Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Introduction Background •  What did the Renaissance do? –  The Renaissance sparked interest and curiosity about many things, allowing people to start to think for themselves •  What did the Reformation question? –  The Reformation led people to question and challenge the original views of God, the church, and salvation •  At the same time as the Reformation… –  Individuals began to challenge the way people viewed their place in the Universe. This became known as the Scientific Revolution. What was the Scientific Revolution? •  The Scientific Revolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world. •  Based on: –  careful observation of nature –  a willingness to question widely accepted beliefs –  Reason •  Result: the expansion of scientific knowledge How did they come up with these ideas? •  Scientific Method –  Created by Aristotle –  A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas Scientists of the Scientific Revolution •  Need to know for the SOLs • 
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Isaac Newton Nicolas Copernicus Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei William Harvey Aristotle Rene Descartes Processing •  What was the Scientific Revolution? •  What are two things the Scientific Revolution is based on? The Enlightenment •  What was the Enlightenment? –  An intellectual movement where enlightenment thinkers tried to apply reason and scientific methods to the HUMAN world as well as to the rest of the natural world –  People wanted to build a society around the ideas of the Scientific Revolution Examples of Enlightenment Ideas •  Freedom of speech •  Separation of powers: government should be divided on different levels so that no one level has all the power –  Example: England has a monarch and a Parliament •  Natural rights: life, liberty, property •  Freedom of religion How did the movement spread? •  Salons—wealthy women and men would gather to discuss ideas •  Encyclopedias published many Enlightenment ideas •  Pamphlets and newspapers helped to spread the word about new ideas Enlightenment Thinkers •  Need to know for the SOLs • 
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John Locke Montesquieu Voltaire Beccaria Thomas Hobbes Jean-­‐Jacques Rousseau Thomas Jefferson Mary Wollstonecraft Results of the Enlightenment •  Stimulated religious tolerance •  Helped to start democratic revolutions around the world •  Rise of individualism—thinking for yourself •  Rise of a more secular or worldly outlook Speed Dating •  Starting next class, we are going to be researching for our speed-­‐dating activity •  You and a partner will research and then become one of the individuals from either the Scientific Revolution or the Enlightenment •  Each of you will be responsible for being that person in a round of speed dating—
why would someone want to choose you to be the best influence on their country? J Bellringer •  Sit at the tables in the center of the classroom. •  Take out your notes from last class •  Complete the Processing questions from your sheet. •  BJOTD: Why did the bank robber go see a chiropractor? Leaders of the Scientific Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus—1500s •  Did not agree with the geocentric model of the universe •  First to study the idea that the sun was at the center of the universe •  After 25 years, Copernicus proved that the sun was in the center of the stars and other planets •  Called the heliocentric theory—sun-­‐
centered Johannes Kepler—1600s •  Kepler expanded on Copernicus’ ideas—he wanted to know why and how the planets orbit the way they do •  Proved that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of perfect circles Galileo Galilei—1500-­‐1600 •  1609—he used a telescope to study the heavens •  1610—wrote Starry Messenger, which described his observations –  Confirmed Copernicus’ theory of a heliocentric universe Galileo Tidbits •  Galileo's ideas went against the church, so he was “encouraged” not to publish his book •  Taken to court by the Church and put to torture –  Under torture, he lied and claimed that Copernicus’ ideas were wrong •  Jailed until his death, but his ideas still spread. Isaac Newton •  By 24, Newton was certain all physical objects on Earth and in space were equally affected by the same forces •  His big idea: linking motion in the heaven with motion on earth –  Called the Law of Universal Gravitation •  Every object in the Universe attracts every other object. The amount of attraction depends on the mass of the object and the distance between them. William Harvey—1600s •  Wrote On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals •  Showed the heart acts as a pump to circulate the blood throughout the body •  Described the function of blood vessels Other Important Inventions •  Microscope •  Edward Jenner invented a vaccine for Smallpox •  First Fahrenheit Thermometer Processing •  Which innovation do you feel was the most important, and why?