J'titufifit �Uttri.tau.
rSEPTEMBER
ONE HAS-DONE·IT BETTER THAN THREE CAN'T·DO·ITS.
16, 1882.
es�ential stages of progress toward commercial permanence
In a recent infringement trial in this city, in the U. S. Cir­ and success.
cuit Court, Judge Blatchford presiding-subject, tlJe manu­
coloring matter could not be produced by the process set electric lamp could not be made.
In support of this position they presented the evidence of economically, he was warned on all sides that he was in pur·
three learned doctors, namely: Prof. Morton, to the effect suit of an impossibility; the thing could not be done.
No. 261 BROAD"\VAY, NE"\V YORI\:.
FOR
directions of the patent.
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.......
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ing the specification.
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ditions required it would not pay.
the article claimed by patentee.
of the system in tbe district now lighted lJy tbem are prolJa·
exhibit a specimen of the new color,
As the plan of the central station and the general appli·
plied for the patent, there had been some interference pro­ described in this paper (August 26,1882), it will not be
ceedings, in the course of which Professors Morton and necessary to dwell upon them here.
Cbandler testified at that time that they had not been able
required the inventor to make an actual demonstration of tion of the new Iigbt will set the price of it below what com
petition with gas may make necessary-the question is, How
the practicalJility of his invention, which he did.
In the presence of the examiner, he carried out practically are the public to be benefited?
the method described in his specification, and the result was,
the production of a true rosaline salt, as claimed.
Patent Office decision, and we suppose that the defendants' does not vitiate the air
One of the chief uses of mica at the present time is for
stove doors and lanterns, the fire-resisting qualities of the
mineral, together with its transparency, rendering it specially
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cept the finest portions, as above mentioned, tbere is little
demand.
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I
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TABLE OF CONTENT8 OF
P
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SU PLEMENT
�C>. 3;:'0,
16, 1882.
For the Weel� ending September
Its beat­
New uses will, however, doulJtless be discovered
It is not a source of peril from nre,
the lamp proper being incapable of fi dng the most combus·
tible fabric; while the low tension of the current makes the
formation of arcs and the overheating of conductors alto­
gether unlikely.
Fears as to the continuity of the service bavs been ex­
pressed, but the grounds for them are not apparent after an
examination of the plant of Ihe central station.
It is true
that no system of storage is provided, as in the case of gas.
None is needed, since the electricity is supplied by a battery
and invented, for mica is made up of valuable materials.
of steam dynamos which deliver their several currents into
We notice among the recently granted patents two inventions
a circuit common to all, with a large surplus available, so
in this line. One is for the manufacture of journal boxes of
that the stoppage of any of them by accident or for repairs
cement, ground mica, and flour; the ingredients are mixed,
would not diminish the illumination of the district. Of
pressed into shape, and then baked. The other is an appa·
course a general fire about the central station might stop its
ratus for reducing mica to an impalpable powder and pre·
operation and leave the district in darkness, but the same
paring it for use as a mixer in starch gloss and oily compo­
risk obtains with gas; and after the establishment of two
sitions.
or more centers of distribution this hazard may be olJviated
Chemically regarded mica is made of silica, alumina, and
by means of connecting mains to be used in such emer­
potash. Silica is one of the hardest substances i n na�ure,
gencies.
known in its purest and most beautiful form as rock
The experience obtained in the running of Station No. 1
crystal.
will no doubt lead to the introduction of consideralJle
Alumina is anolher exceedingly hard substance. One of
changes in the plan and engineering of Stl bsequent stations;
its most useful but impure forms is emery or corundum,
the company are none the less to be congratulated for the wis.
now so extensively employed for grinding and polishing
dom with which they have brought into successful operation
purposes. 'The most elegant and purest examples of silica
an enterprise involving so much of magnitude, c�rnplexity,
are seen in the well known precious stones, the ruby and the
and novelty.
sapphire.
. .
..
Vast beds of the sub­
stance exist in various parts of the country, for wllich, ex­
d ••
. . .
But only the very clearest and
lJest sheets of mica can be thus used.
Envelope case* .............. .... 185 Sand bars, removing . .....
177
E xpedition. Leigh Smith's.. .. 1t52 ::;ash fastener"'.. . ........ ......
185
���W:I������.Ii?�:�l�Z��n·case·oft�� I �R��I;�c��o� t1�.:o��::'::: i�
}j armony Mills;---C
- ohoes, N. Y.... 181 ' Smoke and waste .................. 183
How to CQOf an apartment.. ..... 181 I Steamboat boiler inspection ..... l"n
t
���1itg:, ��i��1i�r�r*.:::·.:::: U�: �i���ndsi����::\fg;�i8:.::':::: HI
Iuv;entions, engineering ....... ... 186: Teeth, healthy .................... 183
Intentions, mechanical........ .. 186 : Telegraphy, submarine ....... .. 181
Inventions. metal1urgical........ 186 I Telephone station, fioating ....... 179
a
I�;���i���: �:;:I� .�����:::: :: :. }�� II ����or��e'iri������:::::::::::: ��
lnventions. textile . .... ... 186 Track laying, rapid................ 184
Irrig-ation in Egypt.... ........ 177 I 'rrees. gum. of Australia .. ..... 185
LanternR.raHway. light of ... .. 1H2 Valve. lmproved*................. 1 85
Li�ht, velocity of ................. 177 ' Watermelons, large ............... 184
Meehanical inventions ..... . ... . 1.'l6 Weights and measures
184
Metallurgical inventions . .... . 186 i Winters, cold...................... 1 79
...
iIluminating power.
MICA.
adapted for the purpose.
It
gas does, by consuming oxygen
ing effect is very much less than that of a gas jet of the same
.
.
HS
and loading the air with products of combustion.
three professors are at lilJerty to try the process [<gain.
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It is free from flickering and un­
The Circuit Court now confirms tbe correctness of tbe the ordinary gas jet so painful and injurious to tbe eyes.
tor.
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It is more nearly like sunlight than any
the two professors, and decided the case in favor of the inven­ steadiness-faults which make both the electric arc light and
C
���I���it� ����tl���.������.�: 1�� :tS���fi���td�o�b��:Eiv1��' e�s; H�
...
The first and most obvious advantage arises from the qnal·
The Com­ ity of the light.
missioner consequently dismgarded the evidence put in hy other artificial illuminant.
•.
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Assuming the new light to cost the same as gaslight-and
to produce tbe patented article, althougb they had followed it is not reasonable to expect that those who hav'e assumed
the directions of the patent. Therefore, the Patent Office the cost and risk attending the development and introduc­
(Illustrated articles are marked wi th an asterisk.)
Agricultural inventions ...... .. 1i'6 Mica ............... ................ 176
Heer glasses.Am. in Germany... 17g Minerals, Am., not. char. of . 181
Block presser, Brokaw's* ......... 185 Notes and queries
.. ... . . ... 186
Boat-lowering-apparatus. Imp.* 175 One has-done-it better than than
Casket, burial, Tickner's* . .. 185
three can'tMdo-its . ......... 176
Combination clutch, new*........ 178 Paper-bag hulder* ... ......... . 179
Diphtheria, treatment of ........ 185 Patent decisions. recent ......... ]84
y
g
ll1E ira.
��� ��e�����ni�: .���� .������� l�¥ �����p��irnO[{h�ia:��.���'. ������ l��
loss of the .... .... ........ 182 Pipes, street. steam, dangers of 179
E lectric light., incand. in N. Y , 176 Razors, improvement in* .... .. 179
Elevated railroad, Philadelphia. 182 Red House Observatory, impr ... 181
..
It is certainly to be hoped that their expectation of
profit in supplying a better light than gas affords, at the
It also appeared in evidence that when the inventor ap­ cation of the system in tbe first district have been so recently
Contents.
.
On this point the com­
testified that the infringing substance was identical with the same or less cost, will be amply justified.
patented article.
NEW YORK, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 16, 1882.
.
which he bad made tern.
by following the proceRs set forth in the patent; he also
The SCIJi:N't'IFIC A MII;R!CAN Export Edition is a large and splendtd peri­
odical, issued once a month Each number cc.ntains about (Ine hundred
large quarto pages, profusely illustrated. embracing: (1.1 Most of t,he
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Commercial, trade. and manufacturing announcements of leading' hou�es.
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.
the new invention; and they furthermore admitted, tacitly,
On behalf of the inventor, Prof. Seeley produced as an bly better qualified to judge than tbe opponents of the sya­
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It was a
But neithpr of the doctors informed question of economy, and admitting that an incandescent
that the article made by the defendants did not differ from pany whiCh have furnished the means for the inauguration
Scientific Alllericau Export Edition.
.....
asserted
the court what sort of stuff they could make 'by practicing electric lighting system could be furnished under the con·
is a distinct paper from the SCIESTIFIC AMERICAN. 'rHE SUPPLEMEN'r
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AddressMUNN &CO 261Broadway. corner of Warren street, New York.
. .
les3 confidently
found that the improved article could not be made by follow· vice was quite another, and he was bound to fail.
.
The Scientific Alllerican Supplelllent
. . .
not
Prof. Eudesmann also said he had application of a theory to a complex sy:;tem of public ser­
directed by the patent.
SCIEN'J'JFIC AMERICAN.
...
Professor Chandler was also of experimentally, his critics
the opinion that the new color was not produced in the way that a laboratory experiment was one thing, the practical
One copy, one year P ORtage Included. .... . . .. .... . . .... $3 20
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...
Hav­
that the patented color was not made by following the ing produced the desired lamp and subdivided tbe current
A. R BEACH.
'.'HE
When he proposed to
subdivide the electric current, so as to multiply small lamps
forth in the patent.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT
'.'EKMS
met with the general ob­
claimed that they were not infringing, and that the alleged jection of electrical authorities Ihat a durable incandescent
MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors.
O. D. MUNN.
When Mr. Edison first attacked the problem of incan
facture of rosaline colors, Patent 250,247, the defendants descent electric lighting he was
ESTA BLISHED 1845.
Price 10 cents. For sale by all newsdealers.
PAGE
E NGIN ElnUNG AND ME CHANICS.-The Panama Canal. By
MANUEL E ISSLER, M. E. VI, (continued from SUPPLEMENT, No.
349.)-The geology and petrology of the Isthmus.-A minute and
.......
Potash, the remaining ingredient of mica, is familiar to
elaborate account of the minerals, germs, precious metals and
The Pretsch Proce�l!I Cor Making Photo Printing
rocks of the region along and about the Panama Canal.. .......
5578 everybody, and is extensively used in the arts. Our oom­
E xpansion of Rails.-Points of fact and of law brought out in a
mef(�ial snpplies of potash chiefly come from the ashes of
Plates.
reoont trial in Glasgow, Scotland .... , ..... ........................ 5581 plants and trees, and their roots take it from the ground, the
Philadelphia and Long Brandl Railway. By C. S. D'INVILLIERS.
A sensitive gelatinous mixture is prepared by dissolving
granite rocks being the original source. Granite is composed
-Describes the construction of a railway along a much broken
6 parts of gelatine in 30 parts of water, and 1 part of pow­
sandy sea shore......
. ................... .. .. . ...... 5581 of quartz, feldspar, and mica.
dered ammonium bichromate is stirred into the solution.
Harlem River Bridge.- Detalled description, with full page H·
.. 4 • ) •
lustration.-New bridge, Harlem River. 8th Avenue, NewYork . 5583
A piece of plate glass, which is all the better for having
Observations inMasonry Br!dges.-2 figures.-Elevation and section of masonTY bridges.-Longitudinal section of masonry.
5583 GENERAL INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LIGHTING IN NEW been previously coated with a collotypic substratum, is now
YORK.
Brickwork Under Water Pressure. By D.MeN. STAUFFER.-2
leveled in the drying cupboard-a temperature of about 400
figures
5583
While the lighting of detached buildings by incandescent C. being suitable in most cases. When the plate has reached
Automatic Fire Extinguisher andAlarm.-5figures.............. 5584
electric lamps is a familiar sight in this city, the inaugura- the full temperature of the bot cupboard, some of the gela·
il. TECHNOLOGY AND CHEMIS TRY.-The Preparation of sirups,
with forty-three Recipes for Fruit and Other Sirups . ........ 5576tion of a general syetem of incandescent electric lighting, tine preparation is poured on and spread with a strip of
TheManufacture of Cement at Folkestone
5577 from a central station, may fairly lJe regarded as marking paper, about 30 grains being allowed for each square inch
Roasting Zinc Blende and Neutralizing tbe Gases byMeans of
of surface. When the plate is dry it is exposed under a
Solution of Calcium Sulphide. <By DR. KOSMANN . ...... .......... 55oo the beginning of a new epoch' in social economy.
To those who had critically followed the development of negative, ,about six times the exposure whicb would be
il l . EI,ECTltICIl'Y, HE AT, LIGHT. ETC.-Dunand's Speaking Con.
the mnltiple arc system of Mr. Edison there was no appa· required for a silver print being given. When the exposed
densersandMicrotelephone Stations.-4figures.-Mounting a telephone station with speaking condenser.-Dunand's torsion microrent cause for doubting its entire practicability when ap- plate is soaked in water, the reticulation and granulation of
.
phon e.-Condenser arranged for listening -with ,both ears at once.
.
. . ... :....... 5585 plIed to general pulJlIc hghtmg. StIll to the multItude the the gelatine rapidly .set in, and in a few minutes an exact
-Fan-shaped condenser for distant hearing....
Applications of the PrinCiple of the l'honodynamograph. By
I final demonstration of actnal service throughout a con· reverse <if the reeu]. ired printing block will result. The next
WM. B. COOPER.-2figures . .. ........ ... ........ . ........ ...... . 5586; siderable area under the complex conditions encountered step is to allow the plate to become partially dry, and to
Siemens' Improved Intensive Gas Burner .-3 figures
55R6.
"
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In a CIty dIstnct, covenng many streets and blocks of' houses, deposit copper on it by the electrotype process so as to form
Application 06 tbe 'Electric ligbt to'Submarine Constructions. By
c. c. SONTAGES.-1 figure.-The electric light in submarine work . 5586 was necessary to give assurance that the whole matter was the printing block.
It .is, petlHlps, a 'mox'oj certain proceed·
Experlments on Radmnt Heat ............... ...... ................ 5 7
ing to take an impression from the reticulated film bymeans
The Pianograph-:I1 etronome.-4 figures.-A new appa.ratus far the 5 � not more or less speculati ve
accurate transcription of musicalcompositions.--"Descriptions and
The great steam dynamos at the central stat ion of the of softened gutta -percha, and to send this cast to an electro·
tbeoretical considerations.-Theory of intonations .................. '5588 first district were started in concert on the afternoon of typer or a stereotyper .to be reproduced in metal.
bution of Da k eat .. . . .. .... ..
. .... .5589
V
D Si T
� I·
:
Monday, Sept. 4, and from that evening the new system of
.....
I
HY G I E N E M E D l (�l NEH E ·T C Re·l·atl: On 0·f E···....
xperlmental
- .. �., ..
PhYSl.
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mterlOr hghtmg has been one of the established IDstItutlOns
ology to i'ractical �1 edicine. By Proiessor G. F. YEO. King's Col·
Silk Direct Crolll the WOrDls.
lege.-A review of some of the.important improvements in medi·
'of the city. To a large extent gas light has been snpplanted
Cine and surgery due to vivisection ........... . ....................... 5589 throughou
t the district, and there is no reason for doubting
An unsuccessful attempt was made lately before the New
.
V. AGRICULTURE, E TC.-'rhe Guernsey.-The cbaracteristics of
the extensIOn of the new lIght to otber dIstncts as rapidly York Silk Exchange to reel ·silk direct from .the worms.
GuernseY cattle.-3 figures.-The Guernsey breed.-E legante 592, of
.Fernwood:--Head of the. Fernwood gold medal herd ................. 4575 as the requisite central stations and systems of electric con· The idea is a taking one, and if realized it might prove im­
M E
t
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rs, lamps, met�rs, and other appliances, can be pro- mensely valuable. Success might open a way to utilhe the
��� ;:.:t:n?.���:����i.��.�����.�:.��.�.��� ��.����: ..
VI.
silk of many native worms whose coc'Oons cannot be un·
Cambodm AntIqUItIes ... .. .. .... ....... . ... . .
. .. . 5576
The Flight of Birds .. ..... .. .... ...... .., ........................... 5587
At any rate the new system has passed three of the four wonnd.
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© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC
.
SEPTEMBER
The
$tieutifit
16, 1882.J
NeW"
Scientific
�lUtritau.
177
river and its various delta branches, to prevent their over- the sectional area of the p late on the pitch line of the rivet
StealDer.
T he new iron steamer Albatross, lately launched at WH- flow, and innumerable small ditches and embankments holes will be 60 per cent of the area of an equal length of
mington, DeL, for the use of the U. S. Fish Commission, everywhere throughout the country. In consequence of the the solid plate. The strain prod uced in the least section of
will be ready for sea about December 1. Her dimensions muddiness of the waters of the Nile, the canals require fre­ metal at the joint by the working pressure (156'24 pound�)
156 24 X 40
lire, length 200 feet, beam 27'6 feet, depth 16'9 feet. She quent cleansing, and the high waters injure the dikes and
would be
= 13,888
pounds per square inch,
2 X % X 0'60
will be provided with two large laboratories, one on the up- render it necessary to repair them each year.
The greatest amount of labor is, however, that required in instead of 8,333 pounds allowed by law.
per deck amidships and the other immediately under this.
But matters are still worse. The same rule provides,
In these laboratories all the microscopic work will be carried raising the water from the river and canals to the level of
As ornithology enters into the the lands. Dipping, draw ing. and pumping are processes further, that in testing a boiler "the hydrostatic pressure
researches of the scientific party who will he carried out on going on nearly the whole year, and nearly half of the Hpplied must be in proportion of 150 pounds to the square
the Albatross, the best arrangements have been made f or the whole irrigation is done by these means. Its water is raised inch to 100 pounds to tbe square inch of the steam pressure
I
out and preparations made.
from one or two feet to twenty, and sometimes more, ac- allowed." Consequently, in the above case, the test pressure
use of the taxidermists.
For dredging and trawling the Albatross will carry 8,000 cording to the location of the land and the height of the will be 234 pounds, and the metal at the joint will experi
fathoms of
%
The winding engine river.
inch steel wire rope.
The following is a deseription of the manner in which ence a strain of 20,832 pounds per square inch; that is to
will be run by two steam engines, and tbe steel rope will be water is raised by llleansof the"shadoof."
paid out and wound up by a reeling engine, worked on
the lower deck, provided with an automatic arrangement
The" shadoof" say, the m etal will be strained beyond the limit of elasticity
is simply a leather basket-shaped bucket attached to a pole, in applying- tile test pressure.
suspended in the same manner as an ordinary well-sweep.
Of course, no reputable boilermak er would build
a
boiler
Tanner, whose experience as com- The 8weep is very short, and the bucket of water is balanced according to such rules; but the general public should fully
devised by Capt. Z.
by a mud weight. The instrument is of the rudest char­ understand that boiler inspection under such ru les does not
acter, but by this means water is raised to the beight of eight avert but invite danger.
C. R. ROELKER.
with apparatus to re- or nine feet with considerable rapidity. If the water is to be
m ander of the Fish-hawk has made him most proficient in
the matter of dredging and trawling.
strain an indicator will
be used,
To prevent too great
----------�--..--------
lieve the tension and to deteqnine at the same time the exact raised twenty feet, one man close to the river raises it from
amount of rope in use.
The apparatus for deep sea sound- four or :five feet into a basin made of clay in the side of the
ings will have some slight illlprovements on that now in bank, and from this point
two men, each with a bucket,
use on the Fish-hawk.
raise it about eight feet to a similar basin, and two others in
as tenders.
ducted by small earth sluices to the required place, often a
Two Herreshoff steam launches will serve the Albatros s .the same manner to the required height, whence it is con-
One of the launches is of the u sual model, the other will considerable dis.ance from the river.
carry her propeller amidships in such a way that the screw
It requires the constant working of these five" shadoofs"
can be worked either parallel with or at right angles to the for forty-eight hours to water one" feddan " (equivalent to
keeL
These launches will be constructed with bulkheads, one acre).
so as to serve
as
This, by changing Oll('e in four or six hours,
life boat�, and will be equipped with appa- would require ten men, each of whom would apply t wenty·
ratus for the capture of cetaceans and fur-bearing sea ani- four hours' labor to the watering of one acre.
mals.
A thirty foot yawl will be carried for use in seining.
This process
reqUires repeating at least three times for each crop.
Thus
One novel feature of this vessel for the pursuit of fish will the labor required fOl"the irrigation of one acre would be
be the use made of the electric light.
The two methods
720 hours, or seventy-two days of ten hours each.
The
employed will be the Brush for surface illumination, and labor is of the most severe k ind, and the fellah, with nothing
the Edison for lighting up the depths of t he sea.
Between e.xcept a cloth round his loins, is compelled to apply himself
the Australian fisherman who spears his :fish from his canoe, to h is 1 ask wHh all the energy at his command.
in the bottom of which burns some resinous wood, and a
In the delta,
Edison incandescent light, there is all the wide difference is kept for a considerable portion of the year, on very nearly
between the barbarism of prehistoric time and the civiliza- the same level as the land.
If, however, it has to be raised
Ventilation will be provided for hy a at all, it requires at least fifteen days to the acre.
method devised by Mr. G. W. Baird, Passed Assistant
neer, United States Navy_
Referring to a recent ar ticle in this paper on the preserva.­
tion of eggs, our correspondent Mr. M. P. Baumann, of Pitts­
burg, Pa., gives the following method, which in his hands
work� to perfection.
Having filled a clean keg or barrel with fresh eggs, he
covers the eggs with cold salicylic water.
Wheu tbe
The eggs must
be kept down by a few small boards floating on the water,
and the whole Govered with cloth to keep out dust.
If set in a cool place the eggs so packed will keep fresh
for months, but they must be used as soon 'as they are taken
out of the brine.
To make the salicylic solution, dissolve salicylic aeid
(which costs about $B.OO a pound) in boiling water, one
tablespoonful of acid to the gallon.
It is not necessary to
boil all the water, as the acid will dissolve in a less quantity,
and the rest may be added to the solution cold.
The solu­
tiou or brine should at no time come in contact with any.
and r;'ome parts of Upper E gypt, the water being taken from metal.
large vessel, illuminating the sea at great depths with the the river at some dist ance above the point where it is used,
tion of the present.
Salicy lic Acid Cor Preserving Eggs.
I n a clean, airy cellar one bri ne is sufficient for
three months or more,
oftener.
otherwise it should be
renewed
For that p urpose the kegs, etc., should be pro­
vided with a wooden spigot to draw off the liquid and re­
plenish the vessel.
water iR raised only a few feet, the more ordinary method is
Butter kneaded in the same solution, and packed tight in
A No. 6 Sturtevant exhaust is that of the " sakia," a rude machine propelled by oxen, clean stone jars, will keep fresh the whole winter, but must
to be run, by which all the foul air is to be drawn out, to cows, and horses, and sometimes camels 3nd donkeys, and be covered with muslin saturated in the water, renewing it
which raises the water by means of earthen jars attached sometimes. Cover the jars with blotting paper saturated
A distillery apparatus, also invented by Mr. Baird, will to an endless rope chain pas�ing over a vertical wheel.
with glycerine.
Salicylic acid is h armless, and yet one of
supply water. By this process the water is aerated as soon
There arc a few steam pumps, lmtfuel is too expensive, and the best and certainly most pleasant disinfectant s i n exist­
be replaced by fresh air.
labor too cheap to permit of their general use. The num- euce, with no color, smell, or taste. The w ater is an excel­
Th e Albatross was designed by Mr. C. W. Copeland, and bel' employed is about 400, and these are mostly in Lower lent toothwash, and the best gargle to prevent diphtheritic
built by tbe Pusey & Jones Company, Wilmington, under Egy pt. They are used principally on large estates, but in contagion.
as made, aud is potable at once.
.... , ..
the inspection of Passed Assistaut Engineer G. W. Baird. some cases by those who irrigate the lands of the �man
She will have a brigantine rig, twin screws, will be pro- fltrmers, at a fixed price per acre.
This is generally where
pelled anrl worked by a compound eugine, steam reversing cotton is produced, which requires watering once in eight or
gear, with flue boilers; is expected to make twelve knots ten days throughout the season.
The Velocity
oC Light.
Preparations are nearly completed at the Case School of
The water has ordinarily Applled Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio, for a reinvestigation of
She will be steered by a steam quarter-master de- to be r&ised but a few feet, and th e quantity required each the velocity of light, by Professor A. A. Michelsou, late of
signpd by the builders. Her crew will consist of sixty-five time, when the watering is so frequent, is much less. T he the Naval Academy at Annapolis. The m e thods aud reo
an hour.
men detailed from the Navy.
Her chief officer is Lieut.- usual price paid per acre is about 30s., and it is only tbelow suits of MI'. Michelson's measurements iu 1879 were de·
She will carry a lieutenant, sur- price of farm labor that renders it practicable to cultivate scribed at length in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT,
genn, and ensign offic�r, and two or three ensignB:
Her lands requiring so much irrigation.
No. 193.
Commander Z. Tanner.
4 4•� •
:first extended trip will be to England, to carry to the London
Fisheries Exhibition the exhibits of the U. S. Fisb Commis-
sion.
•••• •
Irrigation
in
Egypt.
The velocity found (186,380 miles a second) differed
StealDboat Boiler Inspection.
slightly from that obtained by M. Cornu at the observatory
Section 4,433 of the Revised Statutes provides that " the at Paris in 1874, and also, it is said, from that obtained more
working steam pressure allowable on boilers constructed of recently by Professor Newcomb at Washington. The re­
plates inspected as required by this title, when single· riveted suIts of the last named observations have not been published.
Cairo states that the sball not produce a strain to exceed one-Rixth of the tensile Mr. Michel,on has accordingly been requested to repeat his
tillable land of Egypt consists of the delta of the Nile, aud strength of the iron or steel plates of which such boilers are experiments; money for the purpose, about $1,200, having
been promised from the Bache scienti:fic fund.
a narrow valley extending from Cairo southward.
This constructed. "
The American Consul-General at
valley is generally from one to ten miles wide, though for
Compare with this plain provision of the law the following
The Cleveland Leader says that two small buildings have
the" General Rules and Regulations" been erected for the experiments on the grounds of the Case
of from ten to thirty miles. Bo(h the delta and the valley, prescribed by the Board of Supervising Inspectors of Steam· School. The larger of the two, 16 x 45 feet, contains the chief
apparatus. T wo thousand feet west of it is a smaller build
except so far as the former borders on the Mediterranean, vessels, viz. :
are bounded on all sides by mountainous deserts, and for
"Multiply one sixth of the lowest tensile strength found ing containing a st.ationary mirror. In the ex periments the
about one hundred and :fifty miles above Cairo it has a width rule contained in
more than two thousand miles from its mouth the river has stamped on any plate in the cylindrical shell by the thick­ light traverses tbe space between the buildings and back again
ness-expressed in inches or parts of an inch-of the thinnest to the apparatus, by whose movemeut data are obtained
not the smallest tributary.
It rolls on toward the sea, unlike other rivers, constantly plate in tbe same cylindrical shell, aud divide by the radius upon which the velocity of the light is measured.
decreasing in volume.
. � ...
As there are no rains of any practical or ha lf diameter-also expressed in inches-and the sum will
importance, it sustains all vegetation, and all the inhabitants be the pressure allowable per square inch of surface for sin­
of Egypt and its herds drink of its waters.
A SilDple Method oC Ke lDoving Sand Bars.
For two or gle-ri veting."
A press dispatch f rom Portland, Oregon, August 29, de­
T his rule is supposed to be based on the law quoted above; scribes a promising device for keeping open the channel of
try may be irrigated by the natural rise of the river, but but it is, in reality, in direct conflict with it; for, as the the Columbia River, now seriously obstructed by sand bars.
with the exception of certain sections, the water is not per­ pressure allowed by this rule will produce a strain corre­ The promotor's theory was that the current was strong
three months in the year, a considerable portion of tbe coun­
mitted to flow freely over the land.
It is taken from the spon ding to one-sixth of the tensile strength of the metal in enough to carry off the sand if it were properly stirred up.
river and conducted by canals alongside the fields where it the solid parts of the plates, the strain on the metal between Mr. Prescott, Manager of the O regon Railway and Naviga
j, to be used, and spread over the different parcels of land,
tion Company, felt sufficient interest in the experiment to
the rivet holes of the joints will be
of that
if it is sufficiently high, and if not, it is raised by some of
.
3
6X (0
offer the use of the company's steam collier Walla Walla in
the various modes employe d for that purpose. Small em­ tensile strength, since about 40 per cent of the metal is re­ making it.
Under the supervision of Messrs. Gates &
( � )= \
bankments prevent the water from running on to other lands moved on the pitch line in punching the holes for a single­ Holland, the mechanical engineers of the Oregon Railway.
that may not at the time be in a condition to receive it; in riveted joint.
and Navigation Company, the steamer was moored on the
fact, the processes of overflowing the lands, plowing, sow­
In further illustration of the working of this rule we will bar, bow up-stream, the stern at the lower edge of the bar,
ing, and harvesting are often being carried on simultane­ take at random an example from the elaborate table giving and loaded so that the keel touched the bottom. In eighteeJ?
ously in adjoining :fields.
the pressures allowable with cylindrical shells for different hours' actual work a c:\lannel, 1,000 feet long and 100 feet
When the land is sufficiently irrigated, the water is shut diameters, and for iron of different thickness and strength,
The process of irriga­ which forms a part of the "Rules and Regulations."
t-ion is required to be repeated several times before the According to this table a cylindrical boiler having a diame­
maturity of the crop, the quantity of the water depending ter of 40 inches, and made of %-inch plates, of iron
off, or the pumping discontin Ued.
wide, was deepened from a maximum of 18 feet to from 22
to 24 feet.
The steamer is now completing and straighten­
ing the channel on the whole length of the bar, and after
:finishing at St. Helen's she WIll be sent to Walker's Island:
Rice requires a large having a tensile strength of 50,000 pounds per square inch, for similar work. Mr. Prescott speaks enthUSiastically o.{
amount of water, and wheat, rye, and oats much less and with a. single-riveted lap joint, is allowed a working the success of the experiment, which he regards as hflving
There are in Egypt 8,406 miles of irrigating canals, of which pressure of 156'24 pounds per square inch. Using Hinch solved the problem 6f keeping the river clearof o structio
very much upon the kind of product.
1,897
are navigable.
There are also great dikes along the rivets, wi t h
1% inch pitch,
for the single-riveted lap joint,
© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC
and at a nominal cost.
b
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