!"#$%&''("&)*%&)#$+'%,&)&%)#%*-&.#"&)*% /)*--&"%$#,*--+012 34&'+)+*/%&0,%5#-&"%$#,*!"&0'6%7*-&8&9* :;<=5<4%5&'-&9%>%:;?@< !"##$%"&$'(")*+ %%%%%%%%%% %%% %%%%%A8*%34&'+)9=@"#0=B$&C%D"#E*')%)*&$%FGHIH%5*&)#0!%*)%&-HJ K*#"1*/%<-*'+&0%F:LB5%>%?MA8J ;,#(&",%<(,+)%F:;<=@B!MJ ;$+-*%N+O$#0)%FM0+PH%?+Q1*J :8"+/)#48*%N-&0'&",%F:;<=7<GJ% D8+-+44*%:#//O%F:;<=7<GJ% KO"&-,%!&(//("+*"%F:;<=7<GJ% I*&0>:-&(,*%K&()8+*"%F:;?@<J 3-+P+*"%D*9"(//*%F:;?@<J G&"'%D+0/#00*&(-)%F38+#%5)&)*%M0+PHJ K(9%5'8(")R%F:;?@<J :8&0)&-%5)*8-O%F:LB5%>%?;BG<J !"O,*"+'%A8&+/%F:;<=@B<G@5J% 59-P&+0*%A("'6>:8+QR*%F:;<=@B!MJ :-&(,*%S*+44*0%F:LB5%>%MG5%TTUVJ A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 34&'+)+*/ !34&'+)9% +/% &% ](&0)+)9% ^8+'8% ,*)*"$+0*/% )8*% )"&0/4#")% #W% "&,+&)+#0% )8"#(18% $&))*"X% &0,% +/% #W% +$4#")&0'*% W#"% $&09% 4"#.-*$/% +0% 489/+'/% &0,% </)"#0#$9H% @0% #",*"% )#% '&-'(-&)*% #4&'+)+*/% #0*% "*](+"*/% &)#$+'% ,&)&% W#"% &% -&"1*% 0($.*"% #W% 4"#'*//*/% +0P#-P+01% &./#")+#0% &0,% /'&))*"+01%#W%"&,+&)+#0H_% FGHIH%5*&)#0X%IHD89/HNH%V`[ZX%TU%YaYaJ " ,-*'./*-()-"/$0('1-0$#02#$'(")* # @#0+'%&0,%?*P*-%4#4(-&)+#0/%F;](&)+#0%#W%5)&)*%>%;35J # <./#"4)+#0%&0,%,+WW(/+#0%'#*WW+'+*0)/%F<)#$+'%D89/+'/J # G*&0%#4&'+)+*/ G*,+($%b%489/+'&-%'#0,+)+#0/ ;35%F4#4(-&)+#0/J D-&/$&/%*WW*')/ <)#$+'%,&)& ;0*"19%-*P*-/ 3/'+--&)#"%/)"*01)8/ D8#)#+#0+R&)+#0%'"#//%/*')+#0/ !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 7+WW*"*0)%'#$$(0+)+*/%f%,+WW*"*0)%&44"#&'8*/ A8*"*%*c+/)%,+WW*"*0)%&44"#&'8*/%)#%'&-'(-&)*%#4&'+)+*/H%;&'8%#W% )8*$%8&P*%&,P&0)&1*/=,"&^.&'6/%&0,%&"*%,*/+10*,%)#%.*%&44-+*,% )#%/4*'+W+'%4"#.-*$/H # d8+'8%*-*$*0)/e # d8+'8%)*$4*"&)("*%f%,*0/+)9%,#$&+0/e # 7*)&+--*,%$*)8#,/%2%A8*%34&'+)9%4"#E*')%F3DJX%3D<? # 5)&)+/)+'&-%$*)8#,/2%MA<% # :#$.+0*,%$*)8#,/2%7?<%f%BA< 5*P*"&-%'#,*/2%3DX%DB3A;:X%3D<?X%?;7:3DX3D<5 *&'8%^+)8%/4*'+W+'%/)"&)*1+*/%&0,%&44"#c+$&)+#0/%HHH !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 B&,+&)+P*%)"&0/W*"%*](&)+#0 @0)*0/+)O%/4O'+W+](*%,(%"&9#00*$*0)%g%-&%W"O](*0'*%$%,&0/%-&% ,+"*')+#0 ;-*$*0)%,*%,+/)&0'*%,&0/%-&%,+"*')+#0% 34&'+)O%$#0#'8"#$&)+](* ;$+/+P+)O h&"+&)+#0%#W%%% %%%%,(*%)#%&./#"4)+#0%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&0,%*$+//+#0 )"(*%&./#"4)+#0%&0,%/'&))*"+01 True Absorption : photoionization (bound-free), photoexcitation (bound-bound), free-free Scattering: Thomson scattering (% + e-), Rayleigh scattering (% + mollecule) ... !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 <44"#c+$&)+#0/%b%5+$4-+W+'&)+#0/ 5)*--&"%+0)*"+#"%&0,%,**4%&)$#/48*"*/2 %?#'&-%A8*"$&-%;](+-+."+($%F?A;J%&%i+"'88#WW>D-&0'6%\/%-&^ 7+WW(/+#0%&44"#c+$&)+#0 d*%,*W+0*%)8*%B#//*-&0,%$*&0%#4&'+)9%/('8%&/ Rosseland !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 B#//*-&0,%$*&0%#4&'+)9 Rosseland mean opacity Total monochromatic opacity for a given mixture Weighting function !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 34&'+)+*/%'&-'(-&)+#0/2% --3"#$&-4(5'2&.-"6-78-.#.4.)'*-9-:"'.)'($##1;-<=>-(")*-'"-%.-0")*(?.&.? -%<)%'>%A%#W%)8*%.&/*%#W%)8*%'#0P*')+#0%R#0*2%j%TUUUUU%0#0>"*-&)+P+/)+'%'#0W+1("&)+#0/ %%!#"%\#0*\%)"&0/+)+#0%.*)^**0%)^#%0#0%"*-&)+P+/)+'%'#0W+1("&)+#0/2 %% V/T%T/T%T4a%a4%kW% F[k%)*"$*/X%TaV%-*P*-/J % > V/T%T/T%T4T%a4%a,%kW FlkZ%)*"$*/X%Vl[U%-*P*-/J VUTTV%,+4#-*%)"&0/+)+#0/%%F?5J%#"%VYlkTk%+0%+0)*"$*,+&)*%'#(4-+01H --@'-'A.-%$*.-"6-'A.-0")B.0'(")-C").2%j%VU`%)"&0/+)+#0/ --D().-/&"6(#-")-$-'(>%A-E&(?-6"&-*'.##$&-4"?.#+-F-7GH-/A"'")-.).&E(.* --I"**.#$)?-4.$)-"/$0('1-'$%#.+-F-7GGG-0"2/#.*-J?.)*('1;-'.4/.&$'2&.K LLL-<-'"-,-1.$&*-"6-0$#02#$'(")*-J'"?$1K !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 5)*--&"%34&'+)+*/2%."+*W%8+/)#"9 m+/)#"+'&--9X%W"#$%V`Yl%)#%*0,%#W%[U\/%>%)8*%$&+0%4"#P+,*"%#W%#4&'+)9%)&.-*/%^&/% )8*%?#/%<-&$#/%L&)+#0&-%?&.#"&)#"9%^+)8%)8*%?#/%<-&$#/%</)"#489/+'&-% 34&'+)9%?+."&"9%F#"%?<3?%)&.-*/J%>%4"#E*')%-*,%.9%<H%:#c%H%% n<%4-*&%W#"%B**c&$+0+01%8*&P9%*-*$*0)%#4&'+)+*/%+0%/)&"/_%LH%5+$#0X%V`[T%<4I% TYUX%?[Z>?`U # !"#$%&'()'&*+,%!#"%&%1+P*0%$&//%&0,%-($+0#/+)9%4"*,+')*,%.9%/)&0,&",%/)*--&"% $#,*-%W#"%4#4H%@%:*48*+,/X%/)&0,&",%4(-/&)+#0%$#,*-/%4"*,+')*,%)##%-&"1*% 4(-/&)+#0%4*"+#,/%^8*0%'#$4&"*,%)#%#./*"P&)+#0/H # -+$*'"#.$/*.0%,%!#"%&%1+P*0%4*"+#,%)94+'&-%#W%:*48*+,/%/)&"/X%/)&0,&",% *P#-()+#0&"9%$#,*-/%&0,%/)&0,&",%4(-/&)+#0%$#,*-/%4"*,+')*,%P*"9%,+WW*"*0)% $&//*/%W#"%#0*%1+P*0%/)&"H % " T%4"#E*')/%)#%*c4-#"*%+0%,*)&+-%)8*%8*&P9%*-*$*0)%#4&'+)+*/H # ?&^"*0'*%?+P*"$#"*%L&)+#0&-%?&.H2%3D<?%4"#E*')%FB#1*"/%b%@1-*/+&/J # A8*%34&'+)9%D"#E*')%FG+6*%5*&)#0%*)%&-HJ !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 A8*%34&'+)9%D"#E*')%f%F3DX%GHIH%5*&)#0%*)%&-HJ M$()- E"$#+ %B*P+/+#0% #W% )8*% #4&'+)+*/% W#"% '#0,+)+#0/% '8&"&')*"+/)+'% #W% /)*--&"%*0P*--#4*/H%B*'&-'(-&)+#0%#W%$*)&-%#4&'+)+*/H N:-$//&"$0A-O-!A.4(0$#-/(0'2&. D-&/$&/%*WW*')/%+0%)8*%;35% " o%3''(4&)+#0%4"#.&.+-+)+*/%FGm7%>%G+8&-&/X%m($$*"X%7p44*0J " " " D"#P+,*%&''("&)*%&)#$+'%,&)&%(/+01%)8*%/)&)*>#W>)8*>&")%$*)8#,/% +0%&)#$+'%'&-'(-&)+#0/H 1.##$&%*2)'#0$)'*3$)44.*5&3)'&*+$6(+4#.'(.7#08 # 9)')$&+0#4#+0)+'%$*:$42)%3)%$;*+0&'&*+% <$=.;"&>)?#$:*.$#);"$&*+@$ # AB$%4#;&#%$C$!"#$3*%'$)7(+0)+'$)+0$3)&+$;*+'.&7('*.%$'*$*4);&'D@ # " G#0#'8"#$&)+'%#4&'+)9%W#"%*&'8%*-*$*0)X%/($%#W%)8*%*-*$*0)/% +0'-(,*,%+0%)8*%$+c)("*%)#%#.)&+0%)8*%B#//*-&0,%$*&0%#4&'+)9H !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 :*48*+,/\4"#.-*$%/#-P*,2%@0'"*&/*%#W%$*)&-%#4&'+)+*/ B#1*"/%b%@1-*/+&/X%V``lX%<4I%kkaX%kYU B#1*"/%b%@1-*/+&/X%V``YX%<4I%kkaX%kYU !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 A8*%34&'+)9%D"#E*')2%L*^%34&'+)+*/ PA.-).Q-N:-"/$0('(.*-()0#2?.-()).&R*A.##*-/&"0.**.*L ) 1s22s22p6 +hν → 1s22s22p5nl valence electron 1s22s22p6 +hν → 1s2s22p6nl inner-shell electron ) N/$0('(.*+-N:-B*-N:@D * * * * * ;c)*0,*,%A%>%ρ%,#$&+0%%→%%%5)*--&"%+0)*"+#" A^#%/#("'*/%F3D<?X%3DJ%)#%'8##/*%W"#$H K##,%&1"**$*0)%+0%κ B% Bqρ =%AY 5#$*%,+WW*"*0'*/%+0%)8*%R%.($4 ?&"1*%,+WW*"*0'*/%+0%"&,+&)+P*% &''*-*"&)+#0/H AYqA=VUY (Badnell et al. 2005 MNRAS 360: 458) !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 3D%P/%3D<?%+0%)8*%5#-&"%$#,*- !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 \A8*%/#-&"%'#0P*')+#0%R#0*%4"#.-*$\ :#0)*c)2 5)&0,&",%/#-&"%'#$4#/+)+#02%K"*P*//*%b%5&(P&-%V``[%FK5`[J <)$#/48*"+'%a7%%'#,*2%GH%</4-r0, B*,(')+#0%#W%:XLX3%&0,%L*%'#0)*0)%+0%)8*%/)&0,&",%/#-&"%'#$4#/+)+#0%%%% .9%aUs%0**,*,%)#%W+)%#./*"P*,%/4*')"($H% #L*^%/#-&"%'#$4#/+)+#0%</4-r0,X%K"*P*//*%b%5&(P&-%TUUl%F<K5UlJ% <,P&0)&1*2%A8*%/#-&"%3%'#0)*0)%+/%0#)%&09$#"*%4*'(-+&"%^8*0%'#$4&"*,% )#%+)/%/("#(0,+01X%)8*%/#-&"%0*+.#"18##,H% D"#.-*$2%A8*%/)&0,&",%/#-&"%$#,*-/%^+)8%)8*%0*^%'#$4#/+)+#0%4"*,+')% )8*%4#/+)+#0%#W%)8*%'#0P*')+#0%R#0*X%)8*%m*%'#0)*0)%#W%)8*%/("W&'*%)8&)% ,+/&1"**%^+)8%#./*"P&)+#0%^8+-*%)8*%&1"**$*0)%^+)8%)8*%4"*P+#(/% '#$4#/+)+#0%^&/%"*&--9%1##,H K*0*"&-%&))+)(,*2%A8*%/)&0,&",%$#,*-/%$(/)%.*%^"#01%&0,%$#"*% 4"*'+/*-9%)8*%#4&'+)+*/H !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 34&'+)+*/%&0,%5#-&"%'#$4#/+)+#0 G S 7*-&8&9*%b%D+0/#00*&(-)%TUUY%<4I%Yk`X%lT` 9 8 !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 34&'+)+*/%&0,%5#-&"%'#$4#/+)+#0 AGS05 GS98 G S 7*-&8&9*X%D+0/#00*&(-)%b%S*+44*0%TUU[X%+0%4"*4&"&)+#0 9 8 !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 0#)*/ !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 37<?@5:2%54*')"&-%#4&'+)9%,&)&.&/* % d8*"*%&"*%)8*%,+WW*"*0'*/%'#$+01% W"#$e http://irfu.cea.fr/Projets/COAST/odalisc.htm ;](&)+#0%#W%5)&)*%F;35Je% +<)#$+'%,&)&e +G*&0%#4&'+)+*/e + d*%&"*%+0P*/)+1&)+01%&--%/)*4/%+0%)8*% 4"#'*//%#W%#4&'+)9%'&-'(-&)+#0H 37<?@5:%4"#E*')2% K#&-2 , * * * 54*')"&-%#4&'+)9%,&)&.&/*% G&09%*-*$*0)/%f%-&"1*%ρ%>A% ,#$&+0 7+WW*"*0)%/#("'*/=$*)8#,/ A*&$2 * k%1"#(4/%#W%<)#$+'%D89H * ;c4*"+$*0)&-+/)/H * 54*'+&-+/)/%#W%/+$(-&)+#0 * 7&)&.&/*%/4*'+&-+/)/ , %L*^%"*/(-)/%W"#$%3D<5% , !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 37<?@5:2%4"*-+$+0&"9%"*/(-)/ 1@$9#2)")D#E$F@$G2)+;).0E$H@$F*%%IE$$J@$1)(%%(.&#.E$KF@$J)('"&#.E$L@$H#D.(%%# Rosseland Mean 100000 LEDCOP OPAS UTA OPAS-DLA OP 10000 1000 -B%(!*) t% =10-3g/cm3 100 10 T 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 T(eV) C. Blancard (private communication) !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9 80 90 100 LLL-$)?-!")*.S2.)0.*Spectroscopy Synthetic Spectrum Atmosphere models Atomic data Experiments Opacities – Radiative Accelerations Surface Stellar modelling Age of globular cluster characteristics: mass, radius, composition evolution: turnoff, variability Chemical evolution of the universe !H%7*-&8&9*X%A8*%D89/+'/%#W%)8*%5(0%&0,%)8*%5#-&"%L*()"+0#/X%3')#.*"%VY)8>VZ)8%TUU[X%?HLHKH5H%>%?\<](+-&%>%@)&-9
© Copyright 2025 Paperzz