• • • • • • !"#
"
$%&'$%&()#
*
+
!
$
,
$
,.
+
!
+ = +
!
.-/
&-/
0
'+12*334
!#
#
"
#!#
"""
(
*!
#"'
(
5
"6
!!
7
"#
89
: #
"#!
#
!'
("#! !
"
"9
"#!
"#! "#!
9#
#6:∆;
"
!#"
#
!"9#"#
"#
!
""
!"#"
!
6#<%
,% =
6
"#!
!
"
"6
"#!
• "
"
#
"
• >
>
6<
6"
"#!
###
)
"#!
&
#
>
' (
%
%
%
&
<
%
,
,
?
%
,
-
5"!
"#!
"
• 5
"
"#
o @
"A
B
• )
&
:5)
• ;:"
"
5 " $0% & & , ,
5 " 014, <
<
,!
"
"
,#< 5)14, <
λ=

 − ∆ = −  
∆
 
E5*5
*
C
5"#D'"(*5→D F
!*
C
5"
)
)
!
G#
6
" 5 "% & & , 6
.H
&&& & &
% +
o 5
!"
o I
"
"""#!
C
$
"
& % *5"#
% *5"#"
"" !
C
"#'%(
!"'&(
',(8
":#"#
!
• ")
@@
>
@%
&
@% & &
J3
, 5"
!
#
o !
!
F
"
#
o 7
@
@
$
>
K
%L
%&
&,
,<
"
"!C
< 5
#
#
#
"#"
"
D'"( →D 5
E5
#
#
2
#!
"#
- )
!
$6
#A
CB
@5
"
"
!
C
7
5"#
"#6
'('"(
G
""7
5"#
C
'
"
!
#
(
!!
"
G
"
""%&,
"#
"
"
"
"#"
$
$
!
#3
#
!
#"
",3
*
7
5"#'"#
(
D D "#
"#9
%
"
7
5"#
C
75 ∝ %M
C
"#"
$"75 ∝ "
"#"
"#
"
"
M@
"
"#
"#N
$
M
#N
9
#N
#
!#
75!;5')
!
"(
@
=
#
")0#
6
!
$!@
!
C
$%
$!
"
"!
#6
"
6
O
!"
"
;;
G!"
;$
$$
P>
#
"
!!
"
)
"
#
>!!)
Q6
"
&
'(
)"
!# !
! >
#
!
5)
;;
;>;
*$
+6
"
"
'%( '
(!"#
!
'&( 7
"
@7R7S7@S@@
=6
"&L
,L
"<L
,
)"
"D#
"!
"
5)$;<'%L?(;,'%L.(;&>'%L<(
+3
!
" " >,
#6
!
'
"
"(
-$-.
% 7
'!=(& 3
0
, ;#"
$!,R3
)
9C&3"
+
"
###
!
$
$
$;<
"
;D