Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 57, 231-236, 2013
DOI: 10.2478/bvip-2013-0041
ANALYSIS OF CHOSEN BLOOD INDICATORS
OF WARM-BLOODED AND COLD-BLOODED FOALS
IN THE PERIOD FROM BIRTH TILL WEANING
AGNIESZKA POMORSKA
Sub-Department of Internal Diseases of Farm Animals and Horses,
Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Life Sciences, 20-612 Lublin, Poland,
[email protected]
Received: March 8, 2013
Accepted: June 6, 2013
Abstract
The aim of the research was to obtain “native” referential values for the indicators of the red and white blood cell systems
and platelet indicators in the clinically healthy foals of purebred Arabs and Polish cold-blooded breed, in the period from birth till
weaning. The morphological examination was performed ex tempore with help of the automatic haematological analyser. The
obtained results demonstrate that the majority of haematological indicators of the red blood cell and white blood cell systems of
warm-blooded foals, especially in the first 2-3 months of their life, are statistically higher. It can be assumed that within the
indicators of the white blood cell system, the statistically important differences between the groups occur rarely, as do mutual (interfactor) correlative connections or the trends comparable for both groups.
Key words: warm-blooded foals, cold-blooded foals, red blood cell, white blood cell.
Commonly available referential values for
haematological indicators in horses in various
publications have an overly general character, which
results, mainly, from the fact that they represent the
typical norms for the whole species. For instance, just a
simple comparison of these “general norms” with the
physiological indicators of sport-utilised horses of lightweight races allows to notice very important differences
(18). Much more detailed data reflecting the state of
health of particular user groups or the age groups of
horses are needed. The contemporary control of the
threats of the well-being of animals - through
monitoring and early discovery of the subclinical signs
of disease relies, mainly, on laboratory analysis of
singular type of indicators of animals “state of health
profile” and their correct interpretation. This standard
analysis consists of the basic haematological
examination detecting indicators, such as as: red blood
cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular
volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean
corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, red cell
distribution width, platelet distribution width, mean
platelet volume, white blood cells, and leukogram which
is the morphologically judged amount of the particular
types of leukocytes in the peripheral blood smear
(Schilling’s
smear).
Furthermore,
neutrophilic
granulocytes (band neutrophils, segmented neutrophils),
eosinophil
granulocytes
(eosinophils),
basophil
granulocytes (basophils), monocytes, lymphocytes, and
thrombocytes are included into indicators demonstrating
the functioning of the white blood cell system. The
commonly used haematological computer analyses in
the laboratories have completely replaced the traditional
manual research methods (20). Properly chosen
haematological tests as well as biochemical ones allow
for a successful assessment of both the state of the
homeostasis of the organism and its disorders, as they
reflect the health status of a patient as well as the whole
herd, and are even able to indicate the activity of
particular organs. However, in order to assess the health
status properly, it is necessary to refer obtained results to
the referential norms received not only for a particular
species but also for a particular age group, type of
usability, or breed. Although in the available
publications it is possible to find incomplete data
referring to the haematological values in warm-blooded
foals in the period from birth till the twelfth month of
life, the data regarding the cold-blooded foals have not
been published so far (1, 5, 8, 10-12, 21, 23).
From the practical point of view, it is necessary
to study a number of inter-species reference norms,
corresponding to the modern techniques of performed
analyses in order to avoid problems with interpretation
of the results obtained.
The aim of this study was to define the mean
values for selected haematological indicators in normal
foals of pure blood Arabs, as well in cold-blooded
breeds, in the period from birth to weaning. The values
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will reflect the proper state of the red blood cell system
of the foals in the first six months of life, as well as the
dynamics of the appearance of values changing during
the development of the animals, which will be helpful in
monitoring of the foals’ health.
Material and Methods
The research was carried out on two groups of
farm-bred clinically healthy foals. The first one
consisted of 48 pure Arab blood foals, the second of 17
foals of cold-blooded breeds. The foals originated from
two horse husbandries located in the same region.
The observations lasted for two reproductive
seasons (2007 and 2008) and were carried out from birth
till the 6th month of foals’ life. Each foal, qualified to a
particular group, underwent a full clinical check-up,
after which the blood has been collected for the first
time at the initial 48 h of its life, and then consecutively
with every ended month of life. The blood for the
haematological testing was collected from the external
jugular vein, into tubes with clotting activator (heparin
215 I.U). Blood smears were stained with the MayGrünwald reagent and successively examined under the
microscope. Morphological testing was carried out ex
tempore on the automatic haematological analyser MS9
(Melet Schloesing - France), which performs the
measurements using conductometric and colorimetric
methods, or through the calculation of the basic
haematological markers, such as: red blood cells (RBC),
haemoglobin (HGB), haematocrit (HCT), mean
corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular
haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin
concentration (MCHC), red cell distribution width
(RDW), white blood cells (WBC), monocytes
thrombocytes. Thus, the study comprised all commonly
used indicators proving the state of red blood cell and
white blood cells systems.
Statistical analysis was performed with the use
of the computer programme Statistica 6.0. Mean values
(x), standard deviation (SD), and the scope of data were
calculated. Due to the slant arrangement of data, in order
to count the significance of differences, the rank method
of U Manna-Whitney was used. In case of the
comparison of the consecutive blood collections to the
last blood sampling, as well as comparing it within the
animal groups, the values were considered statistically
significant when P<0.05, and highly statistically
significant when P<0.01.
Table 1
Average values of red blood cell indicators together with standard deviations and the significant differences between
groups as well as the significant differences in the consecutive months of life in warm-blooded and cold-blooded foals
Parameters
RBC
#Norm
7.0-13.0
×10T/L
W
C
W
MCV
35-60 fl
HCT
0.320.53 l/L
MCH
0.811.24
fmol
MCHC
18.6326.09
mmol/L
RDW
8.0-12.0
%
HGB
6.8310.55
mmol/L
Month of life
Foals
C
W
C
W
C
W
C
W
C
W
C
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
0
10.9
1.4
9.9
1.55
42.23
2.68
45.63
3.38
0.46
0.06
0.45
0.07
0.79
0.06
0.87
0.05
18.76
1.15
19.16
1.86
12.53
0.62
12.39
0.89
8.69
1.05
8.56
1.09
1
11.5
1.54
9.8
1.35
37.28***
3.28
41.28
3.47
0.42**
0.08
0.41
0.05
0.73***
0.06
0.79**
0.07
19.63**
2.03
19.33
1.92
13.96**
3.68
12.54
0.53
8.32
1.21
7.79
0.72
2
12.0 2
1.56
12.5 a
4.36
35.43***
2.2
38.44***
2.98
0.43**
0.07
0.49ab
0.02
0.70***
0.08
0.73***
0.05
19.95**
2.62
19.0
0.92
13.05
2.03
12.9
0.6
8.46
1.0
9.25ab
3.9
3
11.6
1.94
9.6 b
1.5
35.39***
2.74
39.71**
2.93
0.41**
0.09
0.41b
0.05
0.74**
0.14
0.75***
0.03
21.41**abc
5.99
19.1
2.03
12.6ab
1.81
13.14a
0.51
8.43
1.01
7.28*
0.94
4
12.6 2c
4.1
10.9
1.73
38.03***bc
2.88
39.58**
3.44
0.46
0.05
0.43
0.05
0.71***
0.05
0.72***
0.06
18.74
1.52
18.25ab
1.58
13.26***
0.92
13.04
0.77
8.57
0.92
7.8
0.92
5
11.8 **
1.48
10.2
1.38
38.82bc
3.03
38.1**ab
0.42
0.47
0.05
0.39
0.05
0.71
0.06
0.7**
0.004
18.35
1.93
18.45
0.35
13.83**
3.14
12.60
0.42
8.37
0.64
7.17
1.01
6
12.0
1.59
10.1
1.17
39.37***b
5.38
40.48**
2.78
0.47
0.06
0.41
0.07
0.72***
0.09
0.73***
0.03
18.15a
2.26
18.14ab
0.88
14.93***ab
4.5
12.83
0.31
8.54
0.75
7.42*
0.98
*
- P<0.05; ** - P<0.01;*** - P<0.001 refer to differences between the day of birth (0) and consecutive months of animal life; ,,a,b,c,d,e’’
refer to statistically significant differences in relation to successive blood collections; 1,2,3,4,5 refer to the standard adopted in the
analytical laboratory in the Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases in Lublin
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233
demonstrated. The comparative analysis of the
haematological indicators of the red blood cell system of
warm-blooded (W) and cold-blooded (C) foals revealed
statistically significant differences between the groups.
Analysis of the changes in the values of haematological
indicators of the red blood cell during the first 6 months
of foals’ life revealed that these changes appeared earlier
and more frequently in the warm-blooded foals.
Results
Tables 1 and 2 present average values of the
particular indicators of the red blood cell system (RBC,
MCV, HCT, MCH, MCHC, HGB, WBC), and platelet
indicators in the groups of the warm-blooded (W) and
cold-blooded (C) foals, and indicate the values showing
statistically significant differences between the analysed
groups.
No important differences in the analysed blood
indicators between mares and stallions were
Table 2
Average values of the particular indicators of the white blood cell system
in warm-blooded (W) and cold-blooded foals (C)
Parameters
#Norm
W
Leukocytes
5.0-12.0
G/l
C
W
Band neutrophils
0.0-2.0
%
30.0-65.0
%
Eosinophil
granulocytes
0.0-11.0
%
Basophil
granulocytes
C
W
Segmented
neutrophils
C
W
C
W
0.0-3.0
%
C
W
Monocytes
1.0-7.0
%
C
W
Lymphocytes
25.0-65.0
%
C
W
Thrombocytes
1.00-4.00
G/l
C
W
MPV
4.0-7.8
fl
C
W
PDW
6.0-12.0
%
Consecutive months of life
Foals
C
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
x
SD
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
5.25
1.93
7.14
1.86
5.68
4.44
9.89
11.34
66.5
14.86
71.92
11.92
1.0
0.0
1.25
0.5
1.23
0.5
1.0
0.0
1.68
1.0
1.4
0.55
26.95
13.3
19.67**
7.14
3.38
0.96
3.65
0.96
6.98
0.53
6.77
0.4
10.65
0.31
10.71
0.33
7.42***
2.82
7.09
1.71
4.89
5.72
1.8
1.3
59.52*
12.52
57.67*
17.76
2.62
2.14
2.33
1.75
1.33
0.5
1.0
0.0
1.5
0.63
0.0
0.0
34.83**
11.96
39.67
18.7
4.6***
1.42
4.66*
1.24
7.54***
0.82
6.91
0.47
9.65**
2.25
10.09
1.3
10.52***a
3.57
7.56a
2.86
4.58
4.29
2.89
2.67
59.14*
14.4
49.1***
10.03
3.35**
2.79
3.00
1.77
1.57
0.79
2.0
0.0
1.57
1.13
1.0
0.0
34.14**
13.59
45.9***
10.2
4.73***
1.26
4.68
1.74
7.66***
0.95
7.58**
1.07
8.49***a
3.76
9.69
2.97
9.11***a
3.56
8.94
2.68
2.83**ab
2.48
2.8
1.3
49.97***ab
13.11
42.8***
19.59
2.36**
1.5
1.67
0.58
1.08
0.29
1.0
0.0
5.67
14.3
0.0
0.0
45.71***ab
13.39
53.0***
18.55
4.20**
1.31
4.8
1.25
8.00**a
1.11
7.17
0.87
9.37**ab
2.74
8.07*
3.7
9.28***a
2.05
8.61
1.71
3.96
6.06
1.5
0.84
44.95***ab
14.06
43.75***
12.98
2.64**
1.63
1.0
0.0
1.29
0.49
0.0
0.0
1.14
0.38
1.33
0.58
50.62***ab
14.7
54.0***
12.47
4.63***
1.5
4.74*
1.07
7.77**
1.09
7.7**
1.01
9.24**ab
3.31
10.39 c
0.52
9.66***a
2.18
10.17*ab
1.16
2.0***ab
1.69
2.0
0.0
45.69***ab
10.34
50.5*
14.85
3.48**
2.4
1.0
0.0
1.25
0.5
0.0
0.0
1.83
0.75
0.0
0.0
49.71***
10.62
47.00***
14.14
4.65***
1.55
4.70
0.72
7.77**
1.05
6.82
0.70
9.30**b
2.82
10.70 c
0.14
9.23***a
1.49
9.51*a
1.31
1.94**ab
1.34
1.5
0.71
46.12***ab
8.84
49.67***
5.89
2.21**
1.34
2.0
1.0
1.17
0.41
0.0
0.0
1.5
0.76
1.5
0.71
50.47***ab
9.16
48.33***
6.02
4.6**
2.13
5.36*
1.11
7.44**
0.75
7.1
0.48
10.61abcde
0.39
10.75c
0.16
*
- P<0.05; ** - P<0.01; *** - P<0.001 refer to differences between the day of birth (0) and the consecutive months of life
of the animals: “a,b,c,d,e” refer statistically significant differences in relation to successive blood collections; 1,2,3,4,5. refer to
the standard adopted in the analytical laboratory in the Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases in Lublin
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234
The obtained data clearly demonstrate that the
statistically significant differences between the average
values of particular haematological factors of the white
blood cell system (leukocytes, lymphocytes, segmented
neutrophils) were noted quite rarely and they usually
persisted until the second month of life. Moreover, the
average values of the particular white blood cell
indicators in both groups of foals were characterised by
either a tendency of a statistically significant stable
increase
(leukocytes
lymphocytes,
eosinophils,
thrombocytes), or by a trend to decrease in case of band
neutrophils and segment neutrophils, whereas basophils
and monocytes did not show statistically significant
variations and remained stable during the analysed
period of animals growth.
Discussion
In order to interpret the individual red blood
cell indicators in foals, a whole variety of factors
influencing their values should be taken into account.
These values are different on the day of birth, and in the
consecutive months of foal’s growth, and are closely
connected with the changes in feeding. In the study, it
was possible to observe a higher consistency of results
obtained in the warm-blooded foals, and the visibly
higher variation in the cold-blooded ones. Higher
uniformity, as well as higher number of the studied
population of the Arab foals, or almost stable conditions
of raising, can cause more stable changes in the analysed
parameters. These factors, regarded as important for the
well-being of the foals’ population, were noted by
Krumrych (20), Szarska (27), and Gill et al. (10-12). On
the contrary, the group of the cold-blooded foals was
less numerous, and came from various individual farms
with higher variation in maintenance and feeding
conditions, which could have had a certain influence on
a higher variability of the obtained results (27, 28).
The values of the haematological indicators
change throughout the pregnancy in foetus, and they are
different in the newly born foals, as well as in the first
few months of their life. In foetal life liver is the main
organ responsible for haematopoiesis and bone marrow
plays a minor function. Its proper functioning begins
after birth. The characteristic feature for this specific
foetal haematopoiesis is the smaller size of erythrocytes,
typical for the second half the pregnancy (13, 15). At
birth, RBC, HGB, and HCT achieve their peak values,
while in the prematurely born animals, lower values of
RBC, HGB, and HCT as well as the higher values of
MCV in comparison to a foal born on schedule are
observed (15). The haemoglobin content of the foetus is
equal to that of the mature horses (26). Immediately,
after birth, the values of HCT and HGB rise, and then
they drop within 24 h by about 10% and this tendency
continues for the next two weeks when the values
typical for mature horses are achieved (13, 23, 24). On
the other hand, the value of MCV decreases for the next
consecutive 4 weeks of life and in this period of life
anizocytosis and microcytosis take place (13, 15). It is
believed that these phenomena occur due to the
elimination of the foetus erythrocytes from the blood
and increased formation of microcytes (14). A direct
cause of microcytosis in erythrocytes is unknown. The
Fe deficiency has been taken into account, however, in
the foals with the proper amount of Fe, as well as in the
foals supplemented with Fe, microcytosis has been also
observed (16). The value of MCH between the 2 nd and
4th month of life is lower in mature horses, while the
MCHC remains unchanged from birth (13).
Furthermore, it is mostly believed, that additional stable
factors exist influencing the values of the
haematological and biochemical parameters, among
which are age, sex, physiological state (20), and also the
daily rhythm, seasons, or even the atmospheric
conditions (9). During horse’s life, the morphological
parameters of blood are subjected to certain definite
changes, which can be observed as changes in many
haematological blood indicators. For example, in
newborn foals much higher values of RBC, HGB, and
HCT have been noted than in the older horses (20),
which, according to Stankiewicz (25), may result from
hypoxia caused by the low partial oxygen pressure in the
blood reaching foetus lungs, as well as a high amount of
erythropoietin transferred by the mother’s organism. In
the further period of foal development, probably a
decrease in the intensity of erythrocytes production
occurs, together with their faster degradation and
expansion of the capacity of the vascular placenta (20).
Becht and Semrad (3) observed an increase in the
number of erythrocytes during the first 10 d of foal’s life
and, at the same time, a decrease in the size of
erythrocytes and the content of haemoglobin. In Poland,
in the middle of the 80’s, Gill et al. (17-18) carried out a
preliminary research. The scope of data available for a
direct comparison was quite limited. This team had
“manually” marked only three red blood cell indicators
(RBC, HGB, MHC) on the day of birth, and in the 1 st,
2nd, and 3rd month of life. Comparing their results with
the data obtained in this study it appears that the three
previously mentioned indicators showed similar trends
of changes. However, the values obtained by Gill et al.
(10-12) for the particular indicators were slightly higher
in comparison to ours, which might be connected with
the “manual” instead of the automatic analysing
technique.
In the study it is possible to observe less clear
variation of WBC indicators between groups. The
changes in the number of WBC are characteristic for the
initial period of foals’ life (6). Their increase right after
birth is connected with an increase in the number of
neutrophils, because the ratio of neutrophils to
lymphocytes at this moment was greater than 2 (15).
The gradual increase in the number of lymphocytes in
the first 3 months of life may be related to the
development of the lymphatic system, with a minor
involvement of circulating neutrophil granulocytes. The
amount of neutrophils decreases gradually to the values
typical for adult animal in about sixth month of life (19).
Neutrophilia is often visible in septic foals as well as
prematurely born ones, and might appear at birth as a
consequence of intrauterine infection (4, 19).
Eosinophilia usually does not occur in foetuses or
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newborn foals. At the age of three months, an increase
in the number of eosinophils can be observed, which
might be due to pathogen invasion and stimulation of the
immune system (20). Until the fourth month of life the
amount of eosinophils increases to 0.4×109/L (19). In
the natal period, monocytes and basophil granulocytes
do not appear or their number is insignificant, and this
situation does not really change greatly during the first
year of life (13, 15). The number of blood cells in a
newborn foal is about the same, or even higher than in
adult horses (1, 7, 22). In this period of life,
thrombocytes demonstrate lesser aggregating abilities,
and a decreased reaction to adenosine diphosphate
(ADP) as well as collagen, which seems to have an
essential influence on the slightly lengthened time of
bleeding in newborns (7, 22).
The majority of haematological indicators of
the red blood cell system of the warm-blooded foals,
especially in the period of the initial 2-3 months of life,
are characterised by statistically higher values, and
furthermore, the dynamics of their changes usually
appear earlier and achieve higher intensity, as well as a
tighter mutual correlation than in cold-blooded foals.
In the two groups of horses, the initial six
months of the foals’ development are characterised by
important differences in the average values of the used
indicators. In the case of haematological tests, these
differences refer to 60% of the results. The greatest
changes were noted in the first month of life, which
allows to assume that this is a critical period from the
point of view of clinical analysis.
Within the range of the indicators of the white
blood cell system statistically significant differences
between the groups have been shown, as well as mutual
(inter-factor) correlative connections, and trends, that
were comparable for both groups of foals.
On the basis of the analysis, it is possible to
suggest that the majority of the haematological
indicators of the red blood cell system of the warmblooded foals, especially between the second and third
month of their life, is characterised by statistically
slightly higher values, and the dynamics of their changes
appear usually earlier and more frequently, and achieve
a higher intensity and closer mutual correlation than in
the cold-blooded foals.
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