Paper Reference(s)
6521 Papers 1A/1B/1C/1D/1E/1F/1G
Edexcel GCE
History
Advanced Subsidiary
Unit 1
Friday 12 January 2007 – Afternoon
Time: 1 hour
Materials required for examination
Answer Book (AB08)
Items included with question papers
Nil
Instructions to Candidates
In the boxes on the answer book, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname,
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In the space marked ‘Subject/module title’ write the title of the paper for which you have been entered.
In the space marked ‘Paper reference’, write 6521 followed by the code of the paper for which you
have been entered; the paper codes are shown at the top of this page.
Look at page 3 to find the page of the paper for which you have been entered. Turn directly to that
paper, read the sources carefully, and answer BOTH part (a) and part (b) of the question.
Write your answers in the answer book. Additional answer sheets may be used.
Information for Candidates
The total mark for this paper is 60. The marks for the various parts of questions are shown in round
brackets, e.g. (20).
There are 20 pages in this question paper. All blank pages are clearly indicated.
The paper comprises a set of sources and a series of questions. Where you are directed to study
certain sources, you must refer to those sources in your answer(s).
Advice to Candidates
Quality of written communication will be taken into account in the marking of your answers. Quality
of written communication includes clarity of expression, the structure and presentation of ideas and
grammar, punctuation and spelling.
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Answer the ONE paper for which you have been entered.
Paper
Title
Page
1A
Securing the Tudor Dynasty: the Reign of Henry VII ........................................................ 4
1B
The World Turned Upside Down: Monarchy and Republic in England, 1642–53 ............ 6
1C
Poverty and the British State, c.1815–50 ............................................................................ 8
1D
Votes for Women, c.1880–1918 ........................................................................................ 10
1E
Russia in Revolution, 1905–17 ......................................................................................... 12
1F
The Seeds of Evil: the Rise of National Socialism in Germany to 1933 ......................... 14
1G
Boom and Bust: Economy and Society in the USA, 1917–33 ......................................... 16
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3
Turn over
6521A - Paper 1A
Securing the Tudor Dynasty: the Reign of Henry VII
Study Sources 1–5 below and answer Question 1 parts (a) and (b) which follow.
Line
1
SOURCE 1
(From a report to Henry VII written in 1503, about a conversation in Calais on the loyalty of
Giles, Lord Daubeney, the Lord Chamberlain in 1497)
The Lord Deputy of Calais said that my Lord Chamberlain is as loyal to the King as any man
living, but he was very slow in his journey to help the King in 1497. The King was very
unhappy about this. Had Daubeney moved more quickly, the Cornishmen would never have
come near London and would all have been destroyed long before.
SOURCE 2
(From Edward Hall, Chronicle of London, written in the mid-sixteenth century. Here he is
writing about the Cornish Rebellion of 1497.)
5
The rebels were encamped so near the city that London was in great fear. Defenders placed
themselves at the gates and on the walls, so that no part was undefended. But the King
delivered the city of that fear. There were 2,000 of the rebels killed and a greater number taken
prisoner, among them the blacksmith Michael Joseph and the other chief captains, who were
shortly after put to death.
SOURCE 3
(From Polydore Vergil, History of England, written in 1513. Here Vergil is writing about the
year 1497, when additional taxes were raised to support the war against the Scots.)
10
15
Meanwhile money-men were sent out everywhere to collect the money which had been
decreed and demanded for the Scottish war. While other men paid, the Cornishmen, who
occupy the most barren part of England, refused to pay the tax, exclaiming that they could
not bear its weight. Burning with anger, they insulted the King’s name and stated that the
cruelty of his counsellors was the cause of this evil. The blacksmith Joseph, and others, urged
the Cornishmen to take up arms immediately and to set off for London. When the King was
informed about these affairs it greatly angered him that he was being troubled by two wars, one
external and one domestic, at the same time.
SOURCE 4
(From an agreement reached between Henry VII and Louis XII of France in 1498. It renewed
and confirmed the terms of the Treaty of Etaples, 1492.)
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For the good continuance of the peace and friendship between the King of France Louis XII
and our sovereign Henry VII, henceforth neither shall receive into their realms rebels, traitors
or other persons suspected of treason. Neither shall give any aid, comfort or other assistance
to any such suspects. King Louis shall, within 20 days, deliver any such rebels and traitors to
King Henry’s named deputies.
4
SOURCE 5
(From Alexander Grant, Henry VII, published 2000)
Although Henry VII achieved an unpleasant reputation for extreme greed, this probably resulted
from a misunderstanding of his policies. ‘My predecessors by weakening their treasure, have
made themselves servants to their subjects’, he told one of his councillors. Henry regarded
money and political power as the same thing. Although fines, recognisances and so on brought
in over £30,000 in cash between 1504 and 1508, the primary purpose was not to raise money
but to maintain his grip on the Crown.
25
Question 1
(Maximum marks)
(a) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3.
How far do these three sources suggest that the Cornish rebellion posed a significant
threat to Henry VII’s government?
Explain your answer using these three sources.
(20)
(b) Use Sources 3, 4 and 5 and your own knowledge.
Do you agree with the view that in the period 1497–1509 the prime purpose of Henry VII’s
policies was to prevent rebellion?
Explain your answer using these three sources and your own knowledge.
(40)
(Total 60 marks)
TOTAL FOR PAPER 1A: 60 MARKS
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6521B - Paper 1B
The World Turned Upside Down: Monarchy and Republic in England, 1642–53
Study Sources 1–6 below and answer Question 2 parts (a) and (b) which follow.
Line
1
5
SOURCE 1
(From Richard Baxter, Reliquae Baxterianae, published in 1696. Richard Baxter was a
Presbyterian minister who supported Parliament in the 1640s.)
Many of those who supported Parliament, especially among the nobility and gentry, were
mainly concerned about public safety and liberty. However, it was mainly differences about
religious matters that stirred ordinary men and filled up Parliament’s armies. They were filled
with determination and courage. The matter of bishops, or no bishops, was not the main thing
that stirred them, for thousands that wished for good bishops were on the Parliament’s side.
But ordinary people throughout the land, who were then called Puritans, both preachers and
people, supported the Parliament.
SOURCE 2
(From Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars, written
1667–74. Clarendon was a Royalist, and here is writing about circumstances in 1642.)
10
Training as volunteers for Parliament happened only in those towns and by those inferior
people who were well known for faction and division in religion. The people generally were
loyally inclined to the King. In the counties in the west of England most of the gentry were
engaged against Parliament, as they were in truth throughout the Kingdom, yet the common
people, especially in parts of Somerset, were generally too much inclined to Parliament.
SOURCE 3
(From A Declaration of the Inhabitants of the county of Cheshire. It was drawn up in August
1642 as a public declaration of neutrality.)
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We owe our laws, liberties and property both to the goodness of the King and to the great care
of the honourable Parliament. Our loyal affections and judgements will not permit us to call
‘For the King’ or ‘For the Parliament’. The King and Parliament cannot be separated; they
must laugh and cry, live and die together. We do not wish to involve this county in blood. No
ammunition, or forces whatsoever, shall enter the county in a hostile manner.
6
SOURCE 4
(From a letter to Prince Rupert from Charles I following the fall of Bristol, 12 September
1645)
Line
Nephew
Though the loss of Bristol is a blow to me, your surrender of it as you did caused me greater
distress. What is to be done when one who is so near to me, both in blood and friendship,
submits himself to so cowardly an action? On 12 August you reassured me that, if no mutiny
happened, you would keep Bristol for four months. Did you keep it for four days? Was there
anything like a mutiny? I desire you to leave England.
20
SOURCE 5
(From a letter written by Oliver Cromwell on 14 September 1645 to the Speaker of the House
of Commons. He is writing about the capture of Bristol by the New Model Army.)
Presbyterians, Independents [in the Army] all had here a common spirit of faith and prayer;
they agree here, they know no differences. All that believe in God have the real unity.
25
SOURCE 6
(From Angela Anderson, The Civil Wars 1640–9, published 1995)
It was Charles’s tactical error in fighting the Battle of Naseby in June 1645, and the
re-emergence of neutralism, that brought royalist collapse within little more than a year. With
resources already stretched and rivalries continuing in the royalist army, it is difficult to believe
that the royalists were capable of matching the effectiveness of the New Model Army, or of
reorganising themselves to become so.
30
Question 2
(Maximum marks)
(a) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3.
How far do these three sources suggest that local loyalties to King and Parliament were
determined mainly by religion?
Explain your answer using these three sources.
(20)
(b) Use Sources 4, 5 and 6 and your own knowledge.
Do you agree with the view that it was disunity amongst the royalist forces that brought
about royalist collapse by 1646?
Explain your answer using these three sources and your own knowledge.
(40)
(Total 60 marks)
TOTAL FOR PAPER 1B: 60 MARKS
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6521C - Paper 1C
Poverty and the British State, c.1815–50
Study Sources 1–6 below and answer Question 3 parts (a) and (b) which follow.
Line
1
5
SOURCE 1
(From Thomas Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population, published in 1798. Malthus was
an economist whose ideas were influential in the 1830s.)
The labouring poor seem always to live from hand to mouth. Their immediate needs take
up their whole attention, and they seldom think of the future. Even when they have an
opportunity to save, they seldom exercise it. Everything that is beyond their immediate need
goes, generally speaking, to the ale-house. The Poor Laws of England may therefore be said
to diminish both the power and the will to save among the common people. Thus they weaken
one of the strongest incentives to good living and industry, and consequently to happiness.
SOURCE 2
(A Petition signed by thirty-five ratepayers to Sir Robert Peel, 18 November 1830)
10
We the undersigned farmers, tradesmen and other rate payers in this small agricultural parish of
Dallington in the county of Sussex, consider it our duty to make known to His Majesty and the
Government, through you, Home Secretary, that although unable to bear the cost of poor relief
we have met the wishes of the magistrates of this district. We have raised the wages of the
labourers and relief for the poor to a level we definitely cannot continue for any length of time
without bringing us to ruin. We have done this to prevent our property from being destroyed
by vandals.
SOURCE 3
(From The Report of the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws published in 1834. Here the
commissioners comment on the operation of the old Poor Law.)
15
It appears from all our returns, especially from the replies to the rural queries, that in every
district, the discontent of the labouring classes is directly linked to the money given out in poor
rates, or in voluntary charities. The violence of most of the mobs seems to have arisen from an
idea that their suffering and distress arose from fraud by those entrusted with the management
of the fund provided for the poor.
SOURCE 4
(From the Huddersfield Anti-Poor Law Committee Address, 10 March 1838)
20
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Fellow Ratepayers
It will depend upon you whether you allow men to be elected as Guardians, who are the mere
tools of the three Commissioners in carrying out their devilish schemes for starving the poor,
reducing the labourers’ wages and robbing you, the ratepayers, of the control you have had
over your own money and your township’s affairs. Or will you elect men of character and
humanity, whose high and independent spirit will refuse to submit to the three-headed monster
of Somerset House?
8
SOURCE 5
(From Derek Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State, published 1973)
Line
The Report recommended a central board to administer the Poor Law with powers to frame
regulations and control local practices. The day of parish sovereignty was over and there
would apparently be no new Speenhamland. Poor relief was to become, for the first time in
history, uniform and centrally directed.
SOURCE 6
(From Eric Evans, The Birth of Modern Britain, published 1997)
Few would claim that the new system operated with ferocious hardness everywhere. Frequent
differences of opinion between locally elected Poor Law Guardians and the central authority
meant quite good conditions in some parishes and poor ones elsewhere. Plain inefficiency also
meant that quite a bit of money continued to be wasted in lax administration.
30
Question 3
(Maximum marks)
(a) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3.
How far do these three sources suggest that the New Poor Law was passed mainly to
improve the attitudes to work and the habits of the labouring poor?
Explain your answer using these three sources.
(20)
(b) Use Sources 4, 5 and 6 and your own knowledge.
Do you agree with the view that under the New Poor Law poor relief became uniform
and centrally directed?
Explain your answer using these three sources and your own knowledge.
(40)
(Total 60 marks)
TOTAL FOR PAPER 1C: 60 MARKS
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6521D - Paper 1D
Votes for Women, c.1880–1918
Study Sources 1–5 below and answer Question 4 parts (a) and (b) which follow.
Line
1
5
SOURCE 1
(From Teresa Billington-Greig, The Militant Suffrage Movement – Emancipation in a Hurry,
published in 1911. Billington-Greig was a former member of the WSPU and had been one of
its first organisers. Here she is writing about circumstances in 1911.)
Gradually the suffragette movement has lost its status as a serious rebellion. It has become
obsessed by emotion. It is now a very ordinary campaign for a limited measure of legislation.
Militancy is used simply to gain publicity. The leaders of the WSPU do not want a revolution;
we were mistaken to believe that they did. When suffragettes say that women should enter
politics to bring into it the ideals of the home, this shows the unsophisticated and limited
rebellion their tactics have encouraged.
SOURCE 2
(From a letter by Lloyd George to the Liberal Party’s Chief Whip, 5 September 1911)
10
The Second Conciliation Bill will play into the hands of the Conservatives. It would add
hundreds of thousands of votes throughout the country to the strength of the Tory Party. The
Liberal Party must either have an extended franchise, which would put the working men’s
wives on the register as well as spinsters and widows, or no female franchise at all. Say what
you will, this Conciliation Bill spells disaster for Liberalism.
SOURCE 3
(From Edward R. Turner, The Women’s Suffrage Movement in England, published in November
1913. Turner was from the United States. Here he is writing about the suffrage question in
England in 1911.)
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In November 1911, the Prime Minister announced that he was about to introduce a manhood
suffrage bill. He repeated his promise of granting parliamentary time for the Conciliation
Bill, and again a few days later allowed a women’s suffrage amendment to be raised. But the
suffragettes, who wanted the government to include women in the reform bill, felt they had
been betrayed. By breaking windows of unoffending tradesmen, burning pavilions, destroying
letters and poisoning dogs they gave little dignity to their cause. The suffragists agreed that the
suffragettes had done immense harm, and postponed indefinitely the grant of the parliamentary
franchise to women.
10
SOURCE 4
(From a report by a member of the Cornish branch of the WSPU in Votes for Women, 8 March
1912)
Line
When children saw women chalking on the pavements they whispered ‘them must be
suffragettes’. Later, when the suffragettes were mobbed by boys, a number of schoolgirls
formed themselves into a bodyguard and conducted the suffragettes in triumph to their lunch
place. Cornish people are descended from a warlike race, and their ancestors have fought
desperately for existence and liberty, and they understand the spirit in which we are fighting.
20
SOURCE 5
(From Paula Bartley, Votes for Women, 1860–1928, published 2004)
One of the major criticisms levelled against the WSPU is that it was an elitist organisation
committed to an elitist franchise. Certainly, the WSPU was associated with middle-class and
aristocratic spinsters who wanted a limited franchise based on property qualifications rather
than universal suffrage. However, whatever its class composition, the WSPU consistently
supported issues relating to working class women. For instance, when working class women
such as pit-workers, chain-makers and barmaids, had their livelihood threatened, they all
received support from the WSPU. In bringing women from different classes together, the
WSPU helped weaken the class divisions which characterised Britain.
25
30
Question 4
(Maximum marks)
(a) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3.
How far do these three sources suggest that the Liberal government was responsible
for the failure to achieve women’s suffrage in 1911?
Explain your answer using these three sources.
(20)
(b) Use Sources 3, 4 and 5 and your own knowledge.
Do you agree with the view that the WSPU was able to attract widespread support for
the cause of women’s suffrage in the period 1906–14?
Explain your answer using these three sources and your own knowledge.
(40)
(Total 60 marks)
TOTAL FOR PAPER 1D: 60 MARKS
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6521E - Paper 1E
Russia in Revolution, 1905–17
Study Sources 1–5 below and answer Question 5 parts (a) and (b) which follow.
Line
SOURCE 1
(From General Kornilov’s Proclamation of 31 August 1917. It was intended to suppress
a rumoured Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd, restore order in the capital and discipline the
army.)
1
People of Russia, our great Country is dying. Forced to speak openly, I declare that the
Provisional Government, under the pressure of the Bolshevik majority in the Soviets, is acting
in complete harmony with the German General Staff. This, together with the expected landing
of the enemy troops, is killing the army and shaking the country.
5
All that I desire is the salvation of Russia. I vow to lead the people, through victory over our
enemies, to the Constituent Assembly. The Assembly can determine Russia’s future destiny
and the form of its future political life.
SOURCE 2
(From Lenin’s Draft Resolution on the Present Political Situation, 3 September 1917)
10
Supporters of the Kornilov Revolt made an outright attempt to cover up its treason by bringing
up again the old slander that the Bolsheviks are in the pay of the Germans. In spite of all the
efforts of the bourgeoisie and the government, the arrests of hundreds of Bolsheviks and the
seizure of their papers and documents, nobody has succeeded in proving that the July Days
was anything other than a ‘peaceful and organised’ demonstration, which aimed to transfer all
power to the Soviets.
SOURCE 3
(From the memoirs of N. Ukraintsev, published in the 1950s. He was a member of the
Provisional Government’s Extraordinary Commission of Enquiry into the Kornilov Affair, set
up in September 1917.)
15
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The Commission’s conclusions were based on the following: Dual power in the country
was seen as an evil. The Petrograd Soviet’s actual power created by revolution competed
successfully with the government of Kerensky. Its suppression was therefore desirable for
Kerensky. Suppression was also desirable for Kornilov in view of the Soviet’s unrestrained
propaganda against the war. Kornilov was responsible for the conduct and successful
conclusion of the war. Kornilov pursued this suppression openly, Kerensky secretly. When
Kornilov started decisive action, Kerensky, terrified by the possibility that Kornilov would be
first to become dictator, raised the cry: ‘Help! Murder!’
12
SOURCE 4
(From a resolution at a general meeting of peasants in Petrograd Province, 17 October 1917)
Line
The insane war continues and our sons are dying fighting a foreign enemy to satisfy the
whims of a handful of capitalists. The situation poses the gravest danger to the whole state.
Meanwhile, the Provisional Government is utterly incapable of carrying out the people’s will.
In seven months of revolution this government has allowed the capitalists to close factories
and thereby condemn to starvation workers who are already suffering from malnourishment.
We demand that the All Russian Congress of Soviets take power into its own hands both in the
centre and in the provinces.
25
SOURCE 5
(From A. Wood, The Origins of the Russian Revolution 1861–1917, published 1991)
There was clearly much more behind the Bolsheviks’ victory than ideological or organisational
superiority over other political forces. The Bolsheviks were simply much more in touch with
popular feeling than either the constitutionally-minded liberal politicians or the moderate
socialists. In particular, Lenin’s firm stand on peace and land and his appreciation of the
revolutionary power of the peasantry contributed greatly to his and to the Bolsheviks’ popularity
and ultimate success.
30
Question 5
(Maximum marks)
(a) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3.
How far do these three sources suggest that Kornilov’s main aim in August 1917 was
to crush the Bolsheviks?
Explain your answer using these three sources.
(20)
(b) Use Sources 3, 4 and 5 and your own knowledge.
Do you agree with the view that Lenin’s ‘firm stand on peace and land’ (Source 5,
line 32) was the key factor explaining Bolshevik success in October 1917?
Explain your answer using these three sources and your own knowledge.
(40)
(Total 60 marks)
TOTAL FOR PAPER 1E: 60 MARKS
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6521F - Paper 1F
The Seeds of Evil: the Rise of National Socialism in Germany to 1933
Study Sources 1–6 below and answer Question 6 parts (a) and (b) which follow.
Line
1
5
SOURCE 1
(From a report to the District Conference of the Saxon branch of the KPD, 4 May 1930)
The National Fascists are trying to exploit the economic depression in order to gain support
among the working people and especially among the self-employed craftsmen and small
farmers. The Nazis are deceiving the masses with radical slogans on the ‘struggle against
capitalism’ and the ‘national revolution’. Their radical views have provided them with a
growing body of support.
SOURCE 2
(From Theodore Abel, Why Hitler came to Power, 1938. This is an account by an unskilled
worker about why he became a Nazi in 1930.)
10
The terrible burden of the economic crisis that hit Germany after 1929 caused the closure
of thousands of factories. Hunger was the daily companion of the German working man.
The Brüning government carried its measures against the public so far that many an honest
working man had to resort to theft to obtain food. All fellow citizens, with the exception of
the Communists, yearned for better times. As for me, I had lost all I possessed and so, early
in 1930, I joined the National Socialist Party.
SOURCE 3
(From Peter Merkl, Political Violence under the Swastika, a collection of interviews carried out
in 1938 and published in 1975. Here Hermann T. of Frankfurt-am-Main is talking about why
he joined the SA in early 1933.)
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I completed my three-year apprenticeship as an electrical fitter at the firm of Karl Diehl. I was
politically active in the Iron Front (SPD) for about one and a half years. After I had gradually
become aware of the Socialist Party’s poor leadership and that its efforts could not help us, I
resigned from the organisation. On the other hand, I am convinced that the new Germany, led
by the people’s Chancellor Hitler, signifies recovery and resurgence.
14
SOURCE 4
(An advertisement placed in the Nazi newspaper Völkischer Beobachter in April 1929)
Line
Does Your Local Branch Possess the Original Illustrated Lecture Yet?
‘The Soviet Republic in Munich, 1919’
This is about the events and personalities of the Jewish government in
Bavaria. It was ten years ago that a horde of criminals under Jewish
leadership tyrannised an entire people. It is of enormous value for all
National Socialists that this material is made widely accessible to the
German people.
20
SOURCE 5
(From Richard Evans, Re-reading German History, 1800–1996, published 1997)
As William Sheridan Allen showed long ago in his classic study of the small town of Northeim,
Nazi propaganda deliberately played down the anti-Semitic aspects of the Party’s ideology
from 1928 onwards because they had been found to be unpopular with the electorate.
25
SOURCE 6
(From Allan Todd, The European Dictatorships, published 2002)
In Mein Kampf, Hitler placed particular stress on the need to create a ‘pure’ Aryan master race
of supermen who would regenerate Germany and restore it to greatness. He also stated that
the two main opposing groups to his plans were the Marxists and the Jews and in most of his
book he deliberately attempted to make these two appear the same. Hitler presented the Jewish
people as an explanation of all Germany’s problems and offered an easy solution: remove all
of them from Germany.
30
Question 6
(Maximum marks)
(a) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3.
How far do these three sources suggest that it was ‘their radical views’ (Source 1, line 4)
that helped the Nazis attract working-class support in the early 1930s?
Explain your answer using these three sources.
(20)
(b) Use Sources 4, 5 and 6 and your own knowledge.
Do you agree with the view that anti-Semitism played a crucial part in the development
of the Nazi Party in the period before October 1929?
Explain your answer using these three sources and your own knowledge.
(40)
(Total 60 marks)
TOTAL FOR PAPER 1F: 60 MARKS
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6521G - Paper 1G
Boom and Bust: Economy and Society in the USA, 1917–33
Study Sources 1–5 below and answer Question 7 parts (a) and (b) which follow.
Line
1
5
SOURCE 1
(From W. Starr Myers, The Republican Party and the Tariff, January 1929. Starr Myers was a
Professor of Politics sympathetic to the Republican ideal of laissez-faire.)
The Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922 protects particular industries, but its impact on the
population is limited. The idea of helping the farmer by giving agriculture greater protection
will lead to an increase in the cost of living for the workers, leading to further demands for
increased wages. This endless circle could continue until the American people wake up to the
idea of helping people to help themselves. The country has prospered mainly because of postwar conditions abroad and not because of the impact of the Fordney-McCumber Tariff.
SOURCE 2
(From B.H. Hibbard, The Agricultural Tariff of 1922, published in Farm Economics Journal,
January 1930)
10
Some say that the farmers are now getting about half a billion dollars out of agricultural
tariffs; this is probably exaggerated. In return for these favours, farmers are paying out much
larger sums through increased prices on clothing, steel products, building materials, household
furnishings and a thousand and one articles of everyday use. It is safe to say that, for every
dollar in tariff benefits received by the farmer, several dollars more go to manufacturers.
SOURCE 3
(From a speech by Herbert Hoover in 1928 when Hoover was Republican candidate for the
Presidency)
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We affirm our belief in the protective tariff as a fundamental and essential principle of the
economic life of this nation. The stimulus of tariffs has been felt in industries, farming
sections, trade circles and communities across the country. However, we realise that there
are certain industries which cannot now successfully compete with foreign producers because
of lower foreign wages. We pledge the next Republican government to an examination and,
where necessary, an increase in tariffs in order that American labour in these industries may
again dominate the home market and maintain the US standards of living and employment.
16
SOURCE 4
(From H.B. Vanderblue, The Florida Land Boom, published in The Journal of Land and Public
Utility Economics, in 1927. Here he is writing about one of the major speculative disasters in
the period before the Wall Street Crash.)
Line
The Florida Land Boom became ‘news’ and ‘special stories’ filled the daily papers everywhere
telling of the latest speculative boom. Stories of fabulous wealth achieved through land
speculation in Florida attracted many buyers. There is no reason to doubt that some men did
queue for 40 hours to buy land in Davis Island, Tampa. It is also true that quick profits were
made on the resale of this land. But it is equally true that one of the biggest projects, the Davis
Island Holiday Centre, was bankrupt and unfinished by November 1926. Unfinished buildings
– including in some cases great hotel buildings – on which work had ceased were to be found
nearly everywhere.
20
25
SOURCE 5
(From Hugh Brogan, The Longman History of the USA, 1999)
The first sign of trouble came as early as 1926 when the sale of new housing began to slacken.
The housing market was becoming saturated, like the market for farm products. A faltering in
the building industry was a bad signal. By November 1929, demand had slackened so much
that all the major indices of house building and industrial production were turning down.
Unfortunately, the Coolidge-Hoover philosophy of government and economics forbade the
federal government to take any preventative action, including stimulating demand. The impact
of these beliefs made this particular downturn in the economy, catastrophic.
30
Question 7
(Maximum marks)
(a) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3.
How far do these three sources suggest that tariffs benefited the US economy in the
1920s?
Explain your answer using these three sources.
(20)
(b) Use Sources 3, 4 and 5 and your own knowledge.
Do you agree with the view that US government policies from 1926 were responsible
for the severity of the US economic crisis in the years 1929–32?
Explain your answer using these three sources and your own knowledge.
(40)
(Total 60 marks)
TOTAL FOR PAPER 1G: 60 MARKS
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unsuccessful and Edexcel will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement at first opportunity.
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