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US and USSR on same side in WW II
 Not by choice Chapter 26
Feb. 1945
FDR, Churchill, Stalin
 Postwar issues
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Common enemy
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Cold War – 1946‐1991
 April 1945 – 50 nations met
 UN Charter written  2 bodies
 divide Germany
 General Assembly – all nations
 free elections
 Security Council ▪ 5 permanent seats
▪ US, Britain, France, China, USSR
July 1945
same issues as Yalta
 Truman announced atomic bomb test
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US ended Lend‐Lease aid
satellite nations
 US – democracy
 USSR ‐ Communism
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March 1947
Greece & Turkey needed aid
 Truman addressed Congress
 $400 million
 support free nations to prevent spread of communism
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George Kennan
keep communism from spreading
April 1948
Sec. of State George Marshall
 European Recovery Program
 nearly $13 billion over 4 years
 16 nations
 protect democracy & capitalism
1945‐1946
crimes against humanity
 24 indicted, 22 tried
 12 sentenced to death
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4 zones – US, Britain, France, USSR
East Germany
 West Germany
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Churchill
“iron curtain” has descended on Europe
 area of isolation and secrecy under Communist control
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4 zones
inside of E. Germany (Communist)
 West Berlin – capitalist democracy
 1948 – Stalin blockades W. Berlin
 Berlin Airlift – 15 months
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created Dept. of Defense
 Pentagon
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Nat. Security Council
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created CIA
 advise president 1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 US, Canada, European nations
 “attack on one… attack on all”
 12 nations, grew to 15 by 1955
 1st US peacetime alliance since Revolution
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1955
Soviet response to NATO
 USSR, 7 satellite nations
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1949 – Soviets tested A‐bomb
Truman – develop H‐bomb
 1952 – US tested H‐bomb
 1953 – USSR tested H‐bomb 
Peace – fear of nuclear war??
Chiang Kai‐Shek – democratic
Mao Zedong – communist
 started in 1930s
 1949 – Mao won
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China fell to communism – 500 million
Truman “lost China”
MacArthur
War Trials in Tokyo – 1946‐48
 18 imprisoned, 7 hanged (Tojo)
 1946 – Democratic constitution
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became one world’s strongest industrial powers
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38th parallel
North – Soviet occupied
 South – US occupied
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1948‐49 – troops pulled out
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Drive N. Koreans out of South
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Attack at Inchon – Sept. 1950
N. Koreans retreated
US, SK troops pursued northward
 Soviet aid June 1950
North invaded South
 UN got involved
 US sent troops ‐ MacArthur
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told UN troops not to cross border
“Home by Christmas”
 China claimed US crossed Yalu River
 China sent troops
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 forced US, SK southward
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blockade China
bomb China
 re‐ignite China civil war
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stalemate
sent letter to Congress
April 11, 1951 – fired for insubordination
 April 19 – farewell address
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war continued 2 more years
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Dec. 1952 – Eisenhower travels to Korea
July 1953 – Ike threatened to use atomic weapons
 armistice signed 
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Korea still divided
US lost 54,000 men
success??
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peacetime production
inflation – nearly 33%
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Strikes – 1946  5 million workers
 coal, auto, steel  supply and demand 
Taft‐Hartley Act – 1947
 outlawed “closed shop”
 union leaders – non‐communist oath Republican – Thomas Dewey
Democrat – Truman
 States’ Rights Party – Strom Thurmond
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 Dixiecrat Party
 Democrats 
Progressive Party – Henry Wallace
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Truman won – 303/189/39
Dems controlled Congress
extend New Deal programs
extend Social Security
 most proposals failed
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Successes
 increased min. wage
 SS Act of 1950
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Loyalty Review Board
3 million employees investigated
 violation of freedoms
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House Un‐American Activities Comm.
investigate disloyalty
 Hollywood Ten
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Alger Hiss – state Dept. 
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
 Jailed for perjury  convicted of espionage
 executed in 1953 
1991 – Soviet records linked Julius and Hiss to USSR
made accusations about alleged communists
 1954 – Army‐McCarthy Hearings
 Red Scare died out
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Dem. – Adlai Stevenson
Rep. – Dwight Eisenhower/Nixon
 Nixon – campaigning
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 “Checkers” speech 
balance budget/cut gov’t spending
Interstate Highway Act – 1956
 3 recessions in 8 years
 AFL & CIO merged
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Eisenhower won (442‐89)
French colony
Ho Chi Minh – communist revolutionary
 US aided France
 1954 – Vietnam independence
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 divided at 17th parallel 
Khrushchev replaced Stalin
 somewhat able to “get along” 
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
1955 – W. Germany joined NATO
1956 – Hungarian revolt
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Israel – 1948
 upset Palestinians 
Iran – 1953
 US helped overthrow Shaw
Dem. – Stevenson
Rep. – Eisenhower
 Eisenhower won (457‐73)
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 oil shipments 
Suez Crisis
 Egypt sought aid from USSR
 seized canal
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Eisenhower Doctrine
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Labor issues
Space Race begins
 1957 – Sputnik
 ICBMs
1959 revolution
pro‐communist
 sought aid from USSR
 US cut all ties in 1961
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 Feb. 1958 – US satellite 
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Nat. Defense Educ. Act – 1958
May 1960 – U‐2 spy plane shot down
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