INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS
SBI3U
Name: _______________
Plants appeared in the biosphere around _______________ years ago. They evolved from
_______________ ancestors in the ocean.
Definition of plants:
1. multicellular, _______________ organisms that carry out _______________
2. have cell walls made of _______________
3. they develop from _______________ protected by tissues of the parent plant
Four main varieties of plants include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Non-vascular plants
Spore-producing plants \
Gymnosperms
|
Angiosperms
/
_______________ vascular plants
Alternation of Generations
Animals are _______________ throughout their entire lives. A haploid egg and sperm fuse
to create a diploid _______________. Animals do _____ undergo alternation of
generations.
Plants however, go through an alternation of generations where one generation is
_______________ (2n) and the other is haploid (n). These generations can look quite
different from each other.
Gametophyte generation — is the _______________ plant generation that
produces _______________ gametes
Sporophyte Generation —
is the _______________ plant generation that
produces _______________ spores
Generalized Plant Life cycle:
Haploid Gametophyte Generation


Haploid _______________ are the first cells of the gametophyte
generation. (They do not fuse with another cell.) A spore will undergo
_______________ to produce all haploid cells of various structures of the
gametophyte plant.
Specialized parts of the haploid gametophyte produce haploid
_____________. An egg and a sperm fuse during ___________ to produce
the ____________ zygote.
Diploid Sporophyte Generation

The zygote, the first cell in the sporophyte generation, undergoes
____________ to become an embryo which then matures to form a
___________ sporophyte plant.
SBI3U
Page 2
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS


first appeared about ______________________________ years ago
include: (see text page 437 for pictures)
Common name
Division
Number of Species
2. Liverworts
Hepatophyta
65 000
3. Hornworts
Anthocerophyta
1. Mosses
Characteristics of non-vascular plants
1. Lack true _______________ , _______________ and _______________ and they do not
have _______________ _______________ to transport materials throughout the
plant body
2. Usually grow:
 in dense _______________, and;
 in _______________ environments
3. Live on:
 moist _______________
 bare _______________
 dead _______________
 buildings
BRYOPHYTES (Mosses) – are a type of non-vascular plant
Mosses can reproduce asexually by ___________________ or sexually.
Life Cycle of Bryophytes
The full life cycle of mosses include an alternation of generation.
1. _____________ spores produced by meiosis are the first cells of the ______________
generation. The spores are carried by _______________ or by _______________
2. If the spore lands on suitable soil, the protective layer splits and it ______________,
divides rapidly by _______________ and grows into a ________________________ plant
(this resembles filamentous green algae).
3. As the gametophyte plant matures, sex organs are formed. The male sex organ
called _______________ is tiny and shaped like an elongated balloon. _______________
cells are produced in the antheridium. The female sex organ called the
_______________ is also tiny and is shaped like a bowling pin. A haploid
_______________ is produced in the archegonium.
4. When the sperm are mature they are released from the antheridia and if
_______________ is present, they swim to and down the neck of the archegonia.
SBI3U
Page 3
Once the sperm fertilizes the egg, the zygote forms and marks the beginning of the
_______________ generation.
5. The embryo continues to grow in the new _______________ plant (which looks like a
thin, ______________________________ but remains embedded in the archegonium
which supplies nearly all of the _______________ needed for growing the
_______________ plant.
6. The top of the stalk enlarges into a _______________ and releases haploid
_______________, the first cells of the _______________ generation.
Significance of Bryophytes
1.





moss grow in open, wet environments such as _______________ which are found in
Boreal regions around the world
as moss begins to _______________ they accumulate and compress the older
layers of moss
due to the constant wetness and lower levels, the moss layers only partially
decay and are referred to as _______________ or _______________ (can be more
than _____ m deep)
dried peat has been used for centuries as _______________
Canada is the _______________ largest producer of peat moss after Germany and
Russia
FYI: Human and other animal bodies dating back thousands of years are often found in
bogs (so-called ―bog bodies‖). Sometimes they are so well preserved that fingerprints
and tattoos can be seen on their skin, hundreds of years after their death.
2.




peat bogs affect the ______________________________
bogs store large amounts of _______________; as the bogs are removed, there is
less storage of CO2, more CO2 in the _______________ which contributes to
the _______________ effect
an increase in CO2 is the main cause of _______________ _______________
_______________
SBI3U
Page 4
SBI3U
Page 5