Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
Critical Reading Section 4
1. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. The sentence indicates that some fans feel a
certain way about sports events “only when the competitors are of
equal ability.” If the competitors’ abilities are equal, the outcome
of the game cannot be predicted with certainty. Therefore, it makes
sense to say that the outcome of a game is uncertain when the
competitors are evenly matched. Additionally, it is logical that
some fans would only find sports events exciting, or dramatic,
under such circumstances.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The sentence indicates that some fans feel
a certain way about sports events “only when the competitors are
of equal ability.” One can assume that the competitor of greater
ability in a game is likely to win, but if the competitors’ abilities
are equal, the outcome cannot be predicted with certainty.
Therefore, it does not make sense to say that the outcome of a
game is assured, or guaranteed, when the competitors are evenly
matched, or that some fans consider sports events successful only
under such circumstances.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The sentence indicates that when
competitors in a sports event “are of equal ability,” something can
be assumed about the outcome of the game. It makes a certain
amount of sense to say that the outcome of a game would be
questionable, or open to doubt, when the competitors are evenly
matched. It does not, however, make sense to say that some fans
are bored by sports events only when the outcome is questionable;
such an outcome might in fact spark fans’ interest.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The sentence indicates that some fans feel
a certain way about sports events “only when the competitors are
of equal ability.” If the competitors’ abilities are equal, the
outcome of the game cannot be predicted with certainty. Although
one might find a sports event with a foreseen, or predicted,
outcome dull, or uninteresting, it does not make sense to say that
the outcome of a game can be foreseen when the competitors are
evenly matched.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The sentence indicates that when
competitors in a sports event “are of equal ability,” something can
be assumed about the outcome of the game. It does not make sense
to say that the outcome of the game is predictable, or can be
declared in advance, when the competitors are evenly matched, or
that some fans find sports events interesting only under such
circumstances.
2. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. “Fragmented” means broken up or split into
pieces. The structure of the sentence indicates that the missing
word will describe something that is “clipped,” “split apart,” and
“broken into sections.” The term “fragmented” logically completes
the sentence.
Choice (A) is incorrect. “Garnished” means decorated or
embellished. The structure of the sentence indicates that the
missing word will describe something that is “clipped,” “split
apart,” and “broken into sections” — not something that has been
decorated.
Choice (B) is incorrect. “Improvisational” means characterized by
improvisation, or the composition or performance of something on
the spur of the moment. The structure of the sentence indicates that
the missing word will describe something that is “clipped,” “split
apart,” and “broken into sections.” These terms might describe
improvised or improvisational music, but the term
“improvisational” does not necessarily describe something that is
split or broken into sections.
Choice (D) is incorrect. “Cautious” means careful. The structure of
the sentence indicates that the missing word will describe
something that is “clipped,” “split apart,” and “broken into
sections.” While some music with these features might be
described as “carefully composed” or “carefully written,” the term
“cautious” does not necessarily describe something that is split or
broken into sections.
Choice (E) is incorrect. “Uniform” means not varying, or always
having the same form. The structure of the sentence indicates that
the missing word will describe something that is “clipped,” “split
apart,” and “broken into sections.” It does not make sense to
describe a composition that is split or broken into sections as
uniform.
3. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. To “tout” something is to promote it or talk
it up. “Efficacious” means effective or producing a desired result.
The sentence states that drug manufacturers do something
concerning the advantages of their medications; one can assume
that the people who make a product would want to promote its
advantages, so the term “tout” makes sense in the first blank. The
phrase “supposed advantages” suggests that the consumer advocate
does not think that the drug manufacturers’ proprietary brands have
advantages over generic versions, so one can assume that he or she
would claim that many generic versions of medications are equally
effective.
Choice (B) is incorrect. To “research” something is to investigate it
completely and thoroughly. “Innocuous” means harmless or
producing no injury. Although it makes sense to say that the people
who make a product research its advantages and that medications
cause no harm or injury, the terms “research” and “innocuous” do
not logically complete the sentence. The phrase “supposed
advantages” suggests that the consumer advocate considers the
generic medications to be just as good as the high-priced
proprietary brands. It does not make sense, then, to suggest that the
consumer advocate would praise the generic medications as
“equally innocuous.” The purpose of a medication is to help a
patient, not to merely be innocuous, or do no harm.
Choice (C) is incorrect. To “market” something is to advertise or
sell it. “Prohibitive” means tending to prohibit or forbid something.
It is likely that manufacturers would advertise the advantages of
their products, but it does not make sense to say that the consumer
advocate would claim that either generic or proprietary
medications are prohibitive. The cost of such medications might be
described as prohibitive, but the medications themselves cannot
logically be described as prohibitive.
Choice (D) is incorrect. To “laud” something is to praise it.
“Counterproductive” means tending to hinder the achievement of a
particular goal. The sentence states that drug manufacturers do
something concerning the advantages of their medications; one can
assume that the people who make a product would want to praise
its advantages, so the term “laud” makes sense in the first blank.
But the term “counterproductive” does not logically complete the
sentence. Nothing in the sentence suggests that the consumer
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Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
advocate would claim that either generic or proprietary
medications are counterproductive.
Choice (E) is incorrect. To “extract” something is to draw it forth
or obtain it. “Prescriptive” means serving to dictate or lay down
rules. Although someone taking a medication might hope to extract
its advantages in terms of treating his or her needs, nothing in the
sentence suggests or supports the idea that drug manufacturers
draw forth the advantages of their proprietary brands. Additionally,
it does not make sense to say that the consumer advocate would
claim that either generic or proprietary medications are
prescriptive. Medications cannot dictate rules.
her own faults, it is unlikely that she would be described as
complacent, because someone who is complacent is self-satisfied,
even smug. Additionally, there is no direct connection between
being open-minded and being complacent; Latoya’s ability to be
complacent would not demonstrate that she is open-minded.
5. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. “Insatiable” means incapable of being
satisfied. The lizard is “a voracious eater,” which means that it has
a huge appetite. It makes sense to describe a lizard that has a huge
appetite and that consumes “as many insects as possible” as
insatiable. The lizard’s hunger cannot be satisfied.
4. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. To be insightful is to be able to understand
the inner nature of something. To be “self-critical” is to criticize or
evaluate oneself, often unfavorably. The structure of the sentence
indicates that the part of the sentence before the colon will describe
someone who “can see her own faults” very clearly. Latoya must
evaluate and criticize herself if she is able to recognize her own
faults, so it makes sense to describe her as self-critical. And her
ability to understand her own nature through this evaluation
demonstrates her insightfulness.
Choice (A) is incorrect. To be perceptive is to exhibit keen
observation and insight. To be “self-centered” is to be concerned
only with one’s own needs and interests. The structure of the
sentence indicates that the part of the sentence before the colon
will describe someone who “can see her own faults” very clearly.
If Latoya is self-centered she would be concerned only with
herself, but she might not be aware of her own faults. On the
contrary, the term “self-centered” is often used to describe
someone who is extremely confident in himself or herself.
Additionally, there is no reason to believe that Latoya’s selfcentered behavior would demonstrate perceptiveness, or keen
observation.
Choice (B) is incorrect. To be objective is to deal with facts
without distorting them by personal feelings, prejudices, or
interpretations. To be “restrictive” is to tend to restrict or restrain
something. The structure of the sentence indicates that the part of
the sentence before the colon will describe someone who “can see
her own faults” very clearly. While it might be said that if Latoya
were “restrictive” with her personal feelings, she would
demonstrate “objectivity,” there is no direct connection between
these ideas and the idea that Latoya is able to recognize her own
faults.
Choice (C) is incorrect. To be cynical is to be critical and
distrustful of people’s motives. To be “self-destructive” is to act in
a way that will harm or destroy oneself. The structure of the
sentence indicates that the part of the sentence before the colon
will describe someone who “can see her own faults” very clearly.
Latoya’s ability to recognize her own faults could be selfdestructive, as it could affect her confidence or self-esteem, but the
ability to recognize one’s own faults is not always self-destructive.
Additionally, there is no reason to believe that Latoya’s selfdestructive behavior would demonstrate a distrust of other people’s
motives.
Choice (D) is incorrect. To be open-minded is to be open or
receptive to ideas. To be “complacent” is to be unconcerned or
marked by self-satisfaction. The structure of the sentence indicates
that the part of the sentence before the colon will describe someone
who “can see her own faults” very clearly. If Latoya can easily see
Choice (A) is incorrect. “Abstemious” means restrained when
consuming food. The lizard is “a voracious eater,” which means
that it has a huge appetite. It does not make sense to describe a
lizard that is voracious and that consumes “as many insects as
possible” as being restrained when eating. Indeed, a voracious
eater is the opposite of an abstemious eater.
Choice (B) is incorrect. “Cannibalistic” describes an animal that
eats the flesh of another animal of the same kind. The bearded
dragon lizard consumes “as many insects as possible” rather than
consuming other bearded dragon lizards, so it does not make sense
to describe the lizard as cannibalistic.
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Slovenly” means untidy in personal
appearance. The lizard is described as “a voracious eater,” which
means that it has a huge appetite, and it consumes “as many insects
as possible.” Neither of these ideas is directly connected to being
untidy in appearance.
Choice (E) is incorrect. “Unpalatable” means unpleasant,
distasteful, or objectionable. The lizard is described as “a voracious
eater,” which means that it has a huge appetite, and it consumes
“as many insects as possible.” Although one might consider the
consumption of a huge number of insects unpleasant, nothing in
the sentence suggests that the lizard itself is objectionable.
6. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. A “progenitor” is an originator or forefather,
someone who helps begin something. Because Tony Williams
“paved the way” for jazz-fusion musicians who came after him, he
can be described as a progenitor. He was involved with the origins
of jazz-fusion, a musical style that continued with later musicians.
Choice (A) is incorrect. A “connoisseur” is an expert who
understands the details or principles of an art. The sentence states
that Tony Williams “paved the way” for jazz-fusion musicians who
came after him, suggesting that the missing word will describe
someone who was involved in the beginning of something.
Although Tony Williams could probably be described as an expert
on jazz-fusion, the term “connoisseur” does not necessarily
describe someone involved in the beginning of something. Rather,
Tony Williams was a progenitor, or originator, of the
jazz-fusion style that continued with later musicians.
Choice (B) is incorrect. A “revivalist” is one who revives or
restores something that is no longer in use. The term “revivalist”
does not logically complete the sentence; if Tony Williams “paved
the way” for jazz-fusion musicians who came after him, it is likely
that he was involved in the beginning of the style rather than in the
restoration of the style after it was no longer in use. Rather, Tony
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Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
Williams was a progenitor, or originator, of the jazz-fusion style
that continued with later musicians.
Choice (C) is incorrect. A “beneficiary” is one who benefits from
something. The sentence states that Tony Williams “paved the
way” for jazz-fusion musicians who came after him, suggesting
that the missing word will describe someone who was involved in
the beginning of something. Although Tony Williams may have
benefited from his involvement in jazz-fusion, the term
“beneficiary” does not describe someone involved in the beginning
of something. Rather, Tony Williams was a progenitor, or
originator, of the jazz-fusion style that continued with later
musicians.
Choice (D) is incorrect. A “disparager” is one who speaks to lower
the reputation of someone or something. The sentence states that
Tony Williams “paved the way” for jazz-fusion musicians who
came after him, suggesting that he was involved in the beginning
of the jazz-fusion style. There is no reason to believe that someone
involved in the beginning of a style of music would be described as
a disparager of that style. Rather than seeking to lower the
reputation of jazz-fusion, Tony Williams was a progenitor, or
originator, of the style.
7. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. “Diatribes” are bitter and abusive statements
in speech or in writing. If the politician’s speech was truly
“composed of nothing but” these statements, it makes sense to
describe it as “a bitter railing,” or a bitter and harsh speech.
Choice (A) is incorrect. “Digressions” are instances of turning
aside from the main point of a discussion or argument. The
structure of the sentence indicates that the missing term refers to
statements making up “a bitter railing,” or a bitter and harsh
speech. Although digressions in a speech could involve bitter and
harsh language, digressions are not necessarily bitter statements, so
(A) is not the best choice.
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Platitudes” are dull, unoriginal
statements. The structure of the sentence indicates that the missing
term refers to statements making up “a bitter railing.” Although a
bitter railing, or a bitter and harsh speech, might contain unoriginal
statements, it is unlikely that those statements would also be
described as dull. Rather, the speech would be described as
containing “diatribes,” or bitter and abusive statements.
Choice (D) is incorrect. “Machinations” are schemes or clever
actions intended to do harm. The structure of the sentence indicates
that the missing term refers to statements making up “a bitter
railing.” Although a bitter and harsh speech could be an action
intended to do harm, the term “machinations” does not logically
complete the sentence.
Choice (E) is incorrect. “Acclamations” are loud and eager
expressions of praise or approval. The structure of the sentence
indicates that the missing term refers to statements making up “a
bitter railing.” It does not make sense to suggest that a bitter
railing, or a bitter and harsh speech, against the party’s opponents
was made up of expressions of praise.
8. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. “Spare” means not profuse or abundant.
“Ornate” means marked by elaborate style. The professor favors
“economy of expression,” or efficient and concise use of language.
A spare prose style would involve the concise use of language, so
the term “spare” makes sense in the first blank. The phrase “rather
than” suggests that the words that go in the blanks will be opposite
in meaning, so the term “ornate” logically completes the sentence;
instead of involving concise language, an ornate prose style would
involve elaborate language.
Choice (B) is incorrect. “Terse” means very short and abrupt.
“Opinionated” means holding stubbornly to one’s opinions. The
professor favors “economy of expression,” or efficient and concise
use of language, and a terse style of prose could be considered
concise, but the term “opinionated” does not logically complete the
sentence. The phrase “rather than” suggests that the words that go
in the blanks will be opposite in meaning, and there is no
opposition between the terms “terse” and “opinionated.” A writing
style that is characterized as short and abrupt is not the opposite of
a writing style that demonstrates one’s stubborn adherence to his or
her opinions.
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Personal” means relating to a particular
person or individual. “Academic” means scholarly or based on
formal study. The phrase “rather than” suggests that the words that
go in the blanks will be opposite in meaning. Although prose
written in a personal style could be described as the opposite of
prose written in an academic style, (C) is not the best choice. The
professor favors “economy of expression,” or efficient and concise
use of language, and there is no logical connection between
efficient use of language and a style of writing that is personal.
Choice (D) is incorrect. “Baroque” means characterized by
complexity or flamboyance. “Embellished” means enhanced by
added fanciful details. If the professor favors “economy of
expression,” or efficient and concise use of language, it is unlikely
that he or she would encourage the students to write prose that is
baroque or flamboyant. Additionally, the phrase “rather than”
suggests that the words that go in the blanks will be opposite in
meaning. A writing style that is characterized by flamboyance is
not the opposite of an embellished style. On the contrary, prose
that includes many fanciful details might be described as baroque.
Choice (E) is incorrect. “Repetitive” means repeating words or
phrases. “Intricate” means complicated, complex, and difficult to
analyze. The professor favors “economy of expression,” or
efficient and concise use of language, so it is unlikely that he or
she would encourage the students to write prose that contains
repetitions. Additionally, the phrase “rather than” suggests that the
words that go in the blanks will be opposite in meaning. The terms
“repetitive” and “intricate” are not necessarily opposites.
9. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. Both passages discuss how food not only
reveals Americans’ cultural identities, but also allows us to change
our traditions to include culinary aspects of other cultures. Passage
1 deals with this idea by describing the experience of one Filipino
American family that gradually eats less “typically Filipino food”
after the mother learns to cook dishes from other cultures. Passage
2 presents the same idea, but in the larger context of the entire
country, saying that “Americans mingle the culinary traditions of
many regions and cultures.”
Choice (A) is incorrect. While the experience described in Passage
1—the gradual introduction of new cultural dishes, the lessening of
the author’s connection to Filipino culinary traditions—could be
seen as a problem, Passage 2 does not specifically address the
content of Passage 1. In fact, Passage 2 considers this experience
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Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
of combining cultural traditions as something beneficial rather than
problematic, something that unites the American people.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Passage 2 does not debunk, or prove false,
any of the claims made in Passage 1. In Passage 1, a Filipino
American mother learns how to make French and Italian dishes,
and incorporates these new culinary traditions into her family’s
cultural identity. By stating that “Americans mingle the culinary
traditions of many regions and cultures,” Passage 2 actually
provides support for the experience described in Passage 1.
Choice (D) is incorrect. Passage 2 does not provide an update of
the situation depicted in Passage 1. Passage 2 simply gives a
general description of Americans as “multiethnic eaters” who
combine the culinary traditions of various cultures; it does not
discuss the Filipino American family described in Passage 1 at all.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Passage 2 does not use any specific
material from Passage 1; there is no mention at all of the Filipino
American family or their experience. Further, rather than correct a
popular misconception, Passage 2 supports the idea described in
Passage 1—that Americans tend to “mingle the culinary traditions
of many regions and cultures.”
10. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. The author of Passage 2 claims that
“Americans mingle the culinary traditions of many regions and
cultures.” Therefore, it is logical to conclude that the author would
consider the Filipino American mother’s willingness to learn how
to cook dishes from other cultures to be typically American—in
other words, something that most Americans do.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Someone who is laughably pretentious, or
arrogant, would most likely think that his or her culture is superior
to other cultures; a person with this characteristic would probably
not be willing to learn anything about other cultures or combine
aspects of other cultures with their own. Since the mother is
willing to learn how to make foods from other cultures, she would
not be considered laughably pretentious.
Choice (B) is incorrect. To be conservative is to maintain or keep
existing views, conditions, or traditions. The author of Passage 2
would not consider the mother’s willingness to “make French and
Italian dishes” to be understandably conservative, because the
mother is learning new traditions rather than limiting herself to
those that exist in her culture.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2 gives no
indication that the mother’s willingness to “make French and
Italian dishes” would be a compromise she would regret. In fact,
the author of Passage 2 suggests that the combination of various
culinary traditions is something positive, as it “unites American
eaters culturally.”
Choice (E) is incorrect. Since the author of Passage 2 claims that
“Americans mingle the culinary traditions of many regions and
cultures,” it does not make sense to say that the mother’s
willingness to learn how to make dishes from other cultures would
reflect a surprising attitude. On the contrary, it fits perfectly with
what most Americans typically do.
11. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. Passage 1 discusses specific cultural foods—
Filipino food, as well as French and Italian dishes—eaten by a
particular Filipino American family. Passage 2 gives a more
general description of Americans as “multiethnic eaters” who
combine various culinary traditions; it does not mention specific
dishes or particular people.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Passage 1 describes some Filipino foods
and mentions French and Italian dishes as examples of what the
Filipino American mother learns to cook. However, there is no
discussion of the differences among these different cultural foods.
Passage 2 does not emphasize culinary practices common to all
cultures. Rather, it explains that America has “no single national
cuisine” because Americans tend to combine various culinary
traditions.
Choice (C) is incorrect. Passage 1 does not provide an abstract, or
conceptual, theory of food. On the contrary, it expresses ideas
about food through the discussion of a specific, concrete
experience of a particular Filipino American family. Passage 2
talks about the eating and cooking practices of Americans today,
not about the tendencies of Americans in the past.
Choice (D) is incorrect. A reader might conclude that the author of
Passage 1 is somewhat nostalgic for the Filipino food of his or her
childhood. Passage 2, however, does not discuss the sentimental or
emotional aspect of food preferences. It merely describes how food
reveals the cultural identities of Americans, and discusses how
“Americans mingle the culinary traditions of many regions and
cultures.”
Choice (E) is incorrect. Passage 1 mentions Filipino food, as well
as French and Italian dishes, but does not comment on the
popularity of any of these foods. Passage 2 does not discuss
unusual cuisines; in fact, the passage does not describe any specific
cuisines at all.
12. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. The author of Passage 1 describes his or her
personal experience of eating mostly Filipino food as a small child,
and then gradually being exposed to other cultural foods, such as
French and Italian dishes. Because the author’s mother made fewer
Filipino meals as she learned to cook cuisines from other cultures,
the author’s connection to Filipino culture lessened. On the
contrary, the author of Passage 2 does not refer to personal
experience.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 does not quote
anyone directly. Passage 2, on the other hand, includes a direct
quote from Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin: “Tell me what you eat,
and I will tell you who you are.”
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 primarily
discusses the personal experience of growing up in a Filipino
American family. There is no mention or analysis of society as a
whole in relation to the experience described in the passage. This
type of analysis is found in Passage 2.
Choice (C) is incorrect. Passage 1 is an account of the author’s
personal experience — actual events that took place during the
author’s childhood. The passage does not include any hypothetical
assumptions about how things could or should be.
Choice (D) is incorrect. Passage 1 is a description of the author’s
personal experience. It does not include or make any reference to
any historical events, so there are no historical sources used.
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Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
13. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. Both passages deal with the question of
whether or not intelligent life exists on other planets. The Fermi
Paradox does articulate, or express in words, a crucial question for
those interested in this issue: “If there are extraterrestrials, where
are they?” Passages 1 and 2 both offer possible answers to Fermi’s
question.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Both passages focus on the issue of
whether or not life exists on other planets. The passages offer
commentary on issues raised by the Fermi Paradox—notably, why
we have uncovered no evidence of extraterrestrial life forms—but
neither passage discusses the conditions required to sustain life on
other planets.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The Fermi Paradox seems to have little
connection to “the limitations of traditional ideas about the pace of
technological change.” Passage 1 discusses technological change
not in the context of limitations, but as something fast-paced and
beneficial: “Technological advances build upon each other,
increasing technological abilities faster than most people
anticipate.” Passage 2 does not refer to the pace of technological
change.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 does not merely
describe the phenomenon of intelligent life existing on other
planets. The author presents his or her point of view regarding this
phenomenon, and includes an explanation of the Fermi Paradox in
support of this point of view. While the author of Passage 2 does
give details regarding the beliefs and opinions of some scientists
and astronomers, he or she is simply providing these differing
statements as possible answers or explanations to Fermi’s question,
not as a rejection of the phenomenon of extraterrestrial life.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 does defend a
viewpoint regarding the existence of advanced technological
civilizations on other planets. However, the author of Passage 2
does not question that viewpoint’s place in scientific research. He
or she introduces Fermi’s question—“If there are extraterrestrials,
where are they?”—and then presents differing opinions held by
scientists and astronomers.
15. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is incorrect. Interstellar travel and its limitations are
only briefly mentioned in Passage 2 as a possible explanation for
why, if intelligent extraterrestrial life exists, it has not visited Earth
or begun colonizing our solar system. There is no indication that
the scientific community is fascinated with the concept of
interstellar travel or that the Fermi Paradox demonstrates such a
fascination.
Choice (B) is correct. The author of Passage 1 uses these terms to
describe how science-fiction movies have caused us to imagine
“life outside Earth” as “sophisticated.” The author then explains
that the reality is quite different: “it is extremely unlikely that a
large number of advanced technological civilizations are out
there.” The author implies that, if life exists outside Earth, it is
likely “something as simple as bacteria.” The author uses the
fictional image portrayed in science-fiction movies in order to
show the contrast between what we are “conditioned” to believe
and what the scientific facts suggest in relation to undiscovered life
forms.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The Fermi Paradox, as explained in both
passages, casts doubt on the existence of advanced extraterrestrial
civilizations. Fermi asked why, if these civilizations exist, they
have not made contact with our planet. Neither passage suggests
that these civilizations might exist but are uninterested in our
culture.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 describes
characters from science-fiction movies in order to set up the
argument about the likelihood of intelligent life on other planets.
There is little discussion of science fiction as a literary form, as the
author just briefly mentions science-fiction writers at the end of the
passage.
14. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 uses these terms
to illustrate a popular conception about intelligent life on other
planets. While we do not know the true physical appearance of
these life forms, if they even exist, the author says nothing of our
fears of the unknown.
Choice (B) is correct. The author of Passage 1 presents an
argument, stating, “I disagree . . . it is extremely unlikely that a
large number of advanced technological civilizations are out there,
waiting to be discovered.” The author then cites the Fermi Paradox
as the “most succinct support” for this argument. Passage 2, on the
other hand, introduces Fermi’s question—“If there are
extraterrestrials, where are they?”—and then presents differing
opinions on the topic held by contemporary scientists and
astronomers.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Although Passage 1 mentions sciencefiction movies to introduce the concept of life on other planets,
there is only a brief mention of science-fiction writers and no
analysis of science fiction as a literary form. There is no mention at
all of literature or its relation to science in Passage 2.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 does not reject the
Fermi Paradox. In fact, the Fermi Paradox is used as the “most
succinct support” for the author’s view regarding the existence of
advanced technological civilizations on other planets. The author
of Passage 2, moreover, does not embrace the Fermi Paradox; he or
she actually points out that the Fermi Paradox has “threatened to
destroy the credibility of those scientists seriously engaged in the
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence.”
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 does not criticize
science fiction for being unduly alarmist, or unnecessarily
suggesting the presence of danger. The passage simply begins with
a description of how science-fiction movies portray life forms
whose physical appearance is still unknown to us. The purpose of
this description is to introduce the author’s argument about the
likelihood of intelligent life on other planets.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 does not suggest
any connection between science fiction and scientific research. On
the contrary, the author is using the fictional image portrayed in
science-fiction movies in order to show the contrast between what
we are “conditioned” to believe and what scientific facts suggest in
relation to undiscovered life forms.
16. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. Enrico Fermi is described as “the man who
ran the first nuclear reaction ever controlled by humans.” Given
that Fermi is identified as an important scientist, a “Nobel laureate
Page 5 of 5
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
physicist,” it makes the most sense to conclude that “ran” means
managed.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Although there are contexts in which “ran”
essentially means fled, those contexts involve travel or movement
from one place to another. This context, however, suggests
leadership or management of a project, not a method of travel or
movement.
Choice (B) is incorrect. “Accumulated” means gathered or
increased in quantity. The word “ran” has no connection in
meaning to the word “accumulated,” and it would not make sense
to say that Fermi accumulated “the first nuclear reaction ever
controlled by humans.”
Choice (C) is incorrect. Although there are contexts in which “ran”
essentially means traversed, those contexts involve travel or
movement from one place to another. Fermi managed the nuclear
reaction; he was not involved in the travel or movement signified
by the word “traversed.”
Choice (E) is incorrect. To incur something is to bring it upon
oneself. It makes no sense to say that Fermi brought the first
nuclear reaction upon himself; rather, he managed the nuclear
reaction.
17. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. In lines 29-32, the author suggests that other
civilizations would already be colonizing our solar system if they
had discovered science a thousand years before we did. The author
then presents a contrasting situation—that they may be a thousand
years behind us, and we will most likely arrive on their planets
before they send us radio signals. These scenarios would not be
possible unless it is assumed that extraterrestrial technology and
human technology would develop at roughly the same rate.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 1 says nothing about
extraterrestrials’ wish to be discovered by human beings. Rather,
the passage focuses on the importance of technological
advancement in making it possible for civilizations, both human
and extraterrestrial, to discover and colonize one another.
points of view, indicating that there is clear disagreement within
the scientific community over this complex issue. Therefore, the
author of Passage 2 would consider the claim that there is a
“consensus,” or general agreement, that “we eventually will
find . . . intelligent and technologically advanced life” to be an
oversimplification of a complex debate.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2 describes some of
the differing points of view regarding the Fermi Paradox that exist
among scientists and astronomers. There is no indication that the
scientific community has reached any compromise or settled their
differences on this issue.
Choice (B) is incorrect. SETI stands for Search for Extraterrestrial
Intelligence. SETI researchers are working to discover intelligent
life on other planets. Therefore, the claim that there is a “consensus
within the scientific
community . . . that we eventually will find not only life in other
parts of the galaxy but also intelligent and technologically
advanced life” would logically be interpreted as support for the
SETI researchers rather than an attack on them.
Choice (C) is incorrect. In Passage 1, the Fermi Paradox is used as
support for the author’s point of view that “it is extremely unlikely
that a large number of advanced technological civilizations are out
there, waiting to be discovered.” Fermi’s analysis suggests there
are many questions and much uncertainty regarding the existence
of extraterrestrials. Therefore, it would not make sense to interpret
the author’s claim (that much of the scientific community is
confident that intelligent life will be discovered on other planets)
as support for Fermi’s analysis.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2 suggests that the
Fermi Paradox “has reverberated through the decades” and has led
to strong differences of opinion on the part of scientists and
astronomers. This disagreement within the scientific community
suggests that there is not one specific answer to Fermi’s question.
It would not be logical, then, for the author of Passage 2 to
interpret the claim made in Passage 1 as a revelation of an
unexpected truth, because he or she would likely not agree that it is
true that a “consensus,” or agreement, has been reached.
19. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage actually suggests that the
Fermi Paradox depends on the opposite assumption. The author
states, “Fermi’s argument maintains that it is extremely unlikely
that many other civilizations discovered science at exactly the
same time we did.”
Choice (D) is incorrect. There is no suggestion that extraterrestrials
would use technology in an aggressive, or forceful, way. The Fermi
Paradox does assume that any extremely advanced technological
civilizations outside Earth would attempt to visit or contact
humans, but it does not assume that this contact would inevitably
be aggressive.
Choice (A) is correct. In the third and fourth paragraphs of Passage
1 the author makes a point about the rapid rate of technological
advancement. He or she states that although humans have only had
“modern science” for a relatively short time (“only a few hundred
years”), our “technological advances” are impressive. In just a few
hundred years we have achieved such things as exploring space
and developing a “global communication system.” The author
refers to Isaac Newton, who lived in the 1600s, to emphasize that
technology has increased so rapidly that even great scientists of the
past would be “astounded,” or amazed, by our developments.
18. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 calls Isaac
Newton a “great scientist” but does not analyze his impact. Rather,
the author refers to Newton, who lived in the 1600s, to emphasize
that technology has increased so rapidly that someone who lived a
few hundred years ago, even a great scientist, would be
“astounded,” or amazed, by our technological developments.
Choice (E) is correct. The author of Passage 2 suggests that the
Fermi Paradox “has reverberated through the decades” (line 45)
and has led to many differing opinions on the issue of
extraterrestrial life. Passage 2 gives examples of these differing
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 does not at any
point discuss Isaac Newton’s contemporaries, or those who lived at
the same time Newton did. Rather, the author refers to Newton,
who lived in the 1600s, to emphasize that technology has increased
Choice (E) is incorrect. The Fermi Paradox assumes that scientific
knowledge leads a civilization to explore the universe, but it makes
no claims about the relative value of art and literature.
Page 6 of 6
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
so rapidly that someone who lived a few hundred years ago would
be “astounded,” or amazed, by modern science.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author imagines Isaac Newton’s
reaction to modern science; he or she does not speculate on
Newton’s influence on current research. Rather, the author refers to
Newton, who lived in the 1600s, to emphasize that technology has
increased so rapidly that someone who lived “only a few hundred
years” ago would be “astounded,” or amazed, by our technological
developments.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author likely values scientific
curiosity, but he or she does not refer to Isaac Newton to highlight
this value. Rather, the author refers to Newton to emphasize that
technology has increased so rapidly that someone who lived “only
a few hundred years” ago, even a great scientist, would be
“astounded,” or amazed, by our technological developments.
suggest that he would consider the colonization of other systems to
be physically problematic, not morally problematic; moreover, they
do not suggest that he thinks colonization on Earth has been
immoral.
Choice (C) is incorrect. Frank Drake, the SETI scientist quoted in
Passage 2, primarily addresses the idea that the type of “interstellar
travel” necessary to colonize other systems in space is too
“demanding” and “hazardous” to attempt. Drake’s comments do
not imply, however, that he would suggest humans study
indigenous life-forms before searching for extraterrestrial
creatures.
20. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is incorrect. Frank Drake, the SETI scientist quoted in
Passage 2, primarily addresses the idea that the type of “interstellar
travel” necessary to colonize other systems in space is too
“demanding” and “hazardous” to attempt. Drake’s comments do
not suggest that he would urge humans to consider that they
themselves are subject to colonization.
Choice (B) is correct. The author of Passage 2 indicates that the
Fermi Paradox has been surprisingly influential. Fermi addressed
the topic of extraterrestrial intelligence with the question, “So
where is everybody?” Although this question might not seem
serious at first glance, the author of Passage 2 indicates that it has
continued to have an influence; the paradox has “reverberated
through the decades” and “threatened to destroy the credibility” of
scientists who research extraterrestrial intelligence.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Frank Drake, the SETI scientist quoted in
Passage 2, primarily addresses the idea that the type of “interstellar
travel” necessary to colonize other systems in space is too
“demanding” and “hazardous” to attempt. Drake would likely
describe the physical requirements of this type of travel as
“thorny,” or full of difficulties, but his comments do not suggest
that he would consider the funding for colonizing other systems to
be a difficult political issue.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Nothing in Passage 2 suggests that the
author thinks the Fermi Paradox is thoroughly misunderstood.
Rather, the author states in lines 44-48 that the paradox has
“reverberated through the decades” — in other words, it has
continued to be influential.
22. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is incorrect. Nothing in Passage 2 suggests that the
author thinks the Fermi Paradox is overwhelmingly perplexing, or
unable to be grasped. Rather, the author states in lines 44-48 that
the paradox has “reverberated through the decades” — in other
words, it has continued to be influential.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2 does not indicate
that the Fermi Paradox has been intermittently, or not continuously,
popular. On the contrary, the author states in lines 44-48 that the
paradox has “reverberated through the decades,” indicating that it
has remained a topic of discussion.
Choice (B) is correct. “Assertions” are statements or declarations.
In contrast to line 52, which refers to “those who believe in the
existence of unidentified flying objects, or UFO’s,” lines 53-59
discuss the opposing group—those who do not believe in the
existence of UFO’s. This group discounts, or views with doubt, the
“claims,” or declarations, that UFO’s exist.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Lines 53-59 discuss those who do not
believe in the existence of UFO’s. Such people discount, or view
with doubt, the “claims” made by people who believe in UFO’s. In
this context, “claims” most nearly means assertions, or
declarations; those who believe in UFO’s assert that UFO’s exist.
“Demands” are claims that something is due, which does not make
sense in this context.
Choice (C) is incorrect. Lines 53-59 discuss those who do not
believe in the existence of UFO’s. Such people discount, or view
with doubt, the “claims” made by people who believe in UFO’s.
The term “claim” can mean to have a right to something, but this
definition does not make sense in this context.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Nothing in Passage 2 suggests that the
author thinks the Fermi Paradox is often misquoted. Rather, the
author states in lines 44-48 that the paradox has “reverberated
through the decades” — in other words, it has continued to be
influential.
21. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. In Passage 2 Frank Drake, a SETI scientist,
is quoted as saying that “interstellar travel” is “demanding” and
“hazardous” — so hazardous, in fact, that “intelligent civilizations
don’t attempt it.” Therefore, Drake would most likely say that the
type of space travel necessary to colonize other systems may be
beyond our reach.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Frank Drake, the SETI scientist quoted in
Passage 2, primarily addresses the idea that the type of “interstellar
travel” necessary to colonize other systems in space is too
“demanding” and “hazardous” to attempt. Drake’s comments
Choice (D) is incorrect. Lines 53-59 discuss those who do not
believe in the existence of UFO’s. Such people discount, or view
with doubt, the UFO claims—that is, the claims that UFO’s exist.
The term “territories” does not make sense in this context, as
territories are areas claimed by external governments.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Lines 53-59 discuss those who do not
believe in the existence of UFO’s. Such people discount, or view
with doubt, the UFO claims—that is, the claims that UFO’s exist.
The term “compensations” does not make sense in this context, as
compensations are payments.
23. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Page 7 of 7
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
Choice (D) is correct. Passage 2 discusses different viewpoints
regarding the existence of intelligent life on other planets. In
response to the idea that there may be other “technological
civilizations in the galaxy” that have not visited Earth, Frank
Drake, a well-known SETI scientist, states that he believes
intelligent life-forms from other planets have not visited us
because “high-speed interstellar travel” is so demanding and
hazardous that “intelligent civilizations don’t attempt it.” The
author of the passage then supports Drake’s statement by asking
why intelligent civilizations would attempt such dangerous travel
“when radio communication can supply all the information they
might want.” Since radio communication is an easier and less
dangerous way of getting the same information, the author
suggests it as a practical alternative to space travel.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 2 discusses different viewpoints
regarding the existence of intelligent life on other planets. In
response to the idea that there may be other “technological
civilizations in the galaxy” that have not visited Earth, Frank
Drake, a well-known SETI scientist, states that he believes
intelligent life-forms from other planets have not visited us
because “high-speed interstellar travel” is so demanding and
hazardous that “intelligent civilizations don’t attempt it.” The
author of the passage then supports Drake’s statement by asking
why intelligent civilizations would attempt such dangerous travel
“when radio communication can supply all the information they
might want.” Rather than suggesting that radio communication is a
complex interaction, the author actually suggests that radio
communication is a relatively simple means of obtaining the same
information that could be obtained through dangerous interstellar
travel.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Passage 2 discusses different viewpoints
regarding the existence of intelligent life on other planets. In
response to the idea that there may be other “technological
civilizations in the galaxy” that have not visited Earth, Frank
Drake, a well-known SETI scientist, states that he believes
intelligent life-forms from other planets have not visited us
because “high-speed interstellar travel” is so demanding and
hazardous that “intelligent civilizations don’t attempt it.” The
author of the passage then supports Drake’s statement by asking
why intelligent civilizations would attempt such dangerous travel
“when radio communication can supply all the information they
might want.” A relic is something from the past that is outmoded or
no longer used. Radio communication is a technology that is still
used today, and the author of the passage suggests that it could be
useful for obtaining information, so it does not make sense to
suggest that the author cites it as a technological relic.
Choice (C) is incorrect. Passage 2 discusses different viewpoints
regarding the existence of intelligent life on other planets. In
response to the idea that there may be other “technological
civilizations in the galaxy” that have not visited Earth, Frank
Drake, a well-known SETI scientist, states that he believes
intelligent life-forms from other planets have not visited us
because “high-speed interstellar travel” is so demanding and
hazardous that “intelligent civilizations don’t attempt it.” The
author of the passage then supports Drake’s statement by asking
why intelligent civilizations would attempt such dangerous travel
“when radio communication can supply all the information they
might want.” Although radio communication can certainly be
described as a common occurrence — it is a widespread
technology — the author does not cite it as such in the passage.
Rather, the author points out that radio communication is an easier
and safer alternative to interstellar travel.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Passage 2 discusses different viewpoints
regarding the existence of intelligent life on other planets. In
response to the idea that there may be other “technological
civilizations in the galaxy” that have not visited Earth, Frank
Drake, a well-known SETI scientist, states that he believes
intelligent life-forms from other planets have not visited us
because “high-speed interstellar travel” is so demanding and
hazardous that “intelligent civilizations don’t attempt it.” The
author of the passage then supports Drake’s statement by asking
why intelligent civilizations would attempt such dangerous travel
“when radio communication can supply all the information they
might want.” The author does not suggest that radio
communication is a dramatic advance, or significant improvement,
compared to interstellar travel. He or she merely suggests that
radio communication is an easier and safer alternative to space
travel.
24. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. The author of Passage 1 states that “finding
any kind of life at all, even something as simple as bacteria”
outside of Earth would be “one of the most exciting discoveries
ever made.” This statement implies that the author thinks that
rather than searching for “advanced technological
civilizations” (which he or she does not believe are “out there,
waiting to be discovered”), researchers should focus on finding
evidence of the most basic forms of life, which have not yet been
discovered on other planets and would be a tremendous discovery.
The author of Passage 2 quotes Ben Zuckerman, an astronomer
who suggests that intelligent “extraterrestrials looking at the Earth”
would have, “until the last few hundred years,” seen no evidence
of intelligent civilization; Zuckerman’s statements imply that
intelligent civilizations may start as “simpler life-forms,” making
even basic forms of life worthy of study. Both the author of
Passage 1 and Zuckerman focus on evidence of the most basic
forms of life, implying that researchers should focus on this
evidence as well.
Choice (A) is incorrect. There is no discussion in either Passage 1
or Passage 2 of the seasonal variations in color due to plant life.
Instead, the author of Passage 1 states that he or she does not
believe “advanced technological civilizations” are “out there,
waiting to be discovered,” and implies that researchers should
focus on finding evidence of the most basic forms of life, as such
evidence has yet to be found. In Passage 2, Ben Zuckerman states
that intelligent “extraterrestrials looking at the Earth” would have,
“until the last few hundred years,” seen no evidence of intelligent
civilization. Zuckerman’s statements imply that intelligent
civilizations may start as “simpler life-forms,” and that basic forms
of life are therefore worthy of study.
Choice (C) is incorrect. There is no discussion in either Passage 1
or Passage 2 of signs of artificially created structures on other
planets. Instead, the author of Passage 1 states that he or she does
not believe “advanced technological civilizations” are “out there,
waiting to be discovered,” and implies that researchers should
focus on finding evidence of the most basic forms of life, as such
evidence has yet to be found. In Passage 2, Ben Zuckerman states
that intelligent “extraterrestrials looking at the Earth” would have,
“until the last few hundred years,” seen no evidence of intelligent
civilization. Zuckerman’s statements imply that intelligent
civilizations may start as “simpler life-forms,” and that basic forms
of life are therefore worthy of study.
Choice (D) is incorrect. Although radio communication is
mentioned in Passage 2 as an alternative to space travel, the author
Page 8 of 8
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
of Passage 1 and Ben Zuckerman do not imply that researchers
should focus on searching for radio signals. Instead, the author of
Passage 1 states that he or she does not believe “advanced
technological civilizations” are “out there, waiting to be
discovered,” and implies that researchers should focus on finding
evidence of the most basic forms of life, as such evidence has yet
to be found. In Passage 2, Ben Zuckerman states that intelligent
“extraterrestrials looking at the Earth” would have, “until the last
few hundred years,” seen no evidence of intelligent civilization.
Zuckerman’s statements imply that intelligent civilizations may
start as “simpler life-forms,” and that basic forms of life are
therefore worthy of study.
Choice (E) is incorrect. There is no discussion in either Passage 1
or Passage 2 of changes in geological surface features. Instead, the
author of Passage 1 states that he or she does not believe
“advanced technological civilizations” are “out there, waiting to be
discovered,” and implies that researchers should focus on finding
evidence of the most basic forms of life, as such evidence has yet
to be found. In Passage 2, Ben Zuckerman states that intelligent
“extraterrestrials looking at the Earth” would have, “until the last
few hundred years,” seen no evidence of intelligent civilization.
Zuckerman’s statements imply that intelligent civilizations may
start as “simpler life-forms,” and that basic forms of life are
therefore worthy of study.
Critical Reading Section 7
1. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. “Commemorates” means serves as a
memorial to, or honors the memory of. It makes sense that a mural
honoring “several aviation pioneers” might also commemorate, or
serve as a memorial to, a spaceflight.
Choice (A) is incorrect. To discern something is to see or detect it.
It does not make sense to say that a mural honors “several aviation
pioneers” and detects a 1992 spaceflight. Rather, the mural
commemorates, or serves as a memorial to, the aviation pioneers
and Mae Jemison’s spaceflight.
Choice (B) is incorrect. To introduce something is to make it
known for the first time. Nothing in the sentence suggests that Mae
Jemison’s 1992 spaceflight was not known before the mural was
created, so the mural does not necessarily introduce the event.
Rather, the mural commemorates, or serves as a memorial to,
“several aviation pioneers” and Mae Jemison’s spaceflight.
Choice (C) is incorrect. To approximate something is to come near
it in position or value. It does not make sense to say that the mural
honors “several aviation pioneers” and approximates Mae
Jemison’s 1992 spaceflight. Rather, the mural commemorates, or
serves as a memorial to, the pioneers and Mae Jemison’s
spaceflight.
Choice (E) is incorrect. To assert something is to state it or declare
it forcefully. A mural could depict a forceful or powerful image, or
could make a powerful visual statement, but it is somewhat
illogical to say that a mural could assert something. Rather, the
mural commemorates, or serves as a memorial to, “several aviation
pioneers” and Mae Jemison’s spaceflight.
2. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. “Varied” means diverse or different.
“Versatile” means having many uses or applications. The structure
of the sentence indicates that the words in the two blanks must
characterize the antifungal agent in the same way. Since the agent
is able to treat a great variety of things, including Dutch elm
disease and mold on works of art, it makes sense to describe it as
versatile, or having many uses.
Choice (A) is incorrect. “Disturbing” means causing disturbance or
disorder. “Explicit” means expressed without ambiguity. The
structure of the sentence indicates that the words in the two blanks
must characterize the antifungal agent in the same way. The agent’s
uses are beneficial — it can treat Dutch elm disease and rescue
works of art from mold — so it does not make sense to describe
them as disturbing, or causing disorder. Additionally, it does not
make sense to describe an antifungal agent as being expressed
without ambiguity.
Choice (B) is incorrect. “Innovative” means tending to introduce
new methods or ideas. “Precipitous” means extremely steep. The
structure of the sentence indicates that the words in the two blanks
must characterize the antifungal agent in the same way. It does not
make sense to describe an agent as precipitous, or extremely steep.
Additionally, nothing in the sentence suggests that the antifungal
agent is a new treatment for Dutch elm disease or mold on works
of art, so the agent’s uses are not necessarily innovative.
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Mysterious” means difficult to
comprehend and causing wonder or curiosity. “Recognized” means
acknowledged formally. The structure of the sentence indicates that
the words in the two blanks must characterize the antifungal agent
in the same way. It does not make sense to describe the agent's uses
as mysterious. Moreover, although the agent may be formally
acknowledged as useful, there is no direct connection between
something having mysterious uses and being recognized.
Choice (E) is incorrect. “Similar” means having characteristics in
common. “Discriminating” means making distinctions among
things. The structure of the sentence indicates that the words in the
two blanks must characterize the antifungal agent in the same way.
The uses of the antifungal agent described in the sentence —
treating Dutch elm disease and rescuing works of art from mold —
are different from each other and have different characteristics.
Therefore, the uses of the agent would not likely be described as
being similar. Additionally, it does not make sense to describe an
antifungal agent as discriminating, or making distinctions among
things.
3. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. A “propensity” is an intense, natural
inclination or preference. The structure of the sentence suggests
that the text after the comma will reiterate or further explain the
text in the first half of the sentence, and the phrase “rather than”
indicates that the missing phrase will set up a contrast with
“resolving differences amicably.” The phrase “propensity for”
logically completes the sentence; it makes sense that a child who
behaves aggressively has an inclination for fighting, and this
behavior contrasts with resolving differences amicably, or in a
friendly manner.
Choice (B) is incorrect. “Confusion” is the state of being confused,
or being perplexed or disoriented. The structure of the sentence
suggests that the text after the comma will reiterate or further
explain the text in the first half of the sentence, and the phrase
“rather than” indicates that the missing phrase will set up a contrast
Page 9 of 9
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
with “resolving differences amicably.” The phrase “confusion
about” does not logically complete the sentence; someone who
behaves aggressively would not likely be confused about fighting,
and such confusion would not contrast with resolving differences
amicably, or in a friendly manner.
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Disregard” means to treat something as
unworthy of notice. The structure of the sentence suggests that the
text after the comma will reiterate or further explain the text in the
first half of the sentence, and the phrase “rather than” indicates that
the missing phrase will set up a contrast with “resolving
differences amicably.” The phrase “disregard of” does not logically
complete the sentence; someone who behaves aggressively would
probably not have a disregard of fighting, or consider it unworthy.
Additionally, someone who disregards fighting might try to settle
differences in a friendly manner, so having a disregard of fighting
does not necessarily contrast with resolving differences amicably.
Choice (D) is incorrect. “Hostility” means conflict, opposition, or
resistance in thought or principle. The structure of the sentence
suggests that the text after the comma will reiterate or further
explain the text in the first half of the sentence, and the phrase
“rather than” indicates that the missing phrase will set up a contrast
with “resolving differences amicably.” It does not make sense to
suggest that a child who has a tendency toward aggressive
behavior would have hostility toward, or opposition to, fighting.
Also, someone who opposes fighting would most likely try to
resolve differences in a friendly manner, so the phrase "hostility
toward fighting" does not necessarily contrast with resolving
differences amicably.
Choice (E) is incorrect. “Compunction” means anxiety or distress.
The structure of the sentence suggests that the text after the comma
will reiterate or further explain the text in the first half of the
sentence, and the phrase “rather than” indicates that the missing
phrase will set up a contrast with “resolving differences amicably.”
It is somewhat illogical to suggest that a child who behaves
aggressively would be distressed about fighting. Additionally,
someone who is distressed about fighting might try to settle
differences in a friendly manner, so the phrase “compunction about
fighting” does not necessarily contrast with resolving differences
amicably.
4. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. “Cathartic” means producing spiritual or
psychological cleansing. The structure of the sentence suggests
that the text after the comma will define or explain the meaning of
the missing word. Something that has a cathartic effect would
certainly release emotional tension and refresh the spirit.
Choice (A) is incorrect. “Pejorative” means having negative
connotations. The structure of the sentence suggests that the text
after the comma will define or explain the meaning of the missing
word. It does not make sense to suggest that the pejorative, or
negative, effect of physical exercise would consist of positive, or
beneficial, things such as “releasing emotional tension and
refreshing the spirit.”
Choice (B) is incorrect. “Debilitating” means weakening or
enfeebling. The structure of the sentence suggests that the text after
the comma will define or explain the meaning of the missing word.
There is no direct connection between a weakening effect and the
release of emotional tension and refreshing of the spirit; in fact,
such things might have a strengthening effect.
Choice (D) is incorrect. “Retentive” means having the power or
capacity of retaining or keeping something. The structure of the
sentence suggests that the text after the comma will define or
explain the meaning of the missing word. If one releases emotional
tension, he or she is no longer holding on to it, or retaining it.
Therefore, it does not make sense to say that the retentive effect of
physical exercise involves a release.
Choice (E) is incorrect. “Tenacious” means persistent in
maintaining or seeking something. The structure of the sentence
suggests that the text after the comma will define or explain the
meaning of the missing word. It does not make sense to say that
physical exercise has a tenacious, or persistent effect, or that this
effect would include the release of tension or refreshing of the
spirit.
5. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. “Trenchant” means perceptive and sharp.
The structure of the sentence suggests that the part of the sentence
before the comma provides a justification for the part of the
sentence after the comma — it explains why rap and hip-hop
music are considered “sharp-edged,” or direct and cutting, genres.
It makes sense that a “trenchant commentary,” which offers a
perceptive and sharp observation of society, would result in sharpedged music.
Choice (A) is incorrect. “Nebulous” means vague or misty. The
structure of the sentence suggests that the part of the sentence
before the comma provides a justification for the part of the
sentence after the comma — it explains why rap and hip-hop
music are considered “sharp-edged,” or direct and cutting, genres.
A vague commentary would be the opposite of a direct
commentary, so the term “nebulous” does not logically complete
the sentence.
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Circumspect” means cautious or prudent.
The structure of the sentence suggests that the part of the sentence
before the comma provides a justification for the part of the
sentence after the comma — it explains why rap and hip-hop
music are considered “sharp-edged,” or direct and cutting, genres.
A cautious commentary would be the opposite of a direct and
cutting commentary, so the term “circumspect” does not logically
complete the sentence.
Choice (D) is incorrect. “Prosaic” means dull and ordinary. The
structure of the sentence suggests that the part of the sentence
before the comma provides a justification for the part of the
sentence after the comma — it explains why rap and hip-hop
music are considered “sharp-edged,” or direct and cutting, genres.
It is unlikely that a dull and ordinary commentary would be
described as sharp-edged, so the term “prosaic” does not logically
complete the sentence.
Choice (E) is incorrect. “Benign” means harmless, gentle and
unthreatening. The structure of the sentence suggests that the part
of the sentence before the comma provides a justification for the
part of the sentence after the comma — it explains why rap and
hip-hop music are considered “sharp-edged,” or direct and cutting,
genres. Something that is sharp-edged or cutting might be
considered threatening; the term "benign" does not logically
complete the sentence because it describes something that is
unthreatening.
6. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Page 10 of 10
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
Choice (E) is correct. "Fashion maven" is a term used to describe
someone who is extremely knowledgeable and influential on the
subject of fashion, but who may also be bossy and judgmental,
prone to "hyperbole and arbitrary imperatives." As the author
shows, Genevieve is passionate and opinionated on the issue of
mechanical pencils, speaking with the authority and flair of a
"fashion maven."
Choice (A) is incorrect. A "fashion maven" is a fashion expert, so
the author is clearly indicating that Genevieve is deeply—rather
than superficially—knowledgeable about and appreciative of
mechanical pencils.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author characterizes Genevieve as
speaking "with a fashion maven's hyperbole" about the subject of
mechanical pencils, not about clothing.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author accuses his or her grandniece
of making exaggerated claims about mechanical pencils; to speak
"with a fashion maven's hyperbole" is to exaggerate, in a stylish
and authoritative way. There is no discussion of exaggerated
claims made by manufacturers.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does indicate that trends in
consumer tastes have changed from his or her youth to today
("Nobody sharpens anymore"). However, the term "fashion
maven" is used to paint an affectionately humorous picture of the
grandniece holding forth on the subject of mechanized pencils; its
use has no connection to larger trends.
7. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. The statement in lines 10-13 ("black hole
activity is closely intertwined with star formation occurring farther
out in the galaxy") indicates that black holes seem to have an effect
on the formation of faraway stars. That information directly
contradicts the long-held assumption, specified in the previous
sentence, that black holes only affect local cosmic activity
("astronomers long assumed that supermassive holes…have little
effect beyond their immediate neighborhoods"). It thus offers a
"new view" of black holes' power and influence in the cosmos.
Choice (A) is incorrect. While the last sentence supports the
paragraph's initial points concerning the remarkable power of
black holes, its function is not to summarize these points. Its
function, rather, is to offer a contrasting view to the astronomers'
long-held assumption that black holes generally "have little effect
beyond their immediate neighborhoods."
Choice (B) is incorrect. The last sentence does not support the
argument described in lines 7-10 ("Accordingly, astronomers long
assumed…immediate neighborhoods"). On the contrary: by
suggesting that black holes affect distant stars, the last sentence
offers a contrast to the assumption about black holes' power long
held by astronomers.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The last sentence's claim that black hole
activity is linked to faraway star formation is based on recent
scientific findings ("it has come as a surprise over the past decade
that black hole activity is closely intertwined…"). This sentence
offers a view that challenges long-held assumptions, not recent
scientific findings.
Choice (B) is correct. The author recounts the "rush of nostalgia"
he or she felt for the "sharpener shavings" (the byproduct of
sharpening a wooden pencil) of his or her youth. The sharpener
shavings evoke a time when people used wooden pencils, a time
now "consigned…to the wastebasket of history." This feeling of
nostalgia is bittersweet, neither pure joy nor pure disappointment,
and can be described as "sentimental reminiscence."
Choice (E) is incorrect. The last sentence offers no examples. It
provides a new view of information about the power of black
holes, suggesting that black holes do not impact only "their
immediate neighborhoods," but can affect stars "farther out in the
galaxy."
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author describes feeling "a rush of
nostalgia for the perfumed sharpener shavings" of his or her youth.
Nostalgia is a bittersweet yearning for the past and is very different
from “unrestrained joy.”
Choice (A) is correct. As these lines indicate, black holes, which
are powerfully destructive phenomena formerly thought to have a
fairly limited reach, in fact have some effect on distant star
formation. This is surprising both in terms of the distance (great,
further than one would expect) and the type of effect (black holes
might be expected to destroy stars, not form them). It follows that
any corresponding relationship must also be surprising or
unexpected in terms of both distance and effect. A volcano on one
continent having an impact on amounts of rain on another
continent meets these criteria: it produces a surprising effect a
great distance away.
Choice (C) is incorrect. While there may be a hint of
disappointment in the author's "nostalgia for the perfumed
sharpener shavings" of his or her youth, the feeling is not one of
"bitter disappointment." The author clearly enjoys the grandniece's
company and is wryly amused by her casual rejection of the
traditional "yellow-painted wooden pencil."
Choice (D) is incorrect. This passage offers a sweetly humorous
appreciation of the changing tastes of people over time: the older
author fondly recalls the traditional wooden pencil, while the
young grandniece likes everything modern and fashionable. The
author strikes a nostalgic chord with a lament for the "sharpener
shavings." "Cautious optimism" is not a mood conveyed in the
passage.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author uses a light-hearted tone to
evoke the contrast between Genevieve's enthusiasm for mechanical
pencils and the author’s own nostalgia for the pencils of his or her
youth. There is no "dark foreboding" here.
8. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
9. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is incorrect. One would expect industrial emissions in
one region to increase pollution in nearby regions; in fact, one
would be surprised if this did not happen. On the other hand, few
people would expect a destructive black hole to be linked to the
formation of a star a great distance away. As lines 10-11 indicate,
"it has come as a surprise."
Choice (C) is incorrect. It is assumed by most people that
hurricanes may cause flooding in the communities they strike. As
the passage indicates, it has also been assumed by most
astronomers that black holes have significant effects on their local
environments. But according to lines 11-12, black holes have an
even greater impact than was once assumed: they have been linked
to the formation of distant stars. This relationship is surprising—
Page 11 of 11
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
not assumed or expected—and is thus quite different from the
hurricane-flooding relationship.
"Excitement" is not synonymous with "sentimental regrets."
Choice (D) is incorrect. While the effects of the decrease in oil
production are felt far away, in other oil-dependent countries, these
effects are predictable, not surprising. The relationship detailed in
lines 11-12, on the other hand, is surprising: few astronomers
assumed that destructive black holes might play a role in distant
star formation.
Choice (E) is incorrect. While it is somewhat surprising that
overfishing would lead to an increase in an aquatic population—
one might reasonably expect a decrease—the overfishing and the
increase are occurring in the same body of water. That the effect is
positive is unexpected; that there is an effect of some kind is not.
The relationship specified in lines 11-12, on the other hand, is
between two distant phenomena that one would not expect to be
connected: black holes are linked with faraway stars.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The structure of the sentence tells us that
the "proper state" was that of "sentimental regrets" ("it was hard to
reach the proper state, for the last story related to pork-packers,
and pork-packing is not a setting favorable to sentimental regrets").
"Amusement" is not synonymous with "sentimental regrets."
Choice (D) is incorrect. The structure of the sentence tells us that
the "proper state" was that of "sentimental regrets" ("it was hard to
reach the proper state, for the last story related to pork-packers,
and pork-packing is not a setting favorable to sentimental regrets").
"Annoyance" is not synonymous with "sentimental regrets."
Choice (E) is incorrect. The structure of the sentence tells us that
the "proper state" was that of "sentimental regrets" ("it was hard to
reach the proper state, for the last story related to pork-packers,
and pork-packing is not a setting favorable to sentimental regrets").
"Relief" is not synonymous with "sentimental regrets."
10. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
12. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. Lines 7-9 indicate that Georgia agreed to
marry Joseph Tank "simply because she was tired of having paper
bags waved before her eyes everywhere she went." Line 47 notes
that Tank "had made a great deal of money out of the manufacture
of paper bags." It is clear from this information that Georgia is
being teased about her future spouse.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The passage does not indicate that Georgia
is tired of working for a living. Rather, the passage suggests that
Georgia has some reservations about quitting her job to get
married, citing "the irony of working for things only to the end of
giving them up."
Choice (C) is incorrect. The passage suggests that, as the only
woman on the newspaper staff, Georgia had not been fully
respected by her colleagues, but it does not suggest that she was
considered a “hack”—a less than professional—writer. Line 8
refers specifically to her being teased regarding her future spouse.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage does not indicate that Georgia
has been betrayed by any of her friends. Georgia tells Joe, a paper
bag manufacturer, that she is "tired of having paper bags waved
before her eyes"—a reference to his occupation.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The passage does describe the challenges
that Georgia has faced as the only woman in the newsroom, but the
particular reference in line 8 is to her being "tired of having paper
bags waved before her eyes." As her future husband is a paper bag
manufacturer, it is clear that the joke is about his job, not hers.
11. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. The structure of the sentence reveals the
"proper state" alluded to by the author to be one of "sentimental
regrets" ("it was hard to reach the proper state, for the last story
related to pork-packers, and pork-packing is not a setting favorable
to sentimental regrets"). The next two sentences also contain
phrases describing the feelings appropriate to leaving a meaningful
job: "sentimental harrowing," "gentle melancholy." "Wistfulness"
is synonymous with these phrases and is thus the correct choice.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The structure of the sentence tells us that
the "proper state" was that of "sentimental regrets" ("it was hard to
reach the proper state, for the last story related to pork-packers,
and pork-packing is not a setting favorable to sentimental regrets").
Choice (A) is correct. The sentence suggests that Georgia might be
replaced by a "poor girl" who, like Georgia, would "slave through
the years she should have been frivolous, only to have some man
step in at the end and induce her to surrender the things she had
gained." Georgia has mixed feelings about her upcoming marriage
and laments that she must quit her job. In the context of the
sentence and the passage as a whole, "poor" clearly means
"pitiable"—Georgia feels pity for herself and for anyone else
caught in the same situation.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Georgia may have been indigent, or
financially poor, when she began her work at the newspaper, but
the focus of the sentence and the passage is not money. Rather,
Georgia seems to lament the loss of her job because of the
challenges she faced and overcame, and pities anyone else who
would have to give up a job to get married. There is no direct
indication that any "girl" who might replace Georgia at the
newspaper would be poor in the financial sense.
Choice (C) is incorrect. It is extremely unlikely that Georgia would
refer to another "girl" who might take her place at the newspaper
as "inferior." Georgia herself was once considered to be inferior to
the men in the newsroom ("she had been the butt of the alleged wit
of menials and hirelings"). She is clearly proud of her
accomplishments as a female reporter and would likely expect the
same of another woman in her position. In this context, "poor"
means "pitiable"; Georgia feels pity for anyone else who would
have to quit her job to get married.
Choice (D) is incorrect. While the woman who replaces Georgia in
the otherwise all-male newsroom might need to be “humble,”
humility is not the focus of the sentence. Rather, Georgia sees her
replacement as someone to be pitied, someone who might have to
"slave through the years she should have been frivolous, only to
have some man step in at the end and induce her to surrender the
things she had gained." "Poor" in this context means "pitiable."
Choice (E) is incorrect. Georgia would have no reason to refer to
her potential replacement as "petty,” or narrow-minded. In this
context, "poor" means "pitiable"; Georgia feels pity for anyone else
who would have to quit her job to get married.
13. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Page 12 of 12
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
Choice (C) is correct. Georgia is reflecting on "the irony of
working for things only to the end of giving them up." Georgia has
worked hard to establish herself at the newspaper but has made the
difficult decision to quit her job and get married (society at the
time looked down on married women who worked). This situation
is comparable to that of an athlete working hard to establish
himself or herself on a successful team, only to quit.
Choice (A) is incorrect. While it could be described as ironic, this
situation is very different from Georgia's. Georgia has chosen to
quit her job, and although she has reservations about her choice,
she is going ahead with it. There is no indication that she has been
or would ever be “fired.”
Choice (B) is incorrect. While Georgia may eventually regret her
choice to quit her job at the newspaper and get married, there is
nothing ironic about regretting a decision. The irony Georgia is
considering is that of working hard for something, only to give it
up.
Choice (D) is incorrect. This situation has some ironic
characteristics, as one would not expect an exam to be postponed.
But Georgia's situation is rather different: she has chosen to give
up her job, whereas the student in this situation has no choice in
the matter.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The situations, while both somewhat
ironic, are quite different. The person who loses the umbrella does
so inadvertently. She does not work hard for the umbrella only to
give it up, as Georgia does with her job.
14. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. The sentence beginning in line 35 ("She had
waded through snowdrifts…") follows a sentence in which Georgia
muses on "the irony of working for things only to the end of giving
them up." The sentence beginning on line 45 reads "And now she
was to wind it all up by marrying Joseph Tank." In context,
therefore, it makes sense that these lines would illustrate Georgia
‘s striving. Lines 35-45 detail all the adversities Georgia overcame
("drenched in pouring rains…frozen with the cold") to succeed as a
reporter (“she had had a beat or two!").
Choice (D) is incorrect. Georgia is clearly somewhat reluctant to
leave her job ("And now she was to wind it all up by marrying
Joseph Tank"). But there is no indication that these feelings are
exaggerated or inauthentic. Georgia is reminiscing about all the
hard work she did as a reporter and feeling a bit sad about having
to give it up.
15. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. Clearly the decision to marry a wealthy
paper-bag manufacturer rather than continue as an independent
woman strikes Georgia as somewhat out of character. These lines
("This from her—who had always believed…") indicate that
Georgia had always imagined herself to be a woman who would do
great things on her own. Thanks to her decision—about which she
is musing in the passage—Georgia now must give up that selfimage to become "Mrs. Joseph Tank."
Choice (A) is incorrect. Georgia's feelings about marriage and
work, as outlined in the passage, do seem to be heartfelt. But the
phrase "This from her" implies that, by sacrificing her
independence and ambitions to become "Mrs. Joseph Tank," she
has surprised herself and acted contrary to her cherished selfimage.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage does reveal some personal
information about Georgia, but there is nothing to indicate that this
particular viewpoint is "highly personal"—it would seem to be a
viewpoint shared by many ambitious, independent women of the
time.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The tone of the passage does not suggest
that Georgia finds her behavior to be "extremely upsetting."
Rather, she feels a "gentle melancholy" about the prospect of "This
[marriage to Joseph Tank] from her [a woman who always saw
herself as independent]."
Choice (E) is incorrect. Georgia does seem surprised at the way her
life has turned out. She has always believed that she would succeed
as a journalist or writer or artist ("end her days in New York, or
perhaps write a realistic novel"), yet here she is, marrying a paperbag manufacturer: "This from her."
16. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is incorrect. While these lines attest to the difficulties
of Georgia's job, there is no indication that she would have
preferred not to work. Rather, she seems to see her job as a series
of challenges met and obstacles successfully overcome ("she had
had a beat or two!").
Choice (B) is incorrect. With her marriage imminent, it does seem
unlikely that Georgia will return to work as a reporter. But that
does not mean that she would never “consider it”: Georgia clearly
relishes her accomplishments as a reporter ("she had had front
doors—yes, and back doors too—slammed in her face…but never
mind—she had had a beat or two!") and laments having to give up
what she has earned ("And now she was to wind it all up by
marrying Joseph Tank").
Choice (C) is incorrect. These lines indicate that bad weather—
snow, rain, cold, heat, wind—is an obstacle to reporters in
Chicago, but this is hardly the primary purpose of the excerpt.
Rather, the weather functions as one of the many adversities
Georgia has had to overcome on her way to succeeding as a
reporter.
Choice (C) is correct. The author believes that contemporary
criticism of television “comes out of a time-honored” fear of the
“dominant medium of the moment” and asserts that “warning
about its inherent evils is nothing new.” The author provides a
historical context for criticism of television by mentioning that
other dominant media were criticized before TV, including radio,
film, poetry, and drama.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author does not “criticize the way
television distorts the truth” in the opening paragraph. We are told
that some people blame television for “distorting reality,” but the
author does not seem to share this view. Instead, the author
explains that the existence of such criticism belongs to a “timehonored” tradition of criticizing the “dominant medium of the
moment,” placing it in a historical context.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not “examine the
evolution of television.” Rather, the author asserts that the
dominant media of other times, such as radio, film, poetry, and
drama, were also blamed for “corrupting youth” or “distorting
reality,” thus putting criticism of TV in a historical context.
Page 13 of 13
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author’s primary purpose in the
opening paragraph is not to "compare television and drama as art
forms"; rather, he or she compares the intensity of the reactions
(“fear and loathing”) that both of these art forms have elicited. The
author asserts that before TV, drama, radio, film, and poetry were
accused of similar bad influences on society, placing contemporary
criticism in a historical context.
Choice (E) is incorrect. While television, radio and drama may
well appeal to the masses, in the opening paragraph the author
primarily explains the historical context within which negative
attitudes toward these types of media evolved. The author claims
that much of the “fear and loathing” expressed toward television is
a result of the “time-honored” tradition of overreacting to and
criticizing the “dominant medium of the moment.”
17. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. A documentary aims primarily to instruct
audiences using factual and objective means of documentation. In
contrast, lines 8-11 point out that criticism about television focuses
on the emotional and dangerous effects of TV, which has been
typically blamed for “corrupting our youth,” “exciting our adults,”
“distorting reality,” and being a “dangerous waste of time.”
Because of a documentary’s perceived objectivity, this genre is the
least likely to cause “overreaction” and distortion of reality.
Choice (A) is incorrect. A melodrama appeals to the emotions and
is known for being sensational and very theatrical. In lines 8-11 the
author states that critics point to the excessive stimulation that
television brings about (“television has been blamed for corrupting
our youth and exciting our adults”). Therefore, a melodrama would
be vulnerable to the type of criticism expressed in lines 8-11.
Choice (B) is incorrect. A soap opera is a serial drama typically
known for its melodramatic and overly sentimentalized treatment
of everyday events and interactions. In lines 8-11 the author states
that critics point to the excessive stimulation that television brings
about (“television has been blamed for corrupting our youth and
exciting our adults”). Therefore, a soap opera would be vulnerable
to the type of criticism expressed in lines 8-11.
Choice (C) is incorrect. A comedy is a light and amusing drama
that typically has a happy ending. In lines 8-11 the author states
that critics blame television for “distorting reality.” A comedy can
treat serious situations in a satirical or exaggeratedly humorous
manner, so it might be vulnerable to the criticisms expressed in
lines 8-11.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Talk shows that encourage confrontation
frequently involve sensational situations and highly emotional
topics. Given that in lines 8-11 the author suggests that critics
blame television for “exciting our adults” and “distorting reality,”
this kind of talk show would be vulnerable to the type of criticism
expressed in lines 8-11.
18. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. To be “attracted” to something is to be
captivated and fascinated by it.
According to Plato, people are “drawn to ‘peevish and diverse’
characters.” The author is pointing out that Plato believed people
are fascinated by, or attracted to, such characters, as evidenced by
their “popularity.” It is this attraction that makes the characters
dangerous, in Plato's view.
Choice (A) is incorrect. When someone is “brought” to a particular
place or condition it means that one is led or carried there. The
statement that people are “drawn to ‘peevish and diverse’
characters” suggests that people are very interested in or
“attracted” to such characters, as evidenced by their “popularity.”
There is no indication that people are led to such characters.
Choice (B) is incorrect. To be “depicted” means to be represented
by an image or described in words. The statement that people are
“drawn to ‘peevish and diverse’ characters” suggests that people
are very interested in or “attracted” to – not depicted or represented
by – such characters.
Choice (C) is incorrect. When something is “selected” it is chosen
or picked out. Although someone might choose a certain character
as a favorite, for example, it simply does not make sense to say
that people are selected, or chosen, to characters.
Choice (E) is incorrect. To be “shaped” is to be given a form or to
be created. The statement that people are “drawn to ‘peevish and
diverse’ characters” suggests that people are very interested in or
“attracted” to the characters’ qualities, not that these are formed or
shaped in a certain way by them.
19. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. To have “contempt” for something is to
despise it or have no respect for it. In the second paragraph the
author describes Plato’s “disdain for the popularity of public
performances,” noting that he felt people were drawn to “peevish,”
or ill-tempered, characters who exhibit behaviors — such as
“questionable displays of emotion” — that should not be
“condoned,” or accepted. Plato’s lack of respect for the heroes
mentioned is best described as contempt.
Choice (A) is incorrect. To have “admiration” is to regard
something or someone with esteem or respect. In the second
paragraph the author describes Plato’s “disdain for the popularity
of public performances.” The author notes that Plato thought the
heroes from the Iliad and the Odyssey were “peevish,” or illtempered, characters who exhibit behaviors that should not be
“condoned,” or accepted. Plato did not respect these heroes — on
the contrary, he felt contempt for them.
Choice (B) is incorrect. “Curiosity” is the desire to know about
something or someone. Given that Plato addressed the types of
behavior the heroes from the Iliad and the Odyssey engage in, he
was likely familiar with the characters. Therefore, the term
“curiosity” does not characterize his attitude. Instead, the author
asserts that Plato thought the behavior of these heroes should not
be “condoned,” or accepted, revealing Plato’s contempt for them.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The term “distrust” means to have doubt or
to be suspicious of someone or something. Although the author
tells us that Plato considered the “displays of emotion” from the
heroes of the Iliad and the Odyssey to be “questionable,” or
potentially problematic, he does not indicate that Plato doubted or
distrusted the heroes themselves. The term “distrust” is not the best
characterization of Plato’s attitude. Instead, the author asserts that
Plato thought the behavior of the heroes should not be “condoned,”
or accepted, revealing Plato’s contempt for them.
Choice (D) is incorrect. To feel “disappointment” is to fail to meet
an expectation or a hope. Although the author indicates that Plato
felt disdain towards the actions and emotions of the heroes of the
Page 14 of 14
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
Iliad and the Odyssey, there is no indication that Plato had certain
expectations that the heroes fail to meet. Instead, the author tells us
that Plato thought the behavior of these heroes should not be
“condoned,” or accepted, revealing Plato’s contempt for them.
20. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. “Snobbishness” is the behavior of a snob, or
one who avoids or ignores those regarded as inferior. The academic
cited in line 39 refers to Plato as an “elitist.” An "elitist," as
commonly defined, is a person who thinks that a country should be
governed by a small, powerful group known as the "elite" and
dismisses the tastes or feelings of the majority of people: in short, a
snob.
Choice (A) is incorrect. To have “insight” is to be able to
understand the inner nature of things in an intuitive way. While
Plato may well have been an insightful critic of the art forms of his
day, in line 39 the academic underscores Plato’s “elitist,” or
exclusive and snobbish, attitude toward the arts.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The term “artistry” refers to an artist’s
workmanship or artistic ability. Plato’s own works might display
artistry, but the academic cited in line 39 does not address this idea.
Instead, the critic primarily describes Plato’s “elitist,” or exclusive
and snobbish, attitude toward the arts.
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Cynicism” is an attitude of distrust or
contempt of human nature and motives. Although the author of the
passage describes Plato’s contempt for certain audiences and art
forms, the academic cited in line 39 does not describe Plato’s
cynicism. Rather, the academic describes Plato’s “elitist,” or
exclusive and snobbish, attitude toward the arts.
Choice (D) is incorrect. To be irreverent is to lack proper respect or
seriousness. Although the academic cited in line 39 suggests that
Plato lacked respect for “mass entertainment,” nothing suggests
that he or she thinks Plato was generally lacking in respect and
seriousness; on the contrary, Plato seems to take art forms and their
effects very seriously. Rather, the academic describes Plato’s
“elitist,” or exclusive and snobbish, attitude toward the arts.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The statements in lines 39-45 do not
“signal a digression.” The academic cited does offer a new
interpretation — that Plato was “merely an elitist,” or a snob, not
“anti-arts” — but does not digress, or turn away from the main
subject. The statements in these lines continue the discussion of
Plato’s argument.
22. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. The author states that Plato’s “most
important” objection to poetry, or drama, was its “corrupting
influence.” According to the author, Plato believed that it perverted
the audience “by bombarding it with inferior characters and vulgar
subjects.” Because of this perceived threat of corruption, it is
correct to say that Plato was concerned with poetry’s influence on
people’s morals.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Although Plato was concerned about the
blurring “between appearance and reality” caused by poetry, or
drama, the author does not assert that Plato was concerned that the
language was confusing. Rather, the fourth paragraph primarily
indicates Plato’s concern with poetry’s corrupting and perverting
influence on “the mind of its audience.”
Choice (B) is incorrect. Plato was concerned about the popular
appeal of poetry, or drama, but the fourth paragraph primarily
explains the reason behind Plato’s uneasiness with that medium;
that is, the “harm” poetry causes in “the mind of its audience.”
Choice (C) is incorrect. Although Plato was certainly concerned
about the “extreme and violent” actions that poetry, or drama,
displays, the paragraph indicates that Plato was primarily
concerned with the corruption and perversion of the audience by
the “inferior characters and vulgar subjects” with which poetry
“bombards” its audience.
Choice (E) is incorrect. According to the author, Plato believed that
poetry, or drama, “confuses us between appearance and reality,”
but nothing suggests that this confusion refers to the inaccurate
representation of historical figures. Rather, Plato was primarily
concerned that poetry was a “corrupting” and “perverting” medium
that could influence people’s morals.
21. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
23. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. In the second paragraph of the passage the
author details Plato’s arguments against the popular art forms of
his time. In lines 39-45, however, the author cites an academic who
puts a new spin, or interpretation, on Plato’s seemingly "anti-arts"
viewpoint; he or she suggests that because the art forms Plato
criticized were “the mass entertainment of that era,” Plato was
“merely an elitist,” or a snob, not “anti-arts.”
Choice (B) is incorrect. The statements in lines 39-45 do not
explain Plato’s view of politics. Rather, they provide an
interpretation of Plato’s “disdain” for certain audiences and art
forms: that Plato was “elitist,” or snobbish, not “anti-arts.”
Choice (B) is correct. Throughout the passage the author asserts
that Plato disdained “the popularity of public performances,” and
claims that Plato criticized the “corrupting influence” of poetry and
its heroes. The author states that Plato’s republic, also termed
Plato's "personal utopia," would have contained “empty libraries,
theaters, and museums,” and that these “repositories of the arts”
might not have existed at all in Plato’s utopia. Therefore, the
author would likely agree with the statement that Plato’s utopia
“would have stifled human creativity.”
Choice (C) is incorrect. The academic cited in lines 39-45 offers
only one interpretation of Plato's viewpoint: that it was not as
“anti-arts” as it seemed, for Plato was “merely an elitist,” or snob.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author asserts throughout the passage
that Plato felt “disdain for the popularity of public performances”
and that Plato was in some sense “anti-arts,” so the author would
likely not agree that Plato’s utopia would have “encouraged new
artistic ventures.”
Choice (D) is incorrect. Although the academic cited in lines 39-45
has “written extensively” about Plato, the statements do not
address Plato’s writings or their appeal. Instead, the academic
provides an interpretation of Plato's apparent “anti-arts” viewpoint.
Choice (C) is incorrect. In the passage the author describes antiarts stances as “reflexive overreaction,” noting that people attack
the arts because they “fear” the impact of new media. The author
seems to be critical of anti-arts stances, so it is unlikely that he or
Page 15 of 15
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
she would agree that Plato’s utopia — a republic with no public
venues for art — is an ideal towards which we should strive.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author states that although Plato’s
utopia did not become a reality, new popular media have continued
to be attacked out of fear. There is no indication that the author
feels the popularity of television may cause Plato’s utopia — a
republic with no public venues for art — to come to pass in the
future.
Choice (E) is incorrect. While the author states that “Plato’s
personal utopia never came to pass,” the author does not mention
anywhere in the passage that Greek philosophers rejected Plato’s
ideas.
24. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. The author states that for centuries, any time
“a new medium of artistic expression” became popular, someone
would “attack its content” because they “fear[ed] its impact,” and
notes that this still happens (“ridiculing television”). The author
suggests that new, popular media always have been – and always
will be – negatively criticized.
Choice (A) is incorrect. To hold a “fatalistic view” of something is
to believe that events are fixed and that we are powerless to change
them. Although the author believes that popular artistic expression
will always be negatively criticized, he or she does not state that
the “future” of art itself is in jeopardy. That is, artistic expression
will always continue, even though it will continue to be attacked.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author states that for every new,
popular art form, “someone has been...eager to attack” it; although
whole societies may have been slow to accept new art forms, the
author’s comment focuses on individual critics who attack media
because they “fear its impact.”
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author suggests that certain people are
usually “ready, waiting, and eager to attack” a popular new art
form. Therefore, the author’s statements contradict the idea that
“people often disguise their true feelings” about new artistic
expressions.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does not address the idea that a
new medium’s popularity usually overcomes the negative
responses to it. The author simply points out that whenever a
popular new medium of artistic expression is developed it will
almost certainly be negatively criticized.
Critical Reading Section 8
1. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. To despise something means to look down
on it with contempt or distaste. In this context, “discipline” means
a system of rules, or training that helps develop someone’s
character. The sentence suggests that Mary’s grandmother was
stringent, or strict, so it makes sense to say that she enforced
discipline, or a set of rules. It is reasonable to assume that a child
would despise such a strict upbringing.
Choice (A) is incorrect. “Tolerated” means endured, or put up
with. “Autonomy” means freedom or independence. While Mary
might have tolerated her stringent, or strict, upbringing, it would
not be logical to describe any sort of autonomy, or freedom, as
being strict.
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Embraced” means welcomed or
cherished. In this context, “authority” means power to influence
thought or behavior. If Mary’s upbringing was stringent, or strict, it
makes sense to suggest that her grandmother had strict authority.
However, a child would probably not embrace, or welcome, this
type of behavior.
Choice (D) is incorrect. To disavow something is to reject or refuse
to acknowledge it. “Abstinence” means refraining from indulging
oneself. It might make sense to say that Mary rejected her
stringent, or strict, upbringing, but the term “abstinence” does not
logically complete the sentence. There is no direct connection
between refraining from indulgence and enforcing strict rules.
Choice (E) is incorrect. “Loathed” means disliked or hated.
“Liberality” means not bound by authority. Although it makes
sense to suggest that Mary loathed her stringent, or strict,
upbringing, the term “liberality” does not logically complete the
sentence. The term “liberality” and the word used to describe it
(“strict”) are actually opposite in meaning.
2. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. “Acrid” means bitter or unpleasantly
pungent in taste. The structure of the sentence indicates that the
missing word will describe something that would not only cause
Virgil’s mouth to sting and burn, but also cause him to hurry to the
kitchen to wash away the taste. Something with an acrid taste
would definitely lead to such a reaction.
Choice (A) is incorrect. In this context, “earthy” means rough,
coarse, or plain in taste. The structure of the sentence indicates that
the missing word will describe something that would not only
cause Virgil’s mouth to sting and burn, but also cause him to hurry
to the kitchen to wash away the taste. Something that has an earthy,
or plain, taste would most likely not cause this reaction.
Choice (B) is incorrect. “Exotic” means mysteriously different or
unusual. The structure of the sentence indicates that the missing
word will describe something that would not only cause Virgil’s
mouth to sting and burn, but also cause him to hurry to the kitchen
to wash away the taste. Although Virgil may not have liked the
dish’s exotic taste, exotic foods do not necessarily cause the
reaction described in the sentence.
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Cloying” means disgusting or distasteful
because of excessive sweetness. The structure of the sentence
suggests that the missing word will describe something that would
not only cause Virgil’s mouth to sting and burn, but also cause him
to hurry to the kitchen to wash away the taste. Although an excess
of an ingredient or flavor might have caused Virgil to want to wash
away the dish’s taste, a cloying taste would probably not cause
stinging and burning.
Choice (E) is incorrect. “Succulent” means juicy or tasty. The
structure of the sentence indicates that the missing word will
describe something that would not only cause Virgil’s mouth to
sting and burn, but also cause him to hurry to the kitchen to wash
away the taste. Virgil would most likely not want to wash away the
taste of something that is succulent, or tasty.
3. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Page 16 of 16
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
Choice (E) is correct. A “predilection” is an established preference
for something. “Atypical” means not exhibiting the essential
characteristics of a group. The structure of the sentence suggests
that the nesting behavior of the marbled murrelet differs from that
of other seabirds, so the terms in choice (E) logically complete the
sentence. Other seabirds nest “on ocean cliffs and islands,” but the
murrelet has a predilection, or preference, for nesting “many miles
from the sea.” The murrelet’s nesting behavior is atypical.
Choice (A) is incorrect. “Ambivalence” means having
contradictory attitudes or feelings about something. “Hypothetical”
means involving a tentative assumption or interpretation. The
structure of the sentence suggests that the nesting behavior of the
marbled murrelet differs from that of other seabirds. The murrelet
could have contradictory feelings about nesting “many miles from
the sea,” but this ambivalence does not contrast with other
seabirds’ tendency to nest “on ocean cliffs and islands.”
Additionally, it does not makes sense to say that a bird’s
contradictory feelings “must be” described as hypothetical.
Choice (B) is incorrect. To be “indifferent” is to not have a special
liking for or dislike of something. “Bold” means adventurous,
fearless, or standing out prominently. The structure of the sentence
suggests that the nesting behavior of the marbled murrelet differs
from that of other seabirds. Although having a different nesting
behavior could be described as standing out, an indifference to a
certain location cannot logically be described as bold.
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Insistence” means being persistent, firm,
or resolute about something that is intended, demanded, or
required. “Evident” means clear or obvious. The structure of the
sentence suggests that the nesting behavior of the marbled murrelet
differs from that of other seabirds, so the phrase “insistence upon”
makes sense in the first blank: the murrelet persistently nests
“miles from the sea” while other seabirds nest “on ocean cliffs and
islands.” However, the second missing word should describe a
contrasting relationship between the nesting behaviors; the term
“evident” does not describe such a relationship.
Choice (D) is incorrect. An “aversion” is a desire to avoid
something that is disliked. “Dangerous” means exposing to or
involving harm or damage. The structure of the sentence suggests
that the nesting behavior of the marbled murrelet differs from that
of other seabirds. The murrelet’s aversion to, or desire to avoid,
nesting “many miles” from the sea does not contrast with other
seabirds’ tendency to nest “on ocean cliffs and islands.”
Additionally, it is not logical to say that the murrelet’s desire to
avoid nesting far from the sea is dangerous—on the contrary,
nesting far from the sea might dangerous for a seabird.
4. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. In this context, “demise” means death. A
“mystery” is something that is not understood or is beyond
understanding. The structure of the sentence suggests that the text
after the colon reiterates or further explains the text in the first half
of the sentence. Any of the possibilities suggested by physicians
could have caused Mozart’s demise, but there is no indication that
any of these turned out to be the cause of his death. If no clear
explanation or cause of death has been determined, Mozart’s death
remains a mystery.
Choice (A) is incorrect. “Mortality” is the state of being mortal, or
subject to death. A “phenomenon” is, in this context, an unusual
occurrence. The structure of the sentence suggests that the text
after the colon reiterates or further explains the text in the first half
of the sentence. The term “mortality” refers to the state of being
subject to death—humans are inherently mortal. The possibilities
suggested by physicians are not really unusual occurrences, and it
does not make sense to say that one or all of them caused Mozart’s
mortality.
Choice (B) is incorrect. “Bereavement” means suffering the death
or loss of a loved one. A “controversy” is a dispute usually
involving the expression of opposing views. The structure of the
sentence suggests that the text after the colon reiterates or further
explains the text in the first half of the sentence. The possibilities
suggested by physicians are medical conditions that could cause a
person’s death, but nothing indicates that it was Mozart’s loved one
who died. Rather, the physicians were most likely attempting to
explain the cause of Mozart’s own death. Therefore, although the
physicians’ many suggestions may have led to controversy, the
term “bereavement” does not logically complete the sentence.
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Genius” means extraordinary intellectual
power. An “enigma” is something hard to understand or explain.
The structure of the sentence suggests that the text after the colon
reiterates or further explains the text in the first half of the
sentence. Although the abundance of suggested possibilities and
the lack of a clear explanation indicate that there is an enigma, the
term “genius” does not logically complete the sentence. The
possibilities suggested by physicians are medical conditions that
would cause a person’s death, not conditions that might be
expected to cause one to have great intellect.
Choice (E) is incorrect. “Death” means the end of life. A “trial” is a
test or experiment intended to prove something. The structure of
the sentence suggests that the text after the colon reiterates or
further explains the text in the first half of the sentence. Any of the
medical conditions suggested by physicians—“poisoning,
malnutrition, kidney disease, and heart failure”—could have
caused Mozart’s death, and tests or experiments may have been
done to try to prove that one of them was, in fact, the cause. But it
does not make sense to describe the cause of someone’s death as a
trial.
5. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (E) is correct. “Reticent” means silent or uncommunicative.
Because the structure of the sentence suggests a change in the
children’s behavior “as the morning progressed,” the missing word
must describe the opposite of laughing and talking eagerly.
Therefore, the term “reticent” makes the most sense in this context.
Choice (A) is incorrect. “Ostentatious” means pretentious, or
expressing unwarranted or exaggerated importance. Because the
structure of the sentence suggests a change in the children’s
behavior “as the morning progressed,” the missing word must
describe the opposite of laughing and talking eagerly. The opposite
is being silent or uncommunicative, not ostentatious.
Choice (B) is incorrect. “Myopic” means having a narrow view of
something. Because the structure of the sentence suggests a change
in the children’s behavior “as the morning progressed,” the missing
word must describe the opposite of laughing and talking eagerly.
The term “myopic” has nothing to do with speaking, laughing, or
talking; therefore, it would not make sense in this context.
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Solicitous” means anxious, worried, or
eager. Because the structure of the sentence suggests a change in
the children’s behavior “as the morning progressed,” the missing
Page 17 of 17
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
word must describe the opposite of laughing and talking eagerly.
While a feeling of solicitousness might cause children to get quiet,
anxiety and worry are not the opposite of talkativeness.
Choice (D) is incorrect. “Puerile” means childish or silly. Because
the structure of the sentence suggests a change in the children’s
behavior “as the morning progressed,” the missing word must
describe the opposite of laughing and talking eagerly. Childish or
silly behavior could involve laughing and talking eagerly. The term
“puerile” is related in meaning and would not indicate a change in
the children’s behavior.
6. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. The term “picayune” describes something
that is small or trivial. Instead of focusing on the “overarching
significance,” or importance, of the play, Oren focused on “minor,”
or relatively unimportant, details. It makes sense to describe
relatively unimportant details as picayune, or small and trivial, in
comparison to the play’s overall importance.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The term “pragmatic” describes something
that relates to facts or practical matters. The term that completes
the sentence must describe details that can be described as
“minor,” or relatively unimportant; although the minor details of
the play might have had to do with facts, the term “pragmatic”
does not necessarily describe something that is minor.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The term “indelible” describes something
that is lasting or unforgettable. The term that completes the
sentence must describe details that can be described as “minor,” or
relatively unimportant; if the details Oren focused on were
indelible, or unforgettable, they would not likely be described as
relatively unimportant.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The term “moribund” describes something
that is approaching death or is in a state of inactivity. It does not
make sense to describe details in a play as either approaching death
or being inactive.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The term “impervious” describes
something that does not allow damage or harm. It does not make
sense to describe details in a play as not allowing damage.
7. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. The author asserts in the opening paragraph
that in order to understand “any national literature,” one must first
understand the “larger cultural context” — the language, history,
social roles, humor, and priorities — of the society from which the
literature comes. It is only with an awareness of the culture that the
reader or listener can truly understand (“penetrate to the core”) that
culture’s expressions of art. The author's assumption is that the
meaning of a work of art is determined in and by the culture that
creates it: meaning is "culturally determined."
Choice (B) is incorrect. Although one might find that a work of art
affects him or her on a personal level, the author of the passage
does not assert that the meaning of art is deeply personal. Rather,
he or she states that in order to understand the meaning of an
expression of art, one must first understand the “larger cultural
context” — in other words, meaning is culturally bound.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author of the passage does not assert
that the meaning of a culture’s expression of art is essentially
moralistic; he or she does not discuss moral attitudes in the
discussion of understanding art. Rather, the author states that in
order to understand the meaning of an expression of art, one must
first understand the “larger cultural context” — in other words,
meaning is culturally bound.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The word "inscrutable" means "not easily
understood," so something that is “permanently inscrutable” is
something that is likely never to be understood. On the other hand,
the author’s statements in the opening paragraph suggest that one
can understand the meaning of a culture’s expression of art if he or
she understands the art’s “larger cultural context.”
Choice (E) is incorrect. If the meaning of an expression of art is
“uniquely artistic,” it would only relate to the work’s artistry. The
author states that the meaning of a work of art is tied to elements of
its culture, such as the society’s language, history, social roles,
humor, and priorities; art's meaning is thus culturally determined,
not uniquely artistic.
8. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. The author asserts in the first paragraph that
in order to understand the meaning of art, one must first understand
the culture that created it. If a society was unknown except for a
single text, very little would be known about the society's
language, history, social roles, humor, or priorities. It makes sense,
therefore, that the author of the passage would see the meaning of
this single text as extremely difficult to interpret or understand.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author asserts that knowledge of
“cultural context” is necessary in order to understand the meaning
of a work of art. A contemporary play is a modern play; it would
be understood in the context of modern culture. Therefore, it is
unlikely that a contemporary play would be the most difficult to
interpret.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author asserts that knowledge of
“cultural context” is necessary in order to understand the meaning
of an expression of art. If anthropologists are very familiar with a
society, even if it is nonliterate, they probably understand cultural
aspects such as its language, history, social roles, humor, and
priorities. Therefore, they would likely be able to interpret the
meaning of such a society’s fable.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author asserts that knowledge of
“cultural context” is necessary in order to understand the meaning
of art. It is unlikely that a sitcom from the early days of television
would be the most difficult to interpret. Television is a relatively
recent development, dating back only to the 20th century, so the
cultural context of a sitcom from the early days of television might
already be understood, or could be researched easily.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author asserts that knowledge of
“cultural context” is necessary in order to understand the meaning
of an expression of art. If the ancient culture’s mythological
structure is well-documented, much of the cultural context of the
myth is likely known. Therefore, the single myth would not be the
most difficult to interpret.
9. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. The author poses a question in lines 3-9,
asking how someone can truly understand the meaning of a work
of art without knowing the cultural context — the society’s
language, history, social roles, humor, and priorities. The author
then illustrates the point (that one must understand a culture before
Page 18 of 18
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
he or she can understand its literature) by recounting and
interpreting a Tanaina folktale, showing that a reader who is
“armed with” knowledge of the Tanaina culture can better access
the meaning of the story.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author poses a question in lines 3-9,
asking how someone can truly understand the art of a society
without knowing the cultural context — the society’s language,
history, social roles, humor, and priorities. The author does not
follow this by proposing an innovative strategy. Rather, by relating
a folktale from the Tanaina culture and explaining that certain parts
of the story have specific meaning to the Tanaina people, the
author illustrates the idea that one must understand a culture before
he or she can fully understand its literature. This technique, while
effective, cannot really be called innovative.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author poses a question in lines 3-9,
asking how someone can truly understand the art of a society
without knowing the cultural context — the society’s language,
history, social roles, humor, and priorities. The author does not
respond to this question by confirming the futility of such analysis.
Rather, the author suggests that one can understand the art of
another culture by learning about that culture. The author
illustrates this idea by relating a folktale from the Tanaina culture,
explaining that certain parts of the story have specific meaning to
the Tanaina people, and stating that a reader “armed with”
knowledge of the Tanaina culture can access the meaning of the
story.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author poses a question in lines 3-9,
asking how someone can truly understand the art of a society
without knowing the cultural context — the society’s language,
history, social roles, humor, and priorities. The author does not
answer this question by describing a personal experience with the
problem. Rather, the author uses a folktale to illustrate the idea that
one must understand a culture before he or she can fully
understand its literature.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author poses a question in lines 3-9,
asking how someone can truly understand the art of a society
without knowing the cultural context — the society’s language,
history, social roles, humor, and priorities. The author does not
respond to the question by documenting a traditional approach to
the problem. The author illustrates the idea that one must
understand a culture before he or she can fully understand its
literature by relating and interpreting a folktale from the Tanaina
culture. There is no evidence in the passage that the way the author
answers the question represents a traditional approach.
10. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. The author demonstrates an extensive
familiarity with Tanaina culture, describing Tanaina folklore, daily
life, history, and so forth: see the paragraph beginning in line 54,
for example. But nowhere does the author identify himself or
herself as a member of that culture; the stance throughout is that of
a scientist or ethnographer looking at a culture from the outside, as
evidenced by the author’s referring to the Tanaina as “they,” as
well as by the consistently detached and objective tone.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author does not discuss his or her
children at any point, so we cannot assume that the author is a
parent, concerned or otherwise. The author refers to “young
children” to describe one type of individual included in the
folktale’s audience.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author is an outsider who may have
visited the Tanaina people, but since he or she is able to explain in
detail the folktale’s significance and discuss the Tanaina culture,
there is no reason to describe the author as “bewildered,” or
confused.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author mentions that the folktale
“would be recounted with gesticulation and exaggeration by a
performance specialist,” but there is no indication that the author is
a performer. The author merely recounts the story in written form.
Choice (E) is incorrect. “Indignant” means feeling or showing
anger over a perceived injustice. The tone of the passage does not
suggest that the author is in any way angry. On the contrary, the
author is appreciative of the Tanaina culture.
11. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. The author says that “the Tanaina live in an
environment that could euphemistically be described as
‘difficult,’” where survival "is always precarious." A euphemism is
a word used in place of a word that may be offensive or
unpleasant. By announcing that the word “difficult” is a
euphemism, the author suggests that the environment, rather than
merely being "difficult," is in fact extraordinarily harsh and
unforgiving.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author states that the Tanaina people
“live in an environment that could euphemistically be described as
‘difficult,’” where survival "is always precarious." A euphemism is
a word used in place of a word that may be offensive or
unpleasant, so the author’s description suggests the environment is
more than just difficult. If the term “difficult” were an
exaggeration, or an overstatement, the author would be implying
that the environment is not that bad.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author seems to be very familiar with
the Tanaina culture and environment, so there is no reason to
believe that he or she is only estimating, or calculating
approximately, its nature.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author describes the Tanaina
environment in a way that indicates that it is extremely difficult
(“survival…is always precarious”), so it does not make sense to
say that the term “difficult” contradicts, or implies the opposite of,
the true nature of the environment.
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author seems to be familiar with the
Tanaina culture and environment, so there is no reason to believe
that the description of the environment is a preconception, or an
idea formed before actual knowledge or experience.
12. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. In lines 59-65 the author explains what some
of the symbols in the folktale mean to the Tanaina people. Just as a
key or legend explains the meaning of symbols on a map, the
author’s statements explain the meanings of symbols such as the
beaver and the porcupine in the story.
Choice (A) is incorrect. After relating the folktale, the author tells
us that the porcupine and the beaver are symbolic and explains
what they mean to the Tanaina. A menu lists items that can be
purchased; it does not explain the meaning of symbols.
Page 19 of 19
Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
Choice (C) is incorrect. After relating the folktale, the author tells
us that the porcupine and the beaver are symbolic and explains
what they mean to the Tanaina. A department store directory may
use images to show where things are located, but such a directory
does not explain the symbolic meaning of images or things.
Choice (D) is incorrect. After relating the folktale, the author tells
us that the porcupine and the beaver are symbolic and explains
what they mean to the Tanaina. An outline for a term paper
explains the organization of written material; it does not explain
the meaning of symbols.
Choice (E) is incorrect. An illustration visually depicts something;
in line 59-65 the author explains through words the meanings
behind important Tanaina symbols.
Choice (C) is incorrect. Despite the cordial initial exchange in the
passage between the beaver and the porcupine, there is no
indication that they are close friends. Indeed, it is unlikely that the
porcupine would kill a close friend.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The porcupine woman’s main purpose for
going to the other riverbed was to hunt; there is no indication in the
passage that she enjoys spending leisure time there. And the reason
that both characters “return repeatedly” is that the porcupine has
forgotten her hunting equipment.
Choice (E) is incorrect. There is no indication in the passage that
the porcupine and beaver are trying to run away from a laborious,
or hard, task. In fact, they are moving toward the riverbank so that
the porcupine woman can go hunting, which can be considered
laborious.
13. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
15. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (B) is correct. In the analysis of the folktale, the author
explains that the Tanaina were “a nonliterate people” for whom
oral communication was, among other things, the medium of
“legal understanding.” The Tanaina would recognize the verbal
agreement between the porcupine and beaver as “a contract,” or a
binding agreement, because their own legal matters were handled
verbally.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Although children may benefit from the
morals contained in the story, the author specifies in paragraph 2
that the folktale “would typically be told to a general audience
within the society, including the full range of ages from young
children to grandparents,” and nothing in his or her analysis
suggests that the story is most suitable for children.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author explains that according to
Tanaina symbolism, beavers are “energetic and industrious but
overly spontaneous and erratic”; in other words, beavers can be
impulsive. But the author does not address the idea that those who
behave impulsively are sincere; sincerity is not addressed at all in
the analysis.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author’s analysis of the folktale does
not suggest that, according to the Tanaina belief system, shared
tasks should be divided fairly. On the contrary, the folktale reveals
an unfair division of labor between the two characters, yet, as the
author explains, "the porcupine woman was perfectly within her
rights."
Choice (E) is incorrect. There is nothing painstaking, or showing
great care, about the porcupine woman’s plan to go hunting; on the
contrary, the porcupine woman “sets out without the three
essentials of that endeavor,” indicating that her plan was not wellconceived.
14. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (A) is correct. After relaying the folktale, the author
explains that the porcupine’s “stated aim is to go hunting, and yet
she sets out without the three essentials of that endeavor.” Clearly,
the author is calling attention to the porcupine’s inadequate
preparation.
Choice (B) is incorrect. Even though the porcupine woman forgets
such necessary items as a sack, a needle, and a staff, there is no
indication in the passage that she deliberately forgets these items in
order to postpone her hunting.
Choice (E) is correct. The porcupine woman escapes the initial
danger of near drowning by climbing up on the riverbank.
However, the author specifies that the porcupine woman faces new
danger by describing her as “sitting, exhausted, quills used up,
weaponless, and not only on the wrong side of the river from her
home but on a bear path!” The author further reinforces that her
life is at risk in saying that “the hunter is about to become the
hunted.”
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author discusses the symbolism of the
porcupine and the beaver, but not of the bear. Further, the author
alludes to the bear as an impending threat, not as a benevolent
character, by stating that the porcupine woman “is about to become
the hunted” while sitting on the bear path.
Choice (B) is incorrect. In order to get to the opposite side of the
river bank, the porcupine woman must cross the river; the only
way she can get there is by riding on the beaver’s back. The author
suggests that the bear path may be considered alarming or
frightening, but it is clearly not an option for crossing the river.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The riverbanks, not the bear path, would
seem to mark the natural boundaries of the beaver’s surroundings.
Choice (D) is incorrect. There is no indication in the passage that
the porcupine woman is afraid of her surroundings. In fact, the
author indicates that she should be more frightened than she is,
sitting alone and weaponless on the treacherous bear path.
16. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (D) is correct. Early on, the author establishes that the
porcupine woman’s original goal was to cross the river and go
hunting. In lines 83-87, the author explains that because of her own
carelessness about setting out without the proper hunting tools, the
porcupine woman, instead of becoming the hunter, “is about to
become the hunted.”
Choice (A) is incorrect. Nowhere in the passage does the author
discuss the social position of the characters. Although the
porcupine woman speaks in the folktale, the author gives no
indication of her private thoughts.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author describes the three items the
porcupine woman needs for hunting (a sack, a needle, and a staff),
but these do not seem to be symbolic of wealth. Despite the
author’s discussing the moral of the folktale, he or she does not
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Sample SAT 17: Critical Reading Explanations
analyze the porcupine woman as a symbol of moral poverty. If
anything, she seems to serve as an example of imprudence.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author makes it clear that the tale tells
the reader or listener much about the Tanaina notion of legality, but
he or she nowhere endorses these notions.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The porcupine woman does not show
gratitude or appreciation for the beaver’s attempts to transport her
across the river. In fact, she quills him to death after he fails to take
her to the proper riverbank.
Choice (E) is incorrect. While hunting probably serves “a real
need,” the author does not seem to consider the porcupine
woman’s desire to go hunting grandiose, or pompous.
Choice (E) is incorrect. Although the folktale may have humorous
moments and characters, the author does not comment on the
comic appeal of the story; rather, he or she focuses on the tale’s
moral.
19. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
17. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. The Tanaina folktale can be interpreted as a
warning for people who assent, or agree, to a contract without
thoughtful consideration. The author describes the beaver as a
Tanainan symbol of individuals who are “overly spontaneous and
erratic” and explains that the beaver “agreed without any
stipulations” to the porcupine woman’s terms for crossing the river.
The author declares that the porcupine woman “was perfectly
within her rights” when she quilled the beaver to death for not
holding up his part of the contract.
Choice (A) is incorrect. Although the story may be an example of a
traditional Tanaina folktale, there is nothing in the passage to
indicate that the “legal” aspect of the contract between the
porcupine woman and the beaver was part of a Tanaina tradition.
Choice (B) is incorrect. While the author tells us that the folktale
may touch on “the social roles played by males and females in the
culture,” the story does not offer an outline or summary of how
individuals should behave in society.
Choice (D) is incorrect. Even though the author criticizes the
porcupine woman and beaver characters, the author indicates that
the folktale’s lesson is relevant today when he or she states, “The
story is not, however, without its moral for the porcupine women
of this world.” In other words, the tale, its moral, and the customs
it comments on are not obsolete.
Choice (E) is correct. The author asserts that a reader’s
understanding of a text “depends very much on an awareness of
the larger cultural context.” The author emphasizes this point by
using a rhetorical question: “without such knowledge, how can we,
as reader or listener, penetrate to the core of meaning in an
expression of art?” This reasoning implies that in the author’s
view, a reader or listener lacking cultural knowledge might very
well not understand a given text.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author mentions that the story is taken
from a translation of a Tanaina folktale. The author does not
discuss how to translate a folktale or how this particular tale was
translated.
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author states that the Tanaina were,
during the period in which the story originated, a nonliterate
people who relied on oral communication. However, if the folktale
as recounted in the passage is taken from a translation, it must
obviously have been written down, or transcribed, at some point.
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author says that the folktale can be
“instructive, entertaining, reinforcing, or all three.” The author
does not rank one method over the others, but emphasizes their
equal importance.
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author provides what might be called
a “scholarly analysis” of the tale, but nowhere says or implies that
such an analysis is incompatible with the simple enjoyment of the
story.
Choice (E) is incorrect. A parody is a story that imitates or
ridicules another. Even though the folktale is translated from
another text, it does not seem to be ridiculing the original story.
18. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Choice (C) is correct. Throughout the passage, the author shows
his or her appreciation of the folktale as an effective method of
conveying complex ideas. In the final two paragraphs, for instance,
he or she calls attention to its value as a method of communicating
both legal and moral messages; the whole passage attests to the
author’s estimation of the folktale’s value as a relic of Tanaina
culture.
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author is clearly something of an
authority on Tanaina culture; there is no indication that he or she
has made “an unexpected discovery.”
Choice (B) is incorrect. Although the author says that the folktale
“would be recounted with gesticulation and exaggeration by a
performance specialist,” the author does not comment on one
specific performer or storyteller or on one particular rendition of
the story.
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