An Etymological Dictionary of
Common Chinese Characters
William H. Baxter
[Preliminary draft of 28 October 2000]
© William H. Baxter, 2000. All rights reserved.
A word of explanation
This is a very preliminary version of a planned etymological dictionary of
common Chinese characters. It contains entries for something over 5,000 common
Chinese characters. Each entry gives the standard Mandarin pronunciation in
pïnyïn romanization (tones indicated by a suffixed 1, 2, 3, 4, in this preliminary
version; ‘5’ indicates neutral tone), a character in its traditional, simplified, and (in
most cases) Japanese forms, and its pronunciation in Middle Chinese (the pronunciation
system of rhyme dictionaries) according to the transcription
codified in the Qièyùn
system presented in my Handbook of Old Chinese phonology (Berlin: Mouton de
Gruyter, 1992). For some entries, Sino-Japanese readings have also been added:
‘KO’ indicates Kan’on
, ‘GO’ indicates Go’on
, and ‘KYO’ indicates
Kan’yö’on
. Sino-Japanese pronunciations are given first in a romanized
transcription of the rekishiteki kanazukai
or historical kana spelling
which was used until the post–World War II script reform, and then in the Hepburn
romanization system. (Note that not all Sino-Japanese pronunciations are in common
use today.)
In future versions, the remaining Sino-Japanese readings will be included, and
Sino-Korean and Vietnamese pronunciations will be added, as will pronunciations
from Cantonese and other Chinese ‘dialects’. Glosses, grammatical labels, and other
reconstructions (including Old Chinese) may be added in the future, but the focus at
this point is on Middle Chinese as a means of relating the pronunciations of various
Chinese ‘dialects’ and Chinese loanwords in modern languages.
The preliminary nature of this draft should be emphasized; I am distributing it
in this form only because I believe some may find it useful to have a convenient
guide to my transcription of Middle Chinese. Questions and corrections should be
addressed to me at [email protected].
PAGE INDEX:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
M
1
2
13
23
31
32
38
46
55
70
76
87
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
W
X
Y
Z
95
99
100
106
115
117
131
138
144
156
172
A
ai1
ai1
ai1
MC ÷‰j
MC ÷oj, KO GO ai
MC ÷oj, KO GO ai
MC also ÷i.
ai1
ai2
ai2
ai3
ai3
ai3
ai4
ai4
ai4
ai4
ai4
an1
an1
an1
an1
an1
an4
an4
an4
an4
an4
ang2
ang4
ao1
ao1
MC ÷oj, KO GO ai
MC ng䃕*
MC ngoj
MC ÷ajH, KO GO ai
Mandarin ai3 is irregular; we would expect ai4.
MC ÷ajH
Mandarin ai3 is irregular; we would expect ai4.
MC ÷‰ÉïX
MC ÷ajH, KO GO ai
MC ÷‰ÉïH
MC ngajH
MC ngojH
MC ÷ojH
MC ÷an
MC ÷an
MC ÷om
MC ÷om
MC ÷om
MC ÷anH
MC ÷anH
MC nganH
MC ÷omH
MC ÷omH
MC ngang
MC ÷angH
MC ÷áw*, KO au > ö, GO eu > yö
MC ngaw
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ao2
ao2
ao2
ao2
ao2
ao2
ao2
ao3
ao3
ao3
ao4
ao4
ao4
ao4
Mandarin ao1 is irregular; we would expect ao2.
MC ÷aw
Mandarin ao2 is irregular; we would expect ao1.
MC ngaw, KO gau > gö, GO gou > gö
MC ngaw
MC ngaw
MC ngaw
GY also ngáw.
MC ngaw
MC ngaw
MC ÷awX, KO au > ö, GO ou > ö
MC ևwX
MC ÷awX
MC ÷awH, KO au > ö, GO ou > ö
MC ÷awH
MC ÷awH
MC ngawH, KO gau > gö, GO gou > gö
B
ba1
ba1
ba1
ba1
ba1
ba1
ba1
ba1
ba2
ba2
ba3
MC p‰t, KO patu > hatsu, GO pati > hachi
MC p‰t
MC p‰t, pát
MC pá, KO pa > ha, GO pe > he
The meaning in GY is unrelated to the modern particle.
MC pá
MC pá
MC pá
MC pá
MC b‰t
MC bat
Mandarin ba2 is irregular; we would expect bo2.
MC páX
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ba4
ba4
ba4
ba4
ba4
ba5
bai2
bai3
bai3
bai3
bai3
bai3
bai4
bai4
bai4
bai4
ban1
ban1
ban1
ban1
ban1
ban1
ban1
ban3
ban3
ban3
ban3
ban3
ban4
ban4
ban4
MC b䃕X
MC páH, KO pa > ha, GO pe > he
MC páH
MC páH
MC páX
MC b䃕X
MC bák
MC p䃕X
MC pák, KO paku > haku, GO pyaku > hyaku
MC pák, KO paku > haku, GO pyaku > hyaku
MC pák
MC pák
MC b䃕H
MC bájH, KO pai > hai, GO be, KYO bai
MC bájH
MC p‰jH
MC ban
Mandarin ban1 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect pan2.
MC pán
MC pan
MC pán
MC pán
MC pan
MC pán
MC bánX
Mandarin ban3 is irregular; we would expect ban4. GY also pjonX.
MC pánX
MC pánX
MC pánX*
MC pánX
MC b‰nH
MC b‰nH
MC banX, KO pan > han, GO ban
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ban4
ban4
ban4
ban4
bang1
bang1
bang1
bang3
bang4
bang4
bang4
bang4
bao1
bao1
MC banX
MC p‰nH
MC panH, KO GO pan > han
MC panH
MC pang
MC páwng
MC páwng
MC pangX
MC bangH, KO pau > hö, GO bau > bö
MC báwngX
MC báwngX
MC pangH
MC páw, KO pau > hö, GO peu > hyö
MC páw
GY also pháw.
bao1
bao1
bao1
bao2
bao2
bao3
bao3
bao3
bao3
bao3
bao3
bao3
bao4
bao4
bao4
bao4
bao4
bao4
MC páw
MC paw
MC páwk, KO GO paku > haku
MC bak
MC báwk
MC pawX, KO pau > hö, GO pou > hö
MC pawX, KO pau > hö, GO pou > hö, KYO po > ho
MC pawX
MC pawX
MC pawX
MC páwX
MC pawX
MC bawH
MC bawH
MC báwH
MC bawX
MC báwX
MC pawH, KO pau > hö, GO pou > hö
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bao4
bao4
bei1
bei1
bei1
bei1
bei1
bei1
bei3
bei4
MC páwH
MC páwH
MC pij
MC pje
MC pje
MC pjie, KO GO pi > hi
MC pwoj
MC pwoj
MC pok, KO GO poku > hoku
MC b‰jH
GY also b䃕X.
bei4
bei4
bei4
bei4
bei4
MC bijH, KO pi > hi, GO bi
MC bjeX
MC bojX, KO pai > hai, GO be
MC bojX
MC bwojH, KO pai > hai, GO be
GY also bwot.
bei4
MC bwojH
GY also bwot.
bei4
bei4
bei4
bei4
bei4
bei4
bei5
ben1
ben1
ben3
ben3
ben3
ben4
beng1
MC bwojH*
MC bwojH
MC pajH
MC pajH
MC pwojH
MC pwojH
MC pjieH
MC pwon, KO GO pon > hon
MC pwon
MC pwonX
MC pwonX
MC pwonX
MC bwonX
MC p‰ng
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beng1
beng4
bi1
bi2
bi3
bi3
bi3
bi3
bi3
bi3
bi3
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
MC pong
MC b‰ngH
MC pik
MC bjijH
Mandarin bi2 is irregular; we would expect bi4.
MC pijX
MC pit
MC pjeX
MC pjieX, KO GO pi > hi
MC pjijX, KO GO pi > hi
MC pjijX, KO GO pi > hi
MC pjijX
MC bejH
MC bejX
MC bik
MC bit
MC bjieH
MC bjiejH
MC bjiejH
MC bjiejH
MC bjiejH
MC bjieX, KO pi > hi, GO bi
MC bjijH*
MC bjijH
MC bjit, pjit
MC pej
Mandarin bi4 is irregular (taboo avoidance?); we would expect bi1.
MC pek, KO peki > heki, GO pyaku > hyaku
MC phejH
Mandarin bi4 is irregular; we would expect pi4.
MC pijH
MC pijH
MC pijH
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bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bi4
bian1
bian1
bian1
bian1
bian1
bian3
bian3
bian3
bian3
bian4
bian4
bian4
bian4
bian4
bian4
MC pják
MC pjeH
MC pjie
Mandarin bi4 is irregular; we would expect bi1 or perhaps bei1. (taboo
avoidance?)
MC pjieH
MC pjiejH
MC pjiejH
MC pjiek
MC pjiek
MC pjiek
GY also bjiek.
MC pjijH
MC pjijH
MC pjit*, KO pitu > hitsu, GO piti > hichi
MC pjit
MC pjit
MC pjit, pjijH
MC pen
MC pen
MC pjem
MC pjien
MC pjien
MC penX, KO GO pen > hen
MC penX
MC pjemX
MC pjienX
MC benX
MC bjenH, KO pen > hen, GO ben
MC bjenH
MC bjenH
MC bjenX
MC bjienH, KO pen > hen, GO ben
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bian4
bian4
biao1
biao1
biao1
biao1
MC penH
MC pjenH
MC phjiew*
MC pjew
MC pjiew
MC pjiew*
GY phjiew.
biao1
biao3
biao3
biao4
bie1
bie1
bie1
bie2
bie3
bie4
bin1
bin1
bin1
bin1
bin1
bin1
bin1
bin1
bin1
bin4
bin4
MC pjiw
MC pjewX, KO peu > hyö, GO
MC pjewX
MC pjewH, KO GO peu > hyö
MC bet
Mandarin bie3 is irregular; we would expect bie2. GY also phjiet.
MC pjiet
MC pjiet
MC bjet, KO petu > hetsu, GO beti > bechi, KYO betu >
betsu
MC also pjet.
MC bet
Mandarin bie3 is irregular; we would expect bie2. GY also phjiet.
MC pjiet
MC phjin
Mandarin bin1 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect pin1.
MC pin
MC pin
MC pin
MC pjin, KO GO pin > hin
MC also pjinH.
MC pjin
MC pjin*
MC pjin*
MC pjin
MC bjinX
MC pjinH
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bin4
bing1
bing1
bing1
bing3
bing3
bing3
bing3
bing3
bing3
bing3
bing4
bing4
bing4
bing4
bing4
bo1
bo1
bo1
bo1
bo1
bo1
bo1
bo2
bo2
bo2
bo2
MC pjinH
MC ping, KO GO pyou > hyö
MC pjáng, KO pei > hei, GO pyau > hyö
MC pjin
Mandarin bing1 is irregular; we would expect bin1.
MC pimX
Mandarin bing3 is irregular; we would expect bin3.
MC pjángX, KO pei > hei, GO pyau > hyö
MC pjángX
MC pjángX
MC pjángX
MC pjiengX
MC pjiengX
MC bengX, KO pei > hei, GO byau > byö
'together, together with'
MC bjángH
MC pjiengH
MC pjiengH
MC pjiengH, bengX, pjiengX, KO pei > hei, GO pyau >
hyö
'to combine'. Morohashi under 00746.
MC pa*
GY paH.
MC pa
MC pa*
MC pat
MC pat
MC páwk, KO GO paku > haku
MC pha
Mandarin bo1 is irregular; we would expect po1.
MC bak, KO paku > haku, GO baku
MC bak
MC bak
MC bák
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bo2
bo2
bo2
bo2
bo2
bo2
bo2
bo2
bo2
bo2
bo2
bo2
bo2
bo3
bo3
bo4
bo5
bu3
bu3
bu3
bu3
bu4
bu4
bu4
bu4
bu4
bu4
bu4
bu4
MC bak
MC bak*
MC bat
MC bwot, KO potu > hotsu, GO boti > bochi
MC bwot
MC bwot
MC pák, KO paku > haku, GO pyaku > hyaku
MC pak, KO GO paku > haku, KYO baku
MC pák
MC pak
MC pák
MC pak*
MC páwk
MC paX
MC paX
MC paH
MC bok
MC buH, KO po > ho, GO bu
Mandarin bu3 is irregular; we should expect bu4.
MC buH
Mandarin bu3 is irregular; we would expect bu4.
MC puwk, KO GO poku > hoku, KYO boku
MC puX
MC buH, KO po > ho, GO pu > fu
GO pu is irregular; we would expect bu.
MC buH
MC buX
MC buX
MC phuH
Mandarin bu4 is irregular; we would expect pu4.
MC pjuw, KO puu > fü, GO pu > fu
Mandarin bu4 reflects a form like MC pwot.
MC puH, KO po > ho, GO pu > fu
MC puH
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C
ca1
ca1
cai1
cai1
cai2
cai2
cai2
cai2
cai3
cai3
cai3
cai3
cai3
cai4
cai4
cai4
can1
can1
can2
can2
can2
can3
can4
cang1
MC trhák
MC tshat
MC tshoj, KO GO sai
MC tshoj
MC dzoj
MC dzoj
MC dzoj
MC dzoj
MC tshojX
MC tshojX
MC tshojX
MC tshojX
MC tshojX
MC tshajH
MC tshojH
MC tshojH*
MC tshan
MC tshom, KO GO san
MC dzam
MC dzan
MC dzom
MC tshomX
MC tshanH
MC dzráng, KO GO sau > sö
Mandarin cang1 is irregular; we would expect "cheng2". BUT Morohashi
gives a reading MC tshang which would make it regular.
MC tshang, KO GO sau > sö
cang1
cang1
MC tshang
cang1
MC tshang
cang2
MC dzang
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cao1
cao1
cao2
cao2
cao2
cao2
cao3
ce4
ce4
ce4
ce4
ce4
ce4
soku
MC tshaw
MC tshawH
Mandarin cao1 is irregular (taboo avoidance); we would expect cao4.
MC dzaw, KO sau > sö, GO zou > zö
MC dzaw
MC dzaw
MC dzaw
MC tshawX
MC tsrh‰k, KO saku, GO syaku > shaku
MC tsrh‰k
MC tsrhik*
GY tsrhiH.
MC tsrhik
MC tsrhik
MC tsrik, KO syoku > shoku, GO siki > shiki, KYO
Mandarin ce4 is irregular; we should expect z- or zh-.
MC tsrhim, KO GO sin > shin
cen1
cen2
MC dzrim
cen2
MC dzrim
ceng1
MC tsrh‰ng, KO sau > sö, GO syau > shö
GY dzing.
ceng2
MC dzong
ceng2
MC dzong
ceng4
MC tshongH
cha1
MC tsrh‰p
cha1
MC tsrhá, KO sa, GO sya > sha
cha2
MC drá
cha2
MC drá
cha2
MC dzrá
cha2
MC dzrá*
cha2
MC tsrh‰t
cha4
MC trháH
cha4
MC tsrhát, KO satu > satsu, GO seti > sechi, KYO setu
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> setsu
From Sanskrit késetra. Morohashi 2012 refers to 1967.
MC trhák
chai1
chai1
MC tsrh䃕
chai1
MC tsrh䃕
chai2
MC dzr䃕
chai2
MC dzr‰j, KO sai, GO zai
chai2
MC dzr‰j
chan1
MC tsrhám
chan2
MC drjen
chan2
MC dzr‰m, dzrjem
chan2
MC dzr‰n, KO san, GO
GY also dzrjen.
chan2
MC dzyem
chan2
MC dzyen, KO sen, GO zen
chan2
MC dzyen, KO sen, GO zen
chan2
MC dzyen
chan2
MC dzyen
chan2
MC dzyen
chan3
MC sr‰nX
Mandarin chan3 is irregular; we would expect shan3.
chan3
MC trhjemX
chan3
MC tsrh‰nX, KO san, GO sen
chan3
MC tsrh‰nX
chan3
MC tsyhenX
chan4
MC tsrhámH
Skt Ksama.
chan4
MC tsrhánH, tsrh‰nH
chang1
MC trhjang, KO GO tyau > chö
chang1
MC tsyhang, KO GO syau > shö
chang1
MC tsyhang
chang1
MC tsyhang
chang1
MC tsyhang
chang1
MC tsyhang
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chang2
MC drjang, KO tyau > chö, GO dyau > jö
chang2
MC drjang
chang2
MC drjang
chang2
MC drjang
chang2
MC dzyang, KO syau > shö, GO zyau > jö
MC also dzyangH.
chang2
MC dzyang, KO syau > shö, GO zyau > jö
chang2
MC dzyang*, KO syau > shö, GO zyau > jö
Chang2 E2 was originally Heng2 E2, according to HYDCD. Not in GY?
chang2
MC dzyang
chang2
MC dzyang
chang2
MC dzyang
chang2
MC tsyhangX*, KO GO syau > shö
chang3
MC tsyhangX
chang3
MC tsyhangX
chang3
MC tsyhangX
chang4
MC trhjangH
chang4
MC trhjangH
chang4
MC tsyhangH, KO GO syau > shö
chang4
MC tsyhangH, KO GO syau > shö
chao1
MC trhjew
chao1
MC tsráw*
Morohashi lacks this MC reading.
chao1
MC tsrháw, KO sau > sö, GO seu > shö
chao1
MC tsrháw
chao1
MC tsrháw
chao1
MC tsyhak
chao2
MC dráw, KO tau > tö, GO teu > chö
Morohashi gives only MC tráw.
chao2
MC drjew
chao2
MC drjew
chao2
MC drjew
chao2
MC dzráw
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chao3
chao3
che1
che3
che3
che4
MC tsrháwX, KO sau > sö, GO seu > shö
MC tsrháwX
MC tsyhá
MC tsrhjáX
MC tsyhek
MC drjet
Mandarin che4 is irregular; we would expect zhe2.
che4
MC trhák, KO taku, GO tyaku > chaku
che4
MC trhjet
GY also drjet.
che4
MC trhjet
che4
MC tsyhet
GY also tsyhejH.
chen1
MC trhim
chen1
MC trhin
chen1
MC tsyhin
chen2
MC drim
GY also drimH.
chen2
MC drim
chen2
MC drin, KO tin > chin, GO din > jin
chen2
MC drin
chen2
MC dzyim
chen2
MC dzyim
chen2
MC dzyin
chen2
MC dzyin
chen2
MC dzyin
chen2
MC dzyin, zyin
chen4
MC trhinH
chen4
MC tsrhinH
chen4
MC tsyhingH
Mandarin chen4 is irregular; we would expect cheng4.
cheng1
MC trháng
cheng1
MC trhjáng
cheng1
MC tsyhing
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cheng2
MC dr‰ng
cheng2
MC dring
cheng2
MC dring, dráng
cheng2
MC drjeng, KO tei, GO dyau > jö
cheng2
MC drjeng
cheng2
MC dzyeng, KO sei, GO zyau > jö
cheng2
MC dzyeng
cheng2
MC dzyeng
cheng2
MC dzyeng
cheng2
MC dzying, KO syou > shö, GO zyou > jö
cheng2
MC dzying
cheng2
MC zying, KO syou > shö, GO zyou > jö
cheng3
MC trhjengX
cheng3
MC trhjengX
cheng4
MC tsyhingH
cheng5
MC tsyhingH
chi1
MC khek, KO keki, GO kyaku
chi1
MC kjÉït, KO kitu > kitsu, GO koti > kochi
Mandarin chi1 is irregular; we would expect ji (tone uncertain).
chi1
MC trhi
chi1
MC trhi
chi1
MC tsyhi, KO GO si > shi
chi1
MC tsyhi
chi2
MC dri
chi2
MC drij, KO ti > chi, GO di > ji
chi2
MC drij
chi2
MC drje
chi2
MC drje
chi2
MC drje
chi2
MC dzye, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji
chi2
MC syeX
Mandarin chi2 is irregular; we would expect shi3 (which is an older
reading).
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chi3
MC dzyeH
Mandarin chi3 is irregular; we would expect shi4.
chi3
MC trhiX
chi3
MC trhiX
chi3
MC tsyhek
chi3
MC tsyheX, KO GO si > shi
chi3
MC tsyhiX
chi4
MC syeH, KO GO si > shi
chi4
MC syeH
Mandarin chi4 is irregular; we would expect shi4.
chi4
MC trhik
chi4
MC trhik
chi4
MC tsyhek
chi4
MC tsyhek
chi4
MC tsyhiH
chi4
MC tsyhit, KO situ > shitsu, GO siti > shichi
chong1
MC drjuwng
Mandarin chong1 is irregular; we would expect chong2.
chong1
MC syowng
Mandarin chong1 is irregular; we would expect shong1 (a syllable which
does not exist?).
MC tsyhowng
chong1
chong1
MC tsyhowng
chong1
MC tsyhuwng, KO syuu > shü, GO syu > shu
Morohashi 1345 refers to 1344.
chong2
MC drjowng*
chong2
MC drjowng
chong2
MC drjuwng
chong2
MC drjuwng
chong2
MC dzrjuwng
chong3
MC trhjowngX
chong4
MC tsyhuwngH
chou1
MC trhjuw
chou2
MC drjuw, KO tiu > chü, GO dyu > ju
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chou2
chou2
chou2
chou2
chou2
chou2
chou2
chou2
MC drjuw
MC drjuw
MC drjuw
MC drjuw
MC dzrjuw
MC dzyuw, KO GO ?
MC dzyuw
MC trhjuw
Mandarin chou2 is irregular; we would expect chou1.
chou3
MC trhjuwX, KO tiu > chü, GO tyu > chu
chou3
MC tsyhuwX
chou4
MC tsyhuwH
chu1
MC trhjo*
chu1
MC tsrhjo, KO syo > sho, GO so
chu1
MC tsyhwit, KO syutu > shutsu, GO syuti > shuchi
chu2
MC drjo
chu2
MC drjo
chu2
MC drjo
chu2
MC drju
chu2
MC drju
chu2
MC dzrjo
chu2
MC dzrju
chu2
MC tsrhju
Mandarin chu2 is irregular; we should expect chu1.
chu3
MC drjo, KO tyo > cho, GO dyo > jo
add cross-reference from chu2. Mandarin chu3 is irregular; we should
expect chu2.
MC trhjoX
chu3
GY also tuX.
chu3
MC trhjoX
chu3
MC tsrhjoX
chu3
MC tsrhjoX
chu3
MC tsyhoX
chu3
MC tsyhoX
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chu4
chu4
chu4
chu4
chu4
chu4
MC trhjuwk*
MC trhjuwk
MC trhjuwk
MC trhwit
MC trhwit
MC trwit
Mandarin chu4 is irregular; we would expect zhu.
chu4
MC tsyhoH
chu4
MC tsyhowk
chuai3
MC tsrhjweX
chuan1
MC tsyhwen
chuan1
MC tsyhwen
chuan2
MC drjwen, KO ten, GO den
chuan2
MC drjwen
chuan2
MC zywen
chuan3
MC tsyhwenX, KO GO sen, KYO zen
chuan3
MC tsyhwenX
chuan4
MC tsyhwenH, KO GO kwan > kan
chuan4
MC tsyhwenH
chuang1
MC tsrháwng
chuang1
MC tsrhjang, KO sau > sö, GO syau > shö
chuang1
MC tsrhjang
chuang2
MC dráwng
chuang2
MC dzrjang
chuang3
MC tsrhjangX
chuang4
MC tsrhjangH, KO sau > sö, GO syau > shö
chuang4
MC tsrhjangH
chui1
MC tsyhwe, KO GO swi > sui
chui1
MC tsyhwe
chui2
MC drwij
chui2
MC drwij
chui2
MC drwij
chui2
MC drwij
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chui2
chui2
chui2
MC dzywe, KO swi > sui, GO zwi > zui
MC dzywe
MC tsyweX
Mandarin chui2 is irregular; we would expect zhui3.
chui2
MC tsyweX
Mandarin chui2 is irregular; we would expect zhui3.
chun1
MC trhwin
chun1
MC tsyhwin
chun2
MC dzwin
chun2
MC dzywin*, KO syun > shun, GO zyun > jun, KYO sin
> shin
Sino-Japanese readings from M29526.
MC dzywin
chun2
chun2
MC dzywin
chun2
MC dzywin
chun2
MC zywin
chun3
MC tsyhwinX
chuo1
MC trháwk
chuo4
MC trjwet
Mandarin chuo4 is irregular; we would expect zhuo.
chuo4
MC tsyhak
chuo4
MC tsyhwet, KO setu > setsu, GO seti > sechi
Also MC dzywejH, drjwejH, dzywet. Also KO tetsu < tetu, GO techi < teti
(?).
MC dzje
ci1
Mandarin ci1 is irregular; we would expect ci2.
ci2
MC dzi
ci2
MC dzi
ci2
MC dzi
ci2
MC dzij
ci2
MC dzij
ci2
MC tshje
Mandarin ci2 is irregular; we would expect ci1.
ci2
MC zi
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