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−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× −0ZDVSUH SDUHGE\GLVVROYLQJWKHDSSURSULDWHDPRXQWRI%ULMLQZDWHU E\JHQWOHKHDWLQJ+H[DPHWK\OHQHWHWUDPLQHKH[DPLQHVROXWLRQ 0ZDVSUHSDUHGDVDEXIIHUVROXWLRQDQGWKHS+DGMXVWHG WRZLWKHLWKHUK\GURFKORULFDFLGRUVRGLXPK\GUR[LGH $QDO\WLFDOFKHPLFDOVDQGGHLRQL]HGGLVWLOOHGZDWHUZHUHXVHG WKURXJKRXWWKHH[SHULPHQW$OOJODVVZDUHZDVZDVKHGWKRU RXJKO\ ZLWK FRQFHQWUDWHG K\GURFKORULFQLWULF DFLG DW R &DQGULQVHGZLWKGHLRQL]HGZDWHUWRPLQLPL]HSKRVSKDWH FRQWDPLQDWLRQ 3UHFHGXUH P/ S+ EXIIHU VROXWLRQ 0 KH[D PHWK\OHQHWHWUDPLQH+&OP/ × −0 77$P/ × −0(XP/ × −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× −0ZDVSUHSDUHGE\GLVVROY LQJ(X2ZLWKDVPDOODPRXQWRIK\GURFKORULFDFLGZKLFK ZDVWKHQGLOXWHGZLWKZDWHU$VWDQGDUGVROXWLRQWKHQR\OWULI OXRURDFHWRQH77$ × −0ZDVSUHSDUHGE\GLVVROY LQJWKH77$LQHWKDQRO7KHZRUNLQJVWDQGDUGVROXWLRQV RISKRVSKDWHZHUHSUHSDUHGE\GLOXWLQJD × −0.+32 &RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU)D[(PDLONZFKD# LQKDDFNU )LJXUH ([FLWDWLRQ D D DQG HPLVVLRQ E E VSHFWUD RI (X 77$LQWKHDEVHQFHDQGSUHVHQFHRISKRVSKDWHDE>(X@ × − 0 >77$@ × − 0 >%ULM @ × − 0 S+ D E DGGLQJ × − 0SKRVSKDWHWRDEUHVSHFWLYHO\ %XOO.RUHDQ&KHP6RF9RO1R )LJXUH S+ HIIHFW RQ WKH IOXRUHVFHQFH LQWHQVLW\ RI (X77$ >(X@ × − 0 >77$@ × − 0 32− × − 0 >KH[DPHWK\OHQHWHWUDPLQH+&OEXIIHU@ × −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− FRPSOH[ ZDVH[DPLQHG$VVKRZQ LQ7DEOHWKHQRQLRQLFVXUIDFWDQW%ULMKDVWKHJUHDWHVW HQKDQFHPHQWHIIHFWDPRQJWKHVXUIDFWDQW7KHXVHRIWKHVXU IDFWDQW %ULM ZDV PRVW HIIHFWLYH LQ LPSURYLQJ VROXELOLW\ 7KXV %ULM ZDV UHFRPPHQGHG IRU WKH IXUWKHU VWXG\ 7KH RSWLPXPFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI%ULMZDVDOVRVWXGLHG)LJXUH :KHQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI%ULMLVOHVVWKDQ × − 7DEOH (IIHFWRIYDULRXVVXUIDFWDQWRQWKHIOXRUHVFHQFHRI(X 77$ 6XUIDFWDQWD 1RQH &7$% &3& 6'6 07$% 7ULWRQ; %ULM %ULM &RQFHQWUDWLRQ0 5),E − × − × − × − × − × − × − × − −F >(X@ × − 0 >77$@ × − 0 D&7$% FHW\OWULPHWK\O DPPRQLXP EURPLGH &3& FHW\OS\ULGLXP FKORULGH 6'6 GRGHF\O VXOIDWH VRGLXP VDOW 07$% P\ULVW\OWULPHWK\O DPPRQLXP EURPLGH 7ULWRQ ; RFW\OSKHQRO SRO\R[\HWK\OHQH LVRRFW\OSKHQRO %ULM SRO\R[\HWK\OHQH ODXU\O HWKHU %ULM SRO\R[\HWK\OHQH FHW\O HWKHU E 5HODWLYHIOXRUHVFHQFHLQWHQVLW\ FSUHFLSLWDWLRQRFFXU 1RWHV )LJXUH (IIHFWRI%ULMRQWKHIOXRUHVFHQFHLQWHQVLW\RI(X 77$>(X@ × − 0>77$@ × − 0S+ 32− × − 0 0IOXRUHVFHQFHLQWHQVLW\LQFUHDVHVVLJQLILFDQWO\ZLWKLQFUHDV LQJ %ULM FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DQG GHFUHDVHV VORZO\ ZKHQ WKH %ULMFRQFHQWUDWLRQLVDERYH × −0%ULM × −0ZDVXVHGWKURXJKRXW &DOLEUDWLRQFXUYHRISKRVSKDWH 7KHGHFUHDVHLQWKHIOX RUHVFHQFH LQWHQVLW\ RI WKH (X77$ FRPSOH[ ZDV D OLQHDU IXQFWLRQRIWKHSKRVSKDWHLRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQ7KHOLQHDUUDQJH ZDV × − × −0SKRVSKDWHLRQZKHQWKHFRQFHQ WUDWLRQVRI(X77$DQG%ULMZHUH × −0 × − 0DQG × −0UHVSHFWLYHO\U 7KHGHWHFWLRQOLPLW ZDV × −0SKRVSKDWHLRQ61 7KHOLQHDUUDQJHFDQ EHFKDQJHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRI(XDQG77$ %\DGMXVWLQJWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI(XDQG77$RQO\GLIIHUHQW OLQHDUUDQJHVFDQEHIRUPHG)RUH[DPSOHZKHQWKHFRQFHQ WUDWLRQVRI(XDQG77$ZHUH × − 0DQG × −0 UHVSHFWLYHO\WKHFDOLEUDWLRQUDQJHRIWKHSKRVSKDWHLRQZDV × − 0 × −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µJP/ $QDO\WLFDO ZDYHOHQJWK QP ([ (P − − − 5HIHUHQFH − 1RWHV %XOO.RUHDQ&KHP6RF9RO1R 7DEOH 'HWHUPLQDWLRQRISKRVSKDWHLQQDWXUDOWDSDQGODNHZDWHU )RXQG− 0 6DPSOH QDWXUDOZDWHU%RQJKZD0W WDSZDWHUODERUDWRU\ ODNHZDWHU,QN\RXQJODNH 7KLV PHWKRG 56'D PRO\EEOXH PHWKRG QRGHWHFWLRQ D 5HODWLYHVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQQ )LJXUH 6WHUQ9ROPHU SORW IRU WKH TXHQFKLQJ RI WKH (X77$ E\SKRVSKDWHDR&E R&>(X@ × − 0>77$@ × − 0>%ULM@ × − 0S+ 7DEOH 7ROHUDQFHOLPLWVRIIRUHLJQLRQV ,RQV 7ROHUDQFH 0ROHUDWLRD &2− 62− %2− &2− %2− $V2− &U2− )− 6L2− × − 0 × − 0 × − 0 × − 0 × − 0 × − 0 × − 0 × − 0 × − 0 >(X@ × − 0 >77$@ × − 0 >%ULM @ × − 0 >.+32@ × − 0D0ROHUDWLRDJDLQVWSKRVSKDWHDGGHG 77$+27KHSUHVHQFHRISKRVSKDWHDVDV\QHUJHWLF OLJDQGVHHPVWRUHPRYHZDWHUPROHFXOHVIURPWKHFRRUGLQD WLRQVSKHUHRIWKHODQWKDQLGHLRQSRVVLEO\IRUPLQJDWHUQDU\ FRPSOH[ DQG WKHQ DFWLQJ DV WKH TXHQFKHU RI WKH OXPLQHV FHQFHRIWKH(X77$FRPSOH[ ,QJHQHUDOWKHTXHQFKLQJHIILFLHQF\FDQEHGHVFULEHGE\ WKH6WHUQ9ROPHUHTXDWLRQ ,, .VY>4@ ZKHUH,DQG,DUHWKHIOXRUHVFHQFHLQWHQVLWLHVLQWKHDEVHQFH DQGWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHTXHQFKHUUHVSHFWLYHO\.VYLVWKHTXHQ FKLQJFRQVWDQWRU6WHUQ9ROPHUFRQVWDQWDQG>4@LVWKHTXHQ FKHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQ,QG\QDPLFTXHQFKLQJTXHQFKLQJHIILFLHQF\ LQFUHDVHVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJWHPSHUDWXUH%XWLQWKHFDVHRIVWDWLF TXHQFKLQJWKHTXHQFKLQJHIIHFWLVORZHUDWKLJKHUWHPSHUD WXUH)LJXUHLVWKH6WHUQ9ROPHUSORWRIWKH(X77$LQ WKHSUHVHQFHRISKRVSKDWH,Q)LJXUHWKH,,WHUPLVORZHU DWKLJKHUWHPSHUDWXUHZKLFKFDQEHLQWHUSUHWHGWRPHDQWKDW WKHDERYHTXHQFKLQJPHFKDQLVPLVDVWDWLFTXHQFKLQJWHU QDU\FRPSOH[IRUPDWLRQEHWZHHQ(X77$DQGSKRVSKDWH ,QWHUIHUHQFHRIIRUHLJQLRQV 7KHWROHUDQFHOLPLWZDVFDO FXODWHG E\ WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI D IRUHLJQ LRQ UHVXOWLQJ LQ OHVVWKDQGHYLDWLRQRIWKHIOXRUHVFHQFHRI(X77$LQ WKHSUHVFHQFHRISKRVSKDWH7DEOH,QRWKHUVSHFWURSKRWR PHWULFPHWKRGVRISKRVSKDWHDUVHQDWHLVRIWHQUHJDUGHGDV WKHLQWHUIHULQJLRQHYHQWKRXJK7DEOHVKRZVWKDWDUVHQDWH GRHVQRWLQWHUIHUHZLWKWKLVPHWKRG0RVWDQLRQVKDYHDUHOD WLYHO\KLJKWROHUDQFHOLPLWH[FHSW&2−DQG&U2−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
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz