PANCREAS
Anatomy of the Digestive
System: Accessory Digestive
Organs
CHAPTER 14
p. 421-423
• Gland that extends across abdomen from
spleen to duodenum
• Located retroperitoneal – behind parietal
peritoneum
• Functions:
– produces digestive enzymes in alkaline fluid
– Produces insulin ( breaks down glucose) and
glucagon hormone that raises glucose level)
LIVER
• Largest gland ; 4 lobes
• Suspended from diaphragm by falciform
ligament
• Produces bile – yellow/green water solution
containing bile salts, bile pigments (bilirubin),
cholesterol, phospholipids and electrolytes
• Bile emulsifies fat into small globules
• Right & left hepatic ducts collect bile
• Fuse into the common hepatic duct
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GALL BLADDER
• Jaundice – results
from blockage of
common hepatic or
bile ducts, hepatitis
(inflammation of liver)
or cirrhosis
(hardening of liver)
• Green sac within lobes of liver
• When not digesting food bile backs up into the
cystic duct & is stored in gall bladder
• Bile becomes concentrated in gall bladder due
to water absorption
• http://www.uclan.ac.uk/facs/health/nursing/sonic/
scenarios/livjmanim/biliary_tract.html
• Gallstones – results from too much water
absorption and cholesterol crystallizes
SALIVARY GLANDS
• Parotid – lies anterior to ears; largest
• Submandibular – below jaw
• Sublingual – beneath tongue
– Empty secretions in floor of mouth
• Saliva – mixture of mucus (moistens &
binds food into bolus), amylase (digest
starch) and antibodies (inhibit bacteria)
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TEETH
• Massication of food
• Deciduous teeth – 1st
set; 20
• Permanent teeth – 2nd
set; 32
Tooth Structure:
• Crown – exposed
area; above gum
• Root – beneath the
gum
• Neck – connect root
to crown
• Gingiva – gums
Types of teeth:
• Incisors – front; chisel
shaped for cutting
• Canines – corner fangs;
puncture & pierce
• Premolars / bicuspids –
sides; grinding
• Molars – rear; crush &
grind
Tooth Structure:
• Enamel – hard outer
covering of crown
• Dentin – bone like
material under
enamel; composes
bulk of tooth
• Cementum – glue like
substance on outer
root surface
Tooth Structure:
• Pulp cavity – contains
pulp – blood vessels,
nerves & connective
tissue – provides
nutrients to tooth &
sensations
• Root canal – extension of
pulp into root
• Peridontal ligament –
holds tooth in socket
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