IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Σοφού Αθανασία
Μετάφραση :
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία ,
Καριώρης Παναγιώτης
Για παραπομπή :
Σοφού Αθανασία , "Cappadocia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8586>
Περίληψη :
Region of Asia Minor, east of Phrygia and west of the River Euphrates. From the middle of the 6th cent. BC until the end of the 4th cent. BC it was a
satrapy of the Persian Empire. During the Hellenistic period it belonged administratively to the two kingdoms of Great Cappadocia and Cappadocia
next to Pontus. In the 1st cent. BC the northern part was named Pontus. In the 1st cent. AD it became part of the Roman Empire and was organized
into a province.
Άλλες Ονομασίες
Assyria, Leukosyria, Leukosyriaki, Katpatuka, Kizzuwatna
Γεωγραφική Θέση
Eastern Asia Minor
Ιστορική Περιοχή
Cappadocia
Διοικητική Υπαγωγή
The Hittite Empire, Phrygian Kingdom, Kingdom of Tabal, Persian Empire, Kingdom of Greater Cappadocia, Kingdom of Cappadocian Pontus,
Province of Pontus-Vithynia, Province of Cappadocia
1. Name
The origin of the name ‘Cappadocia’, which is recorded for the first time by Herodotus, is attributed by the ancient writers either to a
Persian with the same name, who was given this region as a reward for rescuing the Persian king from a lion, or to the Assyrian hero
Cappadocus, son of Ninyus or finally to the river Cappadocus. According to modern scholars it is the transliteration in Greek of the
probably not Persian place-name ‘Katpatuka’, which means ‘the land of the beautiful horses’. That could also be a survival of the
Hittite name ‘Kizzuwatna’.
Ancient written sources refer to the region as ‘Assyria’, ‘Leukosyria’, ‘Leukosyriaki’ and the inhabitants were called not only
Cappadoces but also ‘Syrians’, ‘Assyrians’ and ‘Leukosyrians’, national names correlated with the Assyrian domination in the area,
as the Greeks called the Assyrians 'Syrians' . On the contrary, the term Syria was not used for this area but for the Palestinian Syria.
Regarding the name Leukosyrians in particular, ancient writers believed that its first part (Leuco meaning white) was connected to the
pale skin of the people, which was lighter than the inhabitants of south Syria. This theory has only been accepted by some modern
historians, while others consider it to be a popular etymology of the ancient Greeks, who transliterated into Greek the prefix ‘Lukki’
or ‘Lyko’ of some names from Asia Minor into ‘Leuko’. Finally, the Armenian place-name ‘Gamirk’ for Cappadocia is related to the
raids of Cimmerians to this country.1
2. Geography
Strabo the geographer, who has delivered the most detailed description of the area, compares Cappadocia to the isthmus of a
peninsula, namely Asia Minor, which is defined by the Black Sea in the north and the Issicus bay in the south. According to his
description, the Cappadocians lived in an area which bordered to the west Paphlagonia, Phrygia, Galatia and Lycaonia, to the east
Colchis, Lesser and Greater Armenia, to the north the Black Sea and to the south Rough Cilicia. The precise borders on the
neighbouring areas were altered many times through the ages.2 Thus, the placename Cappadocia did not define the same
geographical area throughout Antiquity. In addition, the settlements of the people were not limited within the borders of that region.
Regarding the northwest boundaries, we know that in the years prior to the 5th cent. BC the settlements of the Cappadocian Syrians,
as the people were called, extended to the west of Alys river, on coastal areas which later belonged to Paphlagonia. Since the 5th
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Σοφού Αθανασία
Μετάφραση :
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία ,
Καριώρης Παναγιώτης
Για παραπομπή :
Σοφού Αθανασία , "Cappadocia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8586>
century, Alys was the natural border to the west, while to the east Cappadocia was defined by the river Thermodontas.3 The south
borders of Cappadocia altered considerably within the following years. In the middle of the 5th century they barely reached north of
Alys, while the area to the south of Alys, where the kingdom of Cappadocia was later organized, belonged to Cilicia in that period.4
Until the end of the 5th century the lands to the south of Alys up to the mountain range of Taurus, which became the natural boundary
to the south,5 were incorporated to Cappadocia. The natural boundaries to the west were river Alys, lake Tatta and Taurus. Finally,
to the east the area of Euphrates must have been the east boundary between Cappadocia and Armenia, extending along the line
Melitine-Sevasteia-Themiskyra.
Therefore, we can conclude that Cappadocia reached its greatest expansion in the period between the 5th and the 1st century BC. In
the 1st cent BC the name Pontus for its northern part is recorded for the first time, which prevailed in the following years. As a result
the north boundary of Cappadocia was relocated further south, in the mountain ranges over upper Alys.6 Since then the borders of
Cappadocia were considered to be the same as those of the Kingdom of Great Cappadocia. The extent of that area is estimated to
have been about 80,000 sq. km.7
3. Geomorphology
The part of Cappadocia which had that name after the 1st cent. BC occupied the central plateau of Asia Minor at an altitude of
1,000m. Volcanic mountains dominate the area, with Mt. Argaios (3,196m) being the highest one. Their volcanic activity in
combination with the erosion by natural elements has created peculiar conical mountains. These monolithic formations of lava
characterize the landscape of Cappadocia, especially west to Caesaria, around Korama.
The west part of Cappadocia is almost treeless-only Mt. Argaios was covered by thick vegetation as well as the mountain ranges of
Taurus and Antitaurus, where there were several water springs. Alys to the northwest and Euphrates to the east must have been the
natural boundaries of the region. In Cataonia the rivers Saros and Pyramos had their springs. Other rivers in Cappadocia were rivers
Melas, which flowed from Mt. Argaios close to Caesaria and Carmalas which flowed through Sargarausine and Cataonia.8
4. Economy
The scarce and often contradicting information from the written sources do not permit us to draw a full picture for the agricultural
produce in Cappadocia. Cicero calls the area a desert, while other sources mention that it was a fertile land, rich in fruits. The
continental climate did not favour the cultivation of vine, olive and fruits. Strabo claims that Melitine was the only place of Cappadocia
with cultivated trees, even olives, and that the wine produced there, the so-called ‘monaritis’, was equivalent to the Greek wines.
However, the cultivation of cereals, wheat in particular, was very developed. Cappadocian bread was famous in the Roman world
and Cappadocian bakers were considered to be the best. The ‘Cappadocian bread’ was a delicacy made with oil, milk and was
rather salty. Nevertheless, the climate with its intense alterations between drought and frost often ruined agricultural produce, resulting
in high prices and famine.
Animal husbandry had always been very important for the economy of the area. Cappadocia had a long tradition of horse raising,
which were among the best breeds, as well as pack-animals and sheep. Cappadocian horses and mules were exported to Assyria. A
hint for the size of animal husbandry in the area is the annual tax the Cappadocians paid to the Achaemenid kings:1,500 horses,
50,000 sheep and 2,000 mules. Its importance remained intact during the Imperial years as well. It is characteristic that the Roman
Emperors kept in Cappadocia stables with horses for races.
An important share in the economy of the region was provided by its mineral wealth. The sources mention the existence of precious
stones deposits, such as mineral crystal, onyx, alabaster of lesser quality and iaspis. They also mined a white stone which resembled
ivory and was used to make hilts for daggers and swords, and another white stone which was called ‘catoptritis’ (meaning reflector)
because it was used as a mirror. A diamond stone, which Nero used for the revetment of a temple in Rome, was also brought from
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Σοφού Αθανασία
Μετάφραση :
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία ,
Καριώρης Παναγιώτης
Για παραπομπή :
Σοφού Αθανασία , "Cappadocia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8586>
Cappadocia. The sinopian miltos, which was called so because it was first exported from Sinope before the traders launched it in the
market of Ephesus, was also extracted in Cappadocia. This was a pigment with pharmaceutical properties and according to Strabo it
was of excellent quality and equal to the Iberian. Another product from Cappadocia was salt. The production of steel and arsenic is
also testified.
The silver deposits in south Cappadocia were very important as they were unique in the entire area. Their exploitation started in the
Hittite period and continued throughout Antiquity until modern times. The silver mines supplied the mint of Caesarea, which
developed into one of the most important in the Roman Empire. Most mines were personal property of the kings of Cappadocia and
later of the Roman emperors.
The natural resources of Cappadocia were so wealthy that when it became a Roman province emperor Tiberius put it under its
immediate administration in order to have the exclusive right to collect taxes. The annexation of Cappadocia to the Roman empire
was also beneficial for the Roman citizens, as the profits from the new province permitted Tiberius to cut in half the tax which all
Roman citizens had to pay as contribution to the Military Fund.9
5. History
5.1. Early years
The history of Cappadocia begun in the ancient Assyrian period (circa 2000-1750 BC), as it can be concluded by the most ancient
written sources on the prehistory of Asia Minor which were found in modern Kultepe.10 In the last quarter of the 20th cent. BC
Assyrian traders established themselves in central Asia Minor forming a network of colonies which facilitated trade between Anatolia
and the regions of Mesopotamia and northern Syria. In Cappadocia, and particularly in Kanesh or modern Kultepe, was the
administration center of the Assyrian colonies which formed a kind of ‘province’ of the ancient Assyrian city-state of Assur.11 Before
the end of the ancient Assyrian period the history of Cappadocia and Asia Minor in general is associated with a new tribe the
Hittites.12 Under their domination the small principalities of fragmented Cappadocia were unified and the country became the core of
the immense Hittite state. For five centuries and until the abolition of the Hittite empire in c. 1200 BC, Cappadocia was flourishing
with Kanesh as the first capital and Hattusha, modern Bogazkoi, later. The intrusion of a new wave of Indo-European tribes into Asia
Minor just after 1200 BC was the beginning not only of the decline of the Hittite influence but also signalled a new fragmentation of
the country into small hegemonies.13 The next five centuries marked a most eventful period in the history of Cappadocia. During this
period the east part became the core of the kingdom of Tabal, the country was invaded by Assyrians, Cimmerians and Scythians,
new races settled in the region and it came under the influence, if not under the administration for a short interval, of the kingdom of
Phrygia.14 When the Medes conquered Cappadocia in the early 6th cent. BC, they influenced it dramatically.
5.2. The Persian period
In 546/545 BC Katpatuka is incorporated into the kingdom of the Achemenid Persians by king Cyrus I. According to Herodotus,
whose testimony probably reflects the organization of the Persian state in the time of Darius I (522-486 BC), Cappadocia becomes
part of the 3rd prefecture of the Persian state, while a more recent theory suggests the accession of the region into the 13th.15 Strabo
claims that prior to the Macedonian conquest, Cappadocia was divided into two satrapies, where the subsequent kingdoms of Great
Cappadocia and Cappadocia next to Pontus were founded. This development is probably dated after the death of the satrap of
Cappadocia and Paphlagonia Datames in 358 BC.16
5.3. Hellenistic and Roman Period
The fate of Cappadocia during the campaign of Alexander the Great in 334 BC is a controversial matter. Some sources report that
Alexander crossed part of it and appointed Savictas or Avistamenes as a satrap. According to another testimony, Alexander did not
marched through this country at all. It is highly plausible that the new satrap did not manage to rule the satrapy given to him or that he
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Συγγραφή :
Σοφού Αθανασία
Μετάφραση :
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία ,
Καριώρης Παναγιώτης
Για παραπομπή :
Σοφού Αθανασία , "Cappadocia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8586>
dominated it but soon lost his authority by submitting to the Persian counter-attack which followed the battle of Issus in 333 BC.17 It
is also reported that after that battle the Persian king Darius offered Cappadocia to Alexander along with his daughter’s hand, hoping
to stop Alexander’s advance in his kingdom.18
After Alexander’s death in 323 BC and during the first half of the 3rd cent. BC Cappadocia came successively under the power of all
Alexander’s generals and successors who ruled for a short period in the greatest part of Asia Minor in that period. Meanwhile, as the
successors were devoted to their struggles for the Macedonian reign and the territorial expansion of their states, a gap of authority
was created in this frontier and inaccessible country which permitted the establishment of two native dynasties: of Mithridates in
northern Cappadocia and of Ariarathes in the south.19
The kingdom of Great Cappadocia was founded in 255 BC, was abolished in 17 AD and turned into the Roman Province of
Cappadocia. In 72 AD Cappadocia, Galatia, northern Pisidia, Lycaonia, Paphlagonia and the former kingdoms of Pontus and Lesser
Armenia were unified into one large province named ‘Cappadocian Province’. Between 107 and 113 AD Cappadocia was again
named Province of Cappadocia along with Lesser Armenia, part of Lycaonia, a part of the hinterland of Pontus, as well as the
kingdom of Polemon.20 The kingdom of Pontus was founded in 281 BC and was abolished in 63 BC. In 62 BC a part of it was
incorporated into the Roman Province of Pontus-Bithynia, while another part was ceded to native kings who were client kings to
Rome. When the Roman domination began the name ‘Pontus’ was used for the first time for this region of northern Cappadocia.
6. Language and culture
The earliest written evidence from Cappadocia, the clay tablets with cuneiform script, testify that in the ancient Assyrian period (circa
2000-1750 BC) the official language was Accadian. However, already in that period the first Louwian or Hittite names appear in
written sources, as groups of Indo-Europeans who are associated with Hittites penetrated into Asia Minor. The Greek definitions
‘Syrians’, ‘Leukosyrians’ or ‘Cappadocian Syrians’ dissociate the Louwian population of northern Syria from the population of the
region which was later called Syria and Palestine. Inscriptions in the Phrygian language testify the influence of the ancient Phrygian
kingdom during the 7th/6th cent. BC.21 After the Persian conquest the official language was Aramaic, which prevailed until Late
Antiquity and was the only language spoken by the rural population reflecting, as well as the survival of cults of Persian origin, the
adoption by the natives of elements of the Persian culture.
According to Strabo, the only people who initially spoke a different language were the Cataones. Ancient writers considered Melitine
to be part of Cataonia and the Cataones to be of a different ethnicity from the Cappadocians. However, after the incorporation of
Cataonia to the Cappadocian kingdom in the second half of the 3rd cent. BC, the Cataones were assimilated and the whole region of
Cappadocia formed one lingual and national entity. The Greek language, although it was used in administration along with Aramaic, as
it can be seen by official papers of the 2nd cent. AD, was never particularly widespread in Cappadocia. The barbarian accent of the
Greek language, even by the members of the highest status and orators, as well as the obsession of the Cappadocians with their own
language, were some of the reasons why their complete incorporation to the Greek and Roman civilization is disputed.
Another characteristic of this civilization, the political organization, did not develop in Cappadocia. As in Greek-Roman antiquity the
existence of cities was connected to fair and just government, the Cappadocians were viewed as underdeveloped and barbarians.
This impression was reinforced by their refusal to accept the abolishment of monarchy which was suggested by Rome in the beginning
of the 1st cent. BC. Moreover, many Cappadocians reached Rome as slaves. For these reasons the national name ‘Cappadox’
implied the non-Greek, the barbarian.
Contrary to what was happening to other regions in Asia Minor, the Hellenization of Cappadocia was a long process, accelerated
only by the rapid christianization of its inhabitants. However, even though in the second half of the 3rd cent. AD a large part of the
population had become Christians, in the 4th cent. AD the local language continued to dominate in the rural population. Cappadocia
would become Hellenized only after the complete dominance of Christianity and only then it became an ideological and cultural part
of the Roman Empire.22
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Συγγραφή :
Σοφού Αθανασία
Μετάφραση :
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία ,
Καριώρης Παναγιώτης
Για παραπομπή :
Σοφού Αθανασία , "Cappadocia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8586>
1. Hdt. 1.71. 2.72. 5.49. 7.72; Plin. NH 6.9; Just. 2.4; Plb. ex. 54 in Constantinus Porfyrogenitus, Περί των θεμάτων Ι.2, Bekker, I. (ed.) Corpus Scriptorum
Historiae Byzantinae (Bonn 1840) p.18; Arr. FGrHist. 156 F 74; Franck, L., Sources classiques concernant la Cappadoce (RHA XXIV,Paris 1996) p. 9;
Muller, D., Topographischer Bildkommentar zu den Historien Herodots. Kleinasien (Berlin 1997) p. 125 ff. RE 24 (1925), col. 2291 ff, see en.
‘Leukosyroi’ (W.Ruge); RAC (1954) col. 864, see en. ‘Cappadocia’ (E. Kirsten). The Hittite placename ‘kizzuwatna’ according to another view defines
Cilicia, ibid, col. 863.
2. Str. 12.1.1.
3. Debord, P., L’Asie Mineure au IVe siècle (412-323 a.C.). Pouvoirs et jeux politiques (Bordeaux 1999), p. 85 ff.
4. Hdt. 1.72; Str: 12.5.1; Syme, R., Anatolica. Studies in Strabo (Oxford 1995) p. 10, p. 156.
5. X. An. 1.2.20; Berges, D.-Nolle, J., Tyana. Archäologisch-historiche Untersuchungen zum südwestlichen Kappadokien, 1-2 (IK 55.1, Bonn 2000) p.
478; Debord, P. L’Asie Mineure au IVe siècle (412-323 a.C.). Pouvoirs et jeux politiques (Bordeaux 1999), p. 331.
6. Str. 11.8.4. 12.2.10; DNP 10 (2001) col. 142, see en. ‘Pontos’ (E. Olshausen).
7. RE 10.2 (1919) col.1911, see en. ‘Kappadokia’ (W.Ruge).
8. Str. 12.2.3. 12.2.7-8. 1.3.7. 12.2.4; Ptol., Geog. 5.6.7.
9. Teja, R., ‘Die römische Provinz Kappadokien in der Prinzipatszeit’, (ANRW 7.2, 1980) pp. 1097-1124.
10. These are 20,000 cuneiform tablets, dated in their biggest part to the period between 1920-1850 BC. See The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology
in the Near East 3 (1997) pp. 308-310, see en. ‘Kültepe Texts’ (K. Veenhof).
11. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East 3 (1997) p. 308, see en. ‘Kültepe Texts’ (K. Veenhof).
12. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East 2 (1997) p. 85, see en. ‘Hittites’ (H.A. Hoffner).
13. RAC (1954), col. 862 ff, see en. ‘Cappadocia’ (E. Kirsten).
14. The possible incorporation to the kingdom of Medas is dated before 695 BC. The period of Cimmerian invasions in Asia Minor: 700/650 BC RAC
(1954), col. 863 ff, see en. ‘Cappadocia’ (E. Kirsten).
15. Hdt. 3.90.2. According to a recent theory the area of the settlement of Syrocappadocians does not coincide with the borders of Cappadocia. So
the 3rd prefecture included lands west to the river Alys but Cappadocia belonged to the 13th prefecture, see Debord, P. L’Asie Mineure au IVe siècle
(412-323 a.C.). Pouvoirs et jeux politiques (Bordeaux 1999), p. 85 ff. Högemann, P., Das alte Vorderasien und die Achämeniden. Ein Beitrag zur Herodot
Analyse (Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des vorderen Orients Reihe B, 98, Wiesbaden 1992), p. 61.
16. Str. 12.1.4. Although this evidence is not confirmed by any other ancient source, it has been accepted by most modern scholars. See Debord, P.
L’Asie Mineure au IVe siècle (412-323 a.C.). Pouvoirs et jeux politiques (Bordeaux 1999), pp. 107, 109 ; Petit, Th., Satrapes et satrapies dans
l’Empire achménide de Cyrus le Grand à Xerxès Ier (Bibliotheque de la Faculté de Philosophie et Lettres de l’Université de Liège 254, Paris 1990), p.
208.
17. Arr. An. 2.4.2; Curt. 3.1.24. 3.4.1; D. S. 18.3.1; App. Mith. 12.2.8. See also Hornblower, J., Hieronymus of Cardia (Oxford 1981), p. 240.
18. Curt. 4.11.5.
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Συγγραφή :
Σοφού Αθανασία
Μετάφραση :
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία ,
Καριώρης Παναγιώτης
Για παραπομπή :
Σοφού Αθανασία , "Cappadocia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8586>
19. D. S. 20.111.4. 31.19.5; Meyer, E., Die Grenzen der Hellenistischen Staaten in Kleinasien (Leipzig 1925); Beloch, K.J., Griechische Geschichte 4.2
(Berlin-Leipzig 1927) p. 355; Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor (Princeton 1950) p. 917, note 4.
20. DNP 6 (1999) col. 262 ff, see entry ‘Cappadocia’ (K.Strobel); Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor (Princeton 1950) p. 605 ff.
21. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East 2 (1997) p. 85, see en. ‘Hittites’ (H.A. Hoffner); DNP 6 (1999) col. 262 ff, see en.
‘Kappadocia’ (K. Strobel); RE Suppl. 6 (1935) see en. ‘Kappadokia’ (W. Brandenstein).
22. Str. 12.1.2; Teja, R., 'Die römische Provinz Kappadokien in der Prinzipatzeit', ANWR 7.2. (1980), p. 1114; Berges, D., - Nollé, J., Tyana.
Archäologisch-historische Untersuchungen zum südwestlichen Kappadokien, 1-2 (IK 55.1, Bonn 2000), p. 490.
Βιβλιογραφία :
Magie D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century after Christ, Princeton – New
Jersey 1950
Müller D., Topographischer Bildkommentar zu den Historien Herodots. Kleinasien und angrenzende
Gebiete mit Südostthrakien und Zypern, Tübingen – Berlin 1997
Debord P., L’Asie Mineure au IVe siècle. Pouvoirs et jeux politiques (412-323 a.C.), Bordeaux 1999
Hornblower S., Hieronymus of Cardia, Oxford 1981, Oxford Classical Monographs
Birley, Α. (ed.), Anatolica. Studies in Strabo, Oxford 1995
Nollé J., Berges D., Tyana. Archäologisch- historische Untersuchungen zum südwestlichen
Kappadokien, Bonn 2000, IK 55, 1
Franck L., "Sources classiques concernant la Cappadoce", RHA, 34, 1966, 7-122
Högemann P., Das alte Vorderasien und die Achämeniden. Ein Beitrag zur Herodot Analyse, Wiesbaden
1992, Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des vorderen Orients Reihe B, 98
Meyer Ε., Die Grenzen der hellenistischen Staaten in Kleinasien, Leipzig 1925
Robert L., Noms indigènes dans l’ Asie Mineure gréco-romaine, Paris 1963
Strobel K., "Kappadokia", DNP 6, 1999, 261-265
Kirsten E., "Cappadocia", RAC 3, 1954, 861-891
Ruge W., "Kappadokia", RE 10.2, 1919, 1911
Teja R., "Die römische Provinz Kappadokien in der Prinzipatszeit", ANRW 7.2, 1980, 1.083-1.124
Beloch K.J., Griechische Geschichte, 4. Bd. 2. Die Griechische Weltherrschaft, Berlin – Leipzig 1927
Petit T., Satrapes et Satrapies dans l’empire achéménide de Cyrus le Grand à Xerxès Ier, Genève 1990,
Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Philosophie et Lettres de l’Université de Liège CCLIV
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Συγγραφή :
Σοφού Αθανασία
Μετάφραση :
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία ,
Καριώρης Παναγιώτης
Για παραπομπή :
Σοφού Αθανασία , "Cappadocia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8586>
Δικτυογραφία :
Cappadocia Online
http://www.cappadociaonline.com/
Γλωσσάριo :
satrap, the
The title designated a representative of the Persian king, and was widely used in the Persian language. In ancient writers the term usually designates
an official of the Persian empire who assumes highest political and military power within the limits of his satrapia, the division under his command.
Alexander the Great introduced the institution to the administrative organisation of his empire in the East.
In the Roman empire, the office of the satrap was hereditary for Armenian nobles who administered an Armenian klima (=canton, a historicgeographical unit); in the case of the Armenian territories inside the Roman Empire, the satrap yielded limited power under the suzerainty of the
Roman emperor.
Χρονολόγιο
2000-1750 BC: Ancient Assyrian period. Establishment of the Assyrian trade colonies in Cappadocia. First evidence of the
intrusion of Indo-European groups connected with the Hittites in the area.
1800-1200 BC: Cappadocia becomes the centre of the vast Hittite empire.
1200-early 6th cent. BC: The eastern part of Cappadocia is the centre of the kingdom of Tabal. Invasions by the Assyrians,
Cimmerians and Scythians, possible incorporation to the kingdom of Medas.
Early 6th cent. BC: The Medes conquered Cappadocia.
546/5 BC: Cappadocia is conquered by king Cyrus I and is incorporated into the kingdom of the Achaemenid Persians.
522-486 BC: Reign of Darius I; Cappadocia is part of the 3rd prefecture of the Persian empire.
358 BC: Cappadocia may have been divided into two satrapies.
334 BC: Cappadocia or part of it might have been conquered by Alexander the Great.
333 BC: The battle of Issos. King Darius offered Cappadocia to Alexander along with his daughter’s hand, hoping to stop
Alexander’s advance into his country.
323 – 255 BC: Cappadocia came successively under the power of all Alexander’s generals and successors who ruled for a short
period in the greatest part of Asia Minor in that period. Establishment of two native dynasties: of Mithridates in north
Cappadocia and of Ariarathes in the south.
281 BC: Foundation of the Kingdom of Cappadocian Pontus in northern Cappadocia.
255 BC: The Kingdom of Greater Cappadocia was founded.
63 BC: Abolition of the Kingdom of Cappadocian Pontus.
62 BC: Foundation of the Roman Province of Pontus-Vithynia.
Δημιουργήθηκε στις 18/6/2017
Σελίδα 7/8
IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Σοφού Αθανασία
Μετάφραση :
Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία ,
Καριώρης Παναγιώτης
Για παραπομπή :
Σοφού Αθανασία , "Cappadocia (Antiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8586>
1st cent. BC: The name ‘Pontus’ defines for the first time the region of northern Cappadocia.
17 AD: Abolition of the Kingdom of Greater Cappadocia which was then turned into the Roman Province of Cappadocia.
72 AD: Cappadocia, Galatia, northern Pisidia, Lycaonia, Paphlagonia and the former kingdoms of Pontus and Lesser
Armenia were unified in one large province named ‘Cappadocian Province’.
107-113 AD: Cappadocia was again named Province of Cappadocia with Lesser Armenia, part of Lycaonia, a part of the
hinterland of Pontus, as well as the kingdom of Polemon.
Δημιουργήθηκε στις 18/6/2017
Σελίδα 8/8