Denmark) Planting of agriculture-land with a forest obligation written in the cadastre. (From: [email protected] Date: Tue, 29 Sep 1998 09:31:59 +0100)
4. (Italy) (rimboschimento) - Outplanting forest stock on areas previously managed for other uses (agricultural lands, barren lands, etc.) (ISTAT). 'Imboschimento'(afforestation) is used
very seldom. From: Vittorio Tosi ISAFA Biometria <[email protected] and Lorenzo Ciccarese [email protected] ISTAT (1950-1997). Statistiche Forestali. Annuari 1-47. Istituto
Nazionale di Statistica. Rome.
5. (St. Lucia) The planting of forest tree species in an area which was not occupied by forest before. (Source: Michael Andrew, [email protected])
6. (UN-FAO) The establishment of a tree crop on an area from which it has always or very long been absent. Where such establishment fails and is repeated, the latter may properly
be termed reafforestation (FAO 1997).
7. (UN-FAO 2001) Afforestation is the conversion from other land uses into forest, or the increase of the canopy cover to above the 10% threshold. Explanatory note (extract):
Afforestation is the reverse of deforestation and includes areas that are actively converted from other land uses into forest through silvicultural measures. Afforestation also includes
natural transitions into forest, for example on abandoned agricultural land or in burnt-over areas that have not been classified as forest during the barren period. As for deforestation,
the conversion should be long-term, that is areas where the transition into forest is expected to last less than ten years, for example due to recurring fires, should not be classified
as afforestation areas. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO 2000b)
8. (USA-FED-DA-FS) Establishment of forest crops by artificial methods, such as planting or sowing on land where trees have never grown. [Source: Timber Harvesting and
Engineering Glossary, USFS]
9. Artificial establishment by planting or seeding of forest on a non-forest area (e.g. agricultural or other land). [Source: UN/ECE 1990, via Brita Pajari]
10. Establishment of a tree crop in an area where trees have always or long been absent. http://epdweb.engr.wisc.edu/dmc/courses/hazards/BB02-apx1.html and
http://dnr.state.il.us/legal/1537.htm
11. Forest crops established by purposeful planting on land previously not used for tree crops. http://solstice.crest.org/social/SJ-glossary/A.html#
12. The artificial establishment of forest crops by planting or sowing on land that has not previously, or recently, grown trees. http://www.state.nv.us/cnr/ndwp/dict-1/WORD_A.htm
13. The establishment of a forest or stand in an area where the preceding vegetation or land use was not forest (Helms 1998).
14. The establishment of a forest or stand of trees by sowing, planting, or natural regeneration on an area not previously forested, or in areas where forests were cleared long ago and
other land-use patterns have dominated the landscape for many generations (e.g., the moorlands of Great Britain) (Dunster and Dunster 1996).
15. The process or act of changing land into forest by planting trees, seeding, etc. on land formerly used for something other than forestry. This can obviously be contrasted with
deforestation. [American Forestry; v100; 23-25; 1994.] [New Scientist; v143; 30-35; 1994.] http://www.shsu.edu/~chemistry/Glossary/a.html#A
16. To produce a forest product "crop" on lands that previously have not supported forests for more than 50 years. IPPC Guidelines.
3.1.4 Summary table
Table 5 – Listing of national "Afforestation" definitions
by type. Where there is more than one entry per rowthere was more than one definition found for that
country.
Afforestation defined as:
Country
Australia
Establishing a
new land cover
Yes
Austria
Bolivia
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
Establishing a
new land cover
and use
Yes
Yes
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Bulgaria
Yes
Canada
Yes
Colombia
Yes
Cote d'Ivoire
Yes
Cuba
Yes
Cyprus
Yes
Denmark
Yes
Fiji
Yes
France
Yes
Ghana
Yes
Hungary
Yes
India
Yes
Indonesia
Yes
Isle of Man
Yes
Italy
Yes
Kyrgyzstan
Yes
Latvia
Yes
Lithuania
Yes
Malaysia
Yes
Morocco
Yes
New Zealand
Yes
Northern Mariana
Is.
Yes
Pakistan
Yes
Papua New
Guinea
Yes
Paraguay
Yes
Romania
Yes
Saint Lucia.
Yes
Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Yes
UK
Yes
Ukraine
Yes
USA
Yes
Venezuela
Yes
Yemen
Yes
United Nations
Yes
3.1.5 Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Is afforestation a change in land cover or land use or both?
Is afforestation by natural means a sink that we need to track?
Is natural afforestation considered human-induced?
If area is planted as a crop - i.e. with an intent to harvest - what does that mean, if anything, for tracking sinks/emissions?
What to plant - native or exotics? Time on how long an area has been without trees.
3.2 DEFORESTATION - Definitions are grouped depending on if they are changes in land cover, land use, or both. Additional discussions of the meaning of "deforestation" may be
found in Sunderlin, William D.; Resosudarmo, Ida Aju Pradnja. Rate and Causes of Deforestation in Indonesia: Towards a Resolution of the Ambiguities.
http://www.cgiar.org/cifor/publications/occpaper/occpaper9.html
Search for definitions: forest, tree, forest summary, woodland, afforestation, deforestation, reforestation, other terms.
3.2.1 As a legal term
1. Disafforest - Free forest land from the operation of forest law (to be distinguished from ‘deforest’, q.v.) (P 205); remove an area of land from the constraints of forest law (R 166);
release land from forest law (L 237) http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/forests/glossary.htm
2. Disafforestation – to remove land from the authority of the Verderers. http://www.hants.gov.uk/newforest/bibliog.html
3.2.2 As a change in land cover
1. (Australia – NSW-EPA 1995). The removal of forest and undergrowth (NSW-EPA, 1995)
http://unfcccbali.org/unfccc/component/option,com_glossary/Itemid,100/func,display/letter,D/catid,31/page,1/
2. (Bolivia) DEFORESTADO: Desprovisto de bosque, por haber talado. Source: Luis Castello [email protected] Adjunto sírvase encontrar la versión no oficial y premilinar del
Glosario Forestal elaborado por el Proyecto de Apoyo a la Coordinación e Implementación del Plan de Acción Forestal para Bolivia.
3. (Bulgaria) Deforestation - destruction of the forests on certain area under the influence of natural disasters, uncontrolled or planned (final cuttings) human activities. This term is not
defined in the forestry law. Forest Research Institute [email protected]
4. (Canada) Deforestation - The conversion of forested land to nonforested land as a direct result of human activities. http://carbon.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/definitions_e.html
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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5. (Canada) To clear an area of forests or trees, usually for commercial use of the lumber or agricultural use of the land. http://environment.nelson.com/glossary.html#D
6. (Cape Verde) Deforestation - the destruction of vast areas of forest (e.g., unsustainable forestry practices, agricultural and range land clearing, and the over exploitation of wood
products for use as fuel) without planting new growth. http://www.indexmundi.com/cape_verde/environment_current_issues.html
7. (EC 2008) Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests and woodlands. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/forests/deforestation.htm
8. (EC-DGVIII) The depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10 per cent http://europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm
9. (Fiji) Removal of forested areas. Malakai Sevudredre, Conservator of Forests, F.9641/2. 01/06/2000.
10. (France) deforestation = déforestation = déboisement = essartage (autrefois) = défrichement (mais ce terme est souvent plus vague) : destruction durable d'une forêt "Michel
Godron" [email protected]
11. (Ghana) A process whereby trees are forests are removed or degraded through a variety of activities by man. A typical example is exploitation of timber. (Osei Kofi, Forestry Dept.Letter 7 May 99)
12. (IPCC - 2003) Deforestation - Conversion of forest to non-forest. For a discussion of the term →forest and related terms such as →afforestation, →reforestation, and deforestation:
see the IPCC Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (IPCC, 2000). See also the Report on Definitions and Methodological Options to Inventory Emissions from Direct
Human-induced Degradation of Forests and Devegetation of Other Vegetation Types (IPCC, 2003). (Source: Second Order Draft Glossary IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report
http://www.junkscience.com/draft_AR4/GLOSSARY_SOD_TSU_FINAL.pdf )
13. (Morocco) Deforestation (Arabic : Zawal Al Ghabah, French : Déforestation, Spanish : deforestacion) – Aggression (negative action) leading to the removal of trees and stands from
the forest. This agreesion, if not stopped in time, could put in jeopardy the preservation of the forest. The cause could be anthropic (cutting), fire (burning), or livestock (overgrazing).
Mohammed Ellatifi, [email protected]
14. (Nepal) deforestation = reduction of stocking due to overcutting for fuelwood, timber, and fodder (from Master plan for the forestry sector Nepal, main report, 1988). Krishna H
Gautam <[email protected]
15. (Northern Mariana Islands) Deforestation - A science and are of harvesting or act of destroying a forestland to meet a particular objective. Source: Estanislao Villagomez
[email protected] Division of Agriculture.
16. (Pakistan) To remove, kill or destroy all or most of the trees of a forest so that reproduction is impossible except by artificial means. Definition adopted from the British
Commonwealth Forest Terminology Part-I, 1953. Source: Mumtaz Ahmad, Section Forest Officer, Pakistan Min. of Environment, Local Government, and Rural Development.
17. (Philippines) - The destruction of forest trees in such a manner as to leave practically little or no chance at all of normal recovery for a forest. Some of the factors responsible for the
destruction of forest products include: illegal loggers, illegal forestry product gatherers, timber smugglers, kaingeros, squatters, forest incendiaries, miners, atmospheric agents,
biological agents. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ru12/DEFINE/DEF-ENV.HTM
18. (Philippines) Deforested Area - the area which has been denuded but has not been reforested as of the end of the reference year. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ru12/DEFINE/DEFENV.HTM
19. (Romania) - The act of removing the forest vegetation from forest lands, without changing the land destination (considering the administrative point of view). Sorin Sfirlogea
<[email protected] National Forests Administration.
20. (St. Lucia) The cutting down of forest or destruction of forests. (Source: Michael Andrew, [email protected])
21. (Taiwan, ROC) The behavior and activity of destroy forest, included forest fire, disease, insect pest, illegal cutting and illegal cultivation. Source:
"&ordf;L&deg;È&sect;&frac12;service" [email protected]
22. (Uganda) - When the biomass abstracted is higher than the natural growth. The Environmental Act (1995). Paolo Viskanic [email protected].
23. (UN-DP 1999) The conversion of forested to non-forested land. Deforestation can involve the cutting and burning of trees to provide land for agricultural purposes or clearing for
residential and industrial uses. http://www.un.org.vn/undp/projects/profor/pdffiles/trexler.pdf .and http://www.profor.info/pdf/InnovatForesFinanc.pdf
24. (UN-EP) The felling of trees, usually for commercial purposes. http://www.nyo.unep.org/action/ap1.htm
25. (UN-FAO 1998) Refers to change of land cover with depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10%. Changes within the forest class (e.g. from closed to open forest) which
negatively affect the stand or site and, in particular, lower the production capacity, are termed forest degradation
http://unfcccbali.org/unfccc/component/option,com_glossary/Itemid,100/func,display/letter,D/catid,31/page,1/.
26. (UN-FAO) and (EU) The depletion of forest crown cover to less than 10%. [Source: from http://faov02.fao.org:70/0gopher_root%3a[fao.fra]def_uk.txt (concepts, definitions and
methodology of the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990) via Bernhard Schlamadinger] http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/forests/en/en4_6.htm
27. (UN-FAO) Developed countries: Change of forest with depletion of tree crown cover to less than 20 percent (FAO 1997).
28. (UN-FAO) Developing countries: Change of forest with depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10 percent (FAO 1997).
29. (UN-FCCC 2001) - the direct human-induced conversion of forested land to nonforested land. Decision 11/CP.7 ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/j9345e/j9345e00.pdf and
http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop6secpart/l11r01.pdf
30. (UN-FCCC 2006) A ‘measurable sustained decrease in crown cover’ below a 10–30% threshold. http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1748-9326/3/2/025011/erl8_2_025011.pdf?requestid=dc893ad1-7028-4e4a-a91d-c44bc540a975
31. (UN-FRA 2000) Refers to change of land cover with depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10 percent. Changes within the forest class (e.g. from closed to open forest) which
negatively affect the stand or site and, in particular, lower the production capacity, are termed forest degradation. (UN-ECE/FAO 1997 and FAO 1998)
32. (UN-HCR 2005) The depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10 per cent.
http://postconflict.unep.ch/liberia/displacement/documents/UNHCR_IUCN_Forest_Management_Refugee_Returnee_Situations.pdf UNHCR 2005.
33. (USA-FED-CIA) Tthe destruction of vast areas of forest (e.g., unsustainable forestry practices, agricultural and range land clearing, and the over exploitation of wood products for
use as fuel) without planting new growth. https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html#2032
34. (USA-FED-EPA) Deforestation is the "permanent removal of standing forests. http://homeguides.sfgate.com/deforestation-effects-global-scale-78864.html
35. (Venezuela) DEFORESTACION: eliminar por métodos mecánicos la vegetación alta y mediana para erradicarla totalmente (1); tala de un bosque con el propósito de habilitar la
tiera,para uso agrícola o ganadero y/o aprovechar la madera para la construcción o propósitos industriales. Reglamento de la Ley Forestal de Suelos y Aguas (1977). Areas
Naturales Protegidas de Venezuela. Series Aspectos Conceptuales y Metodológicos, DGSPOA/ACM/01, feb 1992. Via [email protected]
36. (World Bank 2000) Change of forest with depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10 percent. The clearing of forests and the conversion of land to non-forest uses. .
http://www.holz.uni-goettingen.de/ek/woodsat/pdf/worldbankforestry.pdf.
37. (Yemen) Deforestation (Arabic : Zawal Al Ghabah, French : Déforestation, Spanish : deforestacion) – Aggression (negative action) leading to the removal of trees and stands from
the forest. This agreesion, if not stopped in time, could put in jeopardy the preservation of the forest. The cause could be anthropic (cutting), fire (burning), or livestock (overgrazing).
Mohammed Ellatifi, [email protected]
38. A change from forest cover into some other land cover formations, without the revival of forests by natural or artificial reforestation within a human planning horizon (Palo 1999).
39. A complete and permanent removal of all forest cover. http://www.sprl.umich.edu/GCL/notes2/Deforestation.pdf
40. A fancy word that means exactly what you probably think it means: the destruction of forested lands. http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/conservation/issues/what-isdeforestation.htm
41. A reduccion de areas arbolades (Bosques y Selvas) (Herrera 1999).
42. Deforestation is when trees are cut down or cleared out. Deforestation is becoming a large problem in rain forest areas, because the trees that are cut down for use aren't being
replaced. http://answers.ask.com/Science/Other/what_is_deforestation
43. Changes of land use which lead to a depletion of tree crown to less than 10% (this definition relates to the definition of forests as ecosystems with a minimum 10% cover of trees).
(FAO, 1990) http://www.spcforests.org/Library/usestatus/usestatus.htm
44. Chopping down the natural forest of an area …. http://www.oldhamagenda21.demon.co.uk/Plan/Glossary.htm
45. Clearing land and trees http://www.devon.gov.uk/agenda21/glossary.html#terminology
46. Clearing land of trees by cutting or burning. http://www.ran.org/kids_action/glossary.html
47. Clearing trees for timber, fuel, farmland or for new settlements from a piece of land without the intention of reforesting. http://www.schools.wafa.org.au/terms.htm
48. Clearing trees from a woodland, often done to promote food for wildlife as well as to provide timber. http://www.gardenweb.com/glossary/deforestation
49. Cutting down trees is called deforestation. http://www.isabelperez.com/select/forest.htm
50. Deforestation (Soft) happens when trees are cleared, but they later grow back. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-hard-deforestation.htm
51. Deforestation (Tropical) - The clearing of tropical forests across the Earth http://www.trfic.msu.edu/data_portal/Landsat7doc/defor_fact.html
52. Deforestation includes the destruction of forests…as well as woodlands…. The term deforestation does not apply to the removal of trees from plantations or industrial forests.
http://www.globaled.org/issues/152/a.html
53. Deforestation involves the permanent destruction of indigenous forests and woodlands. . http://www.globaled.org/issues/152/a.html
54. Deforestation is just what it sounds like: the destruction of large areas of forest lands or rainforests. http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/deforestation-biggest-threat-biodiversity
55. Deforestation is people cutting down whole forests of trees, and making it even less likely for humans to survive. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_deforestation?
altQ=What_is_deforrestation#slide=1
56. Deforestation is the rapid destruction of woodland. Although it can occur due to natural catastrophe it is most commonly caused by human intervention. http://www.s-cool.co.uk/alevel/biology/ecological-concepts/revise-it/human-effects-on-the-environment
57. Deforestation is when humans remove or clear large areas of forest lands for non-forest use. These include clearing for farming purposes, ranching and urban use. In these cases,
trees are never re-planted. http://eschooltoday.com/forests/what-is-deforestation.html
58. Deforestation Rate (396 UN CSD) - Area of forest harvested per year for lumber http://www.hq.nasa.gov/iwgsdi/ISS_SDI_Land_Use.html
59. Deforestation: this involves a decrease in the area covered by forest. However, it cannot be so defined without adding a reference to its use (or allocation). In point of fact, there exist
certain forms of forest utilization - and priority objectives of forest management - that clear temporarily the forest cover while guaranteeing its maintenance. This is the case of
clearcutting of areas where forest will regenerate itself or be regenerated, or of the final cut in an even-aged forest sylvicultural treatment once natural regeneration has been
assured. In other words, there is no deforestation if there is a guarantee of continuity in maintaining the forest cover; http://www.unredd.net/index.php?
option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=7437&Itemid=53
60. Destruction of forest for timber, fuel, charcoal burning, and clearing for agriculture and extractive industries such as mining without planting new trees to replace those lost
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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(reafforestation) or working on a cycle that allows natural forest to regenerate (Lindley and Moore 1998).
61. Direct, human-induced conversion of natural forest to non-forest land or plantation. The canopy cover threshold, demarcating the transition from native forest to non-forest land,
should be defined for specific forest ecosystems. http://www.climnet.org/CAN_2008_sep_LCA_REDD.pdf
62. Disforestation -- the removal of trees. http://www.notredame.ac.jp/cgi-bin/wn?deforestation
63. Forest cover destruction Source: Infoterra Thesaurus http://p5uni.ii.pw.edu.pl/infterra/
64. Forest loss; typically defined as a forest losing 40 percent or more of the trees. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/MISC2/SB661.PDF
65. Global Forest Watch 2014 - Deforestation - How one defines “deforestation” is dependent on how one defines “forest.” As noted above, various definitions of forest exist and GFW
does not aim to provide a consensus view. Correspondingly, GFW does not provide a single definition for “deforestation.” In general writing, GFW uses “deforestation” to refer to the
removal of a significant number of trees from a landscape, typically in the context of human actions rather than natural events such as fires or disease. We generally refer to “gross”
deforestation (the total amount of forest loss), rather than “net deforestation” (the total amount of forest loss minus the amount of forest gain), or clearly specify otherwise. “Tree
cover loss” refers to the removal of trees, which may be within natural forests or tree plantations. Accordingly, “tree cover loss” does not necessarily equate to “deforestation” and
can be due to a variety of factors, including mechanical harvesting, fire, disease, or storm damage. Different data sets have additional parameters that must be met for the indication
or alert of loss to appear on the GFW map. http://www.globalforestwatch.org/howto#terminology
66. Happens when people cut down forests or when trees are burned. http://wings.ucdavis.edu/Book/Atmosphere/beginner/deforestation-01.html
67. In simple terms, can be the gradual reduction of the stocking of the vegetation cover resulting from human activities. http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/deforestation/Africa/Gambia.html
68. Loss of forest cover from 40% of the trees or more. http://www.undp.org.vn/undp/docs/2002/DevGlossary.pdf
69. Loss of forest land due to logging, disease, or infestation http://www.hq.nasa.gov/iwgsdi/ISS_SDI_Land_Use.html
70. Loss of forest. (Source: Mintzer, 1992). http://www.globalchange.org/glossall/glossa-c.htm
71. Loss of primary (sometimes called mature, virgin, or old-growth) forest. http://www.oup-usa.org/reference/globalchange/amazonia.html
72. Massive destruction of the world's forests through logging, burning and other human activities.
http://www.chevron.com//COMMUNITY/EDUCATION/GREENHOUSE/GLOSSARY.SHTML
73. More or less permanent removal of most of the natural tree cover from an area. http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/SPubs/SP-LStock-n.pdf
74. Permanent clearance of trees and woodland. http://www.soton.ac.uk/~engenvir/glossary.html#def
75. Permanent forest cover removal - http://www.cifor.org/publications/html/occpaper9/chapter6.html.
76. Rate and total area of forest land converted to non-forest land cover, classed by major forest type http://www.fs.fed.us/institute/cifor/cifor_260.html.
77. Removal of trees from a forested area without adequate replanting. http://www.gsu.edu/~mstnrhx/ecogloss.htm and http://ecology.org/biod/library/glos_index.html
78. Removal of trees from a forested area without adequate replanting or natural regeneration (Miller 1991:A6). http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/avian/avian.htm Glossary of
Avian Terms For Use in Avian Conservation Biology
79. Removal of trees from a forested area without adequate replanting. http://www.gsu.edu/~mstnrhx/ecogloss.htm
80. Removal of trees from a habitat dominated by forest. http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/physgeog/physgeoglos/d.html and http://www.physicalgeography.net/physgeoglos/d.html
81. Removal of trees from an area without adequate replanting http://www.geog.psu.edu/courses/geog103/SUSDEV1.html
82. Removal of trees, often as a result of human activities. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation
83. The act of cutting down forests in large swathes http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/geo_mexico/
84. The act of cutting down or burning the trees in an area http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/deforestation
85. The act of cutting down trees and clearing forests in order to benefit people. http://www.createqrcodes.org/deforestation-and-the-environment.html
86. The act of removing forests from an area in favor of another land cover type, often agriculture or urban. In many areas forests are cut down to obtain lumber.
http://www.epa.gov/ceisweb1/ceishome/atlas/ohiolandchange/ohiolandchangeglossary.html
87. The act or result of cutting down or burning all the trees in an area http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deforestation
88. The action or process of clearing of forests. The state of having been cleared of forest. [Source: WWWebster Dictionary] http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?
book=Dictionary&va=deforestation
89. The burning and bulldozing of trees for the purpose of lumber, agriculture, or ranching. http://www.aloha.net/~ani/glossary.html
90. The burning and logging of trees in the forest. It kills animals and destroys habitats. http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-deforestation
91. The change from forest cover into some other land cover formation without the planned revival of forests by natural or artificial reforestation. (Wardle et al. 2003).
92. The clearing Earth's forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land. http://www.wfmz.com/weather/What-is-deforestation/180118
93. The clearing of a previously forested area. Though humans are the primary deforesters, natural agents, such as volcanic eruptions, erosion, and landslides may also contribute.
Clear cutting, if followed by reforestation, is not an act of deforestation. http://epdweb.engr.wisc.edu/dmc/courses/hazards/BB02-apx1.html
94. The clearing of forested land. http://www.cobeconet.com/resources/worldbank/glossary.html
95. The clearing of forests mainly by human activity, which results in the damage to the quality of the land. Forests are cut down in the process ... http://www.ask.com/question/whatis-deforestation
96. The clearing of forests mainly due to human activity by the process of logging or burning - http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/what-is-deforestation-11731.html
97. The clearing or destruction of a previously forested area. http://www.unisdr.org/unisdr/glossaire.htm and http://www.reliefweb.int/library/mcda/refman/glossary.html
98. The clearing the earth’s forest on a massive scale, resulting in damage to the quality of the land. http://info.live58.org/why-should-i-care-about-deforestation/
99. The clearing, destroying, or otherwise removal of trees through deliberate, natural or accidental means. http://www.pachamama.org/effects-of-deforestation
100.
The conversion of forested to non-forested land. Deforestation can involve the cutting and burning of trees to provide land for agricultural purposes or clearing for residential and
industrial uses. http://www.usask.ca/agriculture/caedac/dbases/glossary.htm and http://www.undp.org/seed/forest/pdf/InnovatForesFinanc.pdf
101.
The conversion of forests to land uses that have a tree cover of less than 10 percent. http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/ota/Ota_4/DATA/1984/8426.PDF 1984 and
http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1985&page=663
102.
The cutting down and burning of the trees in our forests (especially in the rain forest). http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/classes/cs255f03/cs255students/jedens/P12/deforestation.ppt
103.
The cutting down and clearing away forest on a very large scale. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation-overview.html
104.
The cutting down and clearing of the forests. http://gradestack.com/CBSE-Class-9/What-is-Deforestation-/14919-2955-3388-study-wtw
105.
The cutting down and clearing of trees from forests, usually causing ecological harm. Encyclopædia Britannica. (2003, Nov.) Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [Online].
Available: http://www.britannica.com and http://www.rss.chalmers.se/gem/Education/RSES-2003/final_report_group_1.pdf
106.
The cutting down of trees in a large area - http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=deforestation*1+0
107.
The deliberate and accidental destruction or removal of forests through the use of fire, felling for timber and fuel, overgrazing, clearance or destruction for agricultural and urbanindustrial expansion, and other human activities. http://www.spcforests.org/Library/usestatus/usestatus.htm
108.
The depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10 per cent http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/forests/en/en4_6.htm
109.
The destruction of a forest by removal of trees and plants http://www.ocdsb.edu.on.ca/WOODSweb/geomatics/English/glossary.html
110.
The destruction of forest. This normally refers to deforestation of tropical rainforests in Indonesia, Brazil and in West Africa. http://www.kgv.edu.hk/eden/glossary.php
111.
The destruction of forests by people http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=deforestation*1+0
112.
The destruction of forests, usually caused by clear-cutting (followed by soil oxidation and/or erosion), poor agricultural practices, agricultural overuse, overcutting of forests, or
overgrazing. http://www.ficus.usf.edu/docs/guide_issues/glossary/D.htm
113.
The destruction of the world's forests, mainly rain forests, through direct human activity such as logging or slash and burn clearing for agriculture and grazing, and the indirect
effects of pollution and acid rain. http://www.icons.umd.edu/resource/glossary.htm
114.
The destruction of vast areas of forest (e.g., unsustainable forestry practices, agricultural and range land clearing, and the over exploitation of wood products for use as fuel)
without planting new growth. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/docs/notes.html.
115.
The disruption of the forest ecosystem by changes in land use that deplete tree crown cover to less than 10 percent of the land area (FAO, 1995). By this definition, very
productive agricultural land with less than 10 percent tree crown cover is considered deforested. On the other hand, logging or any form of removal of 90 percent of the trees leaving
only 10 percent of the tree crown cover would not be considered deforestation but would be considered as degradation if it results in damage to the land.
http://www.spcforests.org/Library/usestatus/usestatus.htm
116.
The large scale cutting down or clearing away of trees. http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/teachers/glossary/GlD.html
117.
The large-scale removal of trees from a habitat dominated by forest. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/glossary.html and http://www.internet.ve/wildlife/glosario.htm
118.
The logging or general destruction of forest. http://www.lfc.edu/academics/biology/westley/adam2.htm
119.
The long-term reduction of the tree canopy cover below a 10 percent threshold. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html
120.
The loss of trees due to overcutting of forests. Source: http://www.prb.org/pubs/lessons/5billion/glossary.htm
121.
The loss of tropical forests due to collection of fuelwood, commercial logging, shifting cultivation, grazing, road construction, ranching, mining and fire. Leads to soil erosion and
flooding and endangers wildlife through habitat destruction. http://www.lehigh.edu/~kaf3/books/reporting/glossary.html
122.
The loss or destruction of natural forests and is an increasing global problem with far reaching environmental and economic consequences.
http://www.theforestproject.co.uk/why-take-action/deforestation
123.
The loss or destruction of naturally occurring forests, primarily due to human activities such as logging, cutting trees for fuel, slash-and-burn agriculture, clearing land for
livestock grazing, mining operations, oil extraction, dam building, and urban sprawl or other types of development and population expansion.
http://environment.about.com/od/biodiversityconservation/f/deforestation-overview.htm
124.
The mass destruction, usually for the supply of timber, of large areas of forest. http://www.abf90.dial.pipex.com/bco6.htm
125.
The net removal of trees from forested land. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/glossary.html and
http://www.theadvisorygroup.com/PDF2/publications/Carbon%20Sequestration%20Paper.pdf
126.
The permanent clearing of forest areas, preventing regrowth e.g. clearing land for agriculture http://www.nafi.com.au/k12/ourforests/glossary.html
127.
The permanent destruction of forests and woodlands. http://ps.ucdavis.edu/classes/ire001/env/deforest.htm
128.
The permanent destruction of indigenous forests and woodlands. http://www.panda.org/resources/factsheets/forests/frame.htm?31defor.htm and http://abe.msstate.edu/csd-
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
tc/p3-g2/intro.htm
129.
The permanent loss of forests to other land uses such as agriculture, grazing, new settlements, infrastructure, and dam reservoirs.
http://anmf.web1000.com/BIBLIOGRAPHY%20ON%20AFRICA%20MOUNTAINS.html
130.
The permanent removal of a forest from its natural habitat by man's activities. http://www.sovereignty.net/p/land/gba-gloss.htm
131.
The permanent removal of forest and undergrowth http://collections.ic.gc.ca/abnature/glossary.htm
132.
The process in which a forest is cut down, burned or damaged is called "deforestation." http://www.bsrsi.msu.edu/rfrc/deforestation.html
133.
The process of clearing forests. http://ohia.com/ohia/roadshows/sky/glossary.htm
134.
The process of clearing land of trees or forest. http://www.europe.apnet.com/inscight/12031996/defores1.htm or http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary/def/2/8/3/7/2837200.html
135.
The process of clearing of forests. http://www.worldbank.org/html/schools/glossary.htm#d
136.
The process of destroying forest habitat(s). http://www.sandiegozoo.org/wildideas/glossary_c-d.html
137.
The process of removing forested areas. Examples include cutting or burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads etc., or
harvesting the trees for building materials or fuel. http://www.greenhousefriendly.com/glossary.shtml#D
138.
The process whereby natural forests are cleared through logging and/or burning, either to use the timber or to replace the area for alternative uses.
http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/about_forests/deforestation/
139.
The removal of all trees from an area (see also DEPLETION, ENVIRONMENT and DESERTIFICATION). http://www.faculty.rsu.edu/~felwell/glossary/body.htm
140.
The removal of forest and undergrowth http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/soe/95/28.htm
141.
The removal of forest cover from an area. http://environment.jbpub.com/mckinney/interactive_glossary_showterm.cfm?term=deforestation%20
142.
The removal of forest growth http://library.thinkquest.org/26634/sitemapf.htm
143.
The removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building http://search.nap.edu/nap-cgi/morehits.cgi?file=840846.htm&term=forest&isbn=0309043867&display=
144.
The removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc. or by harvesting the trees for
building materials or fuel. Oxidation of organic matter releases CO2 to the atmosphere, and regional and global impacts may result. Source: EPO.
http://harp.gsfc.nasa.gov/v0ims/glossary.of.terms.html, http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/cdiac/glossary.html#D , and http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/95report/glossary.html
145.
The removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc., or by harvesting the trees for
building materials or fuel. Oxidation of organic matter releases CO2 to the atmosphere, and regional and global impacts may result. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?
record_id=1605&page=843
146.
The removal of forest stands. http://www.cleantechindia.com/climatechange/glossary.htm , http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/vr95rpt/gloss.html and
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/gg98rpt/glossary.html
147.
The removal of forests from the land. http://www.hwwa.de/Projekte/Forsch_Schwerpunkte/FS/Klimapolitik/PDFDokumente/Michaelowa,%20Koch%20(2001).pdf
148.
The removal of trees and forests from the land http://www.sitesalive.com/admin/glossary/sectD.html
149.
The removal of trees and often the plants associated with them. http://www.lpb.org/programs/forest/glossary.html#d
150.
The removal of trees by people or their livestock. http://www.harcourtcollege.com/geography/regionalatlas/glossary.html
151.
The removal of trees from a forested area that can be the result of Mother Nature, e.g. forest fires, or of human nature. http://www-pub.naz.edu:9000/~jborsos9/deforestation.htm
152.
The removal of trees from forests by humans. http://www.life123.com/home-garden/green-living/energy-consumption/what-is-deforestation.shtml?fcsource=dell
153.
The removal of trees http://www.notredame.ac.jp/cgi-bin/wn?cmd=wn&word=deforestation
154.
The removal of trees without replacing them with young trees. http://www.minntrees.org/asp/default.asp?PageID=59
155.
The state of being clear of trees. http://www.notredame.ac.jp/cgi-bin/wn?deforestation and http://info.live58.org/why-should-i-care-about-deforestation/
156.
The state of having been cleared of forests. http://www.africanculturalcenter.org/10_0glossary.html
157.
The term used for when people completely remove trees and vegetation from a large forested area. Think of it like shaving, except instead of hairs, it's trees. Once an area is
deforested, there's nothing left except dirt. http://answers.ask.com/Science/Other/what_is_deforestation
158.
To clear away the trees or forests from. http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Andes/7292/Terms.html
159.
To clear of forests; to disforest. http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~ralph/OPTED/v003/wb1913_d.html
160.
To cut down and clear away the trees or forests from. http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=deforestation
161.
To remove the trees from an area as by fire, flood, logging, etc. http://nhd.heinle.com/nhd-bin/searchNHD.pl
162.
To strip or deprive of trees and forest; the loss of our forest. http://www.chias.org/www/edu/cse/owpglo.html
163.
When a living forest is destroyed due to things such as logging, cattle ranching, or oil drilling. http://kids.ran.org/kidscorner/rainforests/wordup.html
3.2.3 As a change in land use
1. (Brazil) The conversion of areas of primary forest physiognomy by anthropogenic activities, for the development of agriculture and cattle raising, detected by orbital platforms. Gross
deforestation indicates that areas in process of secondary succession or forest recovery are not subtracted in the calculation of the extent and the rate. The above definition does
not include areas of forest affected by selective logging activities or wild fires, which are object of specific reports by INPE.
http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/gii/planning/giipl0015a.htm
2. (Italy) A loss of forest area because of change of land use to agricultural lands, barren lands, buildings, roads, pipelines, etc. Burned forest areas are not considered deforested.
ISTAT (1950-1997). Statistiche Forestali. Annuari 1-47. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. Rome. Lorenzo Ciccarese [email protected]
3. (Malaysia) - The conversion of forest or forest land to permanent non-forestry uses such as for agricultural crops, infrastructural and industrial development, settlements etc. From:
[email protected] (Thang Hooi Chiew), Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia
4. (UN-FAO) The change of land use from forest to other land-use. [Source: from http://faov02.fao.org:70/0gopher_root%3a[fao.fra]def_uk.txt (concepts, definitions and methodology of
the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990) via Bernhard Schlamadinger]
5. (UN-FAO 2001) Deforestation is the conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of tree canopy cover below the 10% threshold. Explanatory note (extract):
Deforestation implies the long-term or permanent loss of forest cover. Such a loss can only be caused and maintained through a continued man-induced or natural perturbation.
Deforestation includes, for example, areas of forest converted to agriculture (including agroforestry), pasture, water reservoirs and urban areas. The term specifically excludes areas
where the trees have been removed, due, for example, to harvesting or logging, and where the forest is expected to regenerate naturally or with the aid of silvicultural measures
within the short term. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO 2000b)
6. A complete change in land use from forest to agriculture - including shifting cultivation and pasture - or urban
use.http://ches.ing.ula.ve/GAIA/gis/maps/CaseStudies/explain/caseT.exp
7. A complete transformation in land use from forest to agricultural and urban uses, such as those brought upon by shifting cultivation, agroforestry and pasture. Excluded in the
process is the large scale clear-cutting of plantations adopted by commercial tree growers.http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~idgec/publications/reports/forest.pdf
8. A process of land-use change from forest to other uses, because of population pressure, shifting cultivation, agricultural development, transmigration, forest fires, or unsupervised
and poor logging practices, climatic and human-induced disturbancies (Setiadi 1996, modified). Lorenzo Ciccarese [email protected]
9. Area of forest permanently converted to non-forest land use, e.g., urbanization and Semi-permanent or temporary loss or gain of forest ecosystems, e.g., grasslands and
agriculture. http://www.fs.fed.us/institute/cifor/cifor_260.html
10. Conversion of forest land to other land use (Schlamadinger 1998).
11. Conversion of forests to another land use, frequently accompanied by burning (IPCC 1996c). http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/ncas/files/strategic/glossary.html
12. Converting forest land to other vegetation or uses (i.e., cropland, pasture, dams). www.wws.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/byteserv.prl/~ota/disk1/1992/9217/921713.PDF
13. Forest conversion to other uses, leaving out logged areas to regenerate. http://www.auburn.edu/~hurlbkl/definition.htm
14. The conversion of forest lands to alternative uses such as cropland or human settlement. http://www.peopleandplanet.net/section.php?
section=1&topic=8&PHPSESSID=1a9faae006a4efebfebe57431f0ca5ac
15. The permanent clearing of forest areas, preventing regrowth e.g. clearing land for agriculture. http://www.nafi.com.au/k12/ourforests/glossary.html
16. The permanent conversion of forests to pasture, farmland, or urban landscape. http://www.fieldtripearth.org/qa_article.xml?id=28
17. The practice or process that result in the long-term change in land-use to non-forest uses. http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/glossary.htm#d
18. The process of degradation or loss of forests by shifting use of the forest to agriculture—including shifting cultivation and pasture—urban use, and timber harvesting, thus reducing
the forests contribution to preserving biodiversity, water retention, soil and climate preservation, and other environmental services. http://www.undp.org/gef/workshop/glossary.htm
19. The unintentional or intentional conversion of land use from forest to nonforest. Associated with nonrenewable timber harvesting practises in ecologically sensitive areas, such a
tropical reinforests. http://www.pfmt.org/glossary/d.htm
20. Those practices or processes that result in the change of forested lands to non-forest uses. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov:81/Library/glossary.php3?mode=alpha&seg=d
21. Those practices or processes that result in the conversion of forested lands for non-forest uses. http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/outreach/general/glossary.pdf and.
http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/aric/diction.html.
3.2.4 As a change in land cover and use
1. (Austria) (clearing) (Rodung) - A land use change of forest land to other uses. Deforestation (clearing) is forbidden in Austria (due to former laws deforestation (clearing) is
countrywide forbidden in Austria since about 150 years). However, if public interest in the different land use is higher than public interest in the conservation of the forest, the
authority may give its approval for the deforestation (clearing). Usually, as a compensation other adequate areas have to be afforested. (Austrian Forestry Act (Federal Legal
Gazette no. 440/1975, as amended Federal Legal Gazette 231/1977, 142/1978 and 576/1987) From: Weiss Peter [email protected])
2. (Canada - BC) Clearing an area of forest on a non-temporary basis for another use. Clearcutting (even with stump removal), if shortly followed by reforestation for forestry
purposes, is not deforesting. [Source: Glossary of Forestry Terms, Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests, http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/glossary/glossary.htm
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
via Igor A. Yakovlev]
(Canada - Sask.) [deboisement (n.m.)] Permanent removal of forest cover and withdrawal of land from forest use, whether deliberately or circumstantially. [Source: Silvicultural
Terms in Canada - Second Edition 1995 From: Mark Johnston <[email protected] Date: Tue, 16 Jun 1998 17:44:48 -0600]
http://nfdp.ccfm.org/silviterm/silvi_e/silvitermatode.htm#D
(Canada NR). Deforestation is the permanent removal of forest cover from an area, and the conversion of the previously forested land to other uses.
https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/inventory/13419
(Canada) Clearing an area of forest for another long-term use. (http://nrcan.gc.ca/cfs/proj/ppiab/sof/sof.html )
(Cyprus) Deforestation: the removal of a forest stand from an area where the land is put to a nonforest use. A.K. Christou "Forestry Department - Research and Publicity Sector"
[email protected]
(India) Removal of forest cover from a forest land. It excludes clearfelling. [Source: Glossary of Technical Terms, Forest Research Institute, India. From: "Vivek K. Varma"
<[email protected] Date: Fri, 17 Jul 1998 02:28:29 -0400 (EDT)]
(Indonesia - 2002) The permanent removal of forest cover and conversion of the land to other uses. According to the land use definition used by FAO and accepted by most
governments, forest land that has been harvested, even clear-cut, is not regarded as deforested because, in principle, trees may regrow or be replanted. Deforestation is recorded
only when the land is permanently converted to nonforest use. However, the remote sensing imagery used in this report to determine land cover (the presence or absence of
forest) over time does not make such a distinction and clear-cut land has been recorded as nonforest or deforested land.
http://www.globalforestwatch.org/common/indonesia/sof.indonesia.english.low.pdf
(Lithuania) Clearing of an area with the purpose to change forest land to other land use category. Source: A. Kuliesis, Director of Lithuanain Forest Inventory and Management
Institute Email: Sekrtetore [email protected]
(Mexico -INEGI y SEMARNAP) Proceso de cambio de uso del suelo de forestal a otro uso (INEGI y SEMARNAP 1999).
(Pakistan) To remove the tree crop from a piece of land without the intention of reforesting. Definition adopted from the British Commonwealth Forest Terminology Part-I, 1953.
Source: Mumtaz Ahmad, Section Forest Officer, Pakistan Min. of Environment, Local Government, and Rural Development.
(Papua New Guinea) - The removal of trees from forestland and subsequent conversion of land-use from forestry to other such as agriculture. Vitus Ambia, Papua New Guinea
Forest Authority.
(Tanzania) Normally refers to clearing of a forest or woodland cover and replacing it with other land uses i.e. converting forest land to agriculture farms or settlement areas.
http://www.unep-wcmc.org/forest/restoration/docs/TanzaniaFLR.PDF
(UN) - Clearing of tree formations and their replacement by non-forest land uses. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
http://www.nscb.gov.ph/peenra/Publications/Compendium/glossary.PDF
(UN-EP 2003) - Conversion of forest to non-forest. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=usdafsfacpub.
(UN-FAO 2000) - A permanent conversion to other uses. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/X7273E/x7273e05.htm#P0_0.
(UN-FAO 2000) - The conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of tree canopy cover below the 10% threshold (FAO, 2000)
http://unfcccbali.org/unfccc/component/option,com_glossary/Itemid,100/func,display/letter,D/catid,31/page,1/
(UN-FAO 2001) -The conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of the tree canopy cover below the minimum 10 percent threshold (see the UN-FAO 2001
definition of forest and the following explanatory note). Explanatory note: Deforestation implies the long-term or permanent loss of forest cover and implies transformation into
another land use. Such a loss can only be caused and maintained by a continued human-induced or natural perturbation. Deforestation includes areas of forest converted to
agriculture, pasture, water reservoirs and urban areas. The term specifically excludes areas where the trees have been removed as a result of harvesting or logging and where the
forest is expected to regenerate naturally or with the aid of silvicultural measures. Unless logging is followed by the clearing of the remaining logged-over forest for the introduction
of alternative land uses, or the clearings are maintained through continued disturbance, forests commonly regenerate, although often to a different, secondary condition. In areas
of shifting agriculture, forest, forest fallow and agricultural lands appear in a dynamic pattern where deforestation and the return of forest occur frequently in small patches. To
simplify reporting of such areas, the net change over a larger area is typically used. Deforestation also includes areas where, for example, the impact of disturbance,
overutilization or changing environmental conditions affects the forest to an extent that it cannot sustain a tree cover above the 10 percent threshold.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y0900e/y0900e11.htm#P1_7 and . ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/j9345e/j9345e00.pdf
(UN-FAO 2004) - The conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of the tree canopy cover below the minimum 10 percent threshold. Explanatory notes: 1.
Deforestation implies the long-term or permanent loss of forest cover and implies transformation into another land use. Such a loss can only be caused and maintained by a
continued human-induced or natural perturbation. 2. Deforestation includes areas of forest converted to agriculture, pasture, water reservoirs and urban areas. 3. The term
specifically excludes areas where the trees have been removed as a result of harvesting or logging, and where the forest is expected to regenerate naturally or with the aid of
silvicultural measures. Unless logging is followed by the clearing of the remaining logged-over forest for the introduction of alternative land uses, or the maintenance of the
clearings through continued disturbance, forests commonly regenerate, although often to a different, secondary condition. In areas of shifting agriculture, forest, forest fallow and
agricultural lands appear in a dynamic pattern where deforestation and the return of forest occur frequently in small patches. To simplify reporting of such areas, the net change
over a larger area is typically used. 4. Deforestation also includes areas where, for example, the impact of disturbance, overutilization or changing environmental conditions
affects the forest to an extent that it cannot sustain a tree cover above the 10 percent threshold. http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/webview/forestry2/index.jsp?
siteId=4261&sitetreeId=13629&langId=1&geoId=0
(UN-FAO) - To clear an area, other than purely temporarily, of forest. Clear cutting (even with stump removal), if shortly followed by reforestation, is not deforesting. From: Graeme
Wild <[email protected]
(UN-FCCC 2001) The direct human-induced conversion of forested land to non-forested land. (UNFCCC, 2001)
http://unfcccbali.org/unfccc/component/option,com_glossary/Itemid,100/func,display/letter,D/catid,31/page,1/
(UN-FCCC) The removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc., or by harvesting the
trees for building materials or fuel. http://unfcccbali.org/unfccc/component/option,com_glossary/Itemid,100/func,display/letter,D/catid,31/page,1/
(USA –STATE- Maryland) -The clearing of forests and the conversion of land to nonforest uses. http://www.wrm.org.uy/actors/WB/1994policy.html
(USA-Congress-OTA 1984) : The conversion of forests to land uses that have a tree cover of less than 10 percent. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/ota/Ota_4/DATA/1984/8426.PDF
(WAF 2004) The conversion of forest land to non-forest land. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Publications/files/book/BK0073-04.PDF .
Cambio de uso del suelo que impica la desaparicion de las selva o el bosque (Herrera et al. n.d.).
Change in forest land use from forestry to other purposes, such that it no longer functions as a forest ecosystem (Repetto and Gillis 1998).
Clearing an area of forest for another long-term use. http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/cfs-scf/science/prodserv/glossary_e.html#22 Déboisement http://www.fnfp.gc.ca/rep99/glosse.htm
Clearing an area of forest on a non-temporary basis for another use. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/glossary/glossary.txt
Clearing an area of forest on a non-temporary basis for another use. Clearcutting (even with stump removal), if shortly followed by reforestation for forestry purposes, is not
deforesting. http://typhoon.sdsu.edu/nasa_lcluc/forest.html
Clearing an area permanently for another use, such as agriculture or road building (Ecoforestry 1997).
Clearing of forest from large tracts of land which consequently remains unforested either as barren land or as agricultural crop. (Bruening n.d.).
Clearing of tree formations and their replacement by non forest land use (PEENRA website)
http://unfcccbali.org/unfccc/component/option,com_glossary/Itemid,100/func,display/letter,D/catid,31/page,1/
Clearing trees for timber, fuel, farmland or for new settlements from a piece of land without the intention of reforesting. http://www.schools.wafa.org.au/terms.htm
Conversion of any forest (natural forest, modified forest, or planted forest) to non-forest conditions (cropland, pasture, or urban land) (IUCN, UNEP, WWF 1991).
Deforestation (Hard) occurs when forested lands are clearcut and then compromised so that the trees cannot grow back. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-harddeforestation.htm
Deforestation (Wasteful) – occurs when forests yielding high values of goods and services are clearcut and replaced with land uses that yield lower returns.
http://www.sprl.umich.edu/GCL/notes2/Deforestation.pdf.
Deforestation happens when human beings turn forested land into non-forested land due to our activities. It is not a good thing for wildlife because it takes away much of their
natural habitat. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_deforestation?altQ=What_is_deforrestation#slide=1
Deforestation implies the long-term or permanent loss of forest cover and its transformation into another land use.
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html
Deforestation is when forests, rain forests or a group of trees in the same area are living with animals and many different types of plants, are being chopped of, or mostly burnt for
the land use. http://abushald.blogspot.com/2008/11/why-is-deforestation-important.html
Deforestation is when humans remove or clear large areas of forest lands and related ecosystems for non-forest use. These include clearing for farming purposes, ranching and
urban use. In these cases, trees are never re-planted. http://eschooltoday.com/forests/what-is-deforestation.html
Deforestation is when humans remove or clear large areas of forest lands for non-forest use. These include clearing for farming purposes, ranching and urban use. Inthese cases,
trees are never re-planted. http://www.meritnation.com/ask-answer/question/what-is-deforestation/forest-society-and-colonialism/6273919
Deforestation refers to the loss of forest cover; land that is permanently converted from forest to agricultural land, golf courses, cattle pasture, homes, lakes, or desert. The FAO
(Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.) defines tropical deforestation as "change of forest with depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10%." Depletion of forest to tree
crown cover greater than 10% (say from 100% to 12%) is considered forest degradation. Logging most often falls under the category of forest degradation and thus is not
included in deforestation statistics. Therefore forest degradation rates are considerably higher than deforestation rates. For example, according to satellite surveys Indonesia has
considerable forest coverage, but millions of hectares are highly degraded by logging and no longer contain their full diversity or original structure.
http://www.mongabay.com/08define.htm
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.[1] Examples of deforestation include
conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation
Destruction of forested habitats for conversion to other uses. http://www.northern.edu/natsource/BIRDS/Conser1.htm
Eliminacion total de la vegetacion y su reemplazo por usos no forestales de la tierra (Varela 1998).
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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47.
48.
49.
50.
Forests are removed and the land changed to another kind of land use. http://loki.stockton.edu/~epsteinc/deforest.htm
Large scale cutting of forest; replacement with other plant cover (esp. pasture) http://hcd.ucdavis.edu/classes/iad10/enviro.html
Loss of forest cover which is not replaced by either natural regeneration or replanting of trees (WWF/IUCN 1996).
Para la delimitacion y cuantificacion de la deforestacion, la ha definido como la remocion temporal o permanente de la cubierta vegetal natural para dedicar otro uso no forestal
(Anon. 1995a).
51. Permanent removal of forest cover and withdrawal of land from forest use, whether deliberately or circumstantially http://nfdp.ccfm.org/silviterm/silvi_e/silvitermatode.htm#D
52. Se considera el cambio de uso del suelo de foresta a no forestal en un periodo determinado. Tambien puede expresarse como la elimiacion completa de areas arbolada a usos
del suelo no forestales (Herrera 1998).
53. The clearance of all the trees and undergrowth in a forest to make land usable for farming. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/glossary.htm
54. The clearing of forest lands for all forms of agricultural uses (shifting cultivation, permanent agriculture and ranching) and for other land uses such as settlements, other
infrastructure and mining. In tropical countries, this entails clearing that reduces tree crown cover to less than 10 percent. As defined here, deforestation does not include other
alterations, such as selective logging (unless the forest cover is permanently reduced to less than 10 percent), that can substantially affect forests, forest soil, wildlife and its
habitat, and the global carbon cycle. http://www.sprl.umich.edu/GCL/wri/forest/deforest.html
55. The clearing of forests and the conversion of land to non-forest uses such as cropland or human settlement. https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/i490a/teaching/M4901430/ws_03_04/reading_materials/New_Neef_Schwarzmeier_Studie.pdf
56. The clearing of forests and the conversion of land to nonforest uses. http://www.wrm.org.uy/actors/WB/1991policy3.html
57. The clearing of virgin forests, or intentional destruction or removal of trees and other vegetation for agricultural, commercial, housing, or firewood use without replanting
(reforesting) and without allowing time for the forest to regenerate itself. Deforestation is one of the major factors contributing to the greenhouse effect and desertification.
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/deforestation.html
58. The conversion of forest to another land use http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html
59. The conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of the tree canopy cover below a 10 percent threshold. Deforestation implies the long-term or permanent
loss of forest cover and its transformation into another land use. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html
60. The conversion of forested to non-forested land. Deforestation can involve the cutting and burning of trees to provide land for agricultural purposes or clearing for residential and
industrial uses. . http://www.climateservices.com/glossary.htm
61. The destruction of forest for timber, fuel, charcoal burning, and clearing for agriculture and extractive industries, such as mining, without planting new trees to replace those lost
(reafforestation) or working on a cycle that allows the natural forest to regenerate. http://ukdb.web.aol.com/hutchinson/encyclopedia/50/M0020550.htm
62. The destruction of forests, typically to clear land for agriculture or ranching or to provide fuel and timber.
http://www.quiknet.com/~mathman/csus/Site_Map/Glossary/glossary.htm
63. The direct, human-induced conversion of forested land to non-forested land (2008). http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/usa/turning-up-the-heat-global-w.pdf
64. The felling and clearing of forest cover or tree plantations in order to accommodate agricultural, industrial or urban use. It involves permanent end of forest cover to make that land
available for residential, commercial or industrial purpose. http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-of-deforestation.php
65. The felling of trees without subsequent replanting or regeneration, i.e. the conversion of previously forested land to agricultural, urban or other land uses, which do not have a
substantial tree canopy cover (<10 per cent, according to the definition in FAO (2000)).. http://forestry.oxfordjournals.org/content/77/1/9.full.pdf
66. The long-term removal of trees from forested site to permit other site uses. http://www.canadian-forests.com/fsc-glossary.html and
http://www.web.net/~fscca/standard.htm#anchor88641. Cutting of trees followed by regeneration is not deforestation. syn: forest clearing disturbance, conversion, or wasteful
destruction of forest lands. (AGRO) (Dunster and Dunster 1996).
67. The net loss of forests. A "net loss" of forests occurs when more forest cover is removed than is replaced, leaving the landscape substantially altered.
http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/What_is_Deforestation
68. The permanent clearing of forest areas, preventing regrowth e.g. clearing land for agriculture http://www.nafi.com.au/k12/ourforests/glossary.html
69. The permanent clearing of forest lands for shifting cultivation, permanent agriculture or settlements; it does not include other alterations such as selective logging.
http://www.socialwatch.org/indicators/Glossary.htm#Deforestation
70. The permanent destruction of forests and woodlands; it occurs as the forests are converted for agricultural uses. http://www.auburn.edu/~hurlbkl/definition.htm
71. The permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses. http://www.livescience.com/27692-deforestation.html
72. The permanent destruction of indigenous forest and woodland. Deforestation thus refers to clearing of original forests, and it includes a range of processes, from a selective
removal of valuable timber species to clear cutting followed by burning and creation of pasture and agricultural fields (Keller, 1994).
http://www.scar.toronto.edu/~97fauche/termassignment.html# What is deforestation, the state of deforestation. Keller, M. (1994) Controls on Soil-Atmosphere fluxes of nitrous
oxide and methane: effects of tropical deforestation. In Climate-Biosphere Interactions Ed. Zepp, R.G. John Wiley and sons, Georgia.
73. The permanent destruction of indigenous forests and woodlands. . http://www.globaled.org/issues/152/a.html
74. The permanent destruction of indigenous forests and woodlands. The term does not include the removal of industrial forests such as plantations of gums or pines.
http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/envfacts/facts/deforestation.htm
75. The permanent removal of forest and undergrowth. http://www.gn.apc.org/LivingEarth/RainforestDB/glossary.a-e.html#climax_forest
76. The process of land cover transformation from forest to non-forest (Achard et al. 1998).
77. The removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use.[1] Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to agriculture or
urban use. The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate mesic climates, the removal of all trees
in an area—in conformance with sustainable forestry practices—is correctly described as regeneration harvest.[2] In temperate mesic climates, natural regeneration of forest
stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.[3] Furthermore, biodiversity after regeneration harvest often mimics that found after
natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss after naturally occurring rainforest destruction.[4][5] https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Deforestation.html
78. The removal of a forest stand where the land is put to a non-forest use (Helms 1998).
79. The removal of forest or trees from a land and converting it for nonforest use http://www.buzzle.com/articles/causes-and-effects-of-deforestation.html
80. The removal of trees without replacing them with young trees. http://www.minntrees.org/facts/ff17.htm
81. The temporary or permanent clearance of forest for agriculture or other purposes (Grainger 1993).
82. The transformation of forested lands by human actions. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html
83. The willful and permanent transition in vegetative cover from that which is clearly "forest" (regardless of the commercial or aesthetic value of the trees) to that which is clearly
devoted to other uses - with trees seen as undesirable invaders. On this definition, the clear cutting of portions of a forest with the intention of allowing regeneration of trees does
not qualify as deforestation - even though all the trees are removed at a certain time (Daniel W. Bromley, Deforestation: Institutional Causes And Solutions, in World Forests,
Society and Environment, Volume I. In press).
84. To clear an area, other than purely temporarily, of forest. 1) While man is the main deforester, natural agencies (e.g. volcanic eruption, landslides) may also contribute. (2) Clear
cutting (even with stump removal), if shortly followed by reforestation is not deforesting. (Ford-Robertson 1971).
85. Trees being cut down and not being replanted/ http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_deforestation_and_deforestation#slide=2
86. Type of "forestry practice" which involves the permanent removal of forests and their undergrowth so that the land can serve another purpose.
http://www.shsu.edu/~chemistry/Glossary/de.html#D
3.2.5 Other
1. Annual Deforestation - Annual loss of forest land; reflects land degradation http://www.uncc.edu/~chamato/glossary.htm
2. Deforestation occurs in a number of ways, both natural and unnatural. http://www-pub.naz.edu:9000/~jwitten2/about2.htm
3. Induced land degradation in developing countries that is a direct result of land tenure systems that facilitate property-right acquisition in idle lands.
http://www.auburn.edu/~hurlbkl/definition.htm
4. Loss of forest. http://www.globalchange.org/glossall/glossd-f.htm
5. Simply means to "divest of forests". http://www.britell.com/misc/lex.html
6. The direct, human-induced conversion of forested land to non-forested land (2008). http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/usa/turning-up-the-heat-global-w.pdf
7. Deforestation is the inevitable result of the current social and economic policies being carried out in the name of development
http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/classes/cs255f03/cs255students/jedens/P12/deforestation.ppt
3.2.6 Summary table
Table 6 – Listing of national "Deforestation" land definitions by type.
Where there is more than one entry per row- there was more than one
definition found for that country.
Deforestation defined as:
Country
A change in land
cover
Austria
Bolivia
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
A change in
land use
A change in
land cover and
use
Yes
Yes
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Bulgaria
Yes
Canada
Yes
Yes
Cyprus
Yes
Fiji
Yes
France
Yes
Ghana
Yes
India
Yes
Indonesia
Yes
Italy
Yes
Lithuania
Yes
Malaysia
Yes
Mexico
Yes
Morocco
Yes
Nepal
Yes
Northern Mariana
Is.
Yes
Pakistan
Yes
Papua New
Guinea
Yes
Philippines
Yes
Romania
Yes
Saint Lucia.
Yes
Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Yes
Uganda
Yes
Venezuela
Yes
Yemen
Yes
United Nations
Yes
Yes
3.2.7 Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Is "deforestation" a change in land cover, land use or both.
How much canopy has to be removed?
How long must an area be "deforested?"
Does "natural" deforestation count as an emission to track?
3.3 DEGRADATION (See http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/pristine.htm)
3.4 FORESTATION
1. (Chile) La acción de poblar con especies arbóreas o arbustivas terrenos que carezcan de ellas o que estando cubiertos de vegetación, ésta no sea susceptible de explotación
económica, ni mejoramiento mediante manejo (Cerda 1998).
2. (North Amer.) (Afforestation, Reforestation) The establishment of forest, naturally or artificially, on an area, whether previously carrying forest or not (Ford-Robertson 1971).
3. All types of tree planting, whether conversion of open land or after a harvest. http://www.state.in.us/dnr/forestry/bmp/glossary.htm
4. The establishment of forest, naturally or artificially, on an area, whether previously carrying forest or not. (3) cf. afforestation, deforestation, reforestation.
http://nfdp.ccfm.org/silviterm/silvi_e/silvitermetohe.htm#F
3.5 REFORESTATION - Reforestation is sorted by restoration of land cover and land cover and use. Several specified the planting of "crops."
Search for definitions: forest, tree, forest summary, woodland, afforestation, deforestation, reforestation, other terms.
3.5.1 Restoration of Land Cover
1. (Australia-NSW) Replanting of a forest on cleared or destroyed forest areas. http://www.forest.nsw.gov.au/education/glossary/default.asp#Ltr_W
2. (Austria) (Wiederbewaldung): Reforestation areas are temporarily unstocked areas caused by harvesting, wind breaks, natural disasters and so on. These areas have to be
reforested artificially (usually within 3 years, under certain circumstances within maximal 8 years) or with methods of natural regeneration (usually within 8 years, under certain
circumstances within maximal 11 years). In Austria reforestation has always been recognized as a part of forest management and has never been linked up to land use change.
(Austrian Forestry Act (Federal Legal Gazette no. 440/1975, as amended Federal Legal Gazette 231/1977, 142/1978 and 576/1987) From: Weiss Peter [email protected])
3. (Brazil) REFLORESTAMENTO always, no matter the previous land use was not a forest and it is the first time this land bears a forest. Currently, reforestation
(REFLORESTAMENTO) is the general name of planted forests. From: Erich Schaitza <[email protected].
4. (Bulgaria) Reforestation - there is no special definition for "reforestation". It is part of the afforestation activities. Forest Research Institute [email protected]
5. (Canada - BC) Regeneration (reforestation): The renewal of a tree crop either by natural means (seeded on-site from adjacent stands or deposited by wind, birds, or animals) or by
planted seedlings or direct seeding. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/westland/gloss.htm
6. (Canada - BC) The natural or artificial restocking (i.e., planting, seeding) of an area with forest trees. Also called forest regeneration. [Source: Glossary of Forestry Terms, Province
of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests, http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/glossary/glossary.htm via Igor A. Yakovlev]
7. (Canada - Sask.) [reboisement (n.m.)] syn. reafforestation - Successful renewal of a forest crop by planting or direct seeding. [Source: Silvicultural Terms in Canada - Second
Edition 1995 From: Mark Johnston <[email protected] Date: Tue, 16 Jun 1998 17:44:48 -0600]
8. (Canada - Sask.) The natural or artificial restocking of an area with trees. [Source: Chapter F-19.1: An Act Respecting the Management of Forest Resources... new provincial
legislation on forest management From: Mark Johnston <[email protected] Date: Tue, 16 Jun 1998 17:44:48 -0600] also http://www.studyweb.com/Agriculture/
9. (Canada) - The conversion of non-forested land to forested land through human activities, on land that was forested but that had been converted to non-forested land.
http://carbon.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/definitions_e.html
10. (Canada) The reestablishment of trees on denuded forest land by natural or artificial means, such as planting or seeding. State of Canada's Forests 1996-97.
(http://nrcan.gc.ca/cfs/proj/ppiab/sof/sof.html)
11. (Chile) La acción de poblar con especies arbóreas o arbustivas mediante plantación, regeneración manejada o siembra, un terreno que haya sido objeto de explotación extractiva
(Cerda 1998).
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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12. (Colombia) Es el establecimiento de árboles para formar bosques, realizado por el hombre. (Decreto 1791 de 1996. Ministerio del medio Ambiente.) "Gerardo Lozano"
[email protected] and María del Pilar Pardo [email protected]
13. (Cuba) Reforestación: la acción de poblar con especies arbóreas áreas que hayan sido objeto de aprovechamiento previos o arrasadas por incendios y otras causas. Christoph
Kleinn <[email protected]
14. (Cyprus) Reforestation: the establishment of a forest cover in an area where there was a forest before but due to some reasons (fire, felling etc.) has been removed. A.K. Christou
"Forestry Department - Research and Publicity Sector" [email protected]
15. (Denmark) Reforestation forests with a forest-obligation written in the cadastre must be reforested, if not deforestation takes place and that is forbidden without permission from the
national forest-authorities. A forest obligation states that the area in principle shall be used for forests purposes forever (so-called 'good and sustainable forestry'). If the owner can
give the forest authorities a very good reason - for instance the soil is not suited for forestry - he can have permission to raise the cadastre-note, but normally he shall find another
agriculture land of a bigger size to plant with forest, for instance a double size. (From: [email protected] Date: Tue, 29 Sep 1998 09:31:59 +0100)
16. (EU) The restoration of tree cover, to areas from which trees have recently been removed, by planting, encouragement of natural regeneration, or a combination of these methods
http://europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm.
17. (Fiji) Areas where trees have been felled and replanted. Malakai Sevudredre, Conservator of Forests, F.9641/2. 01/06/2000.
18. (Ghana) When a degraded or removed forest land is restored to its original forest status. (Osei Kofi, Forestry Dept.- Letter 7 May 99)
19. (GM/UNCCD 2008) This process increases the capacity of the land to sequester carbon by replanting forest biomass in areas where forests have been previously harvested.
Registration: The formal acceptance by the CDM Executive Board of a validated project as a CDM project activity. http://www.globalmechanism.org/dynamic/documents/document_file/final2-viet-nam-climate-change-report---1july08.pdf.
20. (Indonesia - 2002) The establishment by humans of forest cover on land that was formerly forested.
http://www.globalforestwatch.org/common/indonesia/sof.indonesia.english.low.pdf
21. (IPCC - 1997) Forest stands established artificially on lands that have supported forests within the last 50 years http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/regional/327.htm
22. (Italy) (ricostituzione boschiva) - A forest activity aimed to restore or improve the forest tree and shrub cover through seeding, planting and 'regeneration coppicing' (in Italian
riceppatura, which is a coppicing method for regenerating stumps, for example, after fire). (ISTAT) 'Rimboschimento' (reforestation), also for ex-novo planting in bare lands.From:
Vittorio Tosi ISAFA Biometria [email protected] and Lorenzo Ciccarese [email protected]
23. (Kyrgyzstan - New Forest Code (1999)) - The installation of forest plantations on areas previously covered by forest. Source: Irina Yunusova [email protected]
24. (Kyrgyzstan) - An active (with human support) form of afforestation on the territories formerly covered with the forest (lands) Source: Irina Yunusova [email protected]
25. (Kyrgyzstan) (from Russian it is likely to be translated as "forest regeneration") - The process of the creation of the forest generation under the forest cover, at the fellings and forest
fires sites, and other areas formerly covered with the forest. Forest regeneration can be natural, artificial and mixed. Source: Irina Yunusova [email protected]
26. (Lithuania) The reestablishment of forest cover on forest land either naturally or artificially. Source: A. Kuliesis, Director of Lithuanain Forest Inventory and Management Institute
Email: Sekrtetore [email protected]
27. (Malaysia) - The artificial establishment of forests by direct seeding or planting seedlings or cuttings on lands which previously (within the living memory or within 50 years) carry
forests. From: [email protected] (Thang Hooi Chiew), Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia
28. (Morocco) Reforestation (Arabic : I’adat tashjeer/tahreej, French : Reboisement) - Artificial creation (by man) of a forest on an land which has been forested before, but on which the
forest has disappeared, using seedlings, vegetative materials or seeds (sowing) Mohammed Ellatifi, [email protected]
29. (Nicaragua) Reforestación - Draft.La acción de poblar con especies arbóreas o arbustivas mediante plantación, regeneración manejada o siembra, un terreno que haya sido objeto
de aprovechamiento previo o afectado por incendios o fenómenos naturales. www.nicarao.org.ni/ja (see Borrador de la ley, CAPITULO II DEFINICIONES) Harrie
<[email protected]>
30. (Northern Mariana Islands) Reforestation - A science and art of establishing a multistorey species of trees beneficial to mankind, wildlife and ecosystem. Source: Estanislao
Villagomez [email protected] Division of Agriculture.
31. (Pakistan) To restock felled or otherwise cleared woodland. Definition adopted from the British Commonwealth Forest Terminology Part-I, 1953. Source: Mumtaz Ahmad, Section
Forest Officer, Pakistan Min. of Environment, Local Government, and Rural Development.
32. (Paraguay) Reforestación: La acción de poblar con especies arbóreas mediante plantación, regeneración manejada o siembra, un terreno anteriormente boscoso que haya sido
objeto de explotación extractiva. Ley N&deg; 536 - DE FOMENTO A LA FORESTACION Y REFORESTACION. Capítulo I. Artículo 2do. [email protected] (Nombre
Apellido)
33. (Philippines) Reforestation - the act of planting trees on bare or open land which is used to be covered with forest growth. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ru12/DEFINE/DEF-ENV.HTM
34. (Romania) - The act of installation, through artificial methods, of the forest vegetation on lands where forest was recently removed. Sorin Sfirlogea <[email protected] National
Forests Administration.
35. (Russian Federation)Process of establishing of forest cultures on before forested areas. (Forest cultures (specific Russian term) - forest, which was created by seeding or planting).
[From: "Igor Yakovlev" [email protected] Date: Wed, 10 Jun 1998 02:51:19 -0400 (EDT)]
36. (St. Lucia) The planting of forest trees in an area where forest existed before (Source: Michael Andrew, [email protected])
37. (Taiwan, ROC) To reforest in cut-over areas. Source: "&ordf;L&deg;È&sect;&frac12;service" [email protected]
38. (United Kingdom) Re-establishment of a tree crop on forest land (British Commonwealth Terminology) (Ford-Robertson 1971).
39. (UN-DP 1999) Generally refers to planting trees on land that has been cleared of forest within the relatively recent past. May or may not refer to planting trees on land that has just
been harvested. http://www.profor.info/pdf/InnovatForesFinanc.pdf
40. (UN-FAO 1997) - Establishment of a tree crop on forest land (FAO 1997).
41. (UN-FAO 2001) - The re-establishment of forest formations after a temporary condition with less than 10% canopy cover due to human-induced or natural perturbations.
Explanatory note (extract): The definition of forest clearly states that forests under regeneration are considered as forests even if the canopy cover is temporarily below 10 per cent.
Many forest management regimes include clearcutting followed by regeneration, and several natural processes, notably forest fires and windfalls, may lead to a temporary situation
with less than 10 per cent canopy cover. In these cases, the area is considered as forest, provided that the re-establishment (i.e., reforestation) to above 10 per cent canopy cover
takes place within the relatively near future. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO 2000b)
42. (UN-FAO 2005) - Establishment of forest plantations on temporarily unstocked lands that are considered as forests
http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/lulucf/application/pdf/060830_killmann.pdf
43. (UN-FAO) The establishment of forest, naturally or artificially, on an area previously in forest cover (FAO - IUFRO). From: Graeme Wild [email protected]
44. (UNFCCC 2001) “Reforestation” is the direct human-induced conversion of non-forested land to forested land through planting, seeding and/or the human-induced promotion of
natural seed sources, on land that was forested but that has been converted to non-forested land. For the first commitment period, reforestation activities will be limited to
reforestation occurring on those lands that did not contain forest on 31 December 1989; http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop6secpart/l11r01.pdf
45. (UN-FRA 2000) Artificial establishment of forest on lands which carried forest before. (UN-ECE/FAO 1997 and FAO 1998)
46. (USA –STATE- Maryland) The creation of a biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants containing at least 100 live trees per acre with at least 50 percent of
those trees having the potential of attaining a 2-inch or greater diameter measured at 4.5 feet above the ground, within 7 years, according to procedures set forth in the Washington
County Forest Conservation Technical Manual. The term also includes landscaping of areas under an approved landscaping plan establishing a forest at least 35 feet wide and
covering 2500 square feet or more of area. http://pilot.wash.lib.md.us/washco/forestcn.html
47. (USA-FED-DA-FS) The restocking of an area with forest trees, by either natural or artificial means, such as planting (http://www.fs.fed.us/land/emterms.html).
48. (USA-STATE-Oregon) "Natural reforestation" means restocking a site with self-grown trees resulting from self-seeding or vegetative means.
http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/teach/for442/odfdefin.htm
49. (Venezuela) REFORESTACION: cultivo de árboles, con fines económicos o con fines de protección en áreas donde ya habían existido vegetacón en épocas pasadas. Reglamento
de la Ley Forestal de Suelos y Aguas (1977). Areas Naturales Protegidas de Venezuela. Series Aspectos Conceptuales y Metodológicos, DGSPOA/ACM/01, feb 1992. Via
[email protected]
50. (WAF 2004) - The establishment of forest on land previously under a forest land-use. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Publications/files/book/BK0073-04.PDF
51. (WCMC) - The managed reestablishment of forests on lands that once contained forests. http://www.panda.org/downloads/forests/wcmcflrmapping.pdf
52. (World Bank 1999) The replacement of trees in cut-over forest areas. http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1999/09/17/000178830_98101901520841/Rendered/INDEX/multi0page.txt
53. (World Bank 2000) The replacement or establishment of a tree crop on forestland. . http://www.holz.uni-goettingen.de/ek/woodsat/pdf/worldbankforestry.pdf World Bank 2000.
54. (Yemen) Reforestation (Arabic : I’adat tashjeer/tahreej, French : Reboisement) - Artificial creation (by man) of a forest on an land which has been forested before, but on which the
forest has disappeared, using seedlings, vegetative materials or seeds (sowing) Mohammed Ellatifi, [email protected]
55. A process by which a forest regrown http://ifdn.com/teacher/glossary.htm#d
56. A sylvicultural system that consists in seeding or planting tree forest stock in a forest area after felling or when species are unreliable for natural regeneration. Lorenzo Ciccarese
[email protected]
57. Artificial (planting, seeding) or natural re-establishment of forest on previously forest or other wooded land. [Source: UN/ECE 1990, via Brita Pajari]
58. Conversion of non-forest to forest on lands which had, historically, contained forests but which had been converted to some other use as of 1990.
http://www.gcrio.org/OnLnDoc/senate_epw990603.html
59. Establishment of a replacement stand of trees after harvesting operations are complete, based on scientific silvicultural practices that may include natural seeding or suckering,
mechanical seeding or planting of seedlings. http://www.abforestprod.org/ARglossary.html
60. Forest stands established artificially on lands that have supported forests within the last 50 years http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/tectran/362.htm
61. Generally refers to planting trees on land that has been cleared of forest within the relatively recent past. May or may not refer to planting trees on land that has just been
harvested. . http://www.climateservices.com/glossary.htm and http://www.undp.org/seed/forest/pdf/InnovatForesFinanc.pdf
62. Planting trees to replace forests which have been harvested or destroyed. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/glossary.htm
63. Process of re-establishing forests on previously forested lands. http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~idgec/publications/reports/forest.pdf
64. Re-afforestation -- (the restoration (replanting) of a forest that had been reduced by fire or cutting) http://www.notredame.ac.jp/cgi-bin/wn?reforestation
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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65. Reafforestation - is the restocking of existing forests and woodlands which have been depleted. http://www.deltaenviro.org.za/resources/envirofacts/afforestation.html
66. Reafforestation - The planting of trees on land that was previously under the forest cover, but which has been depleted by habitat destruction or over-exploitation.
http://education.vsnl.com/deep/
67. Reestablishing a forest by planting or seeding an area from which forest vegetation has been removed. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/forest/woodland/won-26r.html and
http://msucares.com/pubs/pub1250.htm
68. Reestablishing a forest in an area where trees have been removed. http://www.mrsc.org/environment/forest/glossary.htm
69. Reestablishment of forest formation after a temporary (less than 10 years) period with less than 10% canopy cover due to human induced or natural perturbations.
http://greenplanet.eolss.net/EolssLogn/mss/C10/E5-03/E5-03-01/E5-03-01-05/E5-03-01-05-TXT.aspx#Glossary
70. Replacing forests after felling. http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/
71. Replacing forests. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/MISC2/SB661.PDF
72. Replanting of forests on lands that have recently been harvested or otherwise cleared of trees. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/glossary.html
73. Replanting of forests on lands that have recently been harvested. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/vr95rpt/gloss.html,
http://www.theadvisorygroup.com/PDF2/publications/Carbon%20Sequestration%20Paper.pdf and http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/outreach/general/glossary.pdf
74. Restocking an area with forest trees. [Source: Timber Harvesting and Engineering Glossary, USFS]
75. Restoration of recently cleared forest (WWF/IUCN 1996).
76. The act of planting trees on bare or open land which is used to be covered with forest growth. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ru12/DEFINE/DEF-ENV.HTM
77. The act of renewing forest cover by planting seeds or young trees. [Source: WWWebster Dictionary]
78. The act of replanting or reseeding a forest area to replace trees removed by harvest or destroyed by fire, wind or disease. http://www.idahoforests.org/dict1.htm
79. The creation of a biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants containing at least 100 trees per acre, with at least 50 percent of those trees having the potential
of attaining a 2-inch or greater dbh within seven years. http://www.ci.rockville.md.us/cityprojects/envguide/eggloss.htm
80. The direct human-induced conversion of non-forested land back to forested land. In the context of the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, reforestation can take place on land that was
historically forested but as of December 31, 1989 was subject to another land-use http://www.plant-a-tree-today.org/webcontrol/ShowPicture.asp?Status=ShowLibraryPDF&LiId=40
81. The establishment of forest in an area where there was forest during the previous 50 years. http://greenplanet.eolss.net/EolssLogn/mss/C09/E4-27/E4-27-08/E4-27-08-04/E4-27-0804-TXT.aspx#Glossary_
82. The establishment of plantations] to produce a forest product "crop" on lands that have supported forests within the last 50 years and where the original crop has been replaced with
a different one (Brown et al. 1986).
83. The natural or artificial restocking of an area with forest trees. http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/Class/for3162c/silvterm.pdf. Typically, refers to planting (Dunster and Dunster 1996).
84. The natural or artificial restocking of an area with forest trees, most commonly used in reference to the artificial. The Art and Science of Sustainable Use. 1997.
http://www.lehigh.edu/~kaf3/books/reporting/glossary.html
85. The natural or artificial restocking of an area with trees. www.superiornationalforest.org/july4thstorm1999/Appendix%20B.doc
86. The planting of trees for re-establishment of a former forest. http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/biology/institutes/1992/old_growth.html
87. The planting of trees on land from which the forest has been removed. [Source: Water Words Dictionary]
88. The planting of young trees in forests that have been affected by harvest, fire, disease, wind or other factors. . http://www.minntrees.org/facts/ff17.htm
89. The re-establishment of a stand of trees by planting or sowing with species native to the locality on previously cleared or poorly forested land.
http://www.rfa.gov.au/cra/vic/cenhigh/press/glossary.html
90. The reestablishment of forest cover either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting). Note - reforestation usually maintains
the same forest type and is done promptly after the previous stand or forest was removed (Helms 1998).
91. The re-establishment of trees and understorey plants at a site previously occupied by forest cover. http://assets.panda.org/downloads/lowermekongregionaloverview.pdf
92. The renewal of forest cover by natural regeneration or the planting of seeds or seedlings http://www.vanaturally.com/glossary.html
93. The renewal of forest cover by seeding or planting. http://ohia.com/ohia/roadshows/sky/glossary.htm
94. The replacement of trees in cut-over forest areas. http://www.wrm.org.uy/actors/WB/1991policy3.htm, https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/i490a/teaching/M4901430/ws_03_04/reading_materials/New_Neef_Schwarzmeier_Studie.pdf and http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1985&page=671
95. The replanting of trees in an area that was previously forested. http://buttecreekwatershed.org/ecr/new/glossary.htm
96. The replanting of trees in areas which have been cleared of woodland. http://www.soton.ac.uk/~engenvir/glossary.html#D
97. The replanting of trees on previously forested lands. http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/SJ/glossary/A.html#AFFORESTATION
98. The restocking of felled or otherwise cleared woodland. [Source: British Commonwealth Forest Terminology via Renate Prüller]
99. To re-establish tree cover on a once-forested site. http://greenplanet.eolss.net/EolssLogn/mss/C09/E4-27/E4-27-08/E4-27-08-05/E4-27-08-05-TXT.aspx#Glossary_
100.
To reestablish trees on a harvested area by planting trees, setting tree seeds, seeding-in from adjacent trees, or sprouts from the stumps or roots of harvested trees
http://www.timbertax.org/research/aghndbk/glossary.htm
101.
When revegetation is established within the forest areas (Setiadi 1996). Lorenzo Ciccarese [email protected]
102.
Revegetation - Re-establishment of non-forest vegetation and restoration of degraded non-forested lands, such as overgrazed native grasslands or cultivated wetlands
http://www.plant-a-tree-today.org/webcontrol/ShowPicture.asp?Status=ShowLibraryPDF&LiId=40
3.5. 2 Restoration of Land Cover and Use
1. (Bolivia) REFORESTACIÓN: Tala de un bosque con el propósito de crear tierra arable, para usos agrícolas o ganaderos y aprovechar la madera para la construcción o
propósitos industriales. Este proceso elimina los árboles y el sotobosque, alterando todo el ecosistema, con la consecuente perdida de humus del suelo, con las
consecuencias de escorrentia superficial por la baja infiltración, perdida de animales y plantas útiles al hombre, y la inestabilidad de las cuencas hidrográficas. A causa de la
deforestación no solo se modifica el régimen hidrológico, sino se pueden dar cambios del microclima y extensos daños aguas abajo, por erosión hídrica de la cuenca, así como
modificaciones substanciales en la sedimentación estuarina. Source: Luis Castello [email protected] Adjunto sírvase encontrar la versión no oficial y premilinar del
Glosario Forestal elaborado por el Proyecto de Apoyo a la Coordinación e Implementación del Plan de Acción Forestal para Bolivia
2. (India) Bringing any deforested land under forest cover. [Source: Glossary of Technical Terms, Forest Research Institute, India. From: "Vivek K. Varma"
<[email protected] Date: Fri, 17 Jul 1998 02:28:29 -0400 (EDT)]
3. (IPCC - 2003) Deforestation - Conversion of forest to non-forest. For a discussion of the term →forest and related terms such as →afforestation, →reforestation, and
deforestation: see the IPCC Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (IPCC, 2000). See also the Report on Definitions and Methodological Options to Inventory
Emissions from Direct Human-induced Degradation of Forests and Devegetation of Other Vegetation Types (IPCC, 2003). (Source: Second Order Draft Glossary IPCC WGI
Fourth Assessment Report http://www.junkscience.com/draft_AR4/GLOSSARY_SOD_TSU_FINAL.pdf )
4. (Latvia) A complex of measures to afforest land (area) not covered by forest. Source: "Maksym Polyakov" <[email protected]
5. (Thailand) The planting of forests on lands which have historically contained forests but which have since been converted to some other use. The report of Thailand's National
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990. "Wilailak Pangtawaong" [email protected]
6. (Ukraine) (Artificial) reforestation -- creation of forest plantations on the lands which were not previously under forest (covered by forest) with the aim of formation economically
valuable, high productive and biologically sustainable forest stands. Note that ``forest plantations'' defined as ``forest stands created by planting of seedlings, saplings of trees or
shrubs or by sowing of their seeds'', i.e. it here this means only origination of stands, not intensity of management (Polyakov 1998).
7. (UN-EP 2003) - Planting of forests on lands that have previously contained forests but that have been converted to some other use.
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=usdafsfacpub
8. (USA-STATE-Illinois) "Reforestation" means the natural or artificial restocking with trees on forest land. http://dnr.state.il.us/legal/1537.htm
9. (WCMC) Forest restoration - the establishment of forests containing native species with a high ecological integrity. Restoration is defined as the deliberate alteration of
ecological patterns and processes for the purpose of recreating some presumed set of natural, predisturbance ecosystem conditions.
http://www.panda.org/downloads/forests/wcmcflrmapping.pdf
10. Establishing forests on lands which have, historically, previously contained forests but which have been converted to some other use. This "other use" must have prevailed for at
least 20 (or other number to be chosen) years, or, alternatively, the "other use" can be shorter if the land has been counted as "deforested" within a commitment period under
the Kyoto Protocol (Schlamadinger 1998).
11. Planting of forests on lands which have, historically, previously contained forests but which have been converted to some other use. Replanted forests are included in the
category, Changes in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks, in the LUCF module of the emissions inventory calculations (IPCC 1996).
12. The establishment of a tree crop on forest land following deforestation. http://epdweb.engr.wisc.edu/dmc/courses/hazards/BB02-apx1.html
13. The reestablishment and development of a timber crop on forest land. Also, REAFFORESTATION. http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary/def/8/5/7/2/8572900.html
14. The restocking of existing forests and woodlands which have been depleted. Source: http://www.deltaenviro.org.za/resources/envirofacts/afforestation.html
3.5.3 Summary table
Table 7 – Listing of national "Reforestation" definitions
by type. Where there is more than one entry per rowthere was more than one definition found for that
country.
Reforestation as defined as:
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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Country
Austria
A restoration of
land cover
A restoration of
land cover and
use
Yes
Bolivia
Yes
Brazil
Yes
Bulgaria
Yes
Canada
Yes
Chile
Yes
Colombia
Yes
Cuba
Yes
Cyprus
Yes
Denmark
Yes
Fiji
Yes
India
Yes
Indonesia
Yes
Italy
Yes
Kyrgyzstan
Yes
Latvia
Yes
Lithuania
Yes
Malaysia
Yes
Morocco
Yes
Nicaragua
Yes
Northern Mariana
Is.
Yes
Pakistan
Yes
Paraguay
Yes
Philippines
Yes
Romania
Yes
Russia
Yes
Saint Lucia
Yes
Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Yes
Thailand
Yes
Ukraine
Yes
United Kingdom
Yes
USA
Yes
Venezuela
Yes
Yemen
Yes
United Nations
Yes
3.5.4 Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Is reforestation a change in land cover or land use or both?
If only a change in land cover, should we use the term "regeneration" instead?
Do we need to track reforestation by natural means as a sink?
Is natural reforestation considered human-induced?
If area is planted as a crop - does that mean anything special to the tracking of sinks/emissions?
What to plant - native or exotics?
3.6 REGENERATION - Regenreation is grouped by natural methods and by any method. All implied the restoration of land cover. Some specified the establishment of "crops."
3.6.1 By natural methods only
1. (Natural) Areas that become forested through the ordinary process of forest succession (e.g. occupation of abandoned farm lands or lands laid bare by recent glaciation). Also
where forest is being regenerated to the same or similar species as removed from the site. Brinkley 1997.
2. (Natural) Regrowth of forest vegetation, in the absence of planting or direct seeding, following any of many kinds of disturbances that were lethal to forest vegetation (e.g. landslide,
fire, pest damage, wind, logging, clearing for agriculture) previously growing on the site. Stanley 1998.
3. (United Kingdom) (Natural Regeneration) - Plants growing on a site as a result of natural seed fall or suckering. The term is also used to describe the silvicultural practices used to
encourage natural seeding and successful growth of the seedlings. [Source: THE UK FORESTRY STANDARD. The Government's Approach to Sustainable Forestry, EDINBURGH:
FORESTRY COMMISSION, 1998 http://www.forestry.gov.uk/standard.html and http://www.forestry.gov.uk/standard.pdf From: "Maksym Polyakov" <[email protected]
Date: Tue, 23 Jun 1998 21:04:18 +0300 (MSD)]
4. All types of natural recovering of forest vegetation on forest lands (without special seeding or planting), the natural one (seeds or coppice) or with the help of men by means of
different types of forest activities such as scarification, stripes or gap cuttings, etc. (Yakovlev 1998).
5. Process of formation of new generation of forest by natural way (in word-by-word translation) (Yakovlev 1998).
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
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3.6.2 By any method
1. (Canada - Sask.) Renewal of a forest stand (i.e. establishment of new young trees) by natural or artificial means. [Source: the Saskatchewan Long-term Integrated Forest Resource
Management Plan March 1995 From: Mark Johnston <[email protected] Date: Tue, 16 Jun 1998 17:44:48 -0600]
2. (Canada) The continuous renewal of a forest stand. Natural regeneration occurs gradually with seeds from adjacent stands or with seeds brought in by wind, birds, or animals.
Artificial regeneration involves direct seeding or planting. (http://nrcan.gc.ca/cfs/proj/ppiab/sof/sof.html)
3. (Czech Republic) A set of measures resulting in the development of a new generation of forest stand. [Source: Act on Forests and Amendments to Some Acts (the Forest Act)
dated 3 November 1995. Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic. Prague, 1996. 58 pp. From: "Maksym Polyakov" <[email protected] Date: Mon, 15 Jun 1998
11:32:47 +0300 (MSD)]
4. (Japan) Forest stands established following harvesting artificially or naturally. Definition of Glossary of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Statistics, Agriculture and Forestry
Statistics Association. From: Masahiro Amano <[email protected]
5. (noun) The young regrowth of forest plants following disturbance or the forest such as timber harvesting or fire. http://www.rfa.gov.au/cra/vic/cenhigh/press/glossary.html
6. (United Kingdom) Renewal of woodland through sowing, planting, or natural regeneration. [Source: THE UK FORESTRY STANDARD. The Government's Approach to Sustainable
Forestry, EDINBURGH: FORESTRY COMMISSION, 1998 http://www.forestry.gov.uk/standard.html and http://www.forestry.gov.uk/standard.pdf From: "Maksym Polyakov"
<[email protected] Date: Tue, 23 Jun 1998 21:04:18 +0300 (MSD)]
7. An act or the process of regenerating : the state of being regenerated [Source WWWebster 11 June 1998]
8. Establishment and early development of new tree seedlings. In managed forests, regeneration may be natural or artificial (performed through seeding or planting.) (WESTVACO)
9. Renewal of a forest crop by natural, artificial or vegetative (regrowth) means. Also the new crop so obtained. The new crop is generally less than 1.3 m high.
http://nrcan.gc.ca/cfs/proj/iepb/nfdp/regen/regen_e/s18.htm
10. Renewal of a tree crop, either by natural or artificial means. -Young tree crop (17). http://rredc.nrel.gov/biomass/forest/tim_glossary/t_glossary.html#F
11. The renewal of a tree crop by either natural or artificial means. The term is also used to refer to the young crop itself (http://www.fs.fed.us/land/emterms.html).
12. The renewal of a tree crop through either natural means (seeded on-site from adjacent stands or deposited by wind, birds or animals) or artificial means (by planting seedlings or
direct seeding). http://www.interfor.com/glossary/glossary29.html
3.6.3 Questions:
1.
2.
3.
When should we use "regeneration" in lieu of "reforestation?"
When does one consider natural regeneration "human-induced" if ever?
Does the inclusion of the term "crop" in a definition have any bearing on carbon sink and emission estimates?
4. OTHER TERMS
Search for definitions: forest, tree, forest summary, woodland, afforestation, deforestation, reforestation, other terms.
There are other terms that one may need to understand. These are some that the RAD team members have offered.
1. Assart: To turn woodlands into pasture or cropland. To assart lands within a forest without license is a grave offence. http://orb.rhodes.edu/Medieval_Terms.html
2. (USA-FED-DA-FS 1997) Available other forest land - forest land incapable of growing 20 cubic feet per acre per year (mean annual increment at culmination in fully stocked, natural
stands) of industrial wood because of adverse conditions such as sterile soils, dry climate, poor drainage, subalpine sites, steepness, or rockiness. (Waddell and Bassett 1997).
3. Coafforest, v.t. To convert ground into a forest. http://www.christiantech.com/cgi-bin/webster.exe?search_for_cgi-bin/texts/web1828=coafforest
4. (Canada) Commercial forest - Forest land that is able to grow commercial timber within an acceptable time frame. [Canada's State of the Forest Report at
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/cfs/proj/ppiab/sof/sof98/spout2.shtml]
5. Coupe – An area within a forest which is harvested and regenerated. It is usually less than half a hectare where management is based on ecosystem sustainability. From:
Indigenous Forest Policy (New Zealand Institute of Forestry, July 1998)
6. Damaged forest - Forest which is prevented by negative influences from natural development of the ecosystem or prevented from providing the functions of a forest. Damaged forest
is forest for reclamation and is a threat to the environment under the terms of regulations on the protection of the environment. [From: Slovenian LAW ON FORESTS - Milan SINKO
[email protected] via "Maksym Polyakov" <[email protected] Date: Fri, 12 Jun 1998 16:11:17 +0300 (MSD)]
7. Devegetated - having removed the vegetation from an area.
8. Devegetation - destruction of vegetation (by fire, human impact). http://www.nature.nps.gov/nrbib/HTML%20files/33.htm#3259
9. (UN-FCCC-IPCC) Devegetation - A direct human-induced long-term loss (persisting for X years or more) of at least Y% of vegetation [characterized by cover / volume / carbon
stocks] since time T on vegetation types other than forest and not subject to an elected activity under Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol. Vegetation types consist of a minimum area
of land of Z hectares with foliar cover of W%. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_files/Task2/Degradation.pdf
10. Disafforest, v.t. [dis and afforest.] To reduce from the privileges of a forest to the state of common ground; to strip of forest laws and their oppressive privileges.
http://www.christiantech.com/cgi-bin/webster.exe?search_for_cgi-bin/texts/web1828=disafforest
11. Disafforested - Stripped of forest privileges http://www.christiantech.com/cgi-bin/webster.exe?search_for_cgi-bin/texts/web1828=afforestation. To remove land from the authority of
the Verderers. http://www.hants.org.uk/newforest/bibliog.html
12. Disturbance - Any removal of tree cover sufficient to create a site for an even-aged crop of regeneration. Even-aged Of a forest, stand, or forest type in which relatively small age
differences exist between individual trees. The differences in age permitted are usually 10 to 20 years. http://nrcan.gc.ca/cfs/proj/iepb/nfdp/regen/regen_e/s18.htm
13. Established forest stand – The reaching such a state of forest stand where intensive protection is no longer required after afforestation and the number of individual trees and their
distribution throughout the forested area, as well as the composition of the forest tree species, create all the prerequisites required for the establishment of a site suitable forest
stand. [Source: Act on Forests and Amendments to Some Acts (the Forest Act) dated 3 November 1995. Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic. Prague, 1996. 58 pp. From:
"Maksym Polyakov" <[email protected] Date: Mon, 15 Jun 1998 11:32:47 +0300 (MSD)]
14. Forest cultures - Artificially created or planted forest stands. [From: "Maksym Polyakov" [email protected] Date: Thu, 11 Jun 1998 12:06:37 +0300 (MSD)]
15. Forest fund - All the lands given to state forestry enterprises plus all the forests under responsibility of other bodies. Or, all the forest lands plus non-forest lands of state forestry
enterprises. forest [lands]: covered by forest (tree and shrubs) vegetation; not covered by forest vegetation but required to be afforested (cuttings [places after fellings], burnings,
[loose forests], [empty places] etc., forest roads, cuttings [narrow straight road dividing quarters in forest], fire breaks; non-forest [lands]: under buildings connected with forest
management, power lines, pipelines, other underground communications, etc.; agricultural lands (arable lands, hayfields, pastures, given for the purposes of forestry [forest
management]; wetlands and waters within the parcels of forest fund given for the purposes of forestry.'' [From: ``The Forest Code of Ukraine'' Kiev, 1994, 56p. "Maksym Polyakov"
[email protected] Date: Thu, 11 Jun 1998 12:06:37 +0300 (MSD)]
16. Forest management – The regeneration, protection, tending and felling of forest stands and other activities securing the fulfillment of forest functions, [Source: Act on Forests and
Amendments to Some Acts (the Forest Act) dated 3 November 1995. Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic. Prague, 1996. 58 pp. From: "Maksym Polyakov"
<[email protected] Date: Mon, 15 Jun 1998 11:32:47 +0300 (MSD)]
17. Natural regeneration - (Romania) -The act of installation, through natural methods, of the forest vegetation. Sorin Sfirlogea <[email protected] National Forests Administration.
18. Non covered by forest forest lands - Lands designated for forest growing, i.e. felled places, loose forest, `not closed yet young forest cultures'', etc. All these land were potentially
needed to be reforested/afforested/reconstructed. [From: ``The Forest Code of Ukraine'' Kiev, 1994, 56p. "Maksym Polyakov" [email protected] Date: Thu, 11 Jun 1998
12:06:37 +0300 (MSD)]
19. (USA-FED-DA-FS) Nonforest land - Land that has never supported forests or formerly was forested and currently is developed for nonforest uses. Included are lands used for
agricultural crops, Christmas tree farms, improved pasture, residential areas, city parks, constructed roads, operating railroads and their right-of-way clearings, powerline and
pipeline clearings, streams more than 30 feet wide, and 1- to 40-acre areas of water classified by the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, as land. If intermingled
in forest areas, unimproved roads and other nonforest strips must be more than 120 feet wide, and clearings or other areas must be 1 acre or larger to qualify as nonforest land.
(Waddell and Bassett 1997).
20. (USA-FED-DA-FS) Nonforest land - Land that has never supported forests, and lands formerly forested where use of timber management is precluded by development for other
uses. (Note: This includes area used for crops, improved pasture, residential areas, city parks, improved roads of any width and adjoining clearings, powerline clearings of any
width, and 1- to 4.5-acre areas of water classified by the Bureau of the Census as land. If intermingled in forest areas, unimproved roads and nonforest strips must be more than
120 feet wide, and clearings, etc., more than 1 acre, to qualify as nonforest land. (Powell et al. 1993).
21. (USA-FED-DA-FS) Other forest land - Forest land other than timberland and productive reserved forest land. It includes available and reserved forest land, which is incapable of
producing annually 20 cubic feet per acre of industrial wood under natural conditions, because of adverse site conditions, such as sterile soils, dry climate, poor drainage, high
elevation, steepness, or rockiness. Urban forest land is also included. (Powell et al. 1993).
22. (Canada – BC) Production forest - the forest used for production of various commodities, for example timber. [BC's official definition at
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/PAB/PUBLCTNS/GLOSSARY/P.htm]
23. (Canada – BC) Productive forest land - forest land that is capable of producing a merchantable stand within a defined period of time. [BC's official definition at
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/PAB/PUBLCTNS/GLOSSARY/P.htm]
24. Productive forest land - Land which has an annual yield capacity of at least 1 m3 wood including bark per hectare under favourable stand conditions. Classification should not be
affected if the land is temporarily without trees. More critical factors are the yield capacity and that the land is not utilized for other purposes than wood production. [From: Stein
Tomter [email protected] Date: Mon, 15 Jun 1998 14:50:20 +0200]
25. (USA-FED-DA-FS) Productive reserved forest land - Forest land that would otherwise be classified as timberland, except that it is withdrawn from timber utilization by statute or
administrative regulation. (Powell et al. 1993).
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
26. Regrowth forest - Native forest containing a substantial proportion of trees that are in the younger growth phase and are actively growing in height and diameter. Regrowth forests
may contain scattered individuals or small occurrences of ecologically mature, or old growth, trees. http://www.rfa.gov.au/dfa/other_info/glossary.html
27. Renewal - The natural or artificial renewal of any forest product and includes reforestation" [Source: Chapter F-19.1: An Act respecting the management of Forest Resources...aka
THE ACT From: Mark Johnston <[email protected] Date: Tue, 16 Jun 1998 17:44:48 -0600])
28. (UNFCCC 2001) "Revegetation” is a direct human-induced activity to increase carbon stocks on sites through the establishment of vegetation that covers a minimum area of 0.05
hectares and does not meet the definitions of afforestation and reforestation contained here; http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop6secpart/l11r01.pdf
29. (USA-FED-DA-FS) Reserved Forest Land - Forest lands that have statutory or administrative restrictions prohibiting the harvest of trees. Examples include land within the
wilderness preservation system, research natural areas, National Parks and Monuments, and state parks. In National Forests, reserved forest lands are referred to collectively as
"withdrawn forest land" (Powell 1993).
30. (USA-FED-DA-FS) Reserved other forest - Forest land incapable of growing 20 cubic feet per acre per year (mean annual increment at culmination in fully stocked, natural stands)
of industrial wood that has been dedicated to noncommodity use through statute, ordinance, or administrative order. (Waddell and Bassett 1997).
31. (USA-FED-DA-FS) Reserved timberland - Forest land capable of growing 20 cubic feet per acre per year (mean annual increment at culmination in fully stocked, natural stands) of
industrial wood that has been dedicated to noncommodity use through statute, ordinance, or administrative order. Plots were not established in reserved areas; tree data therefore
were not available to determine the mean annual increment (MAI) for these plots [sic]. Because of this, reserved forest land with an MAI of less than 20 cubic feet per acre per year
may be classified as reserved timberland rather than reserved other forest land. (Waddell and Bassett 1997).
32. Restoration - The recreation of communities of organisms resembling, in structure, function and dynamics, those prior to degradation, and protected from further human degradation
http://www.greenpeace.org/~comms/cbio/forp&g.html#annex
33. Restored forests - Forests planted, seeded, or otherwise restored in such a manner as to emulate the original natural forests of an area. http://www.af.nfr.no/andre-doc/alternativagenda/Forests.html
34. Shrubs - Woody perennials which ramify at very soil surface (in contrast to trees-ASH) and have not any main stem at maturity. Shrubbery is an ecosystem dominated by shrubs of
a maximum potential hight at maturity of approximately 6 m with a minimum projected crown cover of 20%. Anatoly SHVIDENKO <[email protected]
35. (USA-FED-DA-FS) Timberland - Forest land that is producing or is capable of producing crops of industrial wood, and that is not withdrawn from timber utilization by statute or
administrative regulation (Note: Areas qualifying as timberland are capable of producing more than 20 cubic feet per acre per year of industrial wood in natural stands. Currently
inaccessible and inoperable areas are included.) (Powell et al. 1993). A subsequent report (Smith et al. 1994) provides the metric equivalent for timberland as 1.4 cubic meters per
hectare per year.
36. Timberland - Forest land capable of growing 20 cubic feet or more per acre per year (mean annual increment at culmination in fully stocked, natural stands) of industrial wood and
not in a reserved status through removal of the area from timber utilization by statute, ordinance, or administrative order; and not in a withdrawn status where it is pending
consideration for reserved status. (Waddell and Bassett 1997).
37. Unproductive forest land - Forest land which is incapable of producing annually 0.6 cubic meters of industrial wood/per acre under natural conditions, because of adverse site
conditions, such as sterile soils, dry climate, poor drainage, high elevation, steepness, or rockiness. Urban forest land is also included (Powell et al. 1993).
38. Withdrawn timberland - Timberland in National Forests that is being considered for permanent reserved status. Although this land has not been removed from timber utilization by
statute, ordinance, or administrative order, it is not being actively managed as timberland. (Waddell and Bassett 1997).
39. Wooded grasslands (South Africa) - As in (South Africa) Woodlands, but 5-40% canopy cover; grasslands typically less than 6m tall
http://www.polity.org.za/govdocs/green_papers/forest1.html#t1
40. Inaccessible forest: A forest area is inaccessible if it is located on a slope of more than 100 per cent (45°) or if it is surrounded by steep slopes, landslides, or other physical
obstacles. http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/0276-4741(2002)022 per cent5B0085:IONSFR per cent5D2.0.CO per cent3B2
Search for definitions: forest, tree, forest summary, woodland, afforestation, deforestation, reforestation, other terms.
5. DISCUSSION
A decision on whether we are to track land use or land cover changes is key to the interpretation of all the other definitions. The Kyoto protocol speaks of changes in human-induced
land use changes. Did the Conference of Parties really mean land use or did they mean land cover?
5.1 Illustrations
To illustrate the difference in classification of actions on forest lands based upon the land cover or land use interpretations consider the following five examples:
Example 1 -Changes based upon a land use approach
·
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Trees present- forestry
land use
Trees presentagriculture use
Trees present- forestry
use
If observations are made at periods 1 and 2 and with knowledge of intended use, the process could be termed deforestation even though no forest cover has been removed.
If observations are made at periods 2 and 3 and with knowledge of intended use, this could be termed afforestation or reforestation even though no new trees were planted.
If observation is made at periods 1 and 3, no changes may be detected.
Example 2 - Changes based upon a land use approach
·
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Trees present- forestry
land use
No trees presentforestry land use
Trees present- forestry
use
If observations are made at periods 1 and 2 and with knowledge of intended use, the process may be called timber extraction or harvesting if human-induced, and possibly cover
removal in the case of natural occurrences (fire, volcanic eruption, blowdown, etc.). The use of the label deforestation would not be appropriate, as a change in land use was not
involved.
If observations are made at periods 2 and 3, and with knowledge of intended use, this would be called regeneration. Reforestation may not be an appropriate term, as a change in
land use was not involved.
Example 3 -Changes based on a land cover approach
·
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Large trees present
No trees present
Small trees present
If observations are made at periods 1 and 2 only and with no other information, this could be termed deforestation. However, we do not know if the changes are due to humaninduced activities or natural phenomena.
If observations are made at periods 2 and 3 only and with no other information, this could be labeled afforestation.
If observations are made at periods 1 and 3 only and with no other information, this could be interpreted as forest degradation if remote sensing was the sole source of
information.
If observations are made at all three periods and with no other information, the change in period 3 could be termed reforestation or regeneration.
Example 4 - Changes based upon a land cover approach
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
No trees present
Trees present
No trees present
·
If observations are made at periods 1 and 2 only, the change could be attributed to afforestation or reforestation - if considered human-induced.
·
If observations are made at periods 2 and 3 only, the change could be termed deforestation - if considered human-induced.
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DEFINITIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION, AND REFORESTATION
If observations are made at periods 1 and 3 only, no change may be noted. Note: The frequency with which observations are made could have a bearing on if changes in growth are
detected. For example one could observe the changes in a child on a daily basis. No significant changes in size may be noted from day to day, which could lead one to assume
that no changes have taken place. However, if the observations were made on a less frequent basis such as yearly or every 5 years, then changes in growth would be detected.
Example 5 -Changes based upon a land cover approach
·
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Small trees present
Medium-size trees
present
Large trees present
The changes between periods reflect growth. Isn't the increase in biomass as important in carbon sequestration as RAD? Do we need to be discussing forest accretion in addition
to RAD?
5.2. Basic Needs
Table 8 - Basic information required for a variety of "forest land" classification schemes
Administrative Unit
Only
Land Use Only
Land Cover Only
Land Use and Cover
Location and
boundaries
Location and
boundaries
Location and
boundaries
Location and
boundaries
+ Owner’s
intentions
+ Owner’s intentions
+ Existing vegetation
type
+ Intended vegetation
type
+ Existing vegetation
canopy cover
+ Intended vegetation
canopy cover
+ Existing vegetation
height
+ Intended vegetation
height
5.3 Implications and Interpretations
5.3.1 From a Land Use Interpretation - If taken literally
Forest land would be any land used for forestry activities regardless if there were trees present or not. Forestry activities would have to be defined. If forestry activities include soil and
water protection, recreation, enhancing scenic values and wildlife habitat, then most any land capable of supporting trees would qualify including urban areas, orchards, agricultural
lands.
Deforestation would be a change of land use from forestry to some other use regardless if the tree cover were removed or not. If protected areas, wilderness and national park s for
example are not considered forestry activities, then a change of management or designation of otherwise timber producing lands to these categories would be considered deforestation
even though there is not change of biomass or tree cover.
Reforestation would be the reestablishment of forest use where it previously existed - not necessarily the replacement of tree cover.
Afforestation would be the designation of land for forestry activities where they had never been carried out before. Again, changes in tree cover may or may not tak e place.
Human-induced - All changes in land use would be human induced as they are decisions on how the land is to be utilized.
Implications ·
·
If changes in biomass (growth, decline) is not to be tracked then a nation could clear cut all its forest lands and still report the lands as forest lands.
If change of a designation of forest land to protected, wilderness, or national park is considered a change in land administration or use, and if change in land use is considered
deforestation and if deforestation is considered an emission, then a nation may be reluctant to protect or preserve its forest resources.
Implementation - Land use depends on each individual owner. Very difficult to determine except by the use of questionnaires and on the ground interviews.
5.3.2 From a Land Cover Interpretation - If taken literally
Forest land would be any land that has tree cover above a certain threshold crown cover percentage. This would include orchards, urban areas, etc.
Deforestation - the removal of tree cover below the threshold for "forest land" regardless if the reductions permanent or not.
Reforestation - the restoration of tree cover on areas formerly classed as forest land to at least the threshold canopy cover or greater.
Afforestation - the establishment of tree cover on areas not formerly classes as forest land with canopy cover equal to or exceeding the threshold for forest land.
Human-induced - May be difficult to determine from other than on the ground surveys.
Implications - Deforestation definition may not be politically acceptable. If biomass is not track ed, one could remove the overstory to within the crown cover threshold and be required
to report removal as an emission.
Implementation - Interpretation of land cover may be done from remote sensing depending on sensor and scale. Again, determining if change is human-induced or not may be difficult
but not as difficult as determining land use.
5.4 Summary table
Table 9 - Definitions of deforestation- reforestation- and afforestation by interpretation of "Forest" or
"Forest Land"
Change action
Forest or forest land interpreted as:
An administrative
unit
The act of
changing the
proclamation of
the land to a
http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
A land cover
A land use
The act of
reducing the tree
cover to below
the threshold
The act changing
the employment
of the land to
some other use
A combination
land cover and
use
The act of
removing tree
cover to below
the threshold
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category other
than "Forest"
value for
"Forest."
other than
forestry
purposes.
value for "forest
cover" and
changing the
employment of
the land to some
use other than
forestry.
The act of reproclaiming land
previously listed
as "Forest" as
"Forest."
The act of reestablishing tree
cover where it
once existed to
meet or exceed
the threshold
value for
"Forest."
The act of
reestablishing
use back to
forestry
purposes.
The act of reestablishing tree
cover where it
once existed to
meet or exceed
the threshold
value for "forest
cover" and where
the land use has
been or is
currently used for
forestry
purposes.
The act of
proclaiming land
as "Forest" where
it was not
previously
(historically) so
designated.
The act of
establishing tree
cover- where it
previously
(historically) has
not existed- to
meet or exceed
the threshold
value for "Forest."
The act of
establishing
forest use where
it previously
(historically) has
not existed.
The act of
establishing tree
cover- where it
previously
(historically) has
not existed- to
meet or exceed
the threshold
value for "forest
cover-" where the
land will be used
for forestry
purposes- and
where it has not
been previously
(historically) been
used for such
employment.
5.5 Considerations
1. Use land cover interpretation and definitions and track and report on natural and human-induced biomass changes as well.
2. Failing the acceptance of a land cover approach, a nation may use any definition of forest land it chooses, but would have to keep and use the same definition over the reporting
periods. However, we would not be able to make country to country comparisons or analyses unless all countries used the same definition.
3. Here are some generic, politically-correct definitions of deforestation, reforestation and afforestation applicable to any definition of "forest land."
Deforestation – The act or process of changing forest land to non-forest land.
Reforestation – The act or process of changing previously deforested lands back to forest land.
Afforestation – The act or process of creating forest land where it "historically" did not exist.
6. FINAL QUESTIONS AND OBSERVATIONS
The purpose of this paper is not to come up with final definitions, but to show the breadth of definitions in use. There is a test at the end of this document. Ultimately, all countries
should come up with the same answers. In the meantime, we can ponder such things as are natural tree invasions, in the case of afforestation, and natural regeneration, in the case of
reforestation, acknowledged or accepted? Do the terms reforestation and afforestation imply that there will be timber crops produced or just tree cover increased? . Do human-induced
"afforestation, deforestation, and reforestation" cover all forestry activities that affect carbon emissions and sinks we need to track? What about natural deforestation, afforestation, and
reforestation? Do we need other terms to describe other situations - such as the restocking of a recent clearcut area?
If one is speaking of carbon sequestration, the fact that some lands with trees are considered forests and others are considered agricultural lands is unimportant. Rather than getting
embroiled with definitions of forests, etc., we may prefer to speak of vegetated, revegetated, and devegetated lands where woody vegetation is the primary interest. Thus, one would
include all lands with trees on them (forests, agricultural lands, urban areas, etc) and the changes in that cover.
What is important is the kind, amount (extent and size), and relative permanence of the woody vegetation. The kind and amount can be determined from remote sensing. The relative
permanency depends, in part, on the landowners' management objectives.
To determine if an area has been afforested, deforested, or degraded, or vegetated (having established vegetation in or on – WWWebster), revegetated (having provided barren or
denuded lands with a new vegetative cover – WWWebster) or devegetated (having removed the vegetation from an area), one must have some indication of what was the prior land and
vegetation condition. The location and degree of change is determined by monitoring changes in land and vegetation cover. The interpretation depends on the time interval between
observing or reporting periods. For example if an area was clearcut in 1996 and planted in 1997 – one could say the area was deforested in 1997 and reforested in 1998. If the same
area were observed again in 1999, is the area now considered forested, reforested, or both? The fact that such estimates are estimates of change and with the estimates of change, the
time factor is of importance is often overlooked.
The area of forested land may be easily determined from national inventories or remote sensing projects. If the inventories involve permanent sample sites or if periodic remote sensing
coverage is obtained, one can determine which areas have changes in vegetation cover. Again, monitoring is an essential if one is to determine areas of forest degradation,
deforestation, reforestation, and afforestation. The results from national forest inventory program which do not have monitoring components should be questioned.
Lastly, most forest inventories, do not look at lands where there are no trees. Consequently statistics on areas suitable for reforestation and afforestation will probably be missing
nationally and globally.
Search for definitions: forest, tree, forest summary, woodland, afforestation, deforestation, reforestation, other terms.
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Some additional reading
Anon. 2009. Judge uses 12,000 words to legally define “a tree”. Daily Telegram. 14 Feb. http://takecover08.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/judge-use-1200-words-to-legally-define-atree/
Bennett, Brandon. 2001. What is a Forest? On the Vagueness of Certain Geographic Concepts. Topoi 20 (2):189–201. Revised 2002.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.7.4038&rep=rep1&type=pdf. From Brad Smith, USDA Forest Service.
Colson, Filip et al. 2009. The influence of forest definition on landscape fragmentation assessment in Rondônia, Brazil. Abstract. http://www.citeulike.org/article/4959197
Cranston, Justice. 2009. Palm Developments Ltd v Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government [2009] EWHC 220 (Admin) (13 February 2009). Case No:
CO/5568/2008. http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2009/220.html
Neeff, Till et al. 2006. Choosing a forest definition for the Clean Development Mechanism. FAO Forests and Climate Change Working Paper 4. 22 p.
http://www.fao.org/forestry/media/11280/1/0/
Sethi, Nitin 2007. Centre to define 'forest' afresh. The Times of India. 12 Mar.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Centre_to_define_forest_afresh/articleshow/1749957.cms
Sharma, J.V. n.d. Evolving definition(s) of forests in India. 2 p. http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/fp/Evo_def.doc
Smith, W. Brad, tech. coord.; Miles, Patrick D., data coord.; Perry, Charles H., map coord.; Pugh, Scott A., Data CD coord. 2009. Forest Resources of the United States, 2007.
Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-78. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington Office. 336 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/pubs/gtr/gtr_wo78.pdf.
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