Page 1 NOTES A chemical index of weather

NOTES
A chemi
cal i
ndex of weat
her-
as i
nf
l
uence of car
bonat
e wi
t
h var
i
abl
e concent
r
at
i
ons and
wi
n
d s
o
t
r
i
n
g e
f
f
e
c
t o
n g
r
a
i
n
-
s
i
z
e d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
i
7
'
'
0
i
, l
e
a
d
i
n
g
t
o t
h
e v
a
r
i
a
t
i
on o
f c
h
e
mi
c
a
l c
o
mp
os
i
t
i
o
n. On
l
y c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
-
i
ng wi
t
ho
ut e
f
f
e
c
t o
f wi
nd
i
n
g t
he
s
e f
a
c
t
o
r
s c
a
n we t
r
u
l
y es
t
i
ma
t
e t
h
e we
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g
n l
o
e
s
s a
n
d p
a
l
e
o
s
o
l
s
. Re
c
e
n
t
l
y
, we
d
e
g
r
e
e o
f s
i
l
i
c
a
t
e
si
s
or
t
i
ng: Fe
/
Mg r
a
t
i
osin s
how t
ha
t Fe
/
Mg r
a
t
i
os i
n t
he a
c
i
d-
i
ns
ol
ubl
e pha
s
e
s of
l
oe
s
s a
n
d p
a
l
e
os
o
l
s c
a
n i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e t
he i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y o
f we
a
t
h
e
r
t
he a
c
i
d-
i
ns
ol
ubl
e phas
e
s o
f
i
n
g
-
p
e
d
o
g
e
n
e
s
i
s wi
t
h
ou
t t
h
e e
f
f
e
c
t of wi
n
d s
o
ti
r
n
g.
l
oe
s
s de
pos
i
t
s
1 Sampl
e
s a
nd me
t
ho
ds
LI
U Li
an
wen, CHEN Ju
n, WANG Hon
gt
ao
&CHEN Yang
St
a
t
e Ke
y La
b
o
r
a
t
or
y o
f Mi
n
e
r
a
l De
p
os
i
t Re
s
c
a
r
e
h
Ge
oc
h
e
mi
s
t
y, r
Na
n
j
i
n
g Un
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
, Na
n
j
i
n
g 21
0
09
3
t
o of Su,
iaci
al
C
黑u
h
i
n
a
Abst
r
act Che
mi
c
a
l a
na
l
y
s
i
s o
f a
c
i
d-
i
ns
o
l
ubl
e f
r
a
c
t
i
on
s i
n
l
o
e
s
s and pa
l
e
o
s
o
l
s s
ho
ws t
ha
t c
o
nc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on
s o
f Fe a
nd Mg
we
e r
unde
r c
o
nt
ol r
o
f wi
n
d s
o
r
t
i
ng a
nd po
s
t
-
de
po
s
i
t
i
o
na
l
we
at
he
r
i
ng
-
pe
do
g
e
n
e
s
i
s
. The f
or
me
r c
a
us
e
d Fe a
nd Mg c
on-
c
e
nt
ra
t
e
d i
n t
he f
i
ne
r g
r
ai
n-
s
i
z
e f
r
a
ti
c
o
ns
, di
s
p
l
a
y吨 s
yn-
c
hr
onous v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
ns
, whi
l
e t
he l
a
t
t
e
r ma
de Fe an
d Mg s
e
pa-
r
at
e
d, l
e
a
di
ng t
o Fe et
r
a
i
n
e
d i
n t
he we
at
he
r
e
d s
e
c
t
i
on a
nd
Mg l
e
ac
he
d o
ut
. The
ef
r
o
e, r
Fe
/
Mg r
at
i
o
s i
n t
he a
c
i
d i
ns
o
l
ubl
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
on o
f l
o
e
s
s a
nd pa
l
e
os
o
l
s c
a
n e
l
i
mi
na
t
e t
he e
f
f
e
c
t o
f
wi
nd s
o
r
t
i
ng a
nd s
e
r
v
e a
s a
n e
x
c
e
l
l
e
nt pr
ox
y r
e
c
or
d o
n i
n-
t
e
n
s
i
t
y o
f we
a
t
h
e
r
i
ng
-
pe
do
g
e
ne
s
i
s
. Ba
s
e
d on c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n,
l
e
a
c
hi
ng pe
ce
r
nt
a
g
e o
f Mg i
n t
he pa
l
e
o
s
o
l Sl f
om r
t
he Luo-
c
hua
n, Wi
ng a
nd Hua
nx
i
a
n s
e
c
t
i
o
ns i
s 1
5%, 1
1
% a
nd 2%,
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
ve
l
y
, a
nd o
n a
v
e
r
a
g
e 9% f
or t
he pa
l
e
o
s
o
l
s S2 Sl
y
f
om r
t
h
e Luo
c
hu
an s
e
c
t
i
on, wi
t
h t
he hi
g
he
s
t v
a
l
ue
a
mo
unt
i
ng t
o 2
2% i
n SS
, s
ug
g
e
s
t
i
ng t
he s
t
r
ong
e
s
t we
a
t
he
r
-
i
ng
-
pe
do
g
e
n
e
s
i
s
Ke
y
wo
r
ds
: l
o
e
s
s
, pa
l
e
o
s
o
l
, Fe
(
Mg r
at
i
o
s
, a
c
i
d i
n
s
o
l
ubl
e pha
s
e
s
,
c
he
mi
c
al we
at
he
ri
ng.
Th
e s
a
mpl
e
s we
r
e c
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
d ro
f
m t
h
e Lu
o
c
h
u
a
n s
e
e
-
L
i
o
n (
3
50
4
5'
N,1
0
90
2
5'
E)
一
An
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l s
a
mp
l
e
s i
n
c
l
u
d
e t
h
e
Ma
l
a
n Loe
s
s For
ma
t
i
on (
L,
) a
nd t
he Li
s
hi Loe
s
s For
ma-
t
i
on (
S,
-
L,
5
)
. Ea
c
h l
a
y
e
r c
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
d 1
-3 r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
v
e
s
a
mp
l
e
s
. Be
s
i
d
e
s t
he Lu
o
c
hu
a
n s
e
c
t
i
o
n
, e
v
e
y r
3s
a
mpl
e
s
o
f b
o
t
h L, a
n
d S, we
r
e s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d f
r
om t
h
e Xi
f
e
n
g (
3
5
.
70
N,
1
07.
60
E) a
nd Huan
xi
a
n (
36.
6`
N, 1
07.
3`
E) s
e
ct
i
ons
, r
e
-
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
Ca
r
bo
n
a
t
e
s we
r
e r
e
mov
e
d by a
c
i
d l
ea
c
h
i
ng be
f
o
r
e
a
na
l
ys
i
s
. Ea
c
h s
a
mpl
e r
e
a
c
t
e
d wi
t
h l mol
/
L a
c
et
i
c a
c
i
d
s
ol
ut
i
o
n f
or 6 h unde
r cont
i
nua
l a
gi
t
a
t
i
on, The
n t
he a
c
i
d
s
o
l
ub
l
e a
n
d a
c
i
d i
n
s
o
l
u
bl
e f
r
a
c
t
i
o
ns we
r
e s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d by
c
e
n
t
r
i
f
u
g
e. I
n a
d
di
t
i
o
n, we s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d o
n
e l
o
e
s
s s
a
mp
l
e a
n
d
on
e p
a
l
e
os
o
l s
a
mp
l
e rom f
Lu
o
c
h
u
a
n t
o e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e t
h
e e
f
f
e
c
t
of gr
a
i
n s
i
z
e. Fi
r
s
t
, t
he
y we
r
e l
e
a
c
h
ed by a
c
e
t
i
c a
c
i
d, a
nd
t
he
n t
h
e r
e
s
i
d
u
e
s we
r
e d
i
v
i
d
e
d i
n
t
o f
i
v
e g
r
a
i
n
-
s
i
z
e f
r
a
c
-
t
i
on
s (
i
.
e
. >4
5 Pr
o, 2
8
-4
5 pr
o, 8
-28 pr
o, 2
-8 pm a
n
d
<2 pu
t ) t
h
r
ou
g
h we
t
-
s
i
e
v
e
, s
e
d
i
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n a
n
d c
e
n
t
r
i
-
f
uge
.
The c
on
ce
nt
r
a
t
i
ons of ma
j
o
r a
nd t
r
a
ce e
l
e
me
nt
s we
e
r
de
t
e
r
mi
n
e
d b
y a
n X-
r
a
y f
l
u
o
r
e
s
c
e
n
c
e me
t
h
od (
XRF) i
n t
h
e
Ce
n
t
e
r of Mo
d
e
m An
a
l
ys
e
s
, Na
n
j
i
n
g Un
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
. An
ly
a
s
e
s
wer
e conduct
ed under t
he cont
rol of st
andar
ds wi
t
h r
el
a-
T
h
e l
o
e
s
s
-
pa
l
e
o
s
o
l s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s o
n t
h
e Ch
i
n
e
s
e Lo
e
s
s
Pl
a
t
ea
u pr
ovi
de a c
on
t
i
n
uous pr
oxy r
e
cor
d on c
l
i
ma
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s a
n
d c
h
e
mi
c
a
l we
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g i
n t
h
e p
a
s
t 2
.
6 Ma
l
'
-
s
i
Mu
l
t
i
pl
e p
r
ox
y i
n
d
i
c
e
s ha
v
e b
e
e
n u
s
e
d t
o i
n
ve
s
t
i
g
a
t
e t
h
e
d
e
g
r
e
e o
f we
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g a
n
d
/
o
r p
e
d
o
g
e
n
e
t
i
c ewo
r
r
ki
n
g of
l
o
e
s
s d
ur
i
n
g p
os
t
-
a
c
c
u
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n, s
u
c
h a
s ma
g
n
e
t
i
c s
u
s
c
e
p
-
t
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
, Rb
/
Sr r
a
t
i
o
s
, CI
A v
a
l
u
e
s a
n
d r
a
t
i
os of f
r
e
e i
r
o
n t
o
ot
t
al i
r
ony-
s
1
. The
s
e i
n
di
ca
t
or
s r
e
v
ea
l t
hat l
oe
s
s ma
t
er
i
a
l
s
u
n
d
e
r
we
n
t c
h
e
mi
c
a
l we
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g b
e
f
or
e a
n
d a
te
f
r d
e
p
o
s
i
-
t
i
on
, c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
e
d b
y t
h
e l
e
a
c
h
i
n
g a
n
d r
e
p
r
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
o
n o
f
c
a
r
bona
t
es
. As f
or s
i
l
i
c
a
t
e wea
t
he
r
i
ng i
n l
oe
s
s an
d pa
l
eo-
s
o
l
s
, h
owe
v
e
r
, c
o
n
t
r
o
v
e
r
s
y r
e
ma
i
n
s
. So
me i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
os
e t
h
a
t s
i
l
i
c
a
t
e mi
n
e
r
a
l i
n l
oe
s
s a
nd p
a
l
e
os
o
l
s ha
s
bee
n l
i
tl
e a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d by i
n-
s
i
t
u we
a
t
he
r
i
ng a
nd pe
doge
nes
i
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h s
ud
t
i
e
s o
n c
l
a
y mi
n
e
r
l a
a
n
d t
h
e s
t
r
on
g
l
y we
a
t
h
-
l
i
ve s
t
a
nda
r
d de
vi
a
t
i
on of a
na
l
ys
es l
es
s t
ha
n 2% f
or Fe
a
n
d Mg.
2 Resul
t
s
(
i)Con
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
ns o
f Fe a
n
d Mg i
n di
f
f
e
r
e
nt g
r
a
i
n
-
s
i
z
e f
r
a
c
t
i
ons
. As s
hown i
n f
i
g. I
, c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
ons of Fe
a
n
d Mg a
r
e i
n
v
e
r
s
e
l
y p
r
o
p
o
ti
r
o
n
a
l t
o g
r
a
i
n s
i
z
e
, wi
t
h
hi
g
h
e
r v
a
l
u
e
s i
n t
h
e <2 I
t
m a
n
d 2-8 pm ra
f
c
t
i
o
ns
. Ea
r
-
t
i
e
r r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
"
" h
a
s d
e
mo
n
s
ra
t
t
e
d t
h
a
t d
u
r
i
n
g t
r
a
n
s
p
o
ia
r
-
t
i
on, q
u
a
tz r
a
n
d f
e
l
ds
pa
r
, r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
t t
o p
h
ys
i
c
a
l we
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g,
t
end t
o be e
nr
i
ched i
n t
he c
oar
s
er f
r
a
ct
i
on whi
l
e f
er
r
o-
ma
g
n
e
s
i
a
n mi
n
e
r
a
l
s l
i
k
e c
h
l
o
r
i
t
e
, s
us
c
e
p
t
i
b
l
e t
o p
hy
s
i
c
a
l
we
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g
, t
e
n
d t
o be e
n
r
i
c
h
e
d i
n t
h
e in
f
e
r f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n, l
e
a
d
-
i
n
g t
o d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
i
o
n o
f e
l
e
me
n
t
s i
n g
r
a
i
n-
s
i
z
e f
r
a
c
t
i
o
ns
.
Th
i
s i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
s t
h
e e
n
r
i
c
h
me
n
t o
f Fe a
n
d Mg i
n f
ne
i
r f
r
a
c
-
i
on
s
. Fi
g. 1 f
u
th
r
e
r s
h
ows t
h
a
t i
n t
h
e s
a
me f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n t
h
e Fe
e
r
e
d p
a
l
e
o
s
o
l S
5
t
s
'
0
J
, wh
i
l
e t
h
e o
t
h
e
ss
r
u
g
g
e
s
t t
h
a
t c
h
e
mi
c
a
l l
a
l
t
e
r
a
t
i
on i
n s
i
l
i
c
a
t
e mi
n
e
r
a
l
s o
c
c
u
r
s b
a
s
e
d o
n a
n
a
l
y
s
e
s o
f c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
on o
f t
h
e l
o
e
s
s s
a
mpl
e i
s c
l
os
e t
o t
h
a
t o
f p
a
-
r
a
d
i
o
a
c
t
i
v
e i
s
o
t
op
e
s o
f Be a
n
d U-
Th a
n
d a
q
u
e
o
u
s c
he
mi
s
- l
e
os
ol
, whe
r
e
a
s Mg ha
s a hi
ghe
r c
onc
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
on i
n l
oe
s
s
I
r
v i
n t
he Ye
l
l
ow Ri
ve
r [
7
,
1
0
1
t
h
a
n i
n p
a
l
e
os
ol
.
Howev
e
r
, t
he
s
e r
e
s
ul
t
s a
r
e mai
nl
y ba
s
e
d on t
he b
ul
k
Al
t
h
o
u
g
h c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
s o
f Fe a
n
d Mg a
r
e n
o
t
a
bl
y
f
f
e
r
e
nt i
n t
h
e g
r
a
i
n-
s
i
z
e f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
, t
h
e r
a
t
i
o
s of Fe t
o Mg
s
a
mp
l
e
s
, t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e s
o
me p
r
o
bl
e
ms i
n
e
v
i
t
a
bl
y o
c
c
u
r
, s
u
c
h di
1384
Sc
i
e
nc
e Bul
l
et
i
n Vol
. 46 No. 1
6 Au
gus
t 2001
NOTES
Fi
g
. 3
(
a
) i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
s t
h
e r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p b
e
t
we
e
n F
e a
n
d
Mg con
ce
nt
r
at
i
ons i
n a
ci
d-
i
ns
ol
ubl
e f
r
a
ct
i
ons of l
oe
s
s
口 Loess
uni
t
s f
rom t
he Luochuan s
ect
i
on. I
t can be obs
er
ved t
hat
a
n e
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
t p
os
i
t
i
v
e c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n o
c
c
u
r
s
. Th
e r
e
l
a
t
i
on
s
hi
p
c
an be de
ine
f
d as a l
i
n
ea
r e
quat
i
on:
. Pal
ensnl
(
岁 }夕一
F
e
(
%)
=
2
.
5
91
8 X Mg
(
%)
一(
)
.
1
9
4
5 (
R2
=
0
.
8
6
1
5
)
, (
1
)
wh
i
c
h r
e
f
l
e
c
t
s s
y
n
c
hr
on
ou
s va
r
i
a
t
i
o
n o
f c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
s of
Fe a
n
d Mg i
n l
o
e
s
s u
n
i
t
s
. Pl
o
t
t
i
n
g r
e
s
u
l
t
s o
f di
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
gr
ai
n-
s
i
z
e f
r
a
c
t
i
ons of t
he l
oe
s
s
, we c
an f
i
nd t
ha
t conc
en-
t
r
a
t
i
on
s o
f Fe a
n
d Mg r
u
n c
l
o
s
e
l
y p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l t
o t
he t
r
e
n
dl
i
n
e
f
o
u
n
d i
n b
u
l
k l
o
e
s
s s
a
mpl
e
s (
f
i
g. 3(
b)
)
, d
e
mon
s
t
r
a
t
i
n
g t
h
a
t
c
o
nc
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
s of Fe a
n
d Mg i
n l
o
e
s
s we
r
e ma
i
n
l
y c
o
n
-
t
r
ol
l
e
d by g
r
a
i
n
-
s
i
z
e d
i
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n. Mo
r
e
ov
e
r
, c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
-
l
i
o
n
s o
f Fe a
nd Mg i
n Ma
n
l
a
n l
o
e
s
s (
L,
) f
r
o
m t
h
e Xi
f
e
n
g
a
n
d Hu
a
n
xi
a
n s
e
c
t
i
on
s a
r
e a
l
s
o pl
o
t
t
e
d n
e
a
r t
h
e t
r
e
n
dl
i
n
e
(
f
i
g. 3
(
c
)
)
, i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
n
g a s
i
mi
l
a
r v
a
r
i
a
t
i
on o
f t
h
e
s
e t
wo e
l
e
-
me
n
t
s i
n l
o
e
s
s s
a
mpl
e
s f
r
o
m d
i
fe
r
e
n
t s
e
c
t
i
on
s
.
The s
yn
c
h
r
o
n
o
us v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n o
f Fe a
n
d Mg i
n l
o
e
s
s
uni
t
s r
ef
l
e
c
t
s t
he b
e
ha
vi
or of f
e
r
r
o
ma
gne
s
i
a
n mi
ne
r
a
l
s
d
u
r
i
n
g wi
n
d s
o
r
t
i
n
g. Mg
-
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g mi
n
e
r
a
l
s wi
t
h n
o
c
a
r
b
on
a
t
e i
n l
o
e
s
s a
n
d p
a
l
e
os
ol
s a
r
e a
l
l f
e
r
r
o
ma
g
n
e
s
i
a
n
s
i
l
i
c
a
t
e
s
, wh
i
c
h a
r
e mo
s
t c
h
l
o
r
i
t
e
s (
i
n
c
l
u
di
n
g v
e
r
mi
c
u
l
i
t
e
s
)
a
nd mi
nor ho
mbl
ende
, py
r
oxe
ne a
nd mi
ca
. Fe-
cont
a
i
ni
ng
mi
n
e
r
a
l
s i
n l
o
e
s
s a
r
e f
e
r
r
o
ma
gn
e
s
i
a
n mi
n
e
r
a
l a
nd f
r
e
e i
r
o
n
s
u
c
h a
s o
x
i
de a
n
d h
y
d
r
ox
i
d
e o
f i
r
o
n. Du
r
i
n
g wi
n
d s
o
r
t
i
n
g
,
f
r
e
e i
r
o
n a
s we
l
l a
s f
e
r
r
o
ma
g
n
e
s
i
a
n s
i
l
i
c
a
t
e t
e
nd
s t
o b
e
l8
(
贷.
)
‘芝
12
0.
6
00
』
}
1
芭 抓乏、
之
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
ed i
n t
he f
i
ne f
r
a
c
t
i
on, t
he
r
ef
or
e c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
ons
> 45 28一 45 8一 28 2一 8
of Fe a
n
d Mg s
how s
ync
hr
onous va
r
i
a
t
i
on.
< 2
Gr
ai
n s
ue
/
1
1
.
Co
n
c
e
n
ra
t
t
i
o
n
s o
f F
e a
n
d Mg a
n
d Fe
/
Mg r
a
t
i
os i
n d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
i
z
e f
r
a
c
t
i
ons o
f l
oe
s
s a
n
d pal
e
os
ol
g
F
r
i
a
g
i
.
n
a
r
e s
i
mi
l
a
r
, r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
n
g t
h
e s
i
mi
l
a
r be
h
a
v
i
or o
f t
h
e
s
e t
wo
e
l
e
me
nt
s d
u
r
i
n
g wi
n
d s
o
r
t
i
n
g nd a
s
h
owi
ng s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
us
v
a
r
i
at
i
ons
. Fu
r
t
he
r
mor
e, i
n t
he s
a
me ra
f
c
t
i
on pa
l
e
os
ol ha
s
h
i
gh
e
r Fe
/
Mg r
a
t
i
os c
o
mp
a
r
e
d t
o l
o
e
s
s (
f
i
g. 1
)
.
(i
i)Va
r
i
a
t
i
ons of c
once
nt
r
a
t
i
ons of Fe an
d Mg i
n
Luo
c
hua
n s
ec
t
i
o
n. Fi
g. 2 s
hows c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
ons of Fe
a
n
d Mg o
f a
c
i
d
-
i
n
s
ol
u
b
l
e ph
a
s
e
s i
n t
h
e Lu
o
c
h
u
a
n
l
o
es
s
-
p
a
l
e
o
s
o
l s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
. I
t c
a
n be s
e
e
n t
ha
t l
owe
r c
o
n
c
e
n
-
t
r
a
t
i
ons of Fe o
c
c
ur i
n t
he l
oe
s
s
, wi
t
h av
e
r
a
ge of 3.
32%
a
n
d l
o
we
s
t i
n s
a
n
d
y l
o
e
s
s u
n
i
t
s肠 a
n
d _1
1
5
, a
n
d h
i
gh
e
r
v
a
l
ue
s i
n pa
l
e
os
ol
s wi
t
h a
ve
r
a
ge of 3.
54%. The va
r
i
a
t
i
on
p
a
te
r
n o
f Mg i
s c
o
n
t
r
a
y r
t
o Fe
, wi
t
h hi
g
h v
a
l
ue
s i
n l
o
e
s
s
a
n
d l
o
w i
n p
a
l
e
o
s
o
l
s
. Th
e a
v
e
r
a
g
e c
on
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n of Mg i
s
.36% 1
f
or l
oes
s a
nd 1
.
30% f
or pa
l
e
os
ol
s
.
(
i
i
) S
e
pa
r
a
t
i
o
n b
e
t
we
e
n Fe a
n
d Mg d
u
r
i
n
g we
a
t
h
e
r
-
i
ng a
nd pe
d
oge
n
es
i
s
. As di
s
c
us
s
e
d above
, wi
n
d s
or
ti
n
g
r
es
ul
t
s i
n en
r
i
c
hme
nt of Fe a
nd Mg i
n t
he f
i
ne
r gr
a
i
n-
s
i
z
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n. Si
n
c
e g
r
a
i
n s
i
z
e i
s mu
c
h in
f
e
r i
n pa
l
e
o
s
ol
s t
h
a
n i
n
l
o
e
s
s
, o
n
e mi
g
h
t e
x
p
e
c
t a
n e
nh
a
n
c
e
me
n
t o
f c
o
nc
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f Fe a
n
d Mg i
n p
a
l
e
os
ol
s
. Ho
we
v
e
r
, t
h
i
s i
s n
ot t
h
e c
a
s
e
.
As i
l
l
u
s
ra
t
t
e
d i
n f
i
g. 2, p
a
l
e
os
o
l
s h
a
v
e h
i
g
h
e
r c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
-
l
i
o
n
s o
f Fe b
ut l
o
we
r c
on
c
e
n
ra
t
t
i
o
ns o
f Mg c
omp
a
r
e
d t
o
l
o
e
s
s
. P
l
o
t
t
e
d t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r wi
t
h r
e
s
u
l
t
s o
f l
o
e
s
s (
ig. f
3
(
d
)
)
, a
l
l
da
t
a poi
nt
s of pa
l
e
os
ol
s a
r
e a
bove t
he t
r
e
ndl
i
ne, s
ug
ges
t
-
i
n
g t
h
a
t Mg, r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e t
o Fe
, i
s d
e
pl
e
t
e
d i
n p
a
l
e
os
o
l
s c
o
m-
pa
r
e
d t
o l
oes
s
.
Fe
r
r
oma
gne
s
i
a
n s
i
l
i
c
a
t
e
s a
r
e s
us
c
e
pt
i
bl
e t
o ch
emi
ca
l
we
a
t
h
e
r
i
ng i
n s
u
r
f
i
c
i
a
l c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s a
n
d ra
t
n
s
f
o
r
me
d t
o c
l
a
y
mi
ner
a
l
s (
s
uc
h a
s ve
r
mi
cul
i
t
e
/
c
hl
or
i
t
e, v
e
r
mi
cul
i
t
e a
nd
s
me
c
t
i
t
e
)
, el
r
e
a
s
i
n
g p
a
r
t o
f Fe a
n
d Mg f
r
om mi
n
e
r
a
l l
a
t
-
t
i
c
e
S
I
1
4
J
. Th
e
s
e r
e
l
e
a
s
e
d
-
F
e a
n
d Mg wi
l
l s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e d
u
e t
o
t
h
e
i
r d
i
fe
r
e
n
t g
e
oc
h
e
mi
c
a
l b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r i
n s
u
r
ic
f
i
a
l c
o
n
d
i
-
l
i
o
n
s
. Mg i
s a
n a
l
k
a
l
i
n
e
-
e
a
th r
e
l
e
me
n
t e
a
s
y t
o d
i
s
s
o
l
v
e i
n
3 Di
scussi
ons
s
oi
l s
ol
ut
i
on an
d i
s c
a
r
r
i
e
d a
wa
y by s
ur
f
a
c
e wa
t
e
r wi
t
h
ma
l
l a
mo
unt a
ds
o
r
be
d by cl
a
y mi
ner
a
l
s
, wher
ea
s Fe i
s a
(1)Re
l
a
t
i
o
n be
t
we
e
n Fe a
n
d Mg i
n i
n
i
t
i
a
l a
e
ol
i
a
n s
dus
t
. Loes
s i
s a s
i
l
t c
ont
ai
ni
ng a
bunda
nt c
a
r
bona
t
e
. I
n t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
a
l e
l
e
me
n
t t
h
a
t i
s p
es
r
e
r
v
e
d i
n s
i
t
u d
u
e t
o l
o
w
o
l
u
b
i
l
i
t
y of ox
i
d
e a
n
d hy
dr
o
xi
d
e i
n s
oi
l s
ol
u
t
i
o
n
. Co
m-
l
oe
s
s
-
p
a
l
e
o
s
o
l s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
, l
o
e
s
s
, f
o
r
me
d u
n
de
r c
o
l
d nd s
a
d
y r
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
ns du
r
i gl
a
c
i
a
l p
e
r
i
o
d
s
, h
a
s b
e
e
n s
u
b
j
e
c
t t
o pa
r
e
d t
o pa
l
e
o
e
n
v
i
r
o
nme
n
t o
f l
o
e
s
s f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n, pa
l
e
os
ol
s
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d d
u
r
i
n
g r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
l
y i
n
t
e
n
s
e s
u
mme
r mo
n
s
o
o
n a
n
d
we
a
k c
h
e
mi
c
a
l we
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g. Th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
, l
o
e
s
s ha
s t
h
e p
o
- d
t
ent
i
al t
o r
es
er
ve t
he i
nfor
mat
i
on about r
el
at
i
on bet
ween
hi
g
h p
r
e
c
i
p
i
t
a
t
i
o
n. Th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e l
e
a
c
hi
n
g e
fe
c
t b
y r
a
i
nwa
t
e
r
was r
ema
r
ka
bl
e, whi
c
h a
f
f
e
c
t
ed mor
e f
e
r
r
oma
gnes
i
an
Fe nd a
Mg rom f
i
ni
t
i
a
l a
e
ol
i
an dus
t
s
.
Chi
nes
e Sc
i
enc
e Bul
l
et
i
n Vol
. 46 No. 1
6 Augus
t 2001
1385
NOTES
St
mt
i
g
r
a
ph
5
Fe (
%)
L
0
2
r
8
Fe
/
M只
Mg(
%)
S
us
c
ep
t
i
bi
l
i
y t
(
SI
)
32 3.
6 4
孰 蚝 孰 L民 玩 熟 匕
lO
20
。
执
召
飞0
导
以
凡
乳 51
I -o
叭 孰
60
51, 与51:凡 编
70
80
Fi
g. 2. Va
ia
r
t
i
o
ns of c
on
c
e
n
ra
t
t
i
ons o
f F
e a
n
d Mg, F
c
/
Mg r
a
i
t
os i
n a
c
i
d-
i
ns
o
l
u
b
l
e f
r
a
c
t
i
on
s o
f l
oe
s
s a
n
d pa
l
e
o
s
o
l
s f
r
om Lu
o
c
h
u
a
n
, c
omp
a
r
e
d
wi
t
h ma
g
n
e
t
i
c s
us
c
e
p
ib
t
i
l
i
t
y s
i
gn
a
l
3R
40
护2.
5
91
8
x-0
.
1
945
, Xi
f
e
ng
37
(
岁 },」
3.
4
口 Hua
nxi
a
n
.
3.
0
3!
口 口
(
a)
2凡
!l
M
1
g .
3
(
%
)
(
c)
26
12
I5
14
Mg (
%)
4.
0
、
‘
,尸
L
L
门
、
4
I.
(
罗 )‘
」 (
荞 )。舀
3.
1
(b
)
(
d)
28
08
M
g 1
.
(
6
,
/
.
)
2.
4
11
13
!5
Mg(
%卜
Luo
c
hu
a
n l
o
e
s
s
; (
b
) d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt g
r
a
i
n
-
s
i
z
e ra
f
c
t
i
o
ns
; (
c
) s
a
mpl
e
s f
r
o
m
F
i
g
. 3. Re
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p b
e
t
we
e
n c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
io
t
ns o
# Fe a
n
d Mg
. (
a)
Hu
a
n
x
i
a
n a
n
d Xi
f
e
n
g s
e
c
t
i
o
ns
; (
d) Lu
o
c
h
u
a
n p
a
l
e
o
s
ol
s
1386
Chi
nese Sci
ence
Vol
. 46 No. 1
6 Au
gu
s
t 2001
NOTES
s
i
l
i
c
a
t
e
s t
o b
e d
e
c
o
mp
os
e
d
, r
e
s
u
l
t
i
ng i
n d
e
p
l
e
t
i
o
n of Mg i
n
pa
l
e
os
ol
s
""
As
s
umi
n
g t
h
a
t l
o
e
s
s a
n
d p
a
l
e
o
s
o
l
s s
ha
r
e t
h
e s
a
me
A
s d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d a
b
o
v
e
, Fe a
n
d Mg i
n l
o
e
s
s a
n
d pa
l
e
o
-
s
ol
s l
e
n
d t
o b
e e
n
r
i
c
h
e
d i
n t
h
e f
i
n
e g
r
a
i
n-
s
i
z
e ra
f
c
t
i
o
n a
n
d
d
i
s
p
l
a
y s
y
n
c
h
r
o
no
us v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n d
u
e t
o wi
n
d s
o
r
t
i
n
g. Ho
w-
mat
e
r
i
a
l s
our
c
e, t
he l
i
ne
a
r c
or
r
el
a
t
i
on be
t
we
e
n c
onc
e
nt
r
a
- e
v
e
r
, d
u
r
i
n
g -
we
a
t
he
r
i
n
g
-
p
e
d
o
g
e
n
e
s
i
s c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d b
y s
u
m-
t mo
n
s
o
o
n i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
, t
h
e t
wo e
l
e
me
n
t
s wi
l
l s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
t
i
on
s o
f F
e a
n
d Mg f
o
u
n
d i
n l
o
e
s
s c
a
n b
e a
pp
l
i
e
d t
o p
a
- me
t
h F
e r
e
ma
i
n
i
n
g i
n t
h
e s
e
c
t
i
o
n a
n
d Mg l
e
a
c
h
e
d o
u
t
.
l
e
o
s
o
l
. Mg c
o
n
c
e
n
ra
t
t
i
o
ns of p
a
l
e
os
ol
s d
u
r
i
ng de
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n wi
c
n a
b
e e
s
t
i
ma
t
ed by e
q. (
1
) bas
e
d on Fe c
once
nt
ra
t
i
ons
, Th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
, Fe
/
Mg r
a
t
i
os i
n t
h
e a
c
i
d i
ns
ol
u
b
l
e f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n o
f
nd a
t
h
e
n t
he l
e
a
c
h
i
ng p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e of Mg c
a
n b
e c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d l
oes
s an
d pa
l
e
os
ol
s c
a
n el
i
mi
na
t
e t
he efe
c
t of wi
nd s
or
t-
n
g a
n
d s
e
ve r
a
s a
n e
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
t p
r
o
x
y o
n i
n
t
e
ns
i
t
y o
f
by wh
i
c
h we ca
n di
s
c
r
i
mi
na
t
e t
he deg
r
e
e of c
h
emi
c
a
l i
we
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g of f
e
r
r
o
ma
g
ne
s
i
a
n s
i
l
i
c
a
t
e
s a
n
d t
h
e i
n
t
e
n
s
i
y t
o
f we
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g
-
p
e
d
o
g
e
n
e
s
i
s
.
we
a
t
he
r
i
n
g
-
p
e
d
o
g
e
ne
s
i
s o
f p
a
l
e
os
o
l
s
. Th
e c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d Acknowl
e
dg
e
me
n
t
s Th
i
s wor
k wa
s s
u
p
p
o
te
r
d t
h
e Na
t
i
on
l a
Ke
y Ba
s
i
c
l
e
ac
h
i
n
g pe
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e o
f Mg i
n t
h
e pa
l
e
o
s
o
l S1 f
r
om t
h
e Re
s
e
a
ch r
P
r
o
j
e
c
t (
Gr
a
n
t No
. G1
9
9
9
0
4
3
4
0
0
) a
n
d t
h
e Na
t
i
o
n
l a
Na
t
u
r
a
l
en
c
e Foundat
i
on of Chi
na (
Gr
ant No. 4
97253
07)
Lu
oh
u
a
n
, Xi
f
e
ng nd a
Hua
n
x
i
a
n s
e
c
t
i
o
n
s i
s 1
5
%, 1
1
% nd Sci
a
2% r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
, i
n a
c
c
o
r
d wi
t
h t
h
e di
fe
r
e
n
c
e of mo
d
e
m References
cl
i
ma
t
e
s i
n t
he山r
e
e l
o
ca
l
i
t
i
e
s
. I
n a
ddi
t
i
on, 9%
0 of Mg i
n
S.
, Loes
s a
nd Envi
onme
r
n
t (
i
n Chi
nes
e
)
. Bei
j
i
ng: Chi
na
山e p
a
l
e
os
o
l
s S
} S1
4ha
v
e b
e
e
n l
e
a
c
h
e
d o
ut o
n a
v
e
r
a
g
e
,
L
O
i
r
u
e
, T
Press. 1985
Che
n, 1
.
, J
i
, J
. F.
, Qi
u, G. e
t al
.
, Ge
oc
he
mi
ca
l s
t
udi
e
s on t
he i
nt
e
n-
a
n
d t
he h
i
g
h
e
s
t v
a
l
u
e a
mo
un
t
s t
o 2
2% i
n SS
-
,
, s
u
g
g
e
s
t
i
n
g
s
i
y t
o
f c
h
e
mi
c
l a
we
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g i
n Lu
o
c
h
ua
n l
o
e
s
s s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
, Ch
i
n
a
,
t
he s
t
r
o
n
g
e
s
t we
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g
-
pe
d
o
g
e
n
e
s
i
s
.
Sci
e
nc
e i
n Chi
na
, Se
r
i
es D, 1
998
,41
(
3
)
: 235
(
i
i
i
) Pa
l
e
o
c
l
i
ma
l
i
c i
mpl
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns o
f Fe
/
Mg r
a
t
i
o
s
.
Ga
l
l
e
t
, S.
, J
a
h
n, B. M.
, La
n
c
e
, B. V. L. e
t a
l
.
, Lo
e
s
s g
e
o
c
he
mi
c
a
l
As i
l
l
u
s
ra
t
t
e
d i
n f
i
g. 2
, F
e
/
Mg r
a
t
i
os i
n t
he Lu
o
c
h
ua
n
a
n
d i
t
s i
mp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s f
o
r pa
ni
c
l
e o
r
i
g
i
n a
n
d c
omp
os
i
t
i
o
n o
f t
h
e u
p-
p
e
r c
on
t
i
n
e
nt
a
l c
us
r
t
. Ea
r
t
h a
n
d Pl
a
n
e
t
a
y r
Sc
i
e
n
c
e Le
t
t
e
r
s
. 1
9
98
s
e
c
t
i
o
n r
e
c
o
r
d t
h
e a
l
t
e
r
na
t
i
o
ns o
f l
o
e
s
s nd a
p
a
l
e
os
o
l
s
, wi
t
h
1
56:1
57
l
ow v
a
l
u
e
s i
n l
o
e
s
s
, hi
g
h i
n p
a
l
e
o
s
o
l
s a
n
d h
i
g
he
s
t i
n t
h
e
An
, Z. S.
, Li
u,
工 S.
, Lu
,丫,Th
e l
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m p
a
l
e
o
mo
n
s
o
on v
a
r
i
a
-
s
ron
t
g
l
y d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d s
o
i
l S5
. Th
i
s d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n p
a
t
t
e
n r
i
s
t
i
o
n r
e
c
or
d
e
d b
y t
he l
o
e
s
s
-
p
le
a
o
s
o
l s
e
q
ue
n
c
e i
n Ce
n
t
r
a
l Ch
i
na
,
s
i
mi
l
a
r t
o t
ha
t o
f ma
g
n
e
t
i
c s
u
s
c
e
p
t
i
b
i
l
i
y, t
s
u
gg
e
s
t
i
n
g t
ha
t
Qua
t
e
na
r
y r
I
nt
er
na
ion
t
al
, 1
990, 78: 91
Ch
e
n, J
.
, An
, Z. S.
, Wa
n
g
,丫1
. e
t a
l
.
. Di
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n o
f Rb a
n
d Sr i
n
t
he Fe
/
Mg r
a
t
i
o h
a
s p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l t
o d
i
s
c
r
i
mi
n
a
t
e t
h
e we
a
t
h
e
r
-
t
he Lu
o
c
h
u
a
n l
o
e
s
s
-
p
a
l
e
o
s
ol s
e
qu
e
n
c
e o
f Chi
na d
u
in
r
g t
h
e l
a
s
t
i
n
g
-
p
e
d
o
g
e
n
e
s
i
s de
g
r
e
e o
f l
o
e
s
s a
n
d p
a
l
e
o
s
o
l
s o
f d
i
fe
r
e
nt
8
0
0 k
a: I
mpl
i
c
a
i
t
on
s f
o
r pa
le
o
mo
ns
c
o
n va
r
i
a
t
i
o
ns
, S
c
i
e
n
c
e i
n
pe
r
i
o
ds
.
Ch
i
na
, Se
r
i
es D, 1
999, 42(
2)
: 225
Mo
r
e
o
v
e
r
, Fe
/
Mg r
a
t
i
o
s c
a
n c
l
e
a
r
l
y i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e t
h
e di
f
-
Gu
n, Z. T.
, Li
u, T. S.
, Gui
m, J
. e
t l.
a
, Hi
g
h re
f
q
u
e
n
c
y pu
l
s
e
s of
E
as
t As
i
a
n mon
s
o
o
n c
l
i
ma
t
e i
n t
h
e l
a
s
t t
wo gl
a
c
i
a
io
t
n
s
: l
i
n
k wi
t
h
f
e
r
e
n
c
e o
f i
nt
e
ns
i
y t
o
f we
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g a
n
d p
e
d
o
g
e
n
e
s
i
s b
e
-
t
h
e No
r
t
h At
la
n
t
i
c
, Cl
i
ma
t
e Dy
n
a
mi
c
s
, 1
99
6
, 1
2: 7
01
t
we
e
n l
o
e
s
s nd a
p
a
l
e
os
o
l
s i
n d
i
fe
r
e
n
t l
o
c
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
. Fi
g. 4
Go
, Z. Y, Li
u, T. S.
, Gu
n
, Z. T. e
t l.
a
, We
a
t
he
r
i
n
g h
i
s
t
o
r
i
e
s o
f
s
h
o
ws t
ha
t Fe
/
Mg r
a
t
i
os i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e r
e
ma
r
k
a
bl
y ro
f
m
Chi
n
es
e I
es
c
s de
pos
i
t ba
s
e
d on ur
a
ni
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1
出』翻芝 竺
Lu. H. Y.
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2.
7
Chi
na, Ser
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es D. 1
998,
41
: 626
Ne
s
b
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t
t
, H. W.
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25
Ge
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, 1
9
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(
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: 5
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, 1
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97, 4
5
(
1
)
:
28
23
Hu
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Fi
g. 4. Fe
/
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t
i
ons
Chi
ne
s
e Sc
i
e
nc
e Bu
l
l
et
i
n Vol
. 46 No. 1
6 August 2001
J
i
. IF,
Ch
e
n, 1
.
, Li
u
, L. W. e
t a
l
.
. Ch
e
mi
c
a
l we
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g o
f c
h
l
o
-
r
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t
e a
n
d e
n
h
a
n
c
e
me
n
t of ma
g
n
e
i
t
c s
u
s
c
e
pt
ib
i
l
i
t
y i
n Lu
o
c
h
u
a
n I
ne
s
s
s
e
c
t
i
o
n, Pr
ogr
es
s of Na
t
u
r
a
l Sc
i
e
nc
e (
i
n Chi
n
es
e
)
, 1
999, 9: 61
9.
(
Re
ce
i
ve
d J
a
n
ua
y r
1
2, 2001
)
1387