March 16, 2005
Free Trade, Free Markets
Rating the 108th Congress
by Daniel Griswold
Executive Summary
American trade policy needs fresh thinking,
beginning with the definition of “free trade.”
Traditionally, free trade has been defined as the
lowering and elimination of barriers to trade,
but a more comprehensive and accurate definition should include opposition to trade subsidies. Those subsidies, including the ExportImport Bank and agricultural price supports,
distort trade by shifting trade and the use of
productive resources away from what Americans would choose in a truly free market.
If we define free trade to include opposition to trade subsidies as well as trade barriers,
members of the 108th Congress can be classified into four categories: free traders, who
oppose both trade barriers and subsidies;
internationalists, who oppose barriers and
support subsidies; isolationists, who support
barriers and oppose subsidies; and interventionists, who support barriers and subsidies.
An analysis of voting on 23 key issues in the
108th Congress finds that few members vote
consistently for free trade. In the House, 22
Republicans and 3 Democrats opposed barriers
and subsidies in more than two-thirds of the
votes they cast. The most consistent free traders
were Jeff Flake (R-AZ), Michael Castle (RDE), Susan Davis (D-CA), Vernon Ehlers (RMI),Jim Ramstad (R-MN),Christopher Shays
(R-CT), and Chris Van Hollen (D-MD). Of
the other members, 157 voted as internationalists, 2 as isolationists, and 16 as interventionists.
The rest had mixed voting records.
In the Senate, 15 Republicans and 9
Democrats voted as free traders.The most consistent were John Sununu (R-NH), Wayne
Allard (R-CO), Sam Brownback (R-KS), and
Pat Roberts (R-KS). Of the other senators, 24
voted as internationalists, 15 as interventionists,
and none as isolationists. The rest had mixed
voting records.
A more extended examination of “career”
voting on trade since 1993 finds that the most
consistent free traders were Rep. Jeff Flake and
Sen. Don Nickles (R-Okla.); the most consistent internationalists were Rep. John Boozman (R-AR) and Sen. Zell Miller (D-GA);
the most consistent isolationists were Rep.John
Duncan Jr. (R-TN) and Sen. Jon Corzine (DNJ); and the most consistent interventionists
were Rep. Richard Gephardt (D-MO) and
Sen. Ernest “Fritz” Hollings (D-SC).
Daniel Griswold is director of the Cato Institute’s Center for Trade Policy Studies.
No. 28
The purpose
of this study is to
articulate a higher
standard for free
trade and to
measure the
performance of the
most recent
Congress according
to that standard.
then classifies members of Congress according
to their degree of support for an international
market free from the distorting effects of barriers and subsidies.
The purpose of the study is to articulate a
higher standard for free trade and to measure
the performance of the most recent Congress
according to that standard.
Introduction
American trade policy needs fresh thinking,
beginning with the definition of “free trade.”
Traditionally, free trade has meant the lowering
and eventual elimination of barriers to trade
between nations. People who favor free trade
are characterized as internationalists, who want
to lower trade barriers to promote U.S. engagement in the global economy. Pulling U.S. policy in the opposite direction are the protectionists, sometimes known as isolationists, who
want to raise or at least maintain trade barriers
and oppose trade expansion. But that simple,
one-dimensional analysis disguises the true
nature of the trade debate.
As the new 109th Congress begins to shape
U.S. trade policy, the choice before its members
will be not between engagement and isolation
but between the free market and government
intervention. The guiding question should be
whether U.S. policy favors a free international
market by advancing free trade and rejecting
government intervention, such as export and
agricultural subsidies, or whether it favors
intervention by maintaining and raising not
only barriers to trade but also various subsidies.
Thus the real policy choices before
Congress are not the two traditional paths of
engagement or isolation but four paths.
Through their votes on legislation, members of
Congress can
How Government Distorts
International
Trade and Investment
Despite all the hype about globalization and
the supposed universal triumph of free-market
policies, governments around the world continue to intervene in the flow of goods, services, people, and capital across international
borders. That widespread intervention takes
two basic forms: tax and regulatory barriers
aimed at discouraging certain types of commerce and direct taxpayer subsidies aimed at
encouraging or discouraging other types of
commerce.
Trade Barriers
Trade barriers reduce global wealth by
denying people and nations the ability to specialize in what they do best. Barriers protect
higher-cost domestic producers from lowercost competition abroad, raising domestic
prices and drawing capital and labor away from
industries that would be more competitive in
global markets. Barriers to trade across international borders prevent producers from realizing
the full benefits of economies of scale. By
reducing competition, they stymie innovation
and technological advances, reducing an economy’s long-term growth.
Global tariff and nontariff barriers have
fallen remarkably in the last 50 years, first
among the richer, industrialized countries and
more recently among those that are less developed. China is the most spectacular example of
the latter. But barriers remain stubbornly high
worldwide against free trade in agricultural
products, textiles and clothing, and many basic
services such as insurance and air travel. Those
1. oppose both trade barriers and trade subsidies,
2. oppose barriers and favor subsidies,
3. favor barriers and oppose subsidies, or
4. favor both barriers and subsidies.
By considering those four policy alternatives, this study offers a more accurate and useful way of measuring how Congress as a whole
and its individual members vote on issues
affecting American involvement in the global
economy. It analyzes 12 major votes in the
House during the recently concluded 108th
Congress and another 11 in the Senate affecting both trade barriers and trade subsidies. It
2
dies such as those extended by the U.S. ExportImport Bank can raise demand for exports produced by the small number of U.S. multinational companies that benefit from its loans. But the
increased production spurred by the extra
exports raises costs for other, less-favored export
industries competing for the same labor, capital,
and intermediate inputs. They also crowd out
unsubsidized exporters as foreign buyers bid up
the price of U.S. dollars on foreign exchange
markets to buy the more attractive, subsidized
U.S. exports. Export subsidies also impose a
higher burden on taxpayers.3
Like trade barriers, export subsidies favor
the few at the expense of the many, make our
economy less efficient, and reduce total national welfare. Output is focused not where returns
are highest but where political clout is greatest.
As a Congressional Research Service report
concluded, “At the national level, subsidized
export financing merely shifts production
among sectors within the economy, rather than
adding to the overall level of economic activity,
and subsidizes foreign consumption at the
expense of the domestic economy.”4
Equally damaging to global trade and welfare are domestic subsidies to agriculture. Those
subsidies encourage overproduction and the
flooding of world markets with commodities
sold at below their actual cost of production.
Artificially lower world prices then discourage
production in countries, typically the less-developed ones, where the costs of production are
naturally lower. The biggest losers from the subsidies are taxpayers and consumers in rich countries and producers in poor countries.
Subsidies further undermine an efficient
and open global economy by tainting the cause
of liberalized trade. Advocates of subsidies
imply that American companies can compete
in an open global economy only if the playing
field is “leveled” by aggressive export promotion
programs aimed at huge multinational corporations—as if free trade were inherently unfair
unless offset by selective subsidies. Support for
subsidies reinforces mistrust of the free market,
reducing rather than encouraging support for
free trade. International economic subsidies
feed suspicions on the left and the right that
barriers cost hundreds of billions of dollars a
year in lost wealth and keep hundreds of millions of people in poverty.1
U.S. trade barriers continue to impose real
costs on the U.S. economy despite postwar
progress toward liberalization. The U.S. government maintains high anti-consumer barriers to
trade against such manufactured products as
shoes, clothing, watches, tableware, and textiles
and farm goods such as sugar, peanuts, cotton,
dairy products, beef, canned tuna, and frozen
fruit and fruit juices. Other import barriers
impose higher costs on U.S. producers, such as
those against shipbuilding, softwood lumber,
ball and roller bearings, pressed and blown glass,
and coastal maritime shipping (through the
Jones Act), jeopardizing jobs and production in
import-consuming industries. The U.S.
International Trade Commission estimated
conservatively that those barriers impose an
annual collective drag on the U.S. economy of
more than $14 billion.2 Meanwhile, discriminatory antidumping laws “protect” consumers and
import-using industries from the benefits of
competition and lower prices.
Trade Subsidies
Global commerce is further distorted by
widespread use of subsidies aimed at promoting certain kinds of trade, investment, and
domestic production. Those subsidies encourage overproduction of domestic agricultural
products, through farm price supports, and
exports and overseas investment in less-developed countries, through such agencies as the
Overseas Private Investment Corporation and
the Export-Import Bank. Indeed, many supporters of lower trade barriers look kindly on
such subsidies because they seem to promote
economic activity at home and “engagement”
in the global economy. But both kinds of intervention—barriers and subsidies—reduce our
national welfare and curb the freedom of
Americans to spend and invest their resources
as they see fit.
Subsidies reduce national welfare by directing resources to less-efficient uses, substituting
the judgment of government officials for that of
private actors in the marketplace. Export subsi-
3
Like trade barriers,
export subsidies
favor the few at the
expense of the
many, make our
economy less
efficient, and
reduce total
national welfare.
dimensional matrix for evaluating public policy
toward the free market and the international
economy. That matrix allows the voting record
of a member of Congress to be classified in one
of four broad categories rather than on the
simplistic one-dimensional scale with free
trade at one pole and protectionism at the
other (Figure 1).
According to the matrix, members of Congress
can be classified in one of four categories:
free trade is just another form of corporate welfare.
Trade restrictions and subsidies are prompted by the same basic assumption: that
Americans acting freely in the global marketplace cannot be trusted to spend their money
in ways most beneficial to our national interest.
That misconception leads to the policy error of
thinking that government must therefore
intervene, through either subsidies or restrictions, to produce an outcome different from
what the market would create if left alone.
Free Traders
Free traders consistently vote against both
trade barriers and international economic subsidies. The end result of their votes is to enhance
the free market and the ability of Americans to
decide for themselves how to spend their money
in the global marketplace. This group opposes
legislation restricting the choice of goods and
services Americans may buy voluntarily—
whether apparel from Guatemala, shoes from
Vietnam, trucking services from Mexico, or
vacations in Cuba—and opposes the forced
expatriation of tax dollars through export subsidies, overseas investment guarantees, and government-to-government bailouts. Members of
this group can lay rightful claim to the title of
free traders because they support trade that is
free of all types of government intervention,
whether in the form of barriers or of subsidies.
The Free-Trade Matrix:
No Barriers, No Subsidies
True supporters of free trade and free markets oppose not only protection but also market-distorting subsidies. That means the choice
for policymakers is not merely between
engagement in the global economy, subsidies
and all, and isolation from it. The real choice is
among four contrasting approaches to international economic policy: lower trade barriers
without subsidies, lower barriers with subsidies, higher barriers with subsidies, and higher
barriers without subsidies.
Combining trade barriers and trade subsidies as measures of free trade creates a two-
Internationalists
Members of this group generally vote for
trade liberalization but also support subsidies that
they believe promote the same end. Their touchstone is not economic freedom but U.S. participation in the global economy through both expanded trade and direct government participation in
the form of export subsidies and government-togovernment loans. Internationalists are pro-trade,
favoring the reduction of import barriers as generally good for the economy and even world
peace, but they also believe the global economic
system cannot work in America’s interest without
U.S. taxpayer subsidies.
Opposes Subsidies
Figure 1
Who Supports Free Trade?
Yes
Isolationists
Free Traders
No
Interventionists
Internationalists
No
Yes
Isolationists
This category includes members of Congress
who tend to vote against reducing trade barriers
Opposes Trade Barriers
4
increasing barriers or subsidies to trade, can
also contain relatively minor provisions that
would have an ambiguous or contrary impact
on free trade.
Each of the bills and amendments and the
letter described below represents a reasonably
clear attempt to either expand or restrict the
freedom to trade. The descriptions are not
intended to provide a definitive argument for
or against the legislation; their intent is only to
explain why, from a free-market perspective,
the vote either hinders or promotes free trade
as defined above. Where available, studies and
articles providing more detailed arguments
have been cited. To further illustrate congressional attitudes toward trade barriers and subsidies, some comments made by members of
Congress during floor debates appear in the
accompanying boxes.
and also oppose international economic subsidies. They can reasonably be called isolationists
because they tend to oppose expanded American
involvement in the global economy, whether
through voluntary transactions or taxpayer subsidies. Isolationists show respect for their constituents as taxpayers by resisting tax-financed
subsidies, but they question their judgment as
consumers by restricting their freedom to buy,
sell, and invest freely in the global marketplace.
Interventionists
Members of this group consistently support
government intervention at the expense of the
free market—favoring both subsidies and trade
barriers. They tend to oppose bills and amendments that would lower trade barriers, as well
as those that would cut or eliminate trade and
investment subsidies. Interventionists reject
the judgment of Americans twice, first by
denying them full liberty to spend their private
dollars beyond our borders and then by seeking
to divert public tax dollars for export promotion and government-to-government bailout
packages.
Votes on Trade Barriers
Miscellaneous Tariff Reductions and Laos
NTR. The Miscellaneous Trade and Technical
Corrections Act of 2004 is the kind of unilateral free trade Congress should practice more
often. It suspends duties on hundreds of specific imported goods, including chemicals and
dyes, textile machinery, railway passenger cars,
and “a replica of the Liberty Bell imported from
the Whitechapel Bell Foundry of London,
England, by the Liberty Memorial Association
of Green Bay and Brown County, Wisconsin,”
while refunding duties paid on certain previously imported goods. It also establishes “normal
trade relations” with Laos, allowing imports
from that small Southeast Asian country to
enter the United States under the same duties
that apply to all but two other countries.5
On March 5, 2003, the House voted 415 to
11 (Roll Call Vote 45) to pass the Miscellaneous
Trade and Technical Corrections Act. On
November 19, 2004, the Senate approved a final
version of the bill by a vote of 88 to 5 (Roll Call
Vote 214).
How the 108th Congress
Voted on Trade
During the 108th Congress, members had
numerous opportunities to vote to reduce trade
barriers but only two opportunities to reduce
trade subsidies. In the House, members voted
on 11 bills and amendments with a direct
impact on the freedom of Americans to trade
with people in the rest of the world, and one
amendment directly affected the level of subsidies doled out by the federal government to
promote exports. In the Senate, this study
identified 10 key bills and amendments that
directly affected barriers to international commerce and one “vote” (a signed letter) that
involved subsidies for domestic producers facing international competition.
Not all of those votes offer a pure test of
support for free trade. By its nature, the legislative process produces compromise legislation
that, while aimed primarily at reducing or
Computer Export Controls. Since 1998
Congress has imposed export controls on socalled supercomputers, defined as those that
process above a certain speed, measured in mil-
5
Interventionists
reject the judgment
of Americans
twice, first by
denying them
liberty to spend
their private dollars
beyond our borders
and then by
seeking to divert
public tax dollars
for export
promotion.
A better approach
to promoting
human rights in
such countries as
Cuba, China, and
Burma would be to
encourage more
trade and economic
liberalization.
Organization agreements that prohibit members from using food safety rules as disguised
trade barriers. The United States has filed a case
in the WTO against the EU’s restrictions on
GMOs.6
On July 10, 2003, the House voted 339 to
80 (Roll Call Vote 256) in favor of a resolution
urging the Bush administration to challenge
the EU’s trade-distorting restrictions on agricultural and food biotechnology.
lions of theoretical operations per second
(MTOPS). An amendment was offered in the
House that would have made it easier for the
administration to raise the MTOPS ceiling to
reflect the ever-changing definition of a supercomputer. Industry critics of the existing rules
claim that the limits are too restrictive and succeed only at hindering U.S. computer exports to
countries such as China. Meanwhile, the controls do nothing to protect our national security
because computing power has become such a
low-cost commodity in the global economy.
On May 22, 2003, the House voted 207 to
217 (Roll Call Vote 219) to reject an amendment
by Reps. David Dreier (R-CA) and Zoe Lofgren
(D-CA) that would have relaxed restrictions on
computer exports and directed the administration to find an alternative to using MTOPS as
the criterion.
Burma Trade Sanctions. The government of
Burma is one of the most politically and economically oppressive regimes in the world. It has
harassed, jailed, and killed political opponents
and kept the country largely isolated from the
world economy. To express its opposition to
human rights abuses in Burma, the 108th U.S.
Congress overwhelmingly approved targeted
sanctions against Burma’s rulers and a virtual
ban on imports from Burma to the United
States. Although well-meant, such sanctions
seldom work. In fact, their impact will fall most
heavily on the people we are trying to help by
depriving them of what limited opportunity
they may have had to earn higher wages by
exporting to global markets or working for foreign-owned companies that typically pay higher
wages and offer better working conditions. As
oppressive as the current Burmese regime is, it
poses no direct security threat to the United
States. A better approach to promoting human
rights in such countries as Cuba, China, and
Urge EU to End GMO Ban. For several years,
the European Union has enforced an almost
total ban on the importation of genetically modified foods (also known as genetically modified
organisms, or GMOs). The EU justifies the ban
on food safety grounds, even though GMO
products grown and exported by American
farmers have proven to be perfectly safe for
human consumption and indeed have been consumed in the United States for a decade or more
with no negative effects on public health. The
EU’s restrictions of GMOs hurt U.S. farm
exporters and arguably violate World Trade
Chile and Singapore Free-Trade Agreements
Sen. Max Baucus (D-MT): “On services, both agreements offer expanded market access
for U.S. services providers and strong transparency rules for service regulations. . . .
Enhanced market access for services is critical, because the service sector now provides the
majority of American jobs. So expanding services trade means more job opportunities.”
Congressional Record, July 31, 2003, p. S10530.
Sen. Jon Corzine (D-NJ): “Beyond the enormity of the trade deficit, American businesses increasingly are shipping jobs overseas. Not just low-skilled jobs, but professional,
highly skilled and well paid jobs. That is one reason the so-called economic recovery touted by the Bush administration has widely been characterized as a jobless recovery. In fact, it
is worse than a jobless recovery, it is a job-killing recovery. And while workers in this country are losing jobs, our trade policy is helping to create jobs overseas.” Congressional Record,
July 31, 2003, p. S10587.
6
Lifting the Travel Ban to Cuba
Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-VT): “Of all the ridiculous, anachronistic, and self-defeating policies, this has got to be near the top of the list. [The U.S. government] is spending scarce funds
to prosecute harmless, law-abiding, upstanding American citizens who want nothing more
than to experience another culture, and in doing so, leave a bit of America behind. . . . Our
policy is hypocritical, inconsistent, and contrary to our values as a nation that believes in the
free flow of people and ideas. It is beneath us. It is impossible for anyone to make a rational
argument that an American should be able to travel freely to North Korea, or Iran, but not
to Cuba.” Congressional Record, October 23, 2003, pp. S13083–84.
Sen. John Ensign (R-NV): “The fact is, American tourists cannot change Cuba any
more than Europeans or Canadians or Latin Americans have—because in Cuba you cannot do business with individual Cubans—you have to do business with Castro. . . . Tourists
even fund Castro’s security apparatus when they stay in hotels owned by foreign investors.
In Cuba, when a foreign investor comes to town, they do not hire or pay Cuban workers
directly—only the Castro regime can legally employ a Cuban citizen. They pay Castro in
hard currency for each worker—often as much as $10,000 per employee. Castro then pays
the workers in worthless Cuban pesos—the equivalent of $15 or $20 a month—and pockets the rest.” Congressional Record, October 23, 2003, p. S13086.
On July 31, 2003, the Senate voted 65 to 32 (Roll
Call Vote 319) in favor of the agreement.
Burma would be to encourage more trade and
economic liberalization.7
On July 15, 2003, the House voted 418 to 2
(Roll Call Vote 361) to approve the Burmese
Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003, which,
among other things, prohibits the importation of
any Burmese products to the United States. The
next day, on July 16, 2003, the Senate voted 94 to
1 (Roll Call Vote 280) to pass the same bill.
Singapore FTA. The U.S.-Singapore freetrade agreement establishes free trade between
our two countries by virtually eliminating
remaining barriers to trade in goods and services
upon implementation in 2004. Exceptions are
imports to the United States of beef, dairy products, and sugar, and those barriers are phased out
in 10 years. The agreement should please those
who demand “a level playing field,” with
Singapore agreeing to eliminate every one of its
remaining barriers to U.S. goods “on the date this
Agreement enters into force.”The agreement also
contains strong protections for the $30 billion of
U.S. direct investment in the Southeast Asian
city-state, which is already one of the world’s
most open and prosperous nations.9
On July 24, 2003, the House voted 272 to 155
(Roll Call Vote 432) to approve the United
States–Singapore Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act. On July 31, 2003, the Senate concurred by a vote of 66 to 32 (Roll Call Vote 318).
Chile FTA. The U.S.-Chile free-trade
agreement eliminates barriers to trade between
the two countries, covering 87 percent of trade
upon its implementation in 2004 and remaining goods during phase-in periods ranging up
to 12 years. The agreement breaks new ground
in opening up opportunities for U.S. service
exports such as telecommunications, engineering, express delivery, and retailing. The U.S.Chile FTA recognizes Chile’s aggressive trade
and economic reforms of recent decades, which
have transformed it into Latin America’s most
stable and prosperous economy while strengthening its democracy.8
On July 24, 2003, the House voted 270 to 156
(Roll Call Vote 436) in favor of the United States–
Chile Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act.
Cuba Travel and Remittances. The United
States has maintained a comprehensive econom-
7
The U.S.-Chile
FTA recognizes
Chile’s aggressive
trade and economic
reforms of recent
decades, which
have transformed
it into Latin
America’s most
stable and
prosperous
economy while
strengthening its
democracy.
Foreign Outsourcing and Jobs
Sen. Charles Grassley (R-IA): “It’s hard to listen to a politician or pundit these days
without hearing that America is ‘losing jobs’ to poorer nations—manufacturing jobs to
China, back-office work to India, just about every job to Latin America. This lament distracts our attention from the larger challenge of preparing more Americans for better jobs.
. . . We should stop pining after the days when millions of Americans stood along assembly
lines and continuously bolted, fit, soldered, or clamped whatever went by. Those days are
over. And stop blaming poor nations whose workers get very low wages.” Congressional
Record, March 4, 2004, p. S2194.
Sen. Chris Dodd (D-CT): “I think shipping jobs away, destroying the manufacturing
base and human capital investment that makes it possible in the 21st century for us to be
competitive in a global economy is the wrong way to proceed.” Congressional Record, March
4, 2004, p. S2190.
The almost total
embargo has failed
to achieve its
policy objective of
overthrowing
the Cuban
government or of
even modifying its
oppressive rule.
Country-of-Origin Labeling. The 2002 farm
bill required that a country-of-origin label
(COOL) be stamped on meat, fish, peanuts, and
produce imports starting in the fall of 2004.
Implementation of the requirement was suspended by Congress because of concerns that it
is really a disguised form of protectionism. Such
labeling adds regulatory costs that do nothing to
protect consumer health and safety and thus
unnecessarily raise the cost of food for American
families. This provision of the law will make it
more difficult for the United States to resist
demands by the European Union that all genetically modified organism products from the
United States be labeled, even though such products have been proven safe in study after study.
Mandating country-of-origin labeling unnecessarily interferes with trade, leading the world in a
direction that will harm the American farmer.11
On November 6, 2003, the Senate voted 36
to 58 (Roll Call 443) against a motion to table an
amendment by Sen. Tom Daschle (D-SD) that
directed Senate conferees to reject any limits on
the use of funds to implement COOL requirements for imported meat or meat products. A
vote in favor of the motion to table the amendment was in effect a vote against country-of-origin labeling.
ic embargo against Cuba for more than four
decades in an unsuccessful effort to oust the communist government of Fidel Castro. The 108th
Congress considered legislation to loosen the
embargo by granting Americans greater freedom
to visit and to send remittances to Cuba. The
almost total embargo has failed to achieve its policy objective of overthrowing the Cuban government or of even modifying its oppressive rule.
American citizens have paid the price of that failure in lost economic freedom to trade, invest, and
travel. The embargo has deprived Cuban citizens
of economic opportunity while giving the Cuban
government a handy excuse for the failures of its
socialist economic system.10
On September 9, 2003, the House voted 227
to 188 (Roll Call Vote 483) in favor of an amendment by Rep. Jeff Flake (R-AZ) that would prohibit the use of funds by the U.S. Department of
the Treasury to enforce the ban that prevents U.S.
citizens from traveling freely to Cuba. That same
day, the House voted 222 to 196 (Roll Call Vote
484) in favor of an amendment by William
Delahunt (D-MA) that would prohibit Treasury
from using funds to enforce restrictions on how
much money Americans can send through remittances to nationals of Cuba or Cuban households.
On October 23, 2003, the Senate voted 36 to 59
(Roll Call Vote 405) against a motion to table
(i.e., kill) an amendment by Sen. Byron Dorgan
(D-ND) that would have prohibited funds from
being used to enforce the travel ban to Cuba.
Foreign Outsourcing Restrictions. A new
trade issue before the 108th Congress was “foreign outsourcing”—the importation of services
8
mentation, and protection of other, more politically sensitive items will be phased out during
the next nine years. Although the FTA will have
minimal impact on the U.S. economy, it serves
an important foreign policy interest by encourage more economic openness and reform in a
moderate Muslim-majority country.14
On July 21, 2004, the Senate voted 85 to 13
(Roll Call Vote 159) to approve the United
States–Morocco Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act. On July 22, 2004, the House
voted 323 to 99 (Roll Call Vote 413) to approve
the same act.
to the United States or the relocation of production facilities from the United States to
other countries. Two attempts were made in
the U.S. Senate to curb outsourcing. One was
an amendment by Sen. Christopher Dodd (DCT) to forbid certain agencies of the federal
government from contracting for services with
companies that would provide the work from
overseas. Another was an amendment by Sen.
Byron Dorgan (D-ND) to raise taxes on U.S.
companies that produce goods abroad for sale
in the United States and would require companies to notify employees and the Department
of Labor when jobs will be moved offshore,
including the number of jobs affected, the destination of the relocated production, and reasons for the relocation.12
On March 4, 2004, the Senate voted 70 to
26 (Roll Call Vote 32) to approve the Dodd
amendment to restrict certain federal agencies
from outsourcing certain kinds of work. On
May 5, 2004, the Senate voted 60 to 39 (Roll
Call Vote 83) to table the Dorgan amendment
that would have discouraged private-sector
outsourcing.
Foreign-Born Doctors. Many rural areas in
the United States lack an adequate number of
physicians to serve the health care needs of residents. Through various visa programs, including programs that encourage those doctors to
practice in “underserved” rural areas, Congress
has allowed qualified foreign-born doctors to
practice in the United States. By allowing
Americans to import the medical services of
qualified foreign doctors, the program helps to
provide more affordable and readily available
health care in the United States.
On November 17, 2004, the House voted
407 to 4 (Roll Call Vote 533) in favor of a
motion by Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R-WI)
to provide a two-year extension of a program
that allows foreign nationals who graduate from
medical school in the United States to stay in
the country if they agree to practice medicine for
three years in specified, mostly rural areas.
Australia FTA. The U.S.-Australia free-trade
agreement will eventually eliminate barriers to
almost all trade between the two developed countries. The agreement eliminates barriers to trade
in industrial products and commercial services. It
immediately eliminates or phases out protection
of politically sensitive agricultural products, with
the glaring exception of Australian sugar imports
to the United States, which will continue to be
restricted by quota. The agreement also cements
U.S. ties to an important ally in the war against
international terrorism.13
On July 14, 2004, the House voted 314 to 109
(Roll Call Vote 375) to approve the United
States–Australia Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act. On July 15, 2004, the Senate voted
80 to 16 (Roll Call Vote 156) to approve the bill.
Votes on Trade Subsidies
Byrd Amendment on Antidumping Duties. In
2000 Congress enacted the Continued Dumping
and Subsidy Offset Act, which distributes antidumping duties collected by the U.S. government
to the companies that filed the original antidumping petitions against their foreign competition. The so-called Byrd amendment, named
after its sponsor, Sen. Robert Byrd (D-WV),
encourages continued abuse of America’s flawed
antidumping laws. It has also been found in violation of U.S. obligations in the World Trade
Organization to curb subsidies for domestic
industry.15
Morocco FTA. The U.S.-Morocco free-trade
agreement reduces tariffs and other trade barriers between the two countries beginning on
January 1, 2005. More than 95 percent of bilateral trade will become duty-free upon imple-
9
The so-called
Byrd amendment
encourages
continued abuse of
America’s flawed
antidumping laws.
It has also been
found in violation
of U.S. obligations
in the World Trade
Organization to
curb subsidies for
domestic industry.
barriers and trade subsidies. Those who voted
two-thirds of the time or more against both
trade barriers and subsidies were classified as
free traders. Those who voted two-thirds of the
time against trade barriers and for subsidies
were classified as internationalists. Those who
voted two-thirds of the time for trade barriers
and against subsidies were classified as isolationists. And those who voted two-thirds of
the time for trade barriers and for subsidies
were classified as interventionists.
On February 3, 2003, 70 members of the
U.S. Senate signed a letter declaring that they
would oppose any efforts to repeal the Byrd
amendment. Although the letter does not represent a formal vote in favor of the Byrd
amendment, signing it does represent support
for a law that promotes unfair barriers to trade
and subsidies U.S. companies that compete in
global markets.
As in previous
Congresses, only a
small minority of
House members
voted as free
traders.
Market Access Program Limits. Market
Access Program funds are distributed by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture to promote
the sale abroad of goods containing U.S. agricultural products. Like other export subsidies,
the MAP program does not promote trade in
general but favors some exporters—in this case
those using U.S. farm produce in their final
products—over others. By doing so, the program helps to underwrite the foreign advertising and marketing costs of some of the largest
U.S. multinational corporations.
On July 13, 2004, the House rejected, by a
vote of 72 to 347 (Roll Call Vote 368), an amendment by Rep. Steve Chabot (R-OH) that would
have amended the Agriculture Department and
Rural Development Appropriations bill for fiscal
year 2005 to prohibit federal funds from being
used to carry out activities in the Market Access
Program.
A House Still Divided on Trade Barriers
As in previous Congresses, only a small
minority of House members voted as free traders.
Of the 432 House members of the 108th
Congress who voted on at least half of the bills or
amendments rated in this study, 25 voted consistently to reduce trade barriers and trade subsidies.
Another 157, by far the largest category, voted as
internationalists, consistently opposing trade barriers but supporting trade subsidies. Only 2 voted
consistently as isolationists, favoring trade barriers
and opposing subsidies. Another 16 voted as
interventionists, consistently supporting trade
barriers and subsidies.16
Of the 25 free traders,22 were Republicans and
3 were Democrats. The only House member to
vote against subsides and barriers at every opportunity was Rep.Jeff Flake,a second-term Republican
from Arizona. Voting for free trade on every vote
but one were Reps.Michael Castle (R-DE),Susan
Davis (D-CA), Vernon Ehlers (R-MI), Jim
Ramstad (R-MN), Christopher Shays (R-CT),
Chris Van Hollen (D-MD), Donald Manzullo
(R-IL), Vito Fossella (R-NY), and Mark Udall
(D-CO). Among the other free traders was House
Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX).
Of the 157 internationalists in the House, 84
were Republicans and 73 were Democrats. Rep.
Nancy Johnson (R-CT) voted against trade barriers and for subsidies in every vote she cast. Another
53 members voted as internationalists on every vote
they cast but one. Among the higher-profile internationalists in the 108th Congress were Minority
Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), Minority Whip
Steny Hoyer (D-MD), ranking Ways and Means
Committee member Charles Rangel (D-NY),
Reps. Cal Dooley (D-CA), William Jefferson (D-
Who Supports Free
International Markets?
The 108th Congress provided ample
opportunities for members of the House and
Senate to either oppose or support trade barriers. Unfortunately, there was only one clear
opportunity in each chamber to oppose or support trade subsidies. Although more votes are
preferable to fewer when categorizing members, the one vote does provide at least an
imperfect indicator of who is more favorable
toward the broader definition of free trade
articulated in this study.
Members were deemed to exhibit a consistent pattern of voting if they voted two-thirds
or more of the time either for or against trade
10
Table 1
Major House Votes on Trade Barriers and Subsidies, 108th Congress
Date
Roll
Call #
Free-Trade
Position
Final
Vote
3/23/2003
5/22/2003
7/10/2003
7/15/2003
7/24/2003
7/24/2003
9/9/2003
9/9/2003
7/14/2004
7/22/2004
11/17/2004
45
219
256
361
436
432
483
484
317
413
533
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
415-11
207-217
339-80
418-2
270-156
272-155
227-188
222-196
314-109
323-99
407-4
98
39
100
1
87
88
25
21
89
91
98
97
60
61
0
37
37
89
90
59
61
100
7/13/2004
368
Yes
72-347
28
6
Short Description
Trade barrier votes
Tariff reductions and Laos NTR
Relax computer export controls
Oppose EU ban on GMOs
Burma trade embargo
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
End travel ban to Cuba
Lift cap on remittances to Cuba
Australia FTA
Morocco FTA
Increase foreign-born doctors
Trade subsidy vote
End Market Access Program
Source: Congressional Quarterly, various issues.
barriers 67 percent of the time and Democrats 62
percent of the time (Table 1).That compares with
a 60 to 43 percent divide in the 107th Congress.
On the one vote on a trade subsidy, the Market
Access Program, small minorities in both parties—28 percent of Republicans and 6 percent of
Democrats—voted against the subsidy.
The closeness of the overall averages hides
sharp divisions on particular trade votes. On both
the Chile and Singapore free-trade agreements,
about 88 percent of House Republicans voted for
lower trade barriers compared with 37 percent of
Democrats. The division on the Australia and
Morocco FTAs was less stark but still significant,
with about 90 percent of Republicans supporting
those agreements and 60 percent of Democrats.
The difference was equally wide, but in the opposite direction, on commercial ties with Cuba.
About 90 percent of Democrats in the House
voted to effectively lift restrictions on traveling and
sending remittances to Cuba, while three-quarters
or more of Republicans voted to keep the restrictions in place. (See Appendix B for a complete list
of House members and their individual votes.)
LA), the late Robert Matsui (D-CA), Jim Kolbe
(R-AZ), Ray LaHood (R-IL), Phil Crane (R-IL),
David Dreier (R-CA), Katherine Harris (R-FL),
and Michael Oxley (R-OH).
The two House isolationists in the 108th
Congress were both Democrats from New
Jersey, Reps. Robert Andrews and Bill Pascrell.
Of the 16 interventionists, 10 were Democrats,
5 were Republicans, and 1, Bernard Sanders of
Vermont, was an Independent.The two most consistent interventionists were Wilson Goode (RVA) and Walter Jones (R-NC), who voted to support trade barriers and subsidies with every vote
they cast but one. The other interventionists were
Robert Aderholt (R-AL), Corrine Brown (D-FL),
Gene Green (D-TX), Alcee Hastings (D-FL),
Robin Hayes (R-NC), Gerald Kleczka (D-WI),
William Lipinski (D-IL), Frank Pallone (D-NJ),
Steven Rothman (D-NJ), Pete Stark (D-CA),
Charles Taylor (R-NC), Nydia Velazquez (DNY), and Lynn Woolsey (D-CA). (See Appendix
A for a full list of members in each of the four categories.)
The partisan divide in the House on trade was
noticeably smaller in the 108th Congress than in
the previous Congress. On the 11 votes affecting
trade barriers, House Republicans voted for lower
A Senate Even More Divided
Of the 99 senators who voted on more than
11
% Voting Free Trade
GOP
Dems
Of the 24 internationalists, 15 were
Republicans and 9 were Democrats. The purest
of the subspecies were Sens. Robert Bennett (RUT), Ben Nighthorse Campbell (R-CO), and
Michael Enzi (R-WY), who voted against trade
barriers and for subsidies on every vote they cast
but one. Voting as internationalists on every vote
but two were Thad Cochran (R-MS), John
Warner (R-VA), Mark Pryor (D-AR), Conrad
Burns (R-MT), John Breaux (D-LA), and Zell
Miller (D-GA). Also among the internationalists were Sens. Max Baucus (D-MT), the ranking minority member on the trade-law-writing
Finance Committee, and former presidential
candidate Joe Lieberman (D-CT).
Of the 15 interventionists, 13 were Democrats
and 2 were Republicans.The most consistent were
Harry Reid (D-NV), the new Senate minority
leader; Robert Byrd (D-WV); Russ Feingold (DWI); and John Edwards (D-NC), last year’s
Democratic vice presidential nominee. Each of
them supported trade barriers and subsidies on
every vote they cast but one. Among the other
interventionists were Byron Dorgan (D-ND),
half of the measures rated in this study, 24
voted as free traders in the 108th Congress.
They consistently opposed trade barriers while
withholding their endorsement of trade subsidies by not signing the Byrd amendment letter.
Another quarter voted as internationalists,
opposing trade barriers but supporting the
trade subsidy. And 15 voted as interventionists,
supporting both trade barriers and subsidies.
None voted as an isolationist.17
Of the quarter of the Senate that voted as
free traders, 22 were Republicans and 2 were
Democrats. The most consistent was Sen. John
Sununu (R-NH), who voted against trade barriers and subsidies on every vote he cast.
Opposing barriers and subsidies on every vote
but one were Sens. Wayne Allard (R-CO),
Sam Brownback (R-KS), and Pat Roberts (RKS). Among the other free traders were Senate
Majority Leader Bill Frist (R-TN), Sens. John
McCain (R-AZ), Chuck Hagel (R-NE),
Lincoln Chafee (R-RI), and Maria Cantwell
and Patty Murray, both Democrats from
Washington State.
Table 2
Major Senate Votes on Trade Barriers and Subsidies, 108th Congress
Short Description
Trade barrier votes
Burma trade embargo
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
End travel ban to Cuba (table)
Enforce country-of-origin labeling (table)
Restrict federal outsourcing
Discourage private outsourcing (table)
Australia FTA
Morocco FTA
Tariff reductions and Laos NTR
Trade subsidy vote
Signed letter supporting Byrd amendment
Date
Roll
Call #
Free-Trade
Position
Final
Vote
% Voting Free Trade
GOP
Dems
7/16/2003
7/31/2003
7/31/2003
10/23/2003
11/6/2003
3/4/2004
5/5/2004
7/15/2004
7/21/2004
11/19/2004
280
319
318
405
443
32
83
156
159
214
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
94-1
65-32
66-32
36-59
36-58
70-26
60-39
80-16
85-13
88-5
2
86
86
39
59
51
100
96
90
98
0
47
47
87
16
0
19
70
83
91
2/3/2003
N/A
No
70-30
53
6
Source: Congressional Quarterly, various issues.
Note: A vote to table is a vote to kill the amendment on the floor. Thus a vote in favor of tabling an amendment is in effect a vote against the amendment.
12
In the House, 11 members, all Republicans,
voted consistently as free traders in all the votes
included in this analysis since 1993. The most
consistent free trader was Jeff Flake (AZ), who
opposed trade barriers in 95 percent of votes he
cast and subsidies in 100 percent of his votes.
The other free traders during that time were
John Shadegg (AZ), Philip Crane (IL), Charles
Bass (NH), James Ramstad (MN), Jim DeMint
(SC), Thomas Petri (WI), Patrick Toomey
(PA), John Linder (GA), and Nick Smith (MI).
(See Appendix E for a complete list of House
member ratings since 1993.)
In the Senate, as in the House, 11 Republican
members voted consistently as free traders during
that time span. The most consistent free trader
was Don Nickles (OK), who opposed trade barriers in 89 percent of votes he cast and subsidies
in 100 percent of his votes. The other free traders
in the Senate during that time were Lincoln
Chafee (RI), Sam Brownback (KS), John Ensign
(NV), Richard Lugar (IN), Jon Kyl (AZ), Wayne
Allard (CO), George Voinovich (OH), John
McCain (AZ), Judd Gregg (NH), and Mike
DeWine (OH). (See Appendix F for a complete
listing of Senate member ratings since 1993.)
Another 107 House members voted consistently as internationalists during the past
decade, 66 Republicans and 41 Democrats. The
most consistent internationalists were John
Boozman (R-AR), Thomas Osborne (R-NE),
Samuel Graves (R-MO), Timothy Johnson (RIL), Charles Gonzales (D-TX), Baron Hill (DIN), Heather Wilson (R-NM), Ruben Hinojosa (D-TX), and Cal Dooley (D-CA). In the
Senate, 15 members voted consistently as internationalists in the past decade, 10 Democrats
and 5 Republicans. The truest to form were Zell
Miller (D-GA), Mary Landrieu (D-LA), John
Breaux (D-LA), and Max Baucus (D-MT),
who almost always voted against trade barriers
and in favor of trade subsidies. Other notable
career internationalists were former presidential
candidates John Kerry (D-MA) and Joseph
Lieberman (D-CT).
A small band of 5 House members, 4
Republicans and 1 Democrat, voted consistently
as isolationists during the past decade.They were
John Duncan Jr. (R-TN), Dana Rohrabacher
Tom Harkin (D-IA), Richard Shelby (R-AL),
Lindsey Graham (R-SC), and now-retired Ernest
“Fritz” Hollings (D-SC). (See Appendix C for a
complete list of Senate members.)
Voting on trade was even more partisan in
the Senate than in the House. On average,
Republican senators voted against trade barriers 71 percent of the time compared with 46
percent for Democrats, while 53 percent of
Republicans opposed the subsidies contained
in the Byrd amendment compared with only 6
percent of Democrats (Table 2). The differences were especially wide on the Singapore
and Chile free-trade agreements, the Byrd
amendment letter, country-of-origin labeling,
and foreign outsourcing, where Republicans
were far more likely to oppose trade barriers or
subsidies, and travel to Cuba, where it was the
Democrats who were far more likely to oppose
barriers. (See Appendix D for a complete list of
senators and their individual votes.)
A Look Back across Four Congresses
This is the fourth Congress that has been
examined according to the Cato Institute’s freetrade matrix.18 Combining the votes from all four
studies plus three other major trade votes allows us
to discern which members of Congress have displayed a consistent voting pattern over a period
spanning more than a decade.This and the previous three studies have analyzed the 105th through
the 108th Congresses, covering the years 1997
through 2004. In addition, the combined analysis
also includes House and Senate votes in 1993 on
the North American Free Trade Agreement; in
1994 on the Uruguay Round Agreements Act
that established the World Trade Organization;
and in 1996 on the so-called Freedom to Farm
Act, which, temporarily at least, reduced U.S. agricultural subsidies. In all, we can identify 38 trade
barrier votes in the House during that period and
18 trade subsidy votes. In the Senate during that
same period, we can identify 38 trade barrier votes
and 9 trade subsidy votes.
The combined ratings include all members
of the 108th Congress who also cast votes in
the same chamber in a previous Congress. This
survey of a decade of votes includes 380 House
members and 90 senators.
13
In the House,
11 members,
all Republicans,
voted consistently
as free traders in all
the votes included
in this analysis
since 1993.
Judging from the
findings of this
study, changes in
Congress brought
about by the
November 2, 2004,
elections do not
signal a sharp
change in the
direction of U.S.
trade policy.
because newly elected House members typically have no previous record of voting on trade
issues. As a group, the 41 departed House
members were somewhat more likely to have
voted against trade barriers than returning
members and slightly less likely to have
opposed trade subsidies. But any net effect on
Congress as a whole will depend, of course, on
how their replacements vote on trade issues.
Among the more notable departures regarding trade policy were those of Reps. Cal
Dooley (D-CA), a leading internationalist
among the Democrats; former minority leader
Richard Gephardt (D-MO), a leading interventionist; and Reps. Phil Crane (R-IL) and
Patrick Toomey (R-PA), who were among the
most consistent free traders.
The only significant leadership change in the
House affecting trade will be the chairmanship
of the Ways and Means Subcommittee on
Trade, where Rep. Clay Shaw (R-FL) has
replaced Rep. Phil Crane, who was defeated for
reelection. During his 35 years in the House,
Crane compiled one of the most consistent
records for opposing both trade barriers and
subsidies. In the major trade votes of the past
decade, Crane opposed trade barriers 79 percent
of the time compared with Shaw’s 68 percent,
and he opposed trade subsidies 82 percent of the
time compared with Shaw’s 39 percent. (See
Appendix E for the combined ratings.)
The tea leaves are somewhat easier to read
in the Senate, where 6 of the 9 new senators
compiled voting records on trade in the House.
The sharpest difference between an outgoing
and incoming senator is in South Carolina.
There, Jim DeMint (R), who compiled one of
the most consistent free-trade records during
his six years in the House (1999–2005), has
replaced Ernest “Fritz” Hollings (D), who in
his years in the Senate compiled one of the
most consistent interventionist records. In
North Carolina, Richard Burr (R), who had an
inconsistent record as a House member, has
replaced John Edwards, a consistent interventionist. In Oklahoma, Tom Coburn (R), who
compiled a consistent record as an isolationist
in the House, has replaced Don Nickles, a
leading free trader.
(R-CA), Frank LoBiondo (R-NJ), Clifford
Stearns (R-FL), and Robert Andrews (D-NJ).
Only 2 senators, Jon Corzine (D-NJ) and Russ
Feingold (D-WI), consistently favored trade barriers and opposed subsidies.
Gathered in the opposite corner from the free
traders were 24 career interventionists in the
House, 16 Democrats and 8 Republicans. The
most consistent interventionist in the past decade
was now-retired House Minority Leader Richard
Gephardt (D-MO), who voted against trade barriers on 20 percent of the votes he cast and against
trade subsidies on 12 percent. Joining Gephardt
among the more hard-core career interventionists
were Charles Taylor (R-NC), Gene Green (DTX), Don Young (R-AK), Eliot Engel (D-NY),
Dale Kildee (D-MI), Alcee Hastings (D-FL),
and Corrine Brown (D-FL). Other career interventionists in the House were Jesse Jackson Jr.
(D-IL), David Obey (D-WI), Ileana RosLehtinen (R-FL), Patrick Kennedy (D-RI), and
John Spratt (D-SC).
In the Senate, all 7 career interventionists
were Democrats. The most unwavering among
them was now-retired Ernest “Fritz” Hollings
(SC), who opposed trade barriers 16 percent
and trade subsidies 22 percent of the time. The
others were the new Senate Minority Leader
Harry Reid (NV), former vice presidential
nominee John Edwards (NC), Byron Dorgan
(ND), Patrick Leahy (VT), Robert Byrd
(WV), and Mark Dayton (MN).
Clues to the 109th Congress
Judging from the findings of this study,
changes in Congress brought about by the
November 2, 2004, elections do not signal a
sharp change in the direction of U.S. trade policy. Because Republican members are more likely to vote for lower trade barriers and subsidies,
the strengthened GOP majorities in the House
and the Senate likely portend a Congress that
will be slightly more friendly to free trade.
In the House, 41 members of the 108th
Congress will not be returning for the 109th.
Deciphering what impact the new members
will have on trade policy is a challenge in part
14
nesses and workers can compete on a level playing field in the global market.” In pursuing free
trade, he said Congress must “stand up” for such
Florida farm sectors as sugar, citrus, and vegetables.20 The senator he has replaced, Bob
Graham (D), was a borderline internationalist,
opposing barriers on 64 percent of his votes and
subsidies on 33 percent.
Barack Obama sounded less friendly toward
free trade during his campaign than either
Martinez or Salazar. While declaring that “free
trade—when also fair—can benefit workers in
rich and poor countries alike,” Obama criticized
the North American Free Trade Agreement
with Mexico for lacking necessary “worker and
environmental protections.” He favors a “significant renegotiation” of both NAFTA and presidential trade promotion authority.21 Regarding
trade with China, Obama believes the United
States “should insist on labor standards and
human rights” when negotiating on bilateral
trade issues but that we should also avoid “triggering a trade war” that could cause instability in
the Chinese economy with global economic
consequences.22 Of the campaign positions of
the three new senators who had not previously
served in Congress, those of Obama stand in the
sharpest contrast to the senator he replaced.
During his one term in the Senate (1999–2005),
Peter Fitzgerald (R) was a borderline free trader, opposing trade barriers 88 percent of the time
and trade subsidies 60 percent of the time.
When examined individually and as a
whole, changes in the 109th Congress point
toward a continuation of the status quo in congressional attitudes toward free trade.
Another significant change occurred in
South Dakota. There, John Thune (R), a consistent internationalist during his time in the
House, replaced Minority Leader Tom
Daschle (D), who was somewhat more
inclined to support trade barriers and subsidies
during his time in Congress. As a consequence
of that switch, the Democratic Party now has a
new minority leader in the Senate, Harry Reid
of Nevada, who has compiled a consistently
interventionist record. In the past decade, Reid
has voted for lower trade barriers 24 percent of
the time compared with Daschle’s 63 percent.
That could signal that Reid will be less inclined
philosophically to cooperate on trade liberalization with Republicans than was Daschle
during his time in leadership.
In Georgia, retiring internationalist Zell
Miller (D) has been replaced by Johnny
Isakson (R), who also compiled an internationalist record during his time in the House. The
same was true in Louisiana, where the retiring
John Breaux (D) has been replaced by former
House member David Vitter (R).
None of the other three new senators—Ken
Salazar (D-CO), Mel Martinez (R-FL), and
Barack Obama (D-IL)—has served in Congress
previously, and thus those three have no voting
record on trade issues. Statements on trade during the 2004 campaign are inconclusive. For
example, Salazar told the United Stock Growers
of America: “I am a strong proponent of free
trade, but we must implement appropriate safeguards for agriculture, labor, and conservation
interests. I would carefully consider all agreements before casting my vote.” He also declared
his support for the World Trade Organization as
“essential to the current system of international
trade.”19 The senator Salazar has replaced, Ben
Nighthorse Campbell (R), compiled an inconsistent record, opposing trade barriers on 46 percent
of votes in the past decade and opposing trade
subsidies on 44 percent of votes.
Mel Martinez also sounded the “I favor free
trade, but . . .” theme in his campaign. On his
official website he declared: “I support free trade
measures that will create more jobs and provide
new economic opportunities for Florida’s workers.Trade must also be fair so that Florida’s busi-
A Final Assessment
Creating a free and vibrant market for
international trade requires more than eliminating tariff and nontariff barriers. It requires
the elimination of export and production subsidies that distort trade, draw resources away
from their best use, and leave the United States
and its trading partners worse off.
Measured by this more comprehensive definition of free trade, the 108th Congress was a
15
The Democratic
Party now has a
new minority
leader in the
Senate, Harry Reid
of Nevada, who
has compiled a
consistently
interventionist
record.
While a majority in
Congress hesitates
to impose sweeping
new trade barriers,
it does not hesitate
to distort U.S. trade
with a plethora of
subsidies.
market free of both distorting barriers and subsidies. Judging by the voting behavior analyzed
in this study, most members of the U.S. Congress have no standing to criticize other governments for deviating from free trade.
Another cost is to U.S. taxpayers. Trade barriers rob Americans of income through higher
prices. Trade subsidies rob Americans by driving up the cost of government, necessitating
higher taxes or more government borrowing, or
both. As Congress searches for ways to restrain
spending and bring down a fiscal deficit that
exceeded $400 billion last year, trade subsidies
should provide an inviting target. Congress can
save billions of dollars each year, remove distortions from the international economy, and
improve America’s image abroad.
Members of Congress who want to advance
the cause of limited government, economic liberty, and prosperity at home and abroad should
favor a consistent agenda of eliminating trade
barriers and trade-related subsidies. Both protectionism and subsidies undermine the workings of the free market, substituting the judgment of politicians for that of millions of
informed citizens cooperating in the international marketplace for mutual advantage.
When weighing policy toward the international economy, members of Congress do not
need to choose between anti-trade, anti-subsidy isolationism and pro-trade, pro-subsidy
internationalism. They can choose to vote for a
coherent program to liberalize trade and eliminate subsidies—in sum, to let Americans
enjoy the freedom and prosperity of a seamless
free market undistorted by government intervention.
mixed success. On the positive side of the ledger,
the House and the Senate enacted several modest
but significant trade bills, including free-trade
agreements with Chile, Singapore, Australia, and
Morocco. Congress also passed a bill that unilaterally reduced tariffs on a grab bag of miscellaneous products. And in the category of the dog
that didn’t bark, Congress refrained from passing
any bills that raised trade barriers or subsidies in a
significant way.
On the negative side, the 108th Congress
made no progress in reducing trade subsidies.
Spending on the Export-Import Bank, OPIC,
the IMF, and agricultural subsidies all escaped
congressional scrutiny. Billions in trade subsidies continued to flow undisturbed. The House
resoundingly defeated a motion to cut the
Market Access Program, and 70 senators
pledged to oppose any cuts in the direct producer subsidies doled out through the WTOillegal Byrd amendment. While a majority in
Congress hesitates to impose sweeping new
trade barriers, it does not hesitate to distort
U.S. trade with a plethora of subsidies.
Members of Congress on both sides of the
aisle should consider the cost of pursuing such
an incoherent policy on trade. One cost is a tarnished U.S. image abroad. The lack of commitment in practice to free trade stands in contrast
to the pronouncements members frequently
make that they support the goal of free trade.
America’s political leaders complain incessantly
that U.S. producers must compete in a world of
“unfair” trade barriers and subsidies, while the
U.S. market is open. But this study shows that
very few members of Congress vote consistently for policies that would create an international
16
State
First Elected
Barrier Votes
Subsidy Votes
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Internationalists
0%
Pelosi, Nancy
D
0%
Price, David
D
0%
Schiff, Adam
D
0%
Shimkus, John
R
0%
Tauscher, Ellen
D
0%
Thompson, Mike
D
0%
Upton, Fred
R
0%
Weiner, Anthony David D
0%
Dooley, Calvin
D
0%
Eshoo, Anna
D
0%
Greenwood, James
R
0%
Harman, Jane
D
0%
Jefferson, William
D
0%
John, Christopher
D
0%
Kind, Ron
D
0%
Leach, James
R
0%
Lowey, Nita
D
0%
Smith, Adam
D
0%
Snyder, Vic
D
0%
Whitfield, Edward
R
0%
Knollenberg, Joseph R
0%
Oxley, Michael
R
0%
Rangel, Charles
D
0%
Doolittle, John
R
0%
Berman, Howard
D
0%
Boozman, John
R
0%
Boyd, F. Allen, Jr.
D
0%
Capps, Lois
D
0%
Cramer, Robert, Jr.
D
0%
Davis, Jim
D
CA
NC
CA
IL
CA
CA
MI
NY
CA
CA
PA
CA
LA
LA
WI
IA
NY
WA
AR
KY
MI
OH
NY
CA
CA
AR
FL
CA
AL
FL
1987
1996
2000
1996
1996
1998
1986
1998
1990
1992
1992
2000
1990
1996
1996
1976
1998
1996
1996
1994
1992
1981
1970
1990
1982
2001
1996
1996
1990
1996
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
89%
89%
88%
86%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Subsidy Votes
78%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
70%
67%
67%
Barrier Votes
1998
1994
1988
1984
1998
2002
1992
1979
1992
1994
2000
1994
First Elected
PA
NH
CA
TX
SC
TX
GA
WI
MI
AZ
IL
NC
State
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Party
Party
Appendix A: House Members by Category
Flake, Jeff
Castle, Michael
Davis, Susan
Ehlers, Vernon
Ramstad, Jim
Shays, Christopher
Van Hollen, Chris
Manzullo, Donald
Fossella, Vito
Udall, Mark
Portman, Rob
Tiberi, Patrick
Pitts, Joseph
R
R
D
R
R
R
D
R
R
D
R
R
R
AZ
DE
CA
MI
MN
CT
MD
IL
NY
CO
OH
OH
PA
2000
1992
2000
1993
1990
1987
2002
1992
1997
1998
1993
2001
1996
100%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
90%
89%
89%
82%
82%
80%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Johnson, Nancy
Becerra, Xavier
Biggert, Judy
Blumenauer, Earl
Boehlert, Sherwood
Bono, Mary
Boswell, Leonard
Brady, Kevin
Camp, Dave
Cardin, Benjamin
Cooper, Jim
Crowley, Joseph
Davis, Artur
Etheridge, Bob
Gonzalez, Charles
Hill, Baron
Hinojosa, Ruben
Hoyer, Steny
Inslee, Jay
Israel, Steven
Kolbe, Jim
LaHood, Ray
Latham, Tom
Lofgren, Zoe
Matheson, James
Matsui, Robert
Meeks, Gregory
Moore, Dennis
Moran, James
Neal, Richard
R
D
R
D
R
R
D
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
CT
CA
IL
OR
NY
CA
IA
TX
MI
MD
TN
NY
AL
NC
TX
IN
TX
MD
WA
NY
AZ
IL
IA
CA
UT
CA
NY
KS
VA
MA
1982
1992
1998
1996
1982
1994
1996
1996
1990
1986
1982
1998
2002
1996
1998
1998
1996
1981
1998
2000
1984
1994
1994
1994
2000
1978
1998
1998
1990
1988
100%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
91%
Free Traders
Toomey, Patrick
Bass, Charles
Cox, Christopher
DeLay, Tom
DeMint, Jim
Hensarling, Jeb
Linder, John
Petri, Thomas
Smith, Nick
Hayworth, J. D.
Kirk, Mark Steven
Myrick, Sue
continued
17
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Hastings, Doc
Hulshof, Kenny
Johnson, Eddie Bernice
Kelly, Sue
Kennedy, Mark
Lampson, Nicholas
LaTourette, Steven
McCrery, Jim
Mica, John
Moran, Jerry
Ney, Robert
Northup, Anne
Ose, Doug
Pickering, Charles, Jr.
Pomeroy, Earl
Pryce, Deborah
Putnam, Adam
Radanovich, George
Rehberg, Dennis
Reyes, Silvestre
Reynolds, Thomas
Rogers, Harold
Roybal-Allard, Lucille
Sanchez, Loretta
Smith, Lamar
Thomas, William
Walden, Greg
Walsh, James
Watt, Melvin
Weldon, Curt
Weller, Gerald
Blunt, Roy
Bonilla, Henry
Brown-Waite, Ginny
Clay, William, Jr.
Diaz-Balart, Lincoln
Gordon, Bart
McCarthy, Carolyn
Nunes, Devin
Ortiz, Solomon
Sessions, Pete
Cannon, Chris
Davis, Thomas, III
Goss, Porter
Millender-McDonald, Juanita
Neugebauer, Randy
Sullivan, John
Towns, Edolphus
18
Subsidy Votes
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
80%
80%
80%
78%
78%
78%
78%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
Barrier Votes
Subsidy Votes
2002
1996
1976
2002
1996
1986
1980
1996
2000
2000
1982
1998
1992
1994
1990
2000
2000
1996
1998
1996
1978
1988
1994
1996
2001
1998
1986
1992
1998
1994
1982
2000
2000
1998
1990
2000
2000
2002
1969
1990
1955
1980
1990
1994
1990
1992
1996
2002
2000
First Elected
Barrier Votes
TN
CO
WA
IL
TN
CA
TX
OR
CA
IL
MI
KY
NY
WA
IA
NE
ID
PA
WI
TX
TX
TN
TX
TX
CA
NM
CA
MA
NE
WY
WA
MO
FL
WA
OH
SC
VA
IN
IL
CA
MI
CA
TX
FL
MD
VA
TX
FL
PA
State
First Elected
D
D
D
D
D
R
D
D
R
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
D
D
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
Party
State
Davis, Lincoln
DeGette, Diana
Dicks, Norman
Emanuel, Rahm
Ford, Harold, Jr.
Gallegly, Elton
Hall, Ralph
Hooley, Darlene
Issa, Darrell
Johnson, Timothy
Levin, Sander
Lucas, Kenneth
Maloney, Carolyn
Nethercutt, George, Jr.
Nussle, Jim
Osborne, Thomas
Otter, C. L.
Peterson, John
Ryan, Paul
Sandlin, Max, Jr.
Stenholm, Charles
Tamner, John
Thornberry, William
Turner, Jim
Watson, Diane
Wilson, Heather
Herger, Wally
Meehan, Martin
Terry, Lee
Cubin, Barbara
Dunn, Jennifer
Graves, Samuel
Keller, Richard
Baird, Brian
Boehner, John
Brown, Henry, Jr.
Cantor, Eric
Chocola, Chris
Crane, Philip
Cunningham, Randy
Dingell, John
Dreier, David
Edwards, Chet
Foley, Mark
Gilchrest, Wayne
Goodlatte, Bob
Granger, Kay
Harris, Katherine
Hart, Melissa
Party
Appendix A—continued
R
R
D
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
D
D
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
D
R
D
D
R
D
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
D
WA
MO
TX
NY
MN
TX
OH
LA
FL
KS
OH
KY
CA
MS
ND
OH
FL
CA
MT
TX
NY
KY
CA
CA
TX
CA
OR
NY
NC
PA
IL
MO
TX
FL
MO
FL
TN
NY
CA
TX
TX
UT
VA
FL
CA
TX
OK
NY
1994
1996
1992
1994
2000
1996
1994
1988
1992
1996
1994
1996
1998
1996
1992
1992
2000
1994
2000
1996
1998
1980
1992
1996
1986
1978
1998
1988
1992
1986
1994
1996
1992
2002
1968
1992
1984
1996
2002
1982
1996
1996
1994
1988
1996
2003
2002
1982
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
67%
67%
67%
67%
67%
67%
67%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
Kleczka, Gerald
Velazquez, Nydia
Stark, Fortney
Woolsey, Lynn
Aderholt, Robert
Brown, Corrine
Green, Gene
Hastings, Alcee
D
D
D
D
R
D
D
D
WI
NY
CA
CA
AL
FL
TX
FL
1984
1992
1972
1992
1996
1992
1992
1992
33%
33%
30%
30%
27%
27%
27%
27%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Subsidy Votes
Subsidy Votes
18%
Barrier Votes
Barrier Votes
1990
First Elected
First Elected
NJ
State
State
D
Party
Party
Andrews, Robert
D
NJ
1996
18%
100%
R
D
D
I
D
R
R
R
NC
IL
NJ
VT
NJ
NC
VA
NC
1998
1982
1988
1990
1996
1990
1996
1994
27%
27%
27%
27%
20%
18%
9%
9%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Isolationists
19
Pascrell, William, Jr.
Interventionists
Hayes, Robin
Lipinski, William
Pallone, Frank, Jr.
Sanders, Bernard
Rothman, Steven
Taylor, Charles
Goode, Virgil, Jr.
Jones, Walter, Jr.
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
Abercrombie, Neil
Ackerman, Gary
Aderholt, Robert
Akin, W. Todd
Alexander, Rodney
Allen, Thomas
Andrews, Robert
Baca, Joe
Bachus, Spencer
Baird, Brian
Baker, Richard
Balance, Frank
Baldwin, Tammy
Ballenger, Cass
Barrett, J. Gresham
Bartlett, Roscoe
Barton, Joe
Bass, Charles
Beauprez, Bob
Becerra, Xavier
Bell, Chris
Bereuter, Douglas
Berkley, Shelly
Berman, Howard
Berry, Marion
Biggert, Judy
Bilirakis, Michael
Bishop, Robert
Bishop, Sanford, Jr.
Bishop, Tim
Blackburn, Marsha
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Appendix B: Individual House Voting Records
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
D
R
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
R
HI
NY
AL
MO
LA
ME
NJ
CA
AL
WA
LA
NC
WI
NC
SC
MD
TX
NH
CO
CA
TX
NE
NV
CA
AR
IL
FL
UT
GA
NY
TN
1990
1983
1996
2000
2002
1996
1990
1999
1992
1998
1986
2002
1998
1986
2002
1992
1984
1994
2002
1992
2002
1978
1998
1982
1996
1998
1982
2002
1992
2002
2002
45%
55%
27%
45%
45%
64%
18%
45%
64%
73%
64%
88%
45%
64%
36%
64%
64%
73%
64%
91%
64%
90%
63%
82%
45%
91%
64%
44%
64%
64%
64%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
Blumenauer, Earl
Blunt, Roy
Boehlert, Sherwood
Boehner, John
Bonilla, Henry
Bonner, Jo
Bono, Mary
Boozman, John
Boswell, Leonard
Boucher, Rick
Boyd, F. Allen, Jr.
Bradley, Jeb
Brady, Kevin
Brady, Robert
Brown, Corrine
Brown, Henry, Jr.
Brown, Sherrod
Brown-Waite, Ginny
Burgess, Michael
Burns, Max
Burr, Richard
Burton, Dan
Butterfield, G. K.
Buyer, Steve
Calvert, Ken
Camp, Dave
Cannon, Chris
Cantor, Eric
Capito, Shelly Moore
Capps, Lois
Capuano, Michael
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
R
D
D
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
OR
MO
NY
OH
TX
AL
CA
AR
IA
VA
FL
NH
TX
PA
FL
SC
OH
FL
TX
GA
NC
IN
NC
IN
CA
MI
UT
VA
WV
CA
MA
1996
1996
1982
1990
1992
2002
1994
2001
1996
1982
1996
2002
1996
1998
1992
2000
1992
2002
2002
2002
1982
1982
2004
1992
1992
1990
1996
2000
2000
1996
1998
91%
70%
91%
73%
70%
64%
91%
82%
91%
55%
82%
64%
91%
45%
27%
73%
36%
70%
60%
55%
60%
45%
50%
64%
64%
91%
67%
73%
64%
82%
55%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
100%
0%
0%
100%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
continued
21
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
Cardin, Benjamin
Cardoza, Dennis
Carson, Brad
Carson, Julia
Carter, John
Case, Ed
Castle, Michael
Chabot, Steve
Chandler, Ben
Chocola, Chris
Clay, William, Jr.
Clyburn, James
Coble, Howard
Cole, Tom
Collins, Michael
Combest, Larry
Conyers, John, Jr.
Cooper, Jim
Costello, Jerry
Cox, Christopher
Cramer, Robert, Jr.
Crane, Philip
Crenshaw, Ander
Crowley, Joseph
Cubin, Barbara
Culberson, John Abney
Cummings, Elijah
Cunningham, Randy
Davis, Artur
Davis, Danny
Davis, Jim
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Appendix B—continued
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
D
D
D
D
R
D
R
R
D
R
D
D
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
D
R
R
D
R
R
D
R
D
D
D
MD
CA
OK
IN
TX
HI
DE
OH
KY
IN
MO
SC
NC
OK
GA
TX
MI
TN
IL
CA
AL
IL
FL
NY
WY
TX
MD
CA
AL
IL
FL
1986 91%
2002 55%
2000 73%
1996 44%
2002 64%
2002 64%
1992 91%
1994 64%
2004 100%
2002 73%
1968 70%
1992 36%
1984 36%
2002 64%
1992 56%
1984 100%
1964 50%
1982 91%
1988 45%
1988 73%
1990 82%
1969 73%
2000 64%
1998 91%
1994 78%
2000 64%
1996 56%
1990 73%
2002 91%
1996 45%
1996 82%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
100%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
22
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
Davis, Jo Ann
Davis, Lincoln
Davis, Susan
Davis, Thomas, III
Deal, Nathan
DeFazio, Peter
DeGette, Diana
Delahunt, William
DeLauro, Rosa
DeLay, Tom
DeMint, Jim
Deutsch, Peter
Diaz-Balart, Lincoln
Diaz-Balart, Mario
Dicks, Norman
Dingell, John
Doggett, Lloyd
Dooley, Calvin
Doolittle, John
Doyle, Michael
Dreier, David
Duncan, John, Jr.
Dunn, Jennifer
Edwards, Chet
Ehlers, Vernon
Emanuel, Rahm
Emerson, Jo Ann
Engel, Eliot
English, Philip
Eshoo, Anna
Etheridge, Bob
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
R
D
D
R
R
D
D
D
D
R
R
D
R
R
D
D
D
D
R
D
R
R
R
D
R
D
R
D
R
D
D
VA
TN
CA
VA
GA
OR
CO
MA
CT
TX
SC
FL
FL
FL
WA
MI
TX
CA
CA
PA
CA
TN
WA
TX
MI
IL
MO
NY
PA
CA
NC
2000
2002
2000
1994
1992
1986
1996
1996
1990
1984
1998
1992
1992
2002
1976
1955
1994
1990
1990
1994
1980
1988
1982
1990
1993
2002
1996
1988
1994
1992
1996
45%
82%
91%
67%
45%
36%
82%
45%
55%
73%
73%
36%
70%
60%
82%
73%
64%
90%
86%
55%
73%
36%
78%
73%
91%
82%
63%
45%
64%
90%
91%
100%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
continued
23
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
Evans, Lane
Everett, Terry
Farr, Sam
Fattah, Chaka
Feeney, Tom
Ferguson, Michael
Filner, Bob
Flake, Jeff
Fletcher, Ernest
Foley, Mark
Forbes, J. Randy
Ford, Harold, Jr.
Fossella, Vito
Frank, Barney
Franks, Trent
Frelinghuysen, Rodney
Frost, Martin
Gallegly, Elton
Garrett, Scott
Gephardt, Richard
Gerlach, Jim
Gibbons, James
Gilchrest, Wayne
Gillmor, Paul
Gingrey, Phil
Gonzalez, Charles
Goode, Virgil, Jr.
Goodlatte, Bob
Gordon, Bart
Goss, Porter
Granger, Kay
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Appendix B—continued
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
D
R
D
D
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
D
R
D
R
R
D
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
D
R
R
IL
AL
CA
PA
FL
NJ
CA
AZ
KY
FL
VA
TN
NY
MA
AZ
NJ
TX
CA
NJ
MO
PA
NV
MD
OH
GA
TX
VA
VA
TN
FL
TX
1982 45%
1992 64%
1993 55%
1994 45%
2002 64%
2000 64%
1992 36%
2000 100%
1988 86%
1994 73%
2001 64%
1996 82%
1997 89%
1980 50%
2002 60%
1994 64%
1978 64%
1986 82%
2002 64%
1976 33%
2002 64%
1996 64%
1990 73%
1988 55%
2002 64%
1998 91%
1996
9%
1992 73%
1984 70%
1988 67%
1996 73%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
100%
100%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
24
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
Graves, Samuel
Green, Gene
Green, Mark
Greenwood, James
Grijalva, Raul
Gutierrez, Luis
Gutknecht, Gil
Hall, Ralph
Harman, Jane
Harris, Katherine
Hart, Melissa
Hastert, J. Dennis
Hastings, Alcee
Hastings, Doc
Hayes, Robin
Hayworth, J. D.
Hefley, Joel
Hensarling, Jeb
Herger, Wally
Herseth, Stephanie
Hill, Baron
Hinchey, Maurice
Hinojosa, Ruben
Hobson, David
Hoeffel, Joseph, III
Hoekstra, Peter
Holden, Tim
Holt, Rush
Honda, Michael
Hooley, Darlene
Hostettler, John
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
R
D
R
R
D
D
R
D
D
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
R
D
R
D
D
D
D
R
MO
TX
WI
PA
AZ
IL
MN
TX
CA
FL
PA
IL
FL
WA
NC
AZ
CO
TX
CA
SD
IN
NY
TX
OH
PA
MI
PA
NJ
CA
OR
IN
2000 78%
1992 27%
1998 45%
1992 90%
2002 45%
1992 45%
1994 60%
1980 82%
2000 90%
2002 73%
2000 73%
1986 100%
1992 27%
1994 73%
1998 27%
1994 70%
1986 55%
2002 73%
1986 80%
2004 67%
1998 91%
1992 36%
1996 91%
1990 64%
1998 60%
1992 56%
1992 55%
1998 64%
2000 64%
1996 82%
1994 45%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
continued
25
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
Houghton, Amory, Jr.
Hoyer, Steny
Hulshof, Kenny
Hunter, Duncan
Hyde, Henry
Inslee, Jay
Isakson, John
Israel, Steven
Issa, Darrell
Istook, Ernest, Jr.
Jackson, Jesse, Jr.
Jackson-Lee, Sheila
Janklow, William
Jefferson, William
Jenkins, William
John, Christopher
Johnson, Eddie Bernice
Johnson, Nancy
Johnson, Sam
Johnson, Timothy
Jones, Stephanie Tubbs
Jones, Walter, Jr.
Kanjorski, Paul
Kaptur, Marcy
Keller, Richard
Kelly, Sue
Kennedy, Mark
Kennedy, Patrick
Kildee, Dale
Kilpatrick, Carolyn
Kind, Ron
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Appendix B—continued
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
R
D
R
R
R
D
R
D
R
R
D
D
R
D
R
D
D
R
R
R
D
R
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
NY
MD
MO
CA
IL
WA
GA
NY
CA
OK
IL
TX
SD
LA
TN
LA
TX
CT
TX
IL
OH
NC
PA
OH
FL
NY
MN
RI
MI
MI
WI
1986 90%
1981 91%
1996 73%
1980 36%
1974 64%
1998 91%
1998 60%
2000 91%
2000 82%
1992 60%
1995 45%
1994 55%
2002 80%
1990 90%
1996 64%
1996 90%
1992 73%
1982 100%
1991 64%
2000 82%
1998 64%
1994
9%
1984 45%
1982 36%
2000 78%
1994 73%
2000 73%
1994 45%
1976 36%
1996 60%
1996 90%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
26
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
King, Peter
King, Steve
Kingston, Jack
Kirk, Mark Steven
Kleczka, Gerald
Kline, John
Knollenberg, Joseph
Kolbe, Jim
Kucinich, Dennis
LaHood, Ray
Lampson, Nicholas
Langevin, James
Lantos, Tom
Larsen, Richard
Larson, John
Latham, Tom
LaTourette, Steven
Leach, James
Lee, Barbara
Levin, Sander
Lewis, Jerry
Lewis, John
Lewis, Ron
Linder, John
Lipinski, William
LoBiondo, Frank
Lofgren, Zoe
Lowey, Nita
Lucas, Frank
Lucas, Kenneth
Lynch, Stephen
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
D
R
D
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
R
D
R
R
D
R
D
D
R
D
D
NY
IA
GA
IL
WI
MN
MI
AZ
OH
IL
TX
RI
CA
WA
CT
IA
OH
IA
CA
MI
CA
GA
KY
GA
IL
NJ
CA
NY
OK
KY
MA
1992
2002
1992
2000
1984
2002
1992
1984
1996
1994
1996
2000
1980
2000
1998
1994
1994
1976
1998
1982
1978
1986
1994
1992
1982
1994
1994
1988
1994
1998
2001
64%
64%
64%
67%
33%
64%
89%
91%
38%
91%
73%
60%
40%
91%
40%
91%
73%
90%
45%
82%
64%
64%
64%
73%
27%
45%
91%
90%
55%
82%
60%
0%
100%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
continued
27
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
Majette, Denise
Maloney, Carolyn
Manzullo, Donald
Markey, Edward
Marshall, Jim
Matheson, James
Matsui, Robert
McCarthy, Carolyn
McCarthy, Karen
McCollum, Betty
McCotter, Thaddeus
McCrery, Jim
McDermott, Jim
McGovern, James
McHugh, John
McInnis, Scott
McIntyre, Mike
McKeon, Howard
McNulty, Michael
Meehan, Martin
Meek, Carrie
Meeks, Gregory
Menendez, Robert
Mica, John
Michaud, Michael
Millender-McDonald, Juanita
Miller, Brad
Miller, Candice
Miller, Gary
Miller, George
Miller, Jeff
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Appendix B—continued
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
D
D
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
R
R
D
D
R
R
D
R
D
D
D
D
D
R
D
D
D
R
R
D
R
GA
NY
IL
MA
GA
UT
CA
NY
MO
MN
MI
LA
WA
MA
NY
CO
NC
CA
NY
MA
FL
NY
NJ
FL
ME
CA
NC
MI
CA
CA
FL
2002
1992
1992
1976
2002
2000
1978
1996
1994
2000
2002
1988
1988
1996
1992
1992
1996
1992
1988
1992
1992
1998
1992
1992
2002
1996
2002
2002
1998
1974
2001
80%
82%
90%
45%
45%
91%
91%
70%
64%
55%
64%
73%
60%
64%
45%
64%
45%
64%
45%
80%
64%
91%
64%
73%
55%
67%
64%
64%
64%
40%
64%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
100%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
28
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Mollohan, Alan
Moore, Dennis
Moran, James
Moran, Jerry
Murphy, Timothy
Murtha, John
Musgrave, Marilyn
Myrick, Sue
Nadler, Jerrold
Napolitano, Grace
Neal, Richard
Nethercutt, George, Jr.
Neugebauer, Randy
Ney, Robert
Northup, Anne
Norwood, Charles
Nunes, Devin
Nussle, Jim
Oberstar, James
Obey, David
Olver, John
Ortiz, Solomon
Osborne, Thomas
Ose, Doug
Otter, C. L.
Owens, Major R.
Oxley, Michael
Pallone, Frank, Jr.
Pascrell, William, Jr.
Pastor, Ed
Paul, Ron
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
D
D
D
R
R
D
R
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
R
D
D
D
R
WV
KS
VA
KS
PA
PA
CO
NC
NY
CA
MA
WA
TX
OH
KY
GA
CA
IA
MN
WI
MA
TX
NE
CA
ID
NY
OH
NJ
NJ
AZ
TX
1982
1998
1990
1996
2002
1974
2002
1994
1992
1998
1988
1994
2003
1994
1996
1994
2002
1990
1974
1969
1991
1982
2000
1998
2000
1982
1981
1988
1996
1991
1996
45%
91%
91%
73%
64%
40%
60%
67%
45%
64%
91%
82%
67%
73%
73%
40%
70%
82%
36%
36%
55%
70%
82%
73%
82%
40%
89%
27%
18%
56%
60%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
100%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
continued
29
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
Payne, Donald
Pearce, Steve
Pelosi, Nancy
Pence, Mike
Peterson, Collin
Peterson, John
Petri, Thomas
Pickering, Charles, Jr.
Pitts, Joseph
Platts, Todd
Pombo, Richard
Pomeroy, Earl
Porter, Jon
Portman, Rob
Price, David
Pryce, Deborah
Putnam, Adam
Quinn, Jack
Radanovich, George
Rahall, Nick, III
Ramstad, Jim
Rangel, Charles
Regula, Ralph
Rehberg, Dennis
Renzi, Rick
Reyes, Silvestre
Reynolds, Thomas
Rodriguez, Ciro
Rogers, Harold
Rogers, Michael D.
Rogers, Michael J.
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Appendix B—continued
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
D
R
D
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
D
R
D
R
R
R
D
R
D
R
R
R
NJ
NM
CA
IN
MN
PA
WI
MS
PA
PA
CA
ND
NV
OH
NC
OH
FL
NY
CA
WV
MN
NY
OH
MT
AZ
TX
NY
TX
KY
AL
MI
1988
2002
1987
2000
1990
1996
1979
1996
1996
2000
1992
1992
2002
1993
1996
1992
2000
1992
1994
1976
1990
1970
1972
2000
2002
1996
1998
1997
1980
2002
2000
36%
55%
91%
64%
55%
82%
73%
73%
80%
64%
45%
73%
64%
82%
91%
73%
73%
40%
73%
64%
91%
88%
64%
73%
64%
73%
73%
64%
73%
55%
64%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
100%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
30
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
Rohrabacher, Dana
Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana
Ross, Michael
Rothman, Steven
Roybal-Allard, Lucille
Royce, Edward
Ruppersberger, C. A.
Rush, Bobby
Ryan, Paul
Ryan, Tim
Ryun, Jim
Sabo, Martin Olav
Sanchez, Linda
Sanchez, Loretta
Sanders, Bernard
Sandlin, Max, Jr.
Saxton, Jim
Schakowsky, Janice
Schiff, Adam
Schrock, Edward
Scott, David
Scott, Robert
Sensenbrenner, F. James, Jr.
Serrano, Jose
Sessions, Pete
Shadegg, John
Shaw, E. Clay, Jr.
Shays, Christopher
Sherman, Bradley
Sherwood, Don
Shimkus, John
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
R
R
D
D
D
R
D
D
R
D
R
D
D
D
I
D
R
D
D
R
D
D
R
D
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
CA
FL
AR
NJ
CA
CA
MD
IL
WI
OH
KS
MN
CA
CA
VT
TX
NJ
IL
CA
VA
GA
VA
WI
NY
TX
AZ
FL
CT
CA
PA
IL
1988
1989
2000
1996
1992
1992
2002
1992
1998
2002
1996
2002
2002
1996
1990
1996
1984
1998
2000
2000
2002
1992
1978
1990
1996
1994
1980
1987
1996
1998
1996
36%
60%
64%
20%
73%
64%
64%
55%
82%
36%
64%
36%
45%
73%
27%
82%
64%
45%
91%
64%
64%
64%
55%
44%
70%
64%
64%
91%
55%
64%
91%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
100%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
continued
31
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
Shuster, Bill
Simmons, Robert
Simpson, Michael
Skelton, Ike
Slaughter, Louise McIntosh
Smith, Adam
Smith, Christopher
Smith, Lamar
Smith, Nick
Snyder, Vic
Solis, Hilda
Souder, Mark
Spratt, John, Jr.
Stark, Fortney
Stearns, Clifford
Stenholm, Charles
Strickland, Ted
Stupak, Bart
Sullivan, John
Sweeney, John
Tancredo, Thomas
Tanner, John
Tauscher, Ellen
Tauzin, W. J.
Taylor, Charles
Taylor, Gene
Terry, Lee
Thomas, William
Thompson, Bennie
Thompson, Mike
Thornberry, William
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Appendix B—continued
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
R
D
D
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
R
R
D
R
R
D
D
R
PA
CT
ID
MO
NY
WA
NJ
TX
MI
AR
CA
IN
SC
CA
FL
TX
OH
MI
OK
NY
CO
TN
CA
LA
NC
MS
NE
CA
MS
CA
TX
1972
2000
1998
1976
1986
1996
1980
1986
1992
1996
2000
1994
1982
1972
1988
1978
1996
1992
2002
1998
1998
1988
1996
1980
1990
1989
1998
1978
1993
1998
1994
64%
64%
55%
64%
36%
90%
64%
73%
73%
90%
45%
64%
45%
30%
60%
82%
36%
50%
67%
50%
45%
82%
91%
64%
18%
36%
80%
73%
45%
91%
82%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
32
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
Tiahrt, Todd
Tiberi, Patrick
Tierney, John
Toomey, Patrick
Towns, Edolphus
Turner, Jim
Turner, Michael
Udall, Mark
Udall, Tom
Upton, Fred
Van Hollen, Chris
Velazquez, Nydia
Visclosky, Peter
Vitter, David
Walden, Greg
Walsh, James
Wamp, Zach
Waters, Maxine
Watson, Diane
Watt, Melvin
Waxman, Henry
Weiner, Anthony David
Weldon, Curt
Weldon, Dave
Weller, Gerald
Wexler, Robert
Whitfield, Edward
Wicker, Roger
Wilson, Heather
Wilson, Joe
Wolf, Frank
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
R
R
D
R
D
D
R
D
D
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
KS
OH
MA
PA
NY
TX
OH
CO
NM
MI
MD
NY
IN
LA
OR
NY
TN
CA
CA
NC
CA
NY
PA
FL
IL
FL
KY
MS
NM
SC
VA
1994
2001
1996
1998
1982
1996
2002
1998
1998
1986
2002
1992
1984
1998
1998
1988
1994
1990
2001
1992
1974
1998
1986
1994
1994
1996
1994
1994
1998
2001
1980
64%
82%
45%
78%
67%
82%
64%
89%
55%
91%
91%
33%
55%
64%
73%
73%
55%
45%
82%
73%
60%
91%
73%
64%
73%
45%
90%
64%
82%
36%
64%
0%
100%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
continued
33
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
Woolsey, Lynn
Wu, David
Wynn, Albert
Young, C. W.
Young, Don
Cut Market Access Program
Increase Foreign Doctors
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Allow Remittances to Cuba
Allow Cuba Travel
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Oppose EU GMO Ban
Relax Computer Export Controls
Miscellaneous Tariff Reduction
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Appendix B—continued
45 219 256 361 432 436 483 484 375 413 533 368
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
D
D
D
R
R
CA
OR
MD
FL
AK
1992
1998
1992
1970
1973
30%
45%
64%
64%
45%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
34
+
-
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
100%
90%
90%
90%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Bennett, Robert
Campbell, Ben Nighthorse
Enzi, Michael
Cochran, Thad
Warner, John
Pryor, Mark
Burns, Conrad
Breaux, John
Miller, Zell
Bunning, Jim
Collins, Susan
Craig, Larry
R
R
R
R
R
D
R
D
D
R
R
R
UT
CO
WY
MS
VA
AR
MT
LA
GA
KY
ME
ID
1992
1992
1996
1978
1978
2002
1989
1972
2000
1998
1996
1990
90%
89%
89%
80%
80%
80%
78%
78%
75%
70%
70%
70%
Internationalists
0%
Crapo, Michael
0%
DeWine, Mike
0%
Gregg, Judd
0%
Lott, Trent
0%
Santorum, Rick
0%
Thomas, Craig
0%
Bayh, Evan
0%
Durbin, Richard
0%
Lincoln, Blanche
0%
Nelson, Bill
0%
Baucus, Max
0%
Lieberman, Joseph
Johnson, Tim
Leahy, Patrick
Graham, Lindsey
Shelby, Richard
Harkin, Tom
Hollings, Ernest “Fritz”
Inouye, Daniel
Akaka, Daniel
D
D
R
R
D
D
D
D
SD
VT
SC
AL
IA
SC
HI
HI
1996
1974
2002
1986
1984
1966
1962
1990
33%
33%
30%
30%
30%
30%
30%
20%
Interventionists
0%
Dayton, Mark
0%
Dorgan, Byron
0%
Edwards, John
0%
Kohl, Herbert
0%
Byrd, Robert
0%
Feingold, Russell
0%
Reid, Harry
0%
Subsidy Votes
Subsidy Votes
2002
1996
1996
1996
1999
2002
1998
1996
1976
1994
1994
1986
Barrier Votes
Barrier Votes
NH
CO
KS
KS
RI
TX
IL
NE
UT
OK
AZ
AZ
First Elected
First Elected
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
State
State
Sununu, John
Allard, Wayne
Brownback, Sam
Roberts, Pat
Chafee, Lincoln
Cornyn, John
Fitzgerald, Peter
Hagel, Chuck
Hatch, Orrin
Inhofe, James
Kyl, Jon
McCain, John
Party
Party
Appendix C: Senate Members by Category
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
OK
MO
MO
TX
IN
TN
VA
TN
KY
AK
WA
WA
1980
2002
1986
1993
1976
2002
2000
1994
1984
1968
2000
1992
80%
80%
78%
78%
78%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
ID
OH
NH
MS
PA
WY
IN
IL
AR
FL
MT
CT
1998
1994
1992
1988
1994
1994
1998
1996
1998
2000
1978
1988
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
67%
67%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
MN
ND
NC
WI
WV
WI
NV
2000
1992
1998
1988
1958
1992
1986
20%
20%
20%
20%
10%
10%
10%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Free Traders
35
Nickles, Don
Talent, Jim
Bond, Christopher
Hutchison, Kay Bailey
Lugar, Richard
Alexander, Lamar
Allen, George
Frist, William
McConnell, Mitch, Jr.
Stevens, Ted
Cantwell, Maria
Murray, Patty
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
Akaka, Daniel
Alexander, Lamar
Allard, Wayne
Allen, George
Baucus, Max
Bayh, Evan
Bennett, Robert
Biden, Joseph, Jr.
Bingaman, Jeff
Bond, Christopher
Boxer, Barbara
Breaux, John
Brownback, Sam
Bunning, Jim
Burns, Conrad
Byrd, Robert
Campbell, Ben Nighthorse
Cantwell, Maria
Carper, Thomas
Chafee, Lincoln
Chambliss, Saxby
Clinton, Hillary Rodham
Cochran, Thad
Coleman, Norm
Collins, Susan
Conrad, Kent
Cornyn, John
Corzine, Jon
Craig, Larry
Crapo, Michael
Daschle, Thomas
Dayton, Mark
DeWine, Mike
Dodd, Christopher
Dole, Elizabeth
Domenici, Pete
Dorgan, Byron
280 318
2003 2003
N
Y
D
R
R
R
D
D
R
D
D
R
D
D
R
R
R
D
R
D
D
R
R
D
R
R
R
D
R
D
R
R
D
D
R
D
R
R
D
HI
TN
CO
VA
MT
IN
UT
DE
NM
MO
CA
LA
KS
KY
MT
WV
CO
WA
DE
RI
GA
NY
MS
MN
ME
ND
TX
NJ
ID
ID
SD
MN
OH
CT
NC
NM
ND
1990
2002
1996
2000
1978
1998
1992
1972
1982
1986
1992
1972
1996
1998
1989
1958
1992
2000
2000
1999
2002
2000
1978
2002
1996
1986
2002
2000
1990
1998
1986
2000
1994
1980
2002
1972
1992
20%
70%
90%
70%
67%
70%
90%
40%
60%
78%
40%
78%
90%
70%
78%
10%
89%
70%
60%
80%
60%
56%
80%
60%
70%
50%
80%
40%
70%
70%
50%
20%
70%
40%
50%
50%
20%
0%
100%
100%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
319
2003
Y
405 443
2003 2003
N
Y
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
36
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
Byrd Amendment
Miscellaneous Tariff Cuts
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Restrict Outsourcing (table)
Restrict Federal Outsourcing
Country-of-Origin Labeling (table)
Cuba Travel Ban
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Appendix D: Individual Senate Voting Records
32
83
156 159 214 N/A
2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2003
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
Durbin, Richard
Edwards, John
Ensign, John Eric
Enzi, Michael
Feingold, Russell
Feinstein, Dianne
Fitzgerald, Peter
Frist, William
Graham, Bob
Graham, Lindsey
Grassley, Charles
Gregg, Judd
Hagel, Chuck
Harkin, Tom
Hatch, Orrin
Hollings, Ernest “Fritz”
Hutchison, Kay Bailey
Inhofe, James
Inouye, Daniel
Jeffords, James
Johnson, Tim
Kennedy, Edward
Kerry, John
Kohl, Herbert
Kyl, Jon
Landrieu, Mary
Lautenberg, Frank
Leahy, Patrick
Levin, Carl
Lieberman, Joseph
Lincoln, Blanche
Lott, Trent
Lugar, Richard
McCain, John
McConnell, Mitch, Jr.
Mikulski, Barbara
Miller, Zell
Murkowski, Lisa
280 318
2003 2003
N
Y
D
D
R
R
D
D
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
D
R
D
R
R
D
I
D
D
D
D
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
R
D
D
R
IL
NC
NV
WY
WI
CA
IL
TN
FL
SC
IA
NH
NE
IA
UT
SC
TX
OK
HI
VT
SD
MA
MA
WI
AZ
LA
NJ
VT
MI
CT
AR
MS
IN
AZ
KY
MD
GA
AK
1996
1998
2000
1996
1992
1992
1998
1994
1986
2002
1980
1992
1996
1984
1976
1966
1993
1994
1962
1988
1996
1962
1984
1988
1994
1996
2002
1974
1978
1988
1998
1988
1976
1986
1984
1986
2000
2002
70%
20%
60%
89%
10%
40%
80%
70%
50%
30%
60%
70%
80%
30%
80%
30%
78%
80%
30%
44%
33%
40%
100%
20%
80%
60%
40%
33%
60%
67%
70%
70%
78%
80%
70%
40%
75%
50%
37
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
0%
100%
0%
100%
0%
100%
0%
100%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
0%
0%
100%
+
-
319
2003
Y
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
405 443
2003 2003
N
Y
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
-
Byrd Amendment
Miscellaneous Tariff Cuts
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
32
83
156 159 214 N/A
2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2003
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
+
+
+
+
+
-
Restrict Outsourcing (table)
Restrict Federal Outsourcing
Country-of-Origin Labeling (table)
Cuba Travel Ban
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
continued
Roll call number
Year of vote
“Free-Trade” position
Murray, Patty
Nelson, Bill
Nelson, E. Benjamin
Nickles, Don
Pryor, Mark
Reed, Jack
Reid, Harry
Roberts, Pat
Rockefeller, John, IV
Santorum, Rick
Sarbanes, Paul
Schumer, Charles
Sessions, Jeff
Shelby, Richard
Smith, Gordon
Snowe, Olympia
Specter, Arlen
Stabenow, Debbie
Stevens, Ted
Sununu, John
Talent, Jim
Thomas, Craig
Voinovich, George
Warner, John
Wyden, Ron
280 318
2003 2003
N
Y
D
D
D
R
D
D
D
R
D
R
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
WA
FL
NE
OK
AR
RI
NV
KS
WV
PA
MD
NY
AL
AL
OR
ME
PA
MI
AK
NH
MO
WY
OH
VA
OR
1992
2000
2000
1980
2002
1996
1986
1996
1984
1994
1976
1998
1996
1986
1996
1994
1980
2000
1968
2002
2002
1994
1998
1978
1996
70%
70%
60%
80%
80%
40%
10%
90%
40%
70%
40%
50%
50%
30%
60%
50%
60%
60%
70%
100%
80%
70%
60%
80%
40%
100%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
319
2003
Y
405 443
2003 2003
N
Y
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
38
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
Byrd Amendment
Miscellaneous Tariff Cuts
Morocco FTA
Australia FTA
Restrict Outsourcing (table)
Restrict Federal Outsourcing
Country-of-Origin Labeling (table)
Cuba Travel Ban
Chile FTA
Singapore FTA
Burma Import Sanctions
Subsidy Votes
Barrier Votes
First Elected
State
Party
Appendix D—continued
32
83
156 159 214 N/A
2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2003
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
Member
State
Trade Barriers
Barrier Votes Cast
Trade Subsidies
Subsidy Votes Cast
Member
State
Trade Barriers
Barrier Votes Cast
Trade Subsidies
Subsidy Votes Cast
Appendix E: Individual House Voting Records Since 1993
Abercrombie, Neil
Ackerman, Gary
Aderholt, Robert
Akin, W. Todd
Allen, Thomas
Andrews, Robert
Baca, Joe
Bachus, Spencer
Baird, Brian
Baker, Richard
Baldwin, Tammy
Ballenger, Cass
Bartlett, Roscoe
Barton, Joe
Bass, Charles
Becerra, Xavier
Bereuter, Douglas
Berkley, Shelly
Berman, Howard
Berry, Marion
Biggert, Judy
Bilirakis, Michael
Bishop, Sanford, Jr.
Blumenauer, Earl
Blunt, Roy
Boehlert, Sherwood
Boehner, John
Bonilla, Henry
Bono, Mary
Boozman, John
Boswell, Leonard
Boucher, Rick
Boyd, F. Allen, Jr.
Brady, Kevin
Brady, Robert
Brown, Corrine
Brown, Henry, Jr.
Brown, Sherrod
Burr, Richard
Burton, Dan
Buyer, Steve
Calvert, Ken
Camp, Dave
Cannon, Chris
Cantor, Eric
Capito, Shelly Moore
Capps, Lois
HI
NY
AL
MO
ME
NJ
CA
AL
WA
LA
WI
NC
MD
TX
NH
CA
NE
NV
CA
AR
IL
FL
GA
OR
MO
NY
OH
TX
CA
AR
IA
VA
FL
TX
PA
FL
SC
OH
NC
IN
IN
CA
MI
UT
VA
WV
CA
34%
50%
31%
55%
63%
24%
41%
63%
68%
71%
39%
66%
34%
60%
78%
68%
84%
46%
71%
56%
94%
39%
53%
76%
70%
74%
71%
73%
80%
88%
71%
50%
61%
83%
39%
31%
68%
26%
51%
34%
54%
66%
79%
70%
73%
45%
64%
38
36
36
22
35
38
22
38
31
38
31
38
38
35
36
38
37
28
35
36
31
38
38
34
33
38
38
37
35
17
35
38
36
36
31
36
22
38
35
32
37
38
38
33
22
22
36
18%
22%
12%
50%
18%
67%
13%
63%
15%
12%
58%
6%
72%
6%
83%
11%
12%
38%
33%
0%
38%
39%
11%
29%
12%
17%
12%
11%
28%
0%
18%
11%
0%
6%
15%
6%
25%
65%
24%
79%
24%
11%
17%
31%
25%
13%
18%
17
18
17
8
17
18
8
16
13
17
12
18
18
17
18
18
17
13
18
17
13
18
18
17
17
18
17
18
18
3
17
18
17
17
13
18
8
17
17
14
17
18
18
16
8
8
17
Capuano, Michael
Cardin, Benjamin
Carson, Brad
Carson, Julia
Castle, Michael
Chabot, Steve
Clay, William, Jr.
Clyburn, James
Coble, Howard
Collins, Michael
Conyers, John, Jr.
Costello, Jerry
Cox, Christopher
Cramer, Robert, Jr.
Crane, Philip
Crenshaw, Ander
Crowley, Joseph
Cubin, Barbara
Culberson, John Abney
Cummings, Elijah
Cunningham, Randy
Davis, Danny
Davis, Jim
Davis, Jo Ann
Davis, Susan
Davis, Thomas, III
Deal, Nathan
DeFazio, Peter
DeGette, Diana
Delahunt, William
DeLauro, Rosa
DeLay, Tom
DeMint, Jim
Deutsch, Peter
Diaz-Balart, Lincoln
Dicks, Norman
Dingell, John
Doggett, Lloyd
Dooley, Calvin
Doolittle, John
Doyle, Michael
Dreier, David
Duncan, John, Jr.
Dunn, Jennifer
Edwards, Chet
Ehlers, Vernon
Emerson, Jo Ann
MA
MD
OK
IN
DE
OH
MO
SC
NC
GA
MI
IL
CA
AL
IL
FL
NY
WY
TX
MD
CA
IL
FL
VA
CA
VA
GA
OR
CO
MA
CT
TX
SC
FL
FL
WA
MI
TX
CA
CA
PA
CA
TN
WA
TX
MI
MO
45%
58%
73%
42%
79%
61%
46%
39%
32%
43%
46%
34%
61%
63%
79%
59%
65%
65%
64%
47%
66%
42%
69%
32%
82%
71%
32%
25%
67%
35%
42%
74%
74%
39%
41%
84%
50%
61%
92%
50%
44%
79%
18%
78%
73%
83%
70%
31
38
22
33
38
36
35
38
38
35
35
38
38
38
38
22
31
31
22
34
38
36
36
22
22
34
37
36
36
34
38
35
31
38
37
38
38
36
37
34
36
38
38
36
37
36
33
25%
28%
0%
12%
39%
94%
22%
6%
65%
59%
71%
28%
94%
11%
82%
0%
23%
28%
88%
18%
33%
29%
12%
50%
63%
39%
33%
56%
31%
31%
22%
61%
85%
29%
22%
6%
6%
44%
11%
61%
39%
28%
100%
22%
17%
39%
17%
12
18
7
17
18
18
18
18
17
17
17
18
17
18
17
8
13
18
8
17
18
17
17
8
8
18
18
18
16
16
18
18
13
17
18
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
17
18
18
18
18
continued
39
Barrier Votes Cast
Trade Subsidies
Subsidy Votes Cast
12%
28%
29%
0%
28%
22%
28%
18%
75%
12%
100%
17%
22%
38%
0%
53%
38%
44%
6%
18%
12%
47%
13%
28%
0%
47%
33%
11%
39%
6%
0%
6%
31%
28%
28%
29%
17%
25%
25%
80%
6%
18%
31%
89%
78%
24%
0%
Trade Barriers
37
37
37
36
38
36
38
36
22
38
21
27
37
22
35
33
36
36
37
38
30
35
37
38
31
36
38
37
35
36
20
37
31
36
37
34
38
25
22
11
36
35
31
32
38
37
31
State
Barrier Votes Cast
27%
70%
78%
69%
34%
39%
58%
50%
59%
45%
95%
74%
65%
64%
69%
70%
36%
67%
57%
58%
20%
46%
78%
63%
81%
6%
71%
57%
69%
72%
85%
27%
55%
83%
27%
59%
66%
68%
59%
82%
31%
71%
29%
56%
37%
86%
81%
Member
Trade Barriers
NY
PA
CA
NC
IL
AL
CA
PA
NJ
CA
AZ
KY
FL
VA
TN
NY
MA
NJ
TX
CA
MO
NV
MD
OH
TX
VA
VA
TN
FL
TX
MO
TX
WI
PA
IL
MN
TX
CA
PA
IL
FL
WA
NC
AZ
CO
CA
IN
Subsidy Votes Cast
State
Engel, Eliot
English, Philip
Eshoo, Anna
Etheridge, Bob
Evans, Lane
Everett, Terry
Farr, Sam
Fattah, Chaka
Ferguson, Michael
Filner, Bob
Flake, Jeff
Fletcher, Ernest
Foley, Mark
Forbes, J. Randy
Ford, Harold, Jr.
Fossella, Vito
Frank, Barney
Frelinghuysen, Rodney
Frost, Martin
Gallegly, Elton
Gephardt, Richard
Gibbons, James
Gilchrest, Wayne
Gillmor, Paul
Gonzalez, Charles
Goode, Virgil, Jr.
Goodlatte, Bob
Gordon, Bart
Goss, Porter
Granger, Kay
Graves, Samuel
Green, Gene
Green, Mark
Greenwood, James
Gutierrez, Luis
Gutknecht, Gil
Hall, Ralph
Harman, Jane
Hart, Melissa
Hastert, J. Dennis
Hastings, Alcee
Hastings, Doc
Hayes, Robin
Hayworth, J. D.
Hefley, Joel
Herger, Wally
Hill, Baron
Trade Subsidies
Member
Appendix E—continued
17
18
17
17
18
18
18
17
8
17
8
12
18
8
16
17
16
18
17
17
17
15
16
18
13
17
18
18
18
17
8
18
13
18
18
17
18
12
8
5
18
17
13
18
18
17
13
Hinchey, Maurice
Hinojosa, Ruben
Hobson, David
Hoeffel, Joseph, III
Hoekstra, Peter
Holden, Tim
Holt, Rush
Honda, Michael
Hooley, Darlene
Hostettler, John
Houghton, Amory, Jr.
Hoyer, Steny
Hulshof, Kenny
Hunter, Duncan
Hyde, Henry
Inslee, Jay
Isakson, John
Israel, Steven
Issa, Darrell
Istook, Ernest, Jr.
Jackson, Jesse, Jr.
Jackson-Lee, Sheila
Jefferson, William
Jenkins, William
John, Christopher
Johnson, Eddie Bernice
Johnson, Nancy
Johnson, Sam
Johnson, Timothy
Jones, Stephanie Tubbs
Jones, Walter, Jr.
Kanjorski, Paul
Kaptur, Marcy
Keller, Richard
Kelly, Sue
Kennedy, Mark
Kennedy, Patrick
Kildee, Dale
Kilpatrick, Carolyn
Kind, Ron
King, Peter
Kingston, Jack
Kirk, Mark Steven
Kleczka, Gerald
Knollenberg, Joseph
Kolbe, Jim
Kucinich, Dennis
NY
TX
OH
PA
MI
PA
NJ
CA
OR
IN
NY
MD
MO
CA
IL
WA
GA
NY
CA
OK
IL
TX
LA
TN
LA
TX
CT
TX
IL
OH
NC
PA
OH
FL
NY
MN
RI
MI
MI
WI
NY
GA
IL
WI
MI
AZ
OH
35%
80%
58%
60%
56%
39%
58%
55%
67%
37%
83%
59%
75%
16%
59%
81%
70%
73%
81%
59%
33%
55%
83%
46%
76%
72%
92%
66%
82%
52%
11%
45%
25%
75%
58%
73%
17%
29%
44%
74%
50%
45%
60%
44%
81%
89%
27%
37
35
38
30
36
38
31
22
36
35
36
37
36
37
37
31
30
22
21
37
36
31
35
35
34
36
37
38
22
29
36
38
36
20
36
22
35
38
34
35
38
38
20
36
36
38
33
35%
0%
39%
31%
94%
28%
38%
38%
6%
89%
7%
6%
18%
50%
28%
15%
8%
38%
25%
80%
33%
8%
6%
6%
0%
6%
35%
22%
0%
25%
50%
39%
44%
38%
33%
0%
28%
11%
0%
41%
22%
44%
50%
28%
11%
28%
59%
17
17
18
13
18
18
13
8
17
18
14
18
17
18
18
13
12
8
8
15
18
13
16
17
16
18
17
18
8
12
18
18
18
8
18
8
18
18
15
17
18
18
8
18
18
18
17
40
Trade Barriers
Barrier Votes Cast
Trade Subsidies
Subsidy Votes Cast
Member
State
Trade Barriers
Barrier Votes Cast
Trade Subsidies
Subsidy Votes Cast
State
Member
LaHood, Ray
IL
Lampson, Nicholas
TX
Langevin, James
RI
Lantos, Tom
CA
Larsen, Richard
WA
Larson, John
CT
Latham, Tom
IA
LaTourette, Steven
OH
Leach, James
IA
Lee, Barbara
CA
Levin, Sander
MI
Lewis, Jerry
CA
Lewis, John
GA
Lewis, Ron
KY
Linder, John
GA
Lipinski, William
IL
LoBiondo, Frank
NJ
Lofgren, Zoe
CA
Lowey, Nita
NY
Lucas, Frank
OK
Lucas, Kenneth
KY
Lynch, Stephen
MA
Maloney, Carolyn
NY
Manzullo, Donald
IL
Markey, Edward
MA
Matheson, James
UT
Matsui, Robert
CA
McCarthy, Carolyn
NY
McCarthy, Karen
MO
McCollum, Betty
MN
McDermott, Jim
WA
McGovern, James
MA
McHugh, John
NY
McInnis, Scott
CO
McIntyre, Mike
NC
McKeon, Howard
CA
McNulty, Michael
NY
Meehan, Martin
MA
Meek, Carrie
FL
Meeks, Gregory
NY
Menendez, Robert
NJ
Mica, John
FL
Millender-McDonald, JuanitaCA
Miller, Gary
CA
Miller, George
CA
Miller, Jeff
FL
Mollohan, Alan
WV
83%
61%
48%
34%
77%
52%
89%
63%
86%
42%
66%
67%
41%
62%
76%
17%
22%
74%
70%
58%
71%
56%
61%
86%
42%
82%
76%
54%
61%
45%
72%
57%
38%
64%
29%
71%
47%
74%
47%
75%
35%
53%
53%
68%
32%
58%
31%
36
36
21
35
22
29
36
35
36
36
38
36
37
37
38
36
36
35
37
36
31
18
38
37
38
22
38
35
36
22
36
35
37
36
35
38
36
34
36
28
37
38
34
31
37
19
35
11%
0%
50%
33%
0%
23%
12%
22%
17%
25%
0%
12%
29%
17%
72%
56%
72%
22%
22%
17%
8%
0%
33%
44%
44%
25%
11%
24%
12%
13%
27%
18%
28%
72%
35%
22%
27%
44%
6%
15%
17%
44%
7%
38%
44%
100%
23%
18
17
8
15
7
13
17
18
18
16
18
17
17
18
18
16
18
18
18
18
13
3
18
18
18
8
18
17
17
8
15
17
18
18
17
18
15
16
18
13
18
18
15
13
18
3
13
Moore, Dennis
Moran, James
Moran, Jerry
Murtha, John
Myrick, Sue
Nadler, Jerrold
Napolitano, Grace
Neal, Richard
Nethercutt, George, Jr.
Ney, Robert
Northup, Anne
Norwood, Charles
Nussle, Jim
Oberstar, James
Obey, David
Olver, John
Ortiz, Solomon
Osborne, Thomas
Ose, Doug
Otter, C. L.
Owens, Major R.
Oxley, Michael
Pallone, Frank, Jr.
Pascrell, William, Jr.
Pastor, Ed
Paul, Ron
Payne, Donald
Pelosi, Nancy
Pence, Mike
Peterson, Collin
Peterson, John
Petri, Thomas
Pickering, Charles, Jr.
Pitts, Joseph
Platts, Todd
Pombo, Richard
Pomeroy, Earl
Portman, Rob
Price, David
Pryce, Deborah
Putnam, Adam
Quinn, Jack
Radanovich, George
Rahall, Nick, III
Ramstad, Jim
Rangel, Charles
Regula, Ralph
KS
VA
KS
PA
NC
NY
CA
MA
WA
OH
KY
GA
IA
MN
WI
MA
TX
NE
CA
ID
NY
OH
NJ
NJ
AZ
TX
NJ
CA
IN
MN
PA
WI
MS
PA
PA
CA
ND
OH
NC
OH
FL
NY
CA
WV
MN
NY
OH
84%
87%
78%
39%
61%
34%
61%
66%
81%
50%
75%
17%
82%
41%
28%
43%
68%
86%
74%
86%
35%
81%
18%
17%
61%
63%
32%
58%
68%
47%
79%
71%
58%
71%
67%
34%
63%
74%
72%
71%
62%
33%
67%
37%
92%
68%
53%
31
38
36
36
33
38
31
38
36
36
36
35
38
37
36
37
37
22
31
22
37
36
38
36
36
35
37
36
22
36
34
38
36
34
21
38
38
38
36
35
21
33
36
38
38
34
38
23%
39%
18%
19%
72%
44%
15%
24%
17%
47%
18%
33%
6%
11%
28%
18%
6%
0%
0%
25%
53%
11%
33%
59%
6%
100%
22%
11%
50%
28%
23%
83%
13%
53%
50%
44%
6%
50%
0%
50%
0%
28%
22%
17%
67%
22%
22%
13
18
17
16
18
18
13
17
18
17
17
18
18
18
18
17
17
8
13
8
17
18
18
17
18
16
18
18
8
18
13
18
16
17
8
18
18
18
17
16
8
18
18
18
18
18
18
continued
41
State
Trade Barriers
Barrier Votes Cast
Trade Subsidies
Subsidy Votes Cast
0%
0%
15%
0%
17%
13%
100%
20%
0%
29%
6%
100%
22%
31%
47%
0%
18%
61%
0%
29%
31%
25%
50%
11%
89%
13%
24%
100%
39%
56%
24%
33%
18%
41%
38%
8%
6%
35%
25%
44%
18%
67%
6%
25%
44%
6%
60%
Member
22
36
31
36
38
22
38
36
22
35
37
38
38
31
36
38
33
37
36
36
30
22
22
38
38
33
35
36
38
38
36
31
36
37
22
31
38
36
32
38
38
38
35
22
36
38
37
Subsidy Votes Cast
77%
56%
74%
58%
39%
59%
29%
33%
45%
14%
54%
47%
45%
84%
69%
39%
42%
24%
61%
50%
43%
64%
68%
50%
45%
55%
74%
69%
68%
84%
42%
68%
81%
57%
59%
71%
61%
44%
78%
26%
68%
74%
80%
41%
39%
32%
30%
Trade Subsidies
Barrier Votes Cast
Rehberg, Dennis
MT
Reyes, Silvestre
TX
Reynolds, Thomas
NY
Rodriguez, Ciro
TX
Rogers, Harold
KY
Rogers, Michael
MI
Rohrabacher, Dana
CA
Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana
FL
Ross, Michael
AR
Rothman, Steven
NJ
Roybal-Allard, Lucille
CA
Royce, Edward
CA
Rush, Bobby
IL
Ryan, Paul
WI
Ryun, Jim
KS
Sabo, Martin Olav
MN
Sanchez, Loretta
CA
Sanders, Bernard
VT
Sandlin, Max, Jr.
TX
Saxton, Jim
NJ
Schakowsky, Janice
IL
Schiff, Adam
CA
Schrock, Edward
VA
Scott, Robert
VA
Sensenbrenner, F. James, Jr. WI
Serrano, Jose
NY
Sessions, Pete
TX
Shadegg, John
AZ
Shaw, E. Clay, Jr.
FL
Shays, Christopher
CT
Sherman, Bradley
CA
Sherwood, Don
PA
Shimkus, John
IL
Shuster, Bill
PA
Simmons, Robert
CT
Simpson, Michael
ID
Skelton, Ike
MO
Slaughter, Louise McIntosh NY
Smith, Adam
WA
Smith, Christopher
NJ
Smith, Lamar
TX
Smith, Nick
MI
Snyder, Vic
AR
Solis, Hilda
CA
Souder, Mark
IN
Spratt, John, Jr.
SC
Stark, Fortney
CA
Trade Barriers
State
Member
Appendix E—continued
8
14
13
17
18
8
18
15
8
17
17
18
18
13
17
18
17
18
17
17
13
8
8
18
18
16
17
18
18
18
17
12
17
17
8
13
18
17
16
18
17
18
17
8
18
18
15
Stearns, Clifford
Stenholm, Charles
Strickland, Ted
Stupak, Bart
Sullivan, John
Sweeney, John
Tancredo, Thomas
Tanner, John
Tauscher, Ellen
Tauzin, W. J.
Taylor, Charles
Taylor, Gene
Terry, Lee
Thomas, William
Thompson, Bennie
Thompson, Mike
Thornberry, William
Tiahrt, Todd
Tiberi, Patrick
Tierney, John
Toomey, Patrick
Towns, Edolphus
Turner, Jim
Udall, Mark
Udall, Tom
Upton, Fred
Velazquez, Nydia
Visclosky, Peter
Vitter, David
Walden, Greg
Walsh, James
Wamp, Zach
Waters, Maxine
Watson, Diane
Watt, Melvin
Waxman, Henry
Weiner, Anthony David
Weldon, Curt
Weldon, Dave
Weller, Gerald
Wexler, Robert
Whitfield, Edward
Wicker, Roger
Wilson, Heather
Wilson, Joe
Wolf, Frank
Woolsey, Lynn
FL
TX
OH
MI
OK
NY
CO
TN
CA
LA
NC
MS
NE
CA
MS
CA
TX
KS
OH
MA
PA
NY
TX
CO
NM
MI
NY
IN
LA
OR
NY
TN
CA
CA
NC
CA
NY
PA
FL
IL
FL
KY
MS
NM
SC
VA
CA
32%
82%
28%
31%
64%
57%
39%
82%
78%
61%
19%
24%
83%
74%
37%
74%
78%
67%
82%
36%
76%
50%
64%
55%
43%
84%
34%
38%
70%
71%
58%
36%
43%
55%
53%
50%
74%
59%
43%
68%
34%
71%
64%
81%
38%
42%
30%
34
38
36
36
14
28
31
38
36
38
37
38
30
38
35
31
36
36
22
36
29
36
36
29
30
38
35
37
30
31
38
36
37
22
38
36
31
37
35
34
35
35
36
31
16
38
37
72%
6%
41%
50%
50%
8%
92%
6%
24%
11%
19%
39%
31%
11%
6%
0%
17%
33%
50%
59%
77%
17%
12%
31%
15%
28%
39%
38%
8%
8%
6%
94%
19%
13%
11%
40%
46%
31%
22%
17%
0%
22%
11%
0%
33%
33%
33%
18
17
17
18
2
13
13
18
17
18
16
18
13
18
16
13
18
18
8
17
13
18
17
13
13
18
18
16
12
13
18
18
16
8
18
15
13
16
18
18
15
18
18
13
3
18
18
42
Subsidy Votes Cast
Member
13
18
Young, C. W.
Young, Don
43
Subsidy Votes Cast
Trade Subsidies
15%
6%
Trade Subsidies
Barrier Votes Cast
31
37
Barrier Votes Cast
Trade Barriers
39%
49%
Trade Barriers
State
OR
MD
State
Member
Wu, David
Wynn, Albert
FL
AK
58%
24%
36
34
33%
15%
18
13
Trade Barriers
Barrier Votes Cast
Trade Subsidies
Subsidy Votes Cast
Member
State
Trade Barriers
Barrier Votes Cast
Trade Subsidies
Subsidy Votes Cast
Akaka, Daniel
Allard, Wayne
Allen, George
Baucus, Max
Bayh, Evan
Bennett, Robert
Biden, Joseph, Jr.
Bingaman, Jeff
Bond, Christopher
Boxer, Barbara
Breaux, John
Brownback, Sam
Bunning, Jim
Burns, Conrad
Byrd, Robert
Campbell, Ben Nighthorse
Cantwell, Maria
Carper, Thomas
Chafee, Lincoln
Clinton, Hillary Rodham
Cochran, Thad
Collins, Susan
Conrad, Kent
Corzine, Jon
Craig, Larry
Crapo, Michael
Daschle, Thomas
Dayton, Mark
DeWine, Mike
Dodd, Christopher
Domenici, Pete
Dorgan, Byron
Durbin, Richard
Edwards, John
Ensign, John Eric
Enzi, Michael
Feingold, Russell
Feinstein, Dianne
Fitzgerald, Peter
Frist, William
Graham, Bob
Grassley, Charles
Gregg, Judd
Hagel, Chuck
Harkin, Tom
State
Member
Appendix F: Individual Senate Voting Records Since 1993
HI
CO
VA
MT
IN
UT
DE
NM
MO
CA
LA
KS
KY
MT
WV
CO
WA
DE
RI
NY
MS
ME
ND
NJ
ID
ID
SD
MN
OH
CT
NM
ND
IL
NC
NV
WY
WI
CA
IL
TN
FL
IA
NH
NE
IA
37%
89%
78%
78%
58%
84%
61%
68%
89%
37%
81%
94%
53%
63%
21%
46%
61%
56%
88%
35%
84%
53%
47%
28%
71%
76%
63%
22%
69%
54%
79%
32%
50%
32%
72%
85%
18%
64%
88%
89%
64%
79%
80%
89%
45%
35
36
18
37
33
38
38
37
36
38
37
34
32
35
38
37
18
18
26
17
38
36
38
18
38
33
38
18
36
37
34
37
36
28
18
34
38
36
33
35
36
38
35
36
38
0%
75%
40%
11%
20%
38%
38%
33%
33%
22%
11%
88%
60%
25%
22%
44%
40%
40%
100%
20%
22%
50%
11%
80%
44%
40%
11%
20%
78%
22%
29%
22%
13%
0%
100%
38%
67%
33%
60%
44%
33%
44%
78%
50%
11%
9
8
5
9
5
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
5
8
9
9
5
5
6
5
9
8
9
5
9
5
9
5
9
9
7
9
8
5
5
8
9
9
5
9
9
9
9
8
9
Hatch, Orrin
Hollings, Ernest “Fritz”
Hutchison, Kay Bailey
Inhofe, James
Inouye, Daniel
Jeffords, James
Johnson, Tim
Kennedy, Edward
Kerry, John
Kohl, Herbert
Kyl, Jon
Landrieu, Mary
Leahy, Patrick
Levin, Carl
Lieberman, Joseph
Lincoln, Blanche
Lott, Trent
Lugar, Richard
McCain, John
McConnell, Mitch, Jr.
Mikulski, Barbara
Miller, Zell
Murkowski, Frank
Murray, Patty
Nelson, Ben
Nelson, Bill
Nickles, Don
Reed, Jack
Reid, Harry
Roberts, Pat
Rockefeller, John, IV
Santorum, Rick
Sarbanes, Paul
Schumer, Charles
Sessions, Jeff
Shelby, Richard
Smith, Gordon
Snowe, Olympia
Specter, Arlen
Stabenow, Debbie
Stevens, Ted
Thomas, Craig
Voinovich, George
Warner, John
Wyden, Ron
UT
SC
TX
OK
HI
VT
SD
MA
MA
WI
AZ
LA
VT
MI
CT
AR
MS
IN
AZ
KY
MD
GA
AK
WA
NE
FL
OK
RI
NV
KS
WV
PA
MD
NY
AL
AL
OR
ME
PA
MI
AK
WY
OH
VA
OR
76%
16%
81%
61%
52%
56%
43%
42%
72%
49%
78%
75%
32%
42%
67%
76%
74%
95%
85%
79%
39%
87%
76%
68%
72%
50%
89%
39%
24%
92%
49%
81%
37%
55%
46%
44%
72%
39%
63%
39%
70%
83%
84%
84%
58%
38
38
37
36
33
36
35
33
29
37
36
36
37
38
30
33
38
37
33
38
38
15
38
38
18
18
38
36
38
36
37
36
38
33
35
36
36
36
38
18
37
36
32
37
36
56%
22%
44%
56%
22%
11%
25%
33%
22%
44%
89%
0%
11%
11%
22%
20%
33%
78%
75%
56%
22%
0%
44%
33%
20%
20%
100%
38%
33%
63%
22%
56%
22%
40%
25%
11%
38%
33%
44%
20%
44%
56%
80%
33%
33%
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
5
9
9
8
9
9
5
9
9
5
5
9
8
9
8
9
9
9
5
8
9
8
9
9
5
9
9
5
9
9
44
11. See Daniel J. Ikenson, “Uncool Rules: Second
Thoughts on Mandatory Country of Origin
Labeling,” Cato Free Trade Bulletin no. 7, January
16, 2004; and Bailey, especially the section on
labeling, pp. 10–12.
Notes
1. See, for example, a 2001 study by economists
at the University of Michigan and Tufts University that estimated that elimination of the remaining global barriers to trade in services and
industrial and agricultural products would raise
world welfare by $1.9 trillion, including a boost
to the U.S. economy of $537 billion, or 5.9 percent of U.S. gross domestic product. Drusilla K.
Brown, Alan V. Deardorff, and Robert M. Stern,
“CGE Modeling and Analysis of Multilateral
and Regional Negotiating Options,” Discussion
Paper Series 2001-08, Tufts University, January
23, 2001, p. 17, http://ase.tufts.edu/econ/papers
/200108.pdf.
12. See Brink Lindsey, “Job Losses and Trade: A
Reality Check,” Cato Institute Trade Briefing Paper
no. 19, March 17, 2004; and Daniel Griswold,
“Out-source, Outsource, and Outsource Some
More,” National Review, May 4, 2004, pp. 36–38.
13. See Griswold, “Free Trade Agreements:
Steppingstones to a More Open World.”
14. Ibid.
2. U.S. International Trade Commission, The
Economic Effects of Significant U.S. Import Restraints:
Fourth Update 2004, USITC Investigation no. 332325, Publication 3701, June 2004, pp. xvi–xviii.
15. See Dan Ikenson, “Byrdening Relations: U.S.
Trade Policies Continue to Flout the Rules,” Cato
Institute Free Trade Bulletin no. 5, January 13,
2004; and Brink Lindsey and Daniel J. Ikenson,
Antidumping Exposed: The Devilish Details of Unfair
Trade Law (Washington: Cato Institute, 2003).
3. See Aaron Lukas and Ian Vásquez, “Rethinking
the Export-Import Bank,” Cato Institute Trade
Briefing Paper no. 15, March 12, 2002.
16. Another 232 House members compiled
records that were not consistent in opposing or
supporting trade barriers or subsidies.
4. James K. Jackson, “Export-Import Bank: Background and Legislative Issues,” Congressional
Research Service Report for Congress 98-568E,
January 19, 2001, p. 5.
17. Another 36 senators compiled records that
were not consistent in opposing or supporting
trade barriers or subsidies.
18. The previous studies were Daniel T. Griswold,
“Free Trade, Free Markets: Rating the 105th
Congress,” Cato Institute Trade Policy Analysis no. 6,
February 3, 1999; Daniel T. Griswold, “Free Trade,
Free Markets: Rating the 106th Congress,” Cato
Institute Trade Policy Analysis no. 13, March 26,
2001; and Daniel T. Griswold, “Free Trade, Free
Markets: Rating the 107th Congress,” Cato Institute
Trade Policy Analysis no. 22, January 30, 2003.
5. See Public Law 108-429. The Liberty Bell replica is addressed in Section 1502.
6. See Ronald Bailey, “The Looming Trade War
over Plant Biotechnology,” Cato Institute Trade
Policy Analysis no. 18, August 1, 2002, especially
the section on labeling, pp. 10–12.
7. See Daniel Griswold, “Going Alone on
Sanctions Hurts U.S. More Than Foes,” Cato
Institute, November 27, 2000, www.freetrade.org/
pubs/articles/dg-11-27-00.html.
19. United Stockgrowers of America, “Candidate
Survey: Ken Salazar,” October 29, 2004, www.rcalfusa.com/ken_salazar.htm.
8. See Daniel T. Griswold, “Free Trade Agreements: Steppingstones to a More Open World,”
Cato Trade Briefing Paper no. 18, July 10, 2003.
20. Mel Martinez for Senate, “Promoting Free and
Fair Trade,” www.melforsenate.org.
9. Ibid.
21. Illinois Senate Race—2004, “Barack Obama:
The Issues,” www.ilsenate.com/issues.asp?ID=17.
10. For various articles and studies on the U.S.
embargo against Cuba, see the Cato Institute’s
Center for Trade Policy Studies, www.freetrade.
org/issues/cuba.html.
22. On the Issues, “Barack Obama on Free Trade,”
ontheissues.org/International/Barack_Obama_F
ree_Trade.htm.
45
Trade Briefing Papers from the Cato Institute
“Nonmarket Nonsense: U.S. Antidumping Policy toward China” by Daniel Ikenson (no. 22, March 7, 2005)
“The Case for CAFTA: Consolidating Central America’s Freedom Revolution” by Daniel Griswold and Daniel Ikenson (no.
21, September 21, 2004)
“Ready to Compete: Completing the Steel Industry’s Rehabilitation” by Dan Ikenson (no. 20, June 22, 2004)
“Job Losses and Trade: A Reality Check” by Brink Lindsey (no. 19, March 17, 2004)
“Free-Trade Agreements: Steppingstones to a More Open World” by Daniel T. Griswold (no. 18, July 10, 2003)
“Ending the “Chicken War”: The Case for Abolishing the 25 Percent Truck Tariff ” by Dan Ikenson (no. 17, June 18, 2003)
“Grounds for Complaint? Understanding the ‘Coffee Crisis’” by Brink Lindsey (no. 16, May 6, 2003)
“Rethinking the Export-Import Bank” by Aaron Lukas and Ian Vásquez (no. 15, March 12, 2002)
“Steel Trap: How Subsidies and Protectionism Weaken the U.S. Steel Industry” by Dan Ikenson (no. 14, March 1, 2002)
“America’s Bittersweet Sugar Policy” by Mark A. Groombridge (no. 13, December 4, 2001)
“Missing the Target: The Failure of the Helms-Burton Act” by Mark A. Groombridge (no. 12, June 5, 2001)
“The Case for Open Capital Markets” by Robert Krol (no. 11, March 15, 2001)
“WTO Report Card III: Globalization and Developing Countries” by Aaron Lukas (no. 10, June 20, 2000)
“WTO Report Card II: An Exercise or Surrender of U.S. Sovereignty?” by William H. Lash III and Daniel T. Griswold (no.
9, May 4, 2000)
“WTO Report Card: America’s Economic Stake in Open Trade” by Daniel T. Griswold (no. 8, April 3, 2000)
“The H-1B Straitjacket: Why Congress Should Repeal the Cap on Foreign-Born Highly Skilled Workers” by Suzette Brooks
Masters and Ted Ruthizer (no. 7, March 3, 2000)
“Trade, Jobs, and Manufacturing: Why (Almost All) U.S. Workers Should Welcome Imports” by Daniel T. Griswold (no. 6,
September 30, 1999)
“Trade and the Transformation of China: The Case for Normal Trade Relations” by Daniel T. Griswold, Ned Graham, Robert
Kapp, and Nicholas Lardy (no. 5, July 19, 1999)
“The Steel ‘Crisis’ and the Costs of Protectionism” by Brink Lindsey, Daniel T. Griswold, and Aaron Lukas (no. 4, April 16,
1999)
“State and Local Sanctions Fail Constitutional Test” by David R. Schmahmann and James S. Finch (no. 3, August 6, 1998)
“Free Trade and Human Rights: The Moral Case for Engagement” by Robert A. Sirico (no. 2, July 17, 1998)
“The Blessings of Free Trade” by James K. Glassman (no. 1, May 1, 1998)
Trade Policy Analysis Papers from the Cato Institute
“Protection without Protectionism: Reconciling Trade and Homeland Security” by Aaron Lukas (no. 27, April 8, 2004)
“Trading Tyranny for Freedom: How Open Markets Till the Soil for Democracy” by Daniel T. Griswold (no. 26, January 6, 2004)
“Threadbare Excuses: The Textile Industry’s Campaign to Preserve Import Restraints” by Dan Ikenson (no. 25, October 15, 2003)
“The Trade Front: Combating Terrorism with Open Markets” by Brink Lindsey (no. 24, August 5, 2003)
“Whither the WTO? A Progress Report on the Doha Round” by Razeen Sally (no. 23, March 3, 2003)
“Free Trade, Free Markets: Rating the 107th Congress” by Daniel T. Griswold (no. 22, January 30, 2003)
“Reforming the Antidumping Agreement: A Road Map for WTO Negotiations” by Brink Lindsey and Dan Ikenson (no. 21,
December 11, 2002)
“Antidumping 101: The Devilish Details of ‘Unfair Trade’ Law” by Brink Lindsey and Dan Ikenson (no. 20, November 21, 2002)
“Willing Workers: Fixing the Problem of Illegal Mexican Migration to the United States” by Daniel T. Griswold (no. 19, October 15,
2002)
“The Looming Trade War over Plant Biotechnology” by Ronald Bailey (no. 18, August 1, 2002)
“Safety Valve or Flash Point? The Worsening Conflict between U.S. Trade Laws and WTO Rules” by Lewis E. Leibowitz (no. 17,
November 6, 2001)
“Safe Harbor or Stormy Waters? Living with the EU Data Protection Directive” by Aaron Lukas (no. 16, October 30, 2001)
“Trade, Labor, and the Environment: How Blue and Green Sanctions Threaten Higher Standards” by Daniel T. Griswold (no. 15,
August 2, 2001)
“Coming Home to Roost: Proliferating Antidumping Laws and the Growing Threat to U.S. Exports” by Brink Lindsey and Dan
Ikenson (no. 14, July 30, 2001)
“Free Trade, Free Markets: Rating the 106th Congress” by Daniel T. Griswold (no. 13, March 26, 2001)
“America’s Record Trade Deficit: A Symbol of Economic Strength” by Daniel T. Griswold (no. 12, February 9, 2001)
“Nailing the Homeowner: The Economic Impact of Trade Protection of the Softwood Lumber Industry” by Brink Linsey,
Mark A. Groombridge, and Prakash Loungani (no. 11, July 6, 2000)
“China’s Long March to a Market Economy: The Case for Permanent Normal Trade Relations with the People’s Republic of
China” by Mark A. Groombridge (no. 10, April 24, 2000)
“Tax Bytes: A Primer on the Taxation of Electronic Commerce” by Aaron Lukas (no. 9, December 17, 1999)
“Seattle and Beyond: A WTO Agenda for the New Millennium” by Brink Lindsey, Daniel T. Griswold, Mark A.
Groombridge, and Aaron Lukas (no. 8, November 4, 1999)
“The U.S. Antidumping Law: Rhetoric versus Reality” by Brink Lindsey (no. 7, August 16, 1999)
“Free Trade, Free Markets: Rating the 105th Congress” by Daniel T. Griswold (no. 6, February 3, 1999)
CENTER FOR TRADE POLICY STUDIES
Board of Advisers
Jagdish Bhagwati
Columbia University
Donald J. Boudreaux
George Mason University
James K. Glassman
American Enterprise
Institute
Douglas A. Irwin
Dartmouth College
Lawrence Kudlow
Kudlow & Co.
José Piñera
International Center for
Pension Reform
Russell Roberts
George Mason University
Razeen Sally
London School of
Economics
George P. Shultz
Hoover Institution
Clayton Yeutter
Former U.S. Trade
Representative
T
he mission of the Cato Institute’s Center for Trade Policy Studies is to increase public
understanding of the benefits of free trade and the costs of protectionism. The center
publishes briefing papers, policy analyses, and books and hosts frequent policy forums and
conferences on the full range of trade policy issues.
Scholars at the Cato trade policy center recognize that open markets mean wider choices
and lower prices for businesses and consumers, as well as more vigorous competition that
encourages greater productivity and innovation. Those benefits are available to any country
that adopts free-trade policies; they are not contingent upon “fair trade” or a “level playing
field” in other countries. Moreover, the case for free trade goes beyond economic efficiency.
The freedom to trade is a basic human liberty, and its exercise across political borders unites
people in peaceful cooperation and mutual prosperity.
The center is part of the Cato Institute, an independent policy research organization in
Washington, D.C. The Cato Institute pursues a broad-based research program rooted in the
traditional American principles of individual liberty and limited government.
For more information on the Center for Trade Policy Studies,
visit www.freetrade.org.
Other Trade Studies from the Cato Institute
“Nonmarket Nonsense: U.S. Antidumping Policy toward China” by Daniel Ikenson, Trade
Briefing Paper no. 22 (March 7, 2005)
“The Case for CAFTA: Consolidating Central America’s Freedom Revolution” by Daniel
Griswold and Daniel Ikenson, Trade Briefing Paper no. 21 (September 21, 2004)
“Ready to Compete: Completing the Steel Industry’s Rehabilitation” by Dan Ikenson, Trade
Briefing Paper no. 20 ( June 22, 2004)
“Protection without Protectionism: Reconciling Trade and Homeland Security” by Aaron
Lukas, Trade Policy Analysis no. 27 (April 8, 2004)
“Job Losses and Trade: A Reality Check” by Brink Lindsey, Trade Briefing Paper no. 19
(March 17, 2004)
“Trading Tyranny for Freedom: How Open Markets Till the Soil for Democracy” by Daniel
T. Griswold, Trade Policy Analysis no. 26 ( January 6, 2004)
“Threadbare Excuses: The Textile Industry’s Campaign to Preserve Import Restraints” by Dan
Ikenson, Trade Policy Analysis no. 25 (October 15, 2003)
Nothing in Trade Policy Analysis should be construed as necessarily reflecting the views of the
Center for Trade Policy Studies or the Cato Institute or as an attempt to aid or hinder the passage of any bill before Congress. Contact the Cato Institute for reprint permission. Additional
copies of Trade Policy Analysis studies are $6 each ($3 for five or more). To order, contact the
Cato Institute, 1000 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20001. (202) 8420200, fax (202) 842-3490, www.cato.org.