DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL ABILITY SCALES SCALES ABILITY Author Colin D. Elliott, Ph.D. Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Differential Differential Ability Scales Scales Ability A differential differential measurement measurement A of distinctive distinctive abilities abilities that that of yields aa profile profile of of strengths strengths yields and weaknesses. weaknesses. and Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Differential Differential Ability Scales Scales Ability 1.1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 6. 6. Sattler (2001) (2001) Review Review of of the the DAS DAS Sattler Good validity validity Good High reliabilities reliabilities High Excellent standardization standardization Excellent Good administration administration procedures procedures Good Good administrative administrative guidelines guidelines and and test test Good materials materials Helpful scoring scoring criteria criteria Helpful Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Differential Differential Ability Scales Scales Ability 7. 7. 8. 8. 9. 9. 10. 10. 11. 11. GCA based based on on high high gg loadings loadings GCA Special Nonverbal Nonverbal Composite Composite Special Efficiency Efficiency Good Handbook Handbook Good Co-normed with with achievement achievement tests tests (link (link to to Co-normed WIAT II II is is coming coming soon) soon) WIAT Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Differential Differential Ability Scales Scales Ability Age Range: Range: 2:6 2:6 to to 17:11 17:11 years years Age Preschool Cognitive Cognitive Battery Battery Preschool School-Age Cognitive Cognitive Battery Battery School-Age Achievement Battery Battery Achievement Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Structure of of the the DAS DAS Structure Cognitive Battery Battery Cognitive Ages 2:6 – 3:5 GCA Only Ages 3:6 – 5:11 GCA and 2 Clusters Ages 6:0 – 17:11 GCA and 3 Clusters General Conceptual Ability Verbal Ability Verbal Ability Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Nonverbal Ability Nonverbal Reasoning Ability Spatial Ability Average Administration Administration Average Times Times Ages 2:6 to 3:6 All Cognitive Subtests General Conceptual Ability 35 minutes 25 minutes Ages 3:6 - 5:11 All Cognitive Subtests General Conceptual Ability 65 minutes 40 minutes Ages 6:0 - 17:11 All Cognitive Subtests General Conceptual Ability Achievement Subtests 65 minutes 50 minutes 15-20 minutes Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Special Nonverbal Nonverbal Special Composite Composite Ages 2:6 – 3:6 Block Building Picture Similarities Ages 3:6 – 5:11 Copying Pattern Construction Picture Similarities Ages 6:00 – 17:11 Pattern Construction Recall of Designs Matrices Sequential and Quantitative Reasoning Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Preschool Preschool Ages 2:6-3:5 2:6-3:5 Subtests Subtests Ages Core Cognitive Cognitive Tests Tests Diagnostic Tests Tests Diagnostic Core Block Building Building Recall Recall of of Digits Digits Block Verbal Comprehension Comprehension Recognition Recognition of of Verbal Pictures Pictures Picture Similarities Similarities Picture Naming Vocabulary Vocabulary Naming Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Preschool Preschool Ages 3:6-5:11 3:6-5:11 Subtests Subtests Ages Core Cognitive Cognitive Tests Tests Core Verbal Comprehension Comprehension Verbal Picture Similarities Similarities Picture Naming Vocabulary Vocabulary Naming Pattern Construction Construction Pattern Copying Copying Early Number Number Early Concepts Concepts Diagnostic Tests Tests Diagnostic Recall Recall of of Digits Digits Recognition Recognition of of Pictures Pictures Block Block Building Building Matching Matching Letter-Like Letter-Like Forms* Forms* Recall Recall of of Objects** Objects** Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. School-Age 6:0 6:0 –– 17:11 17:11 School-Age Subtests Subtests Core Cognitive Cognitive Tests Tests Core Pattern Pattern Construction Construction Word Word Definitions Definitions Similarities Similarities Matrices Matrices Sequential Sequential and and Quantitative Reasoning Reasoning Quantitative Recall Recall of of Designs Designs Diagnostic Tests Tests Diagnostic Recall Recall of of Designs Designs Recognition Recognition of of Pictures* Pictures* Recall Recall of of Objects Objects Speed Speed of of Information Information Processing Processing Ages6:0 6:0––7:11 7:11only only **Ages Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Age Ranges Ranges Age The The usual usual age age range range refers refers to to the the ages ages at at which which the subtests subtests are are ordinarily ordinarily administered. administered. the The The extended extended age age range range refers refers to to the the ages ages at at which the the subtests subtests also also can can be be administered administered for for which diagnostic purposes. purposes. diagnostic The The out-of-level out-of-level age age range range refers refers to to the the ages ages at which which the the subtests subtests can can be be administered administered to to at examinees who who function function at at unusually unusually high high or or low low examinees levels for for their their age. age. levels Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Efficient Administration Administration Efficient Procedures Procedures Tailoring items items to to the the child’s child’s ability ability Tailoring Starting Starting point point and and Decision Decision point point based based on on age. age. If If performance performance on on initial initial set set is is too too high high or or too too low, extend extend to to harder harder or or easier easier items. items. low, Convert Convert performance performance on on items items taken taken to to “ability “ability score” (does (does not not rely rely on on basals basals and and ceilings) ceilings) score” Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. DAS SCORES SCORES DAS Verbal Ability Cluster Nonverbal Ability Cluster Nonverbal Reasoning Ability Cluster Spatial Ability Cluster Standard Score (Mean=100, SD=15) Age Equivalent Scores General Conceptual Ability (GCA) Standard Score (Mean=100, SD=15) Achievement Composite Standard Scores (Mean=100, SD=15) Percentile Scores Grade Equivalents Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Calculation of of Calculation Scores Scores Raw scores scores are are converted converted to to ability ability scores, scores, Raw which are are based based on on IRT. IRT. which scores Ability scores scores are are converted converted to to TT scores Ability within the the examinee’s examinee’s age age group. group. within scores are are summed summed to to obtain obtain cluster cluster TT scores scores. scores. Cluster scores scores are are summed summed to to obtain obtain the the Cluster GCA. GCA. Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Score Ranges Ranges Score GCA: 44 44 to to 175 175 GCA: (downward extension extension to to 25) 25) (downward Cluster Scores: Scores: Cluster Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. 43 to to 162 162 43 Out-of-Level Out-of-Level Testing Testing Full norms norms for for many many subtests subtests and and Full composites beyond beyond the the usual usual age age range. range. composites Useful for for testing testing developmentally developmentally delayed delayed Useful and gifted gifted and Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Standardization Standardization Sample Sample 3475 Children Children 3475 350 per per year year –– Ages Ages 2:6 2:6 to to 4:11 4:11 years years 350 200 per per year year –– Ages Ages 5:0 5:0 to to 17:11 17:11 years years 200 Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Fairness of of Results Results Fairness Extensive Extensive Bias Bias Analysis Analysis Oversampling Oversampling of of African/American African/American and Hispanic Hispanic Children Children (100+ (100+ cases cases and from each each group/item) group/item) from Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. DAS Validity Validity DAS Satisfactory Satisfactory concurrent concurrent validity. validity. GCA GCA correlates highly highly with with other other measures measures of of correlates intelligence (WISC (WISC III, III, SB SB IV) IV) intelligence Good Good construct construct validity. validity. (Sattler, 2001) 2001) (Sattler, Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. DAS Reliability Reliability DAS Excellent Excellent reliability reliability (for (for example, example, average average internal consistency consistency reliability reliability coefficients coefficients for for internal the GCA GCA are are .90, .90, .94, .94, .95 .95 for for lower lower Preschool Preschool the Level, upper upper Preschool Preschool Level, Level, and and School-Age School-Age Level, Level.) Level.) Average Average Standard Standard Error Error of of Measurement Measurement range range from 2.93 2.93 to to 5.13 5.13 from Test-Retest Test-Retest Stability Stability with with median median stability stability coefficients of of .90 .90 and and .95 .95 for for GCA GCA coefficients (Sattler, 2001) 2001) (Sattler, Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Measures of of gg Measures Good Good measures measures of of gg Early Number Number Concepts Concepts Early Sequential and and Quantitative Quantitative Reasoning Reasoning Sequential Verbal Comprehension Comprehension Verbal Matrices Matrices Fair Fair measures measures of of gg Similarities Similarities Naming Vocabulary Vocabulary Naming Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Measures of of gg Measures Word Definitions Definitions Word Pattern Construction Construction Pattern Pattern Construction Construction Pattern Recall of of Designs Designs Recall Copying Copying Matching Letter Letter Forms Forms Matching Picture Similarities Similarities Picture Block Building Building Block Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Measures of of gg Measures Poor Poor measures measures of of gg Recognition of of Pictures Pictures Recognition Recall of of Digits Digits Recall Recall of of Objects Objects Recall Speed of of Information Information Processing Processing Speed Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Administration, Scoring, Scoring, Administration, and Interpretation Interpretation and by Subtest Subtest by Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Administration Administration Procedures Procedures To To reduce reduce testing testing time, time, DAS DAS has has Age based based start start points points Age Decision points points (stopping (stopping point point item) item) Decision If examinee examinee has has passed passed at at least least 33 items items and and failed failed •• If at least least 33 items items in in aa subtest, subtest, testing testing stops stops at at the the at decision point. point. decision If the the examinee examinee has has not not failed failed at at least least 33 items items at at •• If the first first decision decision point, point, testing testing continues continues to to the the the next decision decision point. point. next Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Administration Administration If the the examinee examinee has has not not passed passed at at least least 33 items items at at •• If the first first decision decision point, point, items items are are administered administered the from an an earlier earlier starting starting point point and and the the subtest subtest is is from continued from from this this point. point. continued Testing normally normally stops stops only only aa decision decision points. points. An An •• Testing alternate stopping stopping rule rule may may be be employed employed when when an an alternate examinee fails fails aa series series of of items items before before reaching reaching aa examinee decision point. point. The The number number of of required required items items varies varies decision from subtest subtest to to subtest subtest and and is is indicated indicated on on the the from Record Form. Form. Record Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Administration Administration Sample items items Sample Several subtests subtests employ employ unscored unscored sample sample items items •• Several Teaching items items Teaching Some subtests subtests include include scored scored and and some some unscored unscored •• Some teaching items items to to provide provide additional additional help help after after teaching examinees fail fail items. items. Teaching Teaching procedures procedures include include examinees repeating and and rephrasing rephrasing the the question question or or repeating instruction, providing providing clues, clues, demonstrating demonstrating the the instruction, correct response, response, and and giving giving positive positive feedback. feedback. correct Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Block Building Building Block Ages 2:6-3:5 2:6-3:5 Ages Task: Reproduce Reproduce 22- or or 3-dimensional 3-dimensional block block designs designs Task: using 44 or or 88 wooden wooden blocks. blocks. [12 [12 items] items] using Build Build model model in in front front of of examinee. examinee. Leave Leave model model for for examinee, examinee, except except on on Item Item 1.1. Read Read directions directions verbatim, verbatim, but but naturally. naturally. Correct Correct and and explain explain rotation rotation errors. errors. Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Block Building Building Block Second attempts attempts are are allowed allowed when when the the examinee examinee Second builds the the tower tower by by placing placing the the blocks blocks on on end end builds (small side side down) down) and and fails fails to to complete complete it. it. Also Also (small on Items Items 1-7 1-7 when when the the structure structure topples topples before before on seconds. Second Second attempts attempts are are not not allowed allowed for for 33 seconds. rotation errors. errors. rotation Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Block Building Building Block Core and and Diagnostic Diagnostic Core Measures Measures Visuoperceptual ability ability Visuoperceptual Problem-solving ability ability Problem-solving Hand-eye coordination coordination Hand-eye Spatial orientation orientation Spatial Ability to to follow follow verbal verbal instructions instructions and and visual visual cues cues Ability May also also involve involve verbal verbal encoding encoding strategies strategies May Low Low scores scores may may reflect reflect child’s child’s inattention inattention to to examiner instructions instructions examiner Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Verbal Comprehension Comprehension Verbal Ages 2:6-6:0 2:6-6:0 Ages Task: Requires Requires the the examinee examinee to to show show Task: understanding of of oral oral instructions instructions by by pointing pointing or or understanding by performing performing the the action action that that you you request request [36 [36 by items] items] Repeat Repeat items items only only once once if if asked. asked. Read Read directions directions verbatim, verbatim, but but naturally. naturally. Make Make sure sure examinee examinee is is paying paying attention. attention. Hold Hold out out your your hand hand for for items items that that include include “Give “Give me…” me…” Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Verbal Verbal Comprehension Comprehension Start Start ages ages 2:6 2:6 to to 3:11 3:11 at at Item Item 1.1. Ages Ages 4-6 4-6 begin begin with Item Item 13. 13. with All All items items are are scored scored 00 or or 1.1. Items Items 11 –– 66 use use aa picture picture of of aa Teddy Teddy Bear. Bear. Items 77 –– 18 18 use use aa variety variety of of toys. toys. Items Items 19 19 –– 29 29 Items use aa set set of of wooden wooden objects, objects, and and Items Items 30 30 –– 36 36 use use colored colored plastic plastic chips chips of of varying varying shapes. shapes. use Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Verbal Comprehension Comprehension Verbal Core Subtest Subtest Core Measures Measures Understanding of of spoken spoken language, language, including including Understanding Understandingof ofsyntax syntax •• Understanding Knowledgeof ofprepositional prepositionaland andrelational relationalconcepts concepts •• Knowledge Vocabularyknowledge knowledge •• Vocabulary Ability to to formulate formulate and and test test alternative alternative hypotheses hypotheses Ability (items with with chips) chips) (items Ability to to follow follow verbal verbal instructions instructions Ability Short-term auditory auditory memory memory of of sentences sentences Short-term Low Low Score Score may may reflect reflect insufficient insufficient attention, attention, distractibility, impulsiveness. impulsiveness. distractibility, Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Picture Similarities Similarities Picture Ages 2:6-6:0 2:6-6:0 Ages Task: Requires Requires the the examinee examinee to to place place aa picture picture Task: card below below the the picture picture that that it it best best goes goes with. with. card [32 items] items] [32 Read Read directions directions verbatim, verbatim, but but naturally. naturally. Provide Provide teaching teaching on on all all failed failed teaching teaching items. items. Provide Provide teaching teaching on on Item Item 3. 3. Clarify Clarify ambiguous ambiguous placements. placements. Examinees Examinees age age 2:6 2:6 –– 4:5 4:5 start start with with Item Item 1, 1, while while ages 4:6 4:6 –– 66 start start with with Item Item 11. 11. ages Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Picture Similarities Similarities Picture Core Subtest Subtest Core Measures Measures Ability to to solve solve nonverbal nonverbal problems problems (inductive (inductive Ability reasoning) reasoning) Ability to to identify identify features features of of pictures pictures Ability Ability to to formulate formulate and and test test hypotheses hypotheses about about Ability common features features common Ability to to perceive perceive and and analyze analyze visual visual information information Ability Use of of verbal verbal mediation mediation strategies strategies Use Ability to to attach attach meaning meaning to to pictures pictures Ability Level of of the the general general knowledge knowledge base base Level May also also involve involve verbal verbal encoding encoding strategies strategies May Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Naming Vocabulary Vocabulary Naming Ages 2:6-6:0 2:6-6:0 Ages Task: Requires Requires the the examinee examinee to to name name real real objects objects Task: and pictured pictured objects. objects. [24 [24 items] items] and Provide Provide teaching teaching on on all all failed failed teaching teaching items. items. Read Read directions directions verbatim, verbatim, but but naturally. naturally. Question Question appropriately. appropriately. Ages Ages 2:6 2:6 to to 4:5 4:5 start start with with Item Item 1; 1; ages ages 4:6 4:6 to to 6:0 start start with with Item Item 8. 8. 6:0 Correct Correct answers answers are are shown shown on on the the Record Record Form. Form. Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Naming Vocabulary Vocabulary Naming Core Subtest Subtest Core Measures Measures Expressive language language skills skills Expressive Vocabulary knowledge knowledge of of nouns nouns Vocabulary Ability to to attach attach verbal verbal labels labels to to pictures pictures Ability Level of of the the general general knowledge knowledge base base Level General language language development development General Ability to to retrieve retrieve names names from from long-term long-term memory memory Ability Level of of language language stimulation stimulation Level Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Objects Objects Recall (Ages 44 to to 17) 17) (Ages Task: Requires Requires examinee examinee to to recall recall objects objects from from memory. memory. Task: [20 items] items] [20 Three Three trials trials are are given, given, with with exposure exposure times times of of 60 60 seconds, 20 20 seconds, seconds, and and 20 20 seconds, seconds, respectively. respectively. seconds, On On the the first first trial, trial, say say the the names names of of the the objects objects aloud aloud for the the examinee. examinee. After After the the card card is is removed, removed, the the for examinee is is asked asked to to recall recall as as many many objects objects as as possible possible examinee in any any order order within within time time limits. limits. in Also Also has has delayed delayed recall recall trial trial where where you you administer administer 22 nonverbal subtests subtests and and then then administer administer the the delayed delayed nonverbal recall trial trial with with aa time time limit limit of of 60 60 seconds. seconds. recall Do Do not not tell tell examinee examinee about about delayed delayed recall recall trial. trial. Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Objects Objects Recall Diagnostic Test Test Diagnostic One One point point is is awarded awarded for for each each correctly correctly recalled object. object. recalled If If all all 20 20 items items are are recalled recalled on on the the first first and and second trials, trials, the the third third trial trial is is not not second administered; however, however, the the examinee examinee is is administered; credited with with 20 20 points points for for the the third third trial. trial. credited If If one one of of the the 33 trials trials is is spoiled, spoiled, estimate estimate the the 3-trial score score by by multiplying multiplying the the sum sum of of the the 22 3-trial trials by by 1.5 1.5 and and rounding rounding the the result result up. up. trials Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Objects Objects Recall On On the the first first trial trial the the pictures pictures are are shown shown to to the the examinee as as the the directions directions are are given given and and the the examinee nd and 3rd pictures are are named. named. On On the the 22nd trials, pictures and 3 rd trials, the directions directions are are given given before before the the card card is is the exposed. exposed. Delayed Delayed recall recall should should be be administered administered after after aa delay between between 10 10 and and 30 30 minutes. minutes. delay Give Give credit credit for for aa reasonable reasonable synonyms synonyms like like “rat” “rat” for “mouse”. “mouse”. Don’t Don’t give give credit credit for for “rat” “rat” and and for “mouse”. “mouse”. Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Objects Objects Recall Measures Measures Short-term and and immediate-term immediate-term verbal verbal recall recall Short-term Ability to to remember remember aa number number of of pieces pieces of of Ability information presented presented both both visually visually and and information verbally verbally Use of of strategies strategies for for storage storage and and retrieval retrieval of of Use information information Concentration and and attention attention Concentration Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Objects Objects Recall Low scores scores may may reflect reflect Low Poor imagery imagery for for visual visual information information Poor Difficulty in in integrating integrating visual visual and and verbal verbal Difficulty information information Low rates rates of of learning learning with with repeated repeated trials trials Low Lack of of understanding understanding of of instructions instructions (not (not Lack naming the the same same objects objects on on later later trials) trials) naming Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Objects Objects Recall A Delayed Delayed score score significantly significantly lower lower than than the the A Immediate score score may may reflect reflect the the child’s child’s Immediate Use of of superficial superficial encoding encoding strategy strategy on on the the Use immediate trials trials immediate Relatively rapid rapid loss loss of of memory memory trace trace Relatively Interference effects effects from from intervening intervening Interference activities activities Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Objects Objects Recall A Delayed Delayed score score significantly significantly higher higher than than A the Immediate Immediate score score may may reflect reflect the the the child’s child’s Efficient consolidation consolidation of of memory memory trace trace Efficient Use of of “deep” “deep” encoding encoding and and rehearsal rehearsal Use strategies on on immediate immediate trials trials strategies Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Pattern Construction Construction Pattern (Ages 3:0 3:0 –– 17:11) 17:11) (Ages Task: Requires Requires examinee examinee to to reproduce reproduce 26 26 designs. designs. Task: rd dimension when rd The examinee must disregard the 3 The examinee must disregard the 3 dimension when constructing the the designs. designs. constructing Subtest Subtest is is scored scored in in 22 ways: ways: standard standard and and alternative alternative (unspeeded). Standard Standard scoring scoring considers considers speed speed (within (within (unspeeded). the time time limits) limits) and and accuracy. accuracy. the Scores Scores range range from from 00 to to 55 points points under under standard standard scoring scoring and from from 00 to to 22 points points for for alternative alternative scoring. scoring. and Children Children ages ages 33 to to 66 begin begin with with flat flat squares squares that that have have black sides sides and and yellow yellow sides. sides. Children Children 77 and and older, older, black Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Pattern Construction Construction Pattern Core Subtest Subtest Core begin with with 3-dimensional 3-dimensional blocks blocks that that have have black black sides, sides, begin yellow sides, sides, and and black-and-yellow black-and-yellow sides sides divided divided yellow diagonally and and black-and-yellow black-and-yellow sides sides divided divided vertically. vertically. diagonally Items Items range range from from 22 to to 99 block block patterns. patterns. Note Note on on the the Record Record Form: Form: M(model) (model)refers refersto tocases caseswhere wherethe theexaminer examinerbuilds buildsthe the M patternin infront frontof ofthe theexaminee examineeand andthen thenleaves leavesthe thecompleted completed pattern modelin inplace placewhile whilethe theexaminer examinerbuilds buildsthe thedesign. design. model (picture)refers refersto tocases caseswhere wherethe theexaminer examinershows showsthe the PP(picture) examineeaadesign designfrom fromthe thebooklet bookletand andthen thenleaves leavesthe thepicture picture examinee infull fullview viewwhile whilethe theexaminee examineecompletes completesthe thepattern. pattern. in Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Pattern Construction Construction Pattern (demonstrate)refers refersto tocases caseswhere wherethe theexaminer examinerbuilds buildsthe the DD(demonstrate) patternusing usingthe theexaminee’s examinee’sown ownblocks blocksand andthen thenmixes mixesthe the pattern patternup upand andhas hasthe theexaminee examineetry tryagain. again. pattern Encourage Encourage examinees examinees not not to to make make their their design design directly directly on the the picture picture (except (except on on early early items). items). on Rotations Rotations of of 30 30 degrees degrees or or more more receive receive aa score score of of 0. 0. When rotations rotations occur occur on on any any item, item, point point out out the the rotation rotation When to the the examinee examinee and and show show him him how how the the pattern pattern should should be be to made. made. Timing Timing is is important important because because bonus bonus points points are are given given for for quick execution execution in in standard standard scoring scoring procedure. procedure. quick Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Pattern Construction Construction Pattern Begin Begin timing timing when when the the instructions instructions are are completed. completed. Stop Stop timing when when the the examinee examinee indicates indicates by by word word or or gesture gesture timing that he he is is finished. finished. that If If you you believe believe that that time time limits limits will will invalidate invalidate the the subtest, use use the the alternative alternative scoring scoring procedure. procedure. (It (It is is subtest, described on on page page 221 221 of of the the Manual). Manual). described Items Items 24-26 24-26 are are administered administered as as part part of of the the alternative scoring scoring procedure procedure only. only. alternative Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Pattern Construction Construction Pattern Scores on on the the Pattern Pattern Construction Construction subtest subtest may may reflect reflect Scores the child’s child’s the Spatial Spatial visualization visualization ability, ability, including including Perceptionof ofspatial spatialorientation orientation(the (thepreservation preservationof ofrelative relative Perception position,size, size,and andangles anglesin indifferent differentaspects aspectsof ofthe thedesign) design) position, Theability abilityto toreproduce reproducedesigns designswith withobjects objects The Theability abilityto toperceive perceiveand andanalyze analyzevisual visualinformation information The Nonverbal Nonverbal reasoning reasoning ability ability including including Theuse useof ofsystematic systematicstrategies strategies(i.e., (i.e.,sequential sequentialassembly, assembly, The hypothesistesting, testing,or ortrial trialand anderror) error) hypothesis Theability abilityto toanalyze analyze(to (tosee seethe thecomponents componentsof ofthe thewhole) whole)and and The tosynthesize synthesize(to (toreconstruct reconstructthe thewhole wholefrom fromthe thecomponents) components) to Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Pattern Construction Construction Pattern (Ages 3:0 3:0 –– 17:11) 17:11) (Ages In addition, addition, low low scores scores on on this this subtest subtest may may In reflect the the child’s child’s reflect Poor motor motor control control Poor Anxiety from from aa timed timed task task (standard (standard Anxiety procedure) procedure) Clumsiness (standard (standard procedure) procedure) Clumsiness Excessive cautiousness cautiousness (standard (standard procedure) procedure) Excessive Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Early Number Number Concepts Concepts Early Ages 2:6-6:0 2:6-6:0 Ages Task: Requires Requires examinee examinee to to demonstrate demonstrate Task: knowledge of of number number abilities. abilities. [28 [28 items] items] knowledge Provide Provide teaching teaching on on all all failed failed teaching teaching items. items. Give Give aa second second trial trial on on Item Item 11 if if response response is is less less than perfect. perfect. than Read Read directions directions verbatim, verbatim, but but naturally. naturally. Ages Ages 2:6 2:6 to to 4:5 4:5 begin begin with with Item Item 1; 1; ages ages 4:6 4:6 to to 6:0 begin begin with with Item Item 2. 2. 6:0 Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Early Number Number Early Concepts Concepts If If fewer fewer than than 66 points points are are earned earned on on the the first first administration of of Item Item 1, 1, administer administer the the item item administration again. Give Give the the examinee examinee the the higher higher of of the the two two again. scores obtained. obtained. (See (See pages pages 415-416 415-416 in in Manual Manual scores to understand understand scoring scoring procedure). procedure). to Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Early Number Number Concepts Concepts Early Core Subtest Subtest Core Measures Measures Knowledge of of numerical numerical and and prenumerical prenumerical concepts concepts Knowledge Verbal comprehension comprehension Verbal Knowledge of of basic basic language language concepts concepts Knowledge Visual perception perception and and analysis analysis of of pictures pictures Visual A A low low score score on on Item Item 11 (counting) (counting) may may reflect reflect aa problem in in verbal verbal expression. expression. problem Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Copying Copying Ages 3:6 3:6 –– 5:11 5:11 Ages Task: Requires Requires examinee examinee to to copy copy geometric geometric figures. figures. [20 [20 Task: items] items] Use Use pages pages 417-431 417-431 of of Manual Manual for for scoring scoring procedures. procedures. Label Label all all sheets sheets of of paper paper with with arrow arrow indicating indicating top top of of paper. paper. Present Present paper paper with with longer longer edge edge as as base. base. Allow Allow examinee examinee to to erase. erase. Allow Allow spontaneous spontaneous second second attempt. attempt. Ages Ages 3:6 3:6 to to 4:11 4:11 begin begin with with Item Item 1;1; ages ages 5:0 5:0 to to 5:11 5:11 begin begin with Item Item 5. 5. with Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Copying Copying Core Subtest Subtest Core We should should also also recognize recognize that that We The The child’s child’s difficulty difficulty is is more more likely likely to to be be perceptual if if the the design design is is copied copied easily easily but but perceptual incorrectly. incorrectly. Motor Motor difficulties difficulties are are indicated indicated by by slow slow drawing, arduous arduous drawing, drawing, or or both. both. drawing, Many Many erasures erasures may may indicate indicate compulsivity compulsivity (drawing has has to to be be exactly exactly right). right). (drawing Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Matching Letter-Like Letter-Like Forms Forms Matching (Ages 4:0 4:0 –– 5:0) 5:0) (Ages Task: Requires Requires examinee examinee to to look look at at aa figure figure on on one one Task: page and and identify, identify, by by pointing, pointing, that that same same figure figure page on another another page page that that contains contains 66 identical identical on figures, five five of of which which have have been been rotated. rotated. figures, Be Be sure sure to to record record actual actual responses responses for for error error analysis. analysis. Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Matching Letter-Like Letter-Like Forms Forms Matching Diagnostic Test Test Diagnostic Scores on on the the Matching Matching Letter-Like Letter-Like Forms Forms subtest subtest Scores may reflect reflect the the child’s child’s may Ability to to make make visual visual discriminations discriminations among among similar similar Ability figures figures Perception and and discrimination discrimination of of the the spatial spatial Perception orientation of of letter-like letter-like figures figures orientation Strategies for for scanning scanning and and making making visual visual comparisons comparisons Strategies Ability to to follow follow verbal verbal instructions instructions and and visual visual cues cues Ability Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Matching Letter-Like Letter-Like Forms Forms Matching Low scores scores on on this this subtest subtest may may reflect reflect the the Low child’s child’s Impulsiveness (responding (responding without without checking checking Impulsiveness the response) response) the Lack of of experience experience in in visual visual matching matching Lack activities activities Normal developmental developmental pattern pattern (the (the child child is is Normal simply not not ready ready to to understand understand the the task) task) simply Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Digits Digits Recall (Ages 33 to to 17) 17) (Ages Task: Requires Requires examinee examinee to to recall recall aa sequence sequence of of digits digits that that Task: you read read aloud. aloud. [36 [36 items] items] you Sequences Sequences range range from from 22 to to 99 digits digits in in length. length. Sequences Sequences are arranged arranged in in 88 blocks, blocks, with with each each block block containing containing 22 to to are sequences with with the the same same number number of of digits. digits. 55 sequences 11 point point is is awarded awarded only only when when the the examinee examinee recalls recalls all all the the digits in in the the item item in in the the correct correct sequence. sequence. digits The The basal basal rule rule requires requires you you to to start start with with Item Item 11 and and proceed to to the the first first item item of of each each set set until until the the examinee examinee proceed fails the the first first item. item. Then Then go go back back to to the the previous previous set set and and fails administer the the remaining remaining items items in in that that set. set. If If the the administer examinee fails fails more more than than one one item item in in aa set, set, continue continue examinee Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Digits Digits Recall Diagnostic Test Test Diagnostic backward until until the the examinee examinee has has no no more more than than one one failure failure backward in the the set. set. This This block block becomes becomes the the basal basal level. level. in If If aa basal basal level level is is not not established established (all (all item item sets sets have have more than than 11 error), error), count count all all the the correct correct items items to to obtain obtain more the raw raw score. score. the Test Test forward forward until until the the examinee examinee passes passes no no more more than than 11 item in in aa set. set. That That set set becomes becomes the the ceiling ceiling level. level. item Credit Credit is is given given for for items items not not administered administered below below the the basal level. level. basal Administer Administer items items at at aa rate rate of of 22 digits digits per per second. second. Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Digits Digits Recall Scores on on the the Recall Recall of of Digits Digits subtest subtest may may Scores reflect the the child’s child’s reflect Short-term auditory, auditory, sequential sequential memory memory Short-term Oral recall recall of of sequences sequences of of numbers numbers (non(non Oral meaningful memory) memory) meaningful Concentration and and attention attention Concentration Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Digits Digits Recall In addition, addition, low low scores scores on on this this subtest subtest may may In reflect the the child’s child’s reflect Use of of inappropriate inappropriate strategies strategies for for storage storage or or Use retrieval of of numbers numbers (i.e., (i.e., attempting attempting to to start start retrieval rehearsal or or recall recall before before the the examiner examiner has has rehearsal finished presenting presenting the the digit digit sequence) sequence) finished Distractibility and and inattention inattention Distractibility Anxiety, poor poor rapport, rapport, or or both both Anxiety, Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recognition of of Pictures Pictures Recognition (Ages 33 to to 7) 7) (Ages Task: Requires Requires examinee examinee to to find, find, among among aa group group of of Task: pictures, one one or or more more pictures pictures that that were were pictures, previously shown shown to to him. him. [20 [20 items] items] previously All All of of the the pictured pictured objects objects in in each each item item represent represent aa single category. category. single AA picture picture of of 11 to to 44 objects objects is is shown shown for for 55 seconds seconds (Items 1-15) 1-15) or or 10 10 seconds seconds (Items (Items 16-20). 16-20). Then Then another another (Items picture is is shown shown that that contains contains the the target target objects. objects. picture You You must must time time the the exposure exposure to to items items carefully. carefully. You You may may query query once once per per item item by by asking asking if if there there are are any any more target target figures. figures. more Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recognition of of Pictures Pictures Recognition Diagnostic Test Test Diagnostic If If you you administer administer to to aa School-Age School-Age student, student, you you must must use use the Preschool Preschool Record Record Form Form to to administer administer this this subtest. subtest. the There There is is aa scoring scoring key key to to use use to to score score the the subtest subtest that that presents the the information information both both as as you you see see the the card card and and as as presents the examinee examinee sees sees the the card. card. the Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recognition of of Pictures Pictures Recognition Scores on on the the Recognition Recognition of of Pictures Pictures Scores subtest may may reflect reflect the the child’s child’s subtest Short-term visual visual memory memory Short-term Recognition memory memory for for pictures pictures Recognition Memory for for picture picture detail detail Memory Memory for for picture picture orientation orientation Memory Use of of verbal verbal mediation mediation strategies strategies (shown (shown by by Use verbal rehearsal rehearsal of of names names or or use use of of verbal verbal verbal labels on on recall) recall) labels Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recognition of of Pictures Pictures Recognition In addition, addition, low low scores scores in in this this subtest subtest may may In reflect the the child’s child’s reflect Tendency to to be be distracted distracted by by competing competing visual visual Tendency information information Use of of inappropriate inappropriate strategies strategies (i.e., (i.e., waiting waiting Use to name name all all of of the the pictures pictures aloud) aloud) to Lack of of understanding understanding of of instructions instructions (as (as Lack shown, i.e., i.e., by by the the child’s child’s pointing pointing to to all all of of the the shown, drawings on on the the second second page) page) drawings Problems with with attention attention and and concentration concentration Problems Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Designs Designs Recall (Ages 66 to to 17) 17) (Ages Task: Requires Requires examinee examinee to to reproduce reproduce pictured pictured Task: designs that that are are exposed exposed to to view view for for 55 seconds seconds designs then removed. removed. [21 [21 items] items] then Items Items 1-16 1-16 are are scored scored 2, 2, 1,1, or or 0. 0. Items Items 17-21 17-21 are are scored scored 3, 2, 2, 1,1, or or 0. 0. 3, Assess Assess the the ability ability to to encode encode and and retain retain visual-spatial visual-spatial information and and use use motor motor skills, skills, short-term short-term visual visual recall, recall, information spatial orientation, orientation, and and drawing drawing skills. skills. spatial Paper Paper should should be be cut cut into into sheets sheets approximately approximately 4” 4” xx 5”. 5”. Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Designs Designs Recall Core Subtest Subtest Core The Theexaminee examineeisisallowed allowedto todraw drawthe thedesigns designsaasecond secondtime timeififthe the seconddrawing drawingisisdone donespontaneously. spontaneously.Erasing Erasingisispermitted. permitted. second Be Besure sureto towrite writethe thenumber numberof ofthe thedesign designin inthe theupper upperright righthand hand cornerof ofeach eachsheet sheetfor forlater laterscoring. scoring. corner Follow Followthe thescoring scoringprocedures procedureson onpages pages417-431 417-431in inthe theManual. Manual. Added Addedlines linesare areacceptable acceptableisisthey theyare aredue dueto topoor poorcoordination coordinationor or theexaminee examineeindicates indicatesthat thatthey theyare arenot notintended intendedto tobe bepart partof of ififthe thefinal finaldesign. design. the Small Smallgaps gaps are areacceptable acceptableififthey theyappear appearto tobe bedue dueto tocrudeness crudeness ratherthan thanaafailure failureto toremember. remember. rather Decorative Decorativeadditions additionsas aswell wellas asoverworked, overworked,feathered, feathered,or or scribbledlines linesare aregenerally generallyacceptable. acceptable. scribbled One Oneof ofthe theedges edgesof ofthe thepaper papercan canbe beused usedas asone oneline lineof ofthe the drawing. drawing. Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Designs Designs Recall Scores on on the the Recall Recall of of Designs Designs subtest subtest may may Scores reflect the the child’s child’s reflect Short-term visual visual recall recall Short-term Perception of of spatial spatial organization organization (the (the Perception preservation of of relative relative position, position, size, size, and and preservation angles in in different different aspects aspects of of the the design) design) angles Drawing skills skills Drawing Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Designs Designs Recall In addition, addition, low low scores scores on on this this subtest subtest may may In reflect the the child’s child’s reflect Poor retention retention or or poor poor retrieval retrieval (or (or both) both) of of Poor whole visual visual images images whole Interference in in recall recall from from previous previous designs designs Interference (i.e., perseveration) perseveration) (i.e., Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Recall of of Designs Designs Recall We should should also also recognize recognize that that We Low scores scores are are more more likely likely to to reflect reflect memory memory or or Low visual-spatial difficulties difficulties if if the the design design is is copied copied easily easily visual-spatial but incorrectly incorrectly but Motor difficulties difficulties are are indicated indicated by by slow slow drawing, drawing, Motor arduous drawing, drawing, or or both both arduous Many erasures erasures may may indicate indicate compulsivity compulsivity (drawing (drawing has has Many to be be exactly exactly right) right) to Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Word Definitions Definitions Word (Ages 66 to to 17) 17) (Ages Task: Requires Requires examinee examinee to to define define words words that that you you Task: present orally. orally. [42 [42 items] items] present Evaluates Evaluates acquired acquired verbal verbal knowledge, knowledge, language language comprehension, and and fluency. fluency. comprehension, Examples Examples of of correct correct and and incorrect incorrect responses responses are are listed listed in alphabetical alphabetical order order in in the the Manual Manual for for scoring. scoring. in You You may may repeat repeat the the word, word, spell spell the the word, word, or or write write itit out out on paper paper at at examinee examinee request. request. on Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Word Definitions Definitions Word Core Subtest Subtest Core Scores on on the the Word Word Definitions Definitions subtest subtest may may reflect reflect the the Scores child’s child’s Vocabularyknowledge knowledge Vocabulary Abilityto toformulate formulatedefinitions definitionsof ofwords words Ability Expressivelanguage languageskills, skills,including includingverbal verbalfluency fluency Expressive Levelof ofgeneral generalknowledge knowledgebase base Level Verbalconceptualization conceptualization Verbal Abstractthinking thinking Abstract Long-terminformation informationretrieval retrieval Long-term Verbalinhibition, inhibition,that thatis, is,unwillingness unwillingnessto togive giveopen-ended open-endedverbal verbal Verbal responseswhen whenuncertain uncertain responses Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Matrices Matrices (Ages 66 to to 17) 17) (Ages Task: Requires Requires examinee examinee to to select select the the correct correct Task: response that that best best completes completes aa matrix. matrix. [33 [33 response items] items] Evaluates Evaluates nonverbal nonverbal inductive inductive reasoning reasoning ability, ability, ability ability to formulate formulate and and test test hypotheses, hypotheses, verbal verbal mediation, mediation, and and to visual perception. perception. visual Correct Correct responses responses are are highlighted highlighted in in bold bold blue blue ink ink on on the the Record Form, Form, which which must must be be shielded shielded from from the the examinee. examinee. Record Be Be sure sure to to turn turn the the booklet booklet sideways sideways for for correct correct presentation. presentation. Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Matrices Matrices Core Subtest Subtest Core Scores on on the the Matrices Matrices subtest subtest may may reflect reflect the the child’s child’s Scores Nonverbal Nonverbalinductive inductivereasoning, reasoning,including including Theability abilityto toidentify identifyrules rulesgoverning governingfeatures featuresor orvariables variablesin in The abstractfigures figures abstract Theability abilityto toformulate formulateand andtest testhypotheses hypothesesabout aboutrelationships relationships The Use Useof ofverbal verbalmediation mediationstrategies strategiesinvolving involvinglabeling labelingof ofdiagrams diagrams Perception Perceptionof ofvisual visualdetail detailand andspatial spatialorientation orientationinindrawings drawings In addition, addition, low low scores scores on on this this subtest subtest may may reflect reflect the the In child’s child’s Poor Poorunderstanding understandingof ofverbal verbalinstructions instructionsor orvisual visualcues cues Impulsivity Impulsivity(responding (respondingtoo toorapidly) rapidly) Inflexibility Inflexibilityininchoosing choosingsolution solutionstrategies strategies Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Similarities Similarities (Ages 66 to to 17) 17) (Ages Task: Requires Requires examinee examinee to to tell tell how how words words go go together, together, Task: what they they all all are, are, or or how how they they are are similar similar [34 [34 items] items] what Scoring Scoring examples examples are are listed listed in in alphabetical alphabetical order order in in the the Manual. Manual. You You may may repeat repeat aa word word one one time time only. only. Credit Credit is is given given for for aa superordinate superordinate class class response response but but not for for aa subordinate subordinate response. response. not You You must must question question incorrect incorrect responses responses that that show show some some understanding of of the the concept. concept. understanding First First 22 items items are are teaching teaching items items if if the the examinee examinee gives gives an incorrect incorrect response. response. an Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Similarities Similarities Core Subtest Subtest Core Scores on on the the Similarities Similarities subtest subtest may may reflect reflect the the child’s child’s Scores Verbal Verbalinductive inductivereasoning reasoningability, ability,including including Theability abilityto torelate relatewords wordsto tosuperordinate superordinatecategories categories The Theability abilityto toformulate formulatehypotheses hypothesesabout aboutcommon commonfeatures features The Vocabulary Vocabularyand andgeneral generalverbal verbaldevelopment development Level Levelof ofthe thegeneral generalknowledge knowledgebase base Logical Logicaland andabstract abstractthinking thinkingabilities abilities Ability Abilityto todistinguish distinguishbetween betweenessential essentialand andsuperficial superficialfeatures features In addition, addition, low low scores scores on on this this subtest subtest may may reflect reflect the the In child’s child’s Verbal Verbalinhibition inhibition(unwillingness (unwillingnessto tomake makeverbal verbalresponses responseswhen whenuncertain) uncertain) Failure Failureto toconsider considerall allthree threestimulus stimuluswords words Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Sequential and and Sequential Quantitative Reasoning Reasoning Quantitative (Ages 66 to to 17) 17) (Ages Task: Requires Requires examinee examinee to to solve solve problems problems dealing dealing Task: with sequential sequential and and quantitative quantitative material. material. [39 [39 with items] items] You You can can use use aa separate separate piece piece of of paper paper instead instead of of the the booklet if if you you wish. wish. booklet For For Items Items 11 to to 15, 15, the the examinee examinee draws draws the the missing missing figure. figure. For For Items Items 16-39, 16-39, the the examinee examinee responds responds orally. orally. Written Written answers would would also also be be acceptable. acceptable. answers Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Sequential and and Quantitative Quantitative Sequential Reasoning Reasoning Core Subtest Subtest Core Scores on on the the Sequential Sequential and and Quantitative Quantitative Reasoning Reasoning Scores subtest may may reflect reflect the the child’s child’s subtest Abilityto toperceive perceivesequential sequentialpatterns patternsor orrelationships relationshipsin infigures figures Ability ornumbers numbers or Abilityto todraw drawconclusions conclusionsfrom fromknown knownfacts factsor orprinciples principles Ability (inductivereasoning) reasoning) (inductive Analyticalreasoning reasoningability ability(the (theprocess processof ofseparating separatingaaproblem problem Analytical orsituation situationinto intoits itscomponents) components) or Abilityto toformulate formulateand andtest testhypotheses hypotheses Ability Perceptionand andattachment attachmentof ofmeaning meaningto topictures pictures(Set (SetA) A) Perception Long-terminformation informationretrieval retrieval(Set (SetB) B) Long-term Lackof ofknowledge knowledgeof ofnumerals, numerals,basic basicnumber numberfacts, facts,and andbasic basic Lack arithmeticoperations operations(for (forSet SetB) B) arithmetic Inflexibilityin inchoosing choosingsolution solutionstrategies strategies Inflexibility Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Speed of of Information Information Speed Processing Processing (Ages 66 to to 17) 17) (Ages Task: Requires Requires examinee examinee to to mark mark the the circle circle with with Task: the most most boxes boxes in in aa row row or or to to mark mark the the highest highest the number in in aa row. row. Measures Measures mental mental speed. speed. number Use Use the the age age appropriate appropriate booklet. booklet. Almost Almost all all examinees examinees should should be be successful successful at at this this task. task. You must must time time the the exposure exposure to to items items carefully. carefully. You You You may may query query once once per per item item by by asking asking if if there there are are any any more target target figures. figures. more Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Speed of of Information Information Speed Processing Processing Diagnostic Test Test Diagnostic Scores on on the the Speed Speed of of Information Information Scores Processing subtest subtest may may reflect reflect the the child’s child’s Processing Speed in in performing performing simple simple mental mental operations operations Speed Ability to to work work fast fast under under time time pressure pressure Ability Ability to to make make quantitative quantitative comparisons comparisons rapidly rapidly Ability Sequential strategies strategies for for making making comparisons comparisons Sequential Short-term, numerical numerical memory memory Short-term, Basic understanding understanding of of ordinal ordinal number number concepts concepts Basic Recognition of of singlesingle- and and multi-digit multi-digit numbers numbers and and Recognition their place place values values (for (for items items using using numerals) numerals) their Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Speed of of Information Information Speed Processing Processing In addition, addition, low low scores scores on on this this subtest subtest may may In reflect the the child’s child’s reflect Inefficient balance balance between between speed speed and and accuracy accuracy –– Inefficient either overly overly cautious, cautious, sacrificing sacrificing speed speed for for the the sake sake either of accuracy, accuracy, or or overly overly impulsive, impulsive, sacrificing sacrificing accuracy accuracy of for the the sake sake of of speed speed for Poor motivation motivation for for tasks tasks involving involving numbers numbers Poor Problems with with attention attention and and concentration concentration Problems Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Achievement Subtests Subtests Achievement Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Basic Number Number Skills Skills Basic (Ages 66 to to 17) 17) (Ages Scores on on the the Basic Basic Number Number Skills Skills subtest subtest may may reflect reflect the the Scores child’s child’s Skillin inapplying applyingaarange rangeof ofarithmetic arithmeticoperations operations Skill Abilityto torecognize recognizeand andexpress expressthe thenames namesof ofnumerals numerals Ability In addition, addition, low low scores scores on on this this subtest subtest may may reflect reflect the the In child’s child’s Poorunderstanding understandingof ofthe themeaning meaningof ofthe theoperands operands(+, (+,-,-,x, x,÷) ÷) Poor Non-masteryof ofbasic basicnumber numberconcepts concepts Non-mastery Poorattention attentionor ormotivation motivation Poor Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Spelling Spelling (Ages 66 to to 17) 17) (Ages Scoreson onthe theSpelling Spellingsubtest subtestmay mayreflect reflectthe thechild’s child’s Scores Knowledgeand andrecall recallof ofcorrect correctspellings spellings Knowledge Retentionof offacts facts(the (theconventional conventionalspelling spellingof ofwords) words) Retention Knowledgeof ofspelling spellingrules rules Knowledge Inaddition, addition,low lowscores scoreson onthis thissubtest subtestmay mayreflect reflectthe thechild’s child’s In Poorvisual visualmemory memory(often (oftenshown showninindifficulties difficultiesininrecall recallof ofletters lettersor orwhole whole Poor words) words) Poorauditory-sequential auditory-sequentialmemory memory(often (oftenshown showninininadequate inadequateskills skillsininphonetic phonetic Poor spellingof ofregular regularwords) words) spelling Poorskills skillsininphonological phonologicalsegmentation segmentationof ofwords, words,into intocomponent componentsounds soundsor or Poor syllables syllables Poorknowledge knowledgeof ofletters, letters,letter lettersounds, sounds,or orletter lettercombinations combinations Poor Poorauditory auditorydiscrimination discriminationof ofsound sound Poor Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Word Reading Reading Word (Ages 66 to to 17) 17) (Ages Scores on on the the Word Word Reading Reading subtest subtest may may reflect reflect the the Scores child’s child’s Recognitionof ofprinted printedwords words Recognition Visualand andauditory auditoryworking workingmemory memory Visual Skillsininword wordanalysis analysiswithout withoutadditional additionalcontextual contextualcues cues Skills Vocabularyknowledge knowledge Vocabulary In addition, addition, low low scores scores on on this this subtest subtest may may reflect reflect the the In child’s child’s Poorvisual visualmemory memory(often (oftenshown shownininlimited limitedwhole-word whole-wordsight sightvocabulary vocabulary Poor and which may also be associated with an overdependence on basic and which may also be associated with an overdependence on basic phoneticstrategies) strategies) phonetic Poorauditory-sequential auditory-sequentialmemory memory(often (oftenshown showninininadequate inadequateskills skillsininthe the Poor phoneticanalysis analysisof ofregular regularwords) words) phonetic Poorskills skillsininphonetic phoneticsegmentation segmentationof ofwords wordsinto intocomponent componentsounds soundsor or Poor syllables syllables Poorskills skillsininsound soundblending blending Poor Poorknowledge knowledgeof ofletters, letters,letter lettersounds, sounds,or orletter lettercombinations combinations Poor Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Preschool Verbal Verbal Ability Ability Preschool (Ages 3:6 3:6 –– 5:11) 5:11) (Ages Scores on on the the Verbal Verbal Ability Ability cluster cluster may may reflect reflect the the child’s child’s Scores Knowledgeof ofverbal verbalconcepts concepts Knowledge Languagecomprehension comprehensionand andexpression expression Language Levelof ofvocabulary vocabularydevelopment development Level Generalknowledge knowledgebase base General In addition, addition, low low scores scores on on this this cluster cluster may may reflect reflect the the In child’s child’s Problemswith withprocessing processingauditory auditorycues cues Problems Problemswith withverbal verbalmemory memory Problems Lackof oflanguage languagestimulation stimulationfrom fromexperiences experiencesand andeducational educational Lack opportunities opportunities Undiagnosedhearing hearingloss lossor orhistory historyof ofhearing hearingdifficulties difficultiesnot not Undiagnosed conveyedprior priorto totesting testing conveyed Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Preschool Nonverbal Nonverbal Ability Ability Preschool (Ages 3:6 3:6 –– 5:11) 5:11) (Ages Scoreson onthe theNonverbal NonverbalAbility Abilitycluster clustermay mayreflect reflectthe thechild’s child’s Scores Perceptionsof ofspatial spatialorientation orientation(the (thepreservation preservationof ofrelative relativeposition, position,size, size,and and Perceptions anglesinindifferent differentaspects aspectsof ofthe thedesign) design) angles Nonverbalreasoning reasoningability ability Nonverbal Perceptual-motorskills skills(the (theability abilityto tosee, see,understand, understand,and andrespond respondwith withaamotor motor Perceptual-motor actionas asan anorganized organizedunit unitor orpattern patternof offunctioning) functioning) action Understandingof ofsimple simpleinstructions instructionsand andvisual visualcues cues Understanding Abilityto toidentify identifyimportant importantelements elementsof ofaavisual visualstimulus stimulus Ability Inaddition, addition,low lowscores scoreson onthis thiscluster clustermay mayreflect reflectthe thechild’s child’s In Overdependenceon onverbal verbalinstructions instructionsor orauditory auditorycues cues Overdependence Inabilityto touse useverbal verbalmediation mediationstrategies strategies Inability Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Verbal Ability Ability Verbal (Ages 66 to to 17) 17) (Ages Scores on on the the Verbal Verbal Ability Ability cluster cluster reflects reflects the the child’s child’s Scores Knowledgeof ofverbal verbalconcepts concepts Knowledge Levelof ofvocabulary vocabularydevelopment development Level Expressive-languageability ability Expressive-language Generalknowledge knowledgebase base General Retrievalof offactual factualinformation informationfrom fromlong-term long-termmemory memory Retrieval In addition, addition, low low scores scores on on this this cluster cluster may may reflect reflect the the In child’s child’s Verbalinhibition inhibition(unwillingness (unwillingnessto tomake makeverbal verbalresponses responseswhen when Verbal uncertain) uncertain) Undiagnosedhearing hearingloss lossor orhistory historyof ofhearing hearingdifficulties difficultiesnot not Undiagnosed conveyedprior priorto totesting testing conveyed Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Nonverbal Reasoning Reasoning Nonverbal Ability Ability (Ages 66 to to 17) 17) (Ages Scores on on the the Nonverbal Nonverbal Reasoning Reasoning Ability Ability cluster cluster may may reflect reflect the the child’s child’s Scores Inductive Inductive reasoning, reasoning, including including Anability abilityto toidentify identifyrules rulesthat thatgovern governfeatures featuresor orvariables variablesin in An abstract,visual visualproblems problems abstract, Anability abilityto toformulate formulateand andtest testhypotheses hypotheses An Understanding Understanding of of simple simple verbal verbal instructions instructions and and visual visual cues cues Use Use of of verbal verbal mediation mediation strategies strategies In addition, addition, low low scores scores on on this this cluster cluster may may reflect reflect the the child’s child’s In Overdependenceon onvisual visualinstructions instructionsor orauditory auditorycues cues Overdependence Inflexibilityin inchoosing choosingalternative alternativesolutions solutions Inflexibility Impulsiveness(responding (respondingwithout withoutchecking checkingthe theresponse) response) Impulsiveness Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Spatial Ability Ability Spatial (Ages 66 to to 17) 17) (Ages Scores on on the the Spatial Spatial Ability Ability cluster cluster may may reflect reflect Scores Abilityin inspatial spatialimagery imageryand andvisualization visualization Ability Perceptionof ofspatial spatialorientation orientation(the (thepreservation preservationof ofrelative relative Perception position,size, size,and andangles anglesin indifferent differentaspects aspectsof ofthe thedesign) design) position, Analyticthinking thinking(the (theseparation separationof ofthe thewhole wholeinto intoits itscomponent component Analytic parts) parts) Attentionto tovisual visualdetail detail Attention Poorunderstanding understandingof ofsimple simpleverbal verbalinstructions instructions Poor Pooreye-hand eye-handcoordination coordination Poor In addition, addition, low low scores scores on on this this cluster cluster may may reflect reflect the the In child’s child’s Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Systematic Interpretation Interpretation Systematic of Test Test Scores Scores of Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Interpretation Interpretation Two Stage Stage Procedure Procedure Two Analysis Analysis of of DAS DAS composite composite and and subtest subtest scores scores Interpretation Interpretation of of profile profile by by drawing drawing inferences from from and and formulating formulating inferences hypotheses about about the the nature nature of of the the hypotheses underlying processes processes that that may may best best underlying explain the the score score profile profile explain Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Steps for for Analyzing Analyzing Steps the Child’s Child’s Profile Profile the Stage 1: 1: Comparison Comparison of of Cluster Cluster Stage Standard Scores Scores and and the the GCA GCA Score Score Standard Stage 2: 2: Comparison Comparison of of Cluster Cluster Stage Standard Scores Scores with with One One Another Another Standard Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Steps for for Analyzing Analyzing Steps the Child’s Child’s Profile Profile the Stage 3: 3: Comparison Comparison of of WithinWithinStage Cluster Subtest Subtest T T Scores Scores with with One One Cluster Another Another Stage 4: 4: Comparison Comparison of of Subtest Subtest T T Stage Scores with with the the Mean Mean T T Score Score of of the the Scores Core Subtests Subtests Core Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Steps for for Analyzing Analyzing Steps the Child’s Child’s Profile Profile the Stage 5: 5: Comparisons Comparisons Between Between Ability Ability Stage and Achievement Achievement and Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Profile Analysis Analysis Profile Elliott (1990) (1990) looked looked at at children children with with LD LD Elliott tend tend to to score score lower lower on on the the diagnostic diagnostic subtests subtests relative relative to their their performance performance on on the the core core subtests subtests to greatest greatest differences differences were were shown shown on on the the Recall Recall of of Objects, Recognition Recognition of of Pictures, Pictures, and and Speed Speed of of Objects, Information Processing Processing subtests subtests Information Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Profile Analysis Analysis Profile Kercher && Sandoval Sandoval (1991) (1991) looked looked at at children children with with reading reading Kercher disabilities disabilities scores scoreswere weresignificantly significantlylower lowerthan thantypical typicalchildren childrenon onthe theRecall Recall ofDigits Digitsand andRecall Recallof ofObjects Objectsdiagnostic diagnosticsubtests subtests of McIntosh && Gridley Gridley (1993) (1993) examined examined children children with with various various McIntosh LD LD found found66distinct distinctprofile profilepatterns; patterns;11group grouphad hadaarelative relativeweakness weaknessin in theNonverbal NonverbalReasoning Reasoningcluster, cluster,suggesting suggestingaamajor majordifficulty difficultywith with the fluidreasoning reasoningor orwith withthe theintegration integrationof ofvisual visualand andverbal verbal fluid information information Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Profile Analysis Analysis Profile McIntosh (1999) (1999) studied studied preschool preschool children children to to explore explore if if McIntosh the DAS DAS could could discriminate discriminate between between typical typical and and at-risk at-risk the preschoolers preschoolers at-risk at-riskgroup groupshowed showedtheir theirgreatest greatestdifferences differencesin incomparison comparisonto to typicalpeers peerson onthe thePicture PictureSimilarities Similaritiescore coresubtest subtestand andthe theRecall Recall typical ofDigits Digitsdiagnostic diagnosticsubtest subtest of Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved. Please contact contact me me at at Please Donna Rury Rury Smith, Smith, Ed.D. Ed.D. Donna Clinical Measurement Measurement Consultant Consultant Clinical The Psychological Psychological Corporation Corporation The 2817 Berry Berry Trace Trace 2817 Schertz, TX TX 78154 78154 Schertz, (210) 566-6812 566-6812 (210) [email protected] [email protected] www.PsychCorp.com for for website website www.PsychCorp.com Copyright © by The Psychological Corporation. All rights reserved.
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