(The Genealogist)
Volume 19, Number 1
January–February 2010
Honolulu County Genealogical Society
Post Office Box 235039
Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96823-3500
Website: www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~hihcgs/
Board of Directors
President:
Vice-president:
Secretary:
Treasurer:
Director:
Director:
Director:
Bobby Stevens
Thomas Bopp
Martha Reamy
Harriet Hoffman
Suzanne Case
Lenore Hansen-Stafford
Donna Hague Wendt
Committees
APCUG Representative: Joann Henely
Hospitality:
Louise Chung
Membership:
Harriet Hoffman
Newsletter:
Jan Everly Williams
Program Planning:
Donna Hague Wendt
Lenore Hansen-Stafford
Publicity:
Roberta E. Jones
Webmaster:
Jan Everly Williams
Meetings
General:
Board of Directors:
9:00 A.M. second Saturday of
each month at 2790-9 Kahaloa
Drive, Recreation Building
Held quarterly
Membership
Annual Dues:
Individual $12
Family $18
Board and Committee Contacts
Bopp, Thomas
(808) 261-8088
[email protected]
Case, Suzanne E.
(808) 949-8272
[email protected]
Chung, Louise
(808) 373-9223
[email protected]
Hansen-Stafford, Lenore (808) 685-3605
[email protected]
Hoffman, Harriet
(808) 395-2405
[email protected]
Jones, Roberta E.
(808) 672-0777
[email protected]
Reamy, Martha E.
(808) 695-5761
[email protected]
Stevens, Bobby
(808) 675-8187
[email protected]
Wendt, Donna Hague (808) 396-2620
[email protected]
Williams, Jan Everly (808) 545-5911
[email protected]
It’s 2010!
Please support
your society by
paying your dues
($12 individual,
$18 family) on
time. You may
pay at the
meeting or
send a check to the
address above.
Upcoming Programs
January 9—Elections and brainstorming. What
kinds of programs do we want in 2010?
February 13—Georgia Kinney Bopp, Hawai‘i
Regional Coordinator for the International
Society of Genetic Genealogy, will talk
about what’s new in genetic genealogy.
In the Next Issue
• Finding Ancestors in Google Books
• Writing History from Photographs
In This Issue
Pedigree Collapse and the Tragic Story of
Charles II of Spain .........................................2
Using Error Reports in Genealogy Software ..5
In Brief ..........................................................6
WWI: Born Hawai‘i, Registered New York ...7
Pedigree Collapse and
the Tragic Story of
Charles II of Spain
(endogamy). Among royalty, the
frequent requirement to marry
only other royals resulted in a
reduced gene pool in which
most individuals were the result
of extensive pedigree collapse.
Alfonso XII of Spain, for
example, had only four greatgrandparents instead of the
usual eight. More generally, in
many cultures intermarriage
may frequently occur within a
small village, limiting the
available gene pool.
“Pedigree collapse” is a term
created by Robert C. Gunderson
to describe how reproduction
between two individuals who
knowingly or unknowingly share
an ancestor causes the family tree
of their offspring to be smaller
than it could be.
Without pedigree collapse, a person’s
ancestor tree is a binary tree, formed by the
person, the parents, grandparents, and so on.
The number of individuals in such a tree
grows exponentially, however, and will
eventually become impossibly high. For
example, a single individual alive today
would, over 30 generations going back to
30
about the High Middle Ages, have 2
(roughly a billion) ancestors, more than the
total world population at the time.1
The maximum pedigree collapse of 50%
within a single generation is caused by
procreation between full siblings. Such
children have only two grandparents instead
of the maximum four. If a child and parent
were to procreate, their offspring would
have four grandparents, although one of
these would also be a parent and therefore
introduce no additional genes; thus
procreation between parents and children
would result in less pedigree collapse than
procreation between full siblings. If two
half-siblings procreate, their children have
three grandparents instead of four. If a
person procreates with a full sibling of one
of his or her parents, the offspring have four
different persons as grandparents and eight
great-grandparents—but again, some of
these contribute no additional genes.
This apparent paradox occurs because the
individuals in the binary tree are not distinct.
Instead, a single individual may occupy
multiple places in the binary tree. This
typically happens when the parents of an
ancestor are (distant) cousins (sometimes
unbeknownst to themselves). For example,
the child of two first cousins has only six
great-grandparents instead of the normal
eight. This reduction in the number of
ancestors is pedigree collapse. It collapses
the binary tree into a directed acyclic graph
with two different, directed paths starting
from the ancestor who, in the binary tree,
would occupy two places.
Small, isolated populations such as those of
remote islands represent extreme examples
of pedigree collapse, but the common
historical tendency to marry those within
walking distance, due to the relative
immobility of the population before modern
transport, meant that most marriage partners
were at least distantly related. Even in
America around the 19th century, the
tendency of immigrants to marry among
their ethnic, language, or cultural group
produced many cousin marriages.
In some cultures, cousins were encouraged
or required to marry to keep kin bonds,
wealth, and property within a family
1
See the chapter “All Africa and Her Progenies” in
Richard Dawkins’s River Out of Eden (New York:
Basic Books, 1995).
2
If one considers as a function
of time t the number of a given
individual’s ancestors who
were alive at time t, it is likely
that for most individuals this
function has a maximum at
around 1200 A.D. Some
geneticists believe that
everyone on earth is at least a
50th cousin to everyone else
(theoretically making the job
of the genealogist easier).2
immediate pedigree was
exceptionally populated
with nieces giving birth to
children of their uncles;
Charles’s mother was a
niece of Charles’s father,
being daughter of Maria
Anna of Spain and Emperor
Ferdinand III. Thus,
Empress Maria Anna was
simultaneously Charles’s
aunt and grandmother.3 This inbreeding had
given many in the family hereditary
weaknesses. For example, there was insanity
in Charles’s family; his great-great-great (or
great-great, depending on which lineage one
follows) grandmother was Joanna the Mad
of Castile, mother of the Spanish King
Charles I, who was also Holy Roman
Emperor Charles V.
A notable example of pedigree collapse is
that of Charles II of Spain. His ancestor tree
to seven generations has only 83 individuals,
compared to the maximum 255.
Charles II (6 November 1661–1 November
1700) was the last Habsburg king of Spain
and the ruler of nearly all of Italy (except
Piedmont, the Papal States, and the Republic
of Venice), the Spanish territories in the
southern Low Countries, and Spain’s
overseas Empire, stretching from Mexico to
the Philippines. He is noted for his extensive
physical, intellectual, and emotional problems—along with the consequent ineffectual
rule—as well as his role in the developments
preceding the War of Spanish Succession.
By about 1550, outbreeding in Charles II’s
lineage had ceased. From then on, all his
ancestors were in one way or another
descendants of Joanna the Mad and Philip I
of Castile and derived exclusively from the
royal houses of Spain, Austria, and Bavaria.
Charles was born disfigured and physically
and mentally disabled. Possibly afflicted
with mandibular prognathism, he was unable
to chew. His tongue was so large that his
speech could barely be understood, and he
may have suffered from the endocrine disease acromegaly.4 Not having learned to
speak until the age of four nor to walk until
eight,5 he was treated as an infant until he
Charles was the only surviving son of the
Habsburg King Philip IV of Spain and his
second queen (and niece), Mariana of
Austria, another Habsburg. The birth was
greeted with joy by the Spaniards, who
feared the disputed succession that could
have ensued had Philip IV left no male heir.
3
Christopher Newell, “The Inbreeding of Charles II
of Spain,” 2008 (www.musitek.com/Public/Charles
_II_Inbreeding.jpg).
4
J. N. W. Bos, “Carlos II of Spain,” Joan’s Mad
Monarchs Series, 1996–2009 (www.xs4all.nl/
~monarchs/madmonarchs/carlos2/carlos2_bio.htm).
5
Gonzalo Alvarez, Francisco C. Ceballos, and Celsa
Quinteiro, “The Role of Inbreeding in the Extinction
of a European Royal Dynasty,” PLoS ONE, April 15,
2009 (www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10
.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005174).
Seventeenth-century European nobility
commonly matched cousin to first cousin
and uncle to niece to preserve a prosperous
family’s properties. Charles’s own
2
Cecil Adams, “ 2, 4, 8, 16 ... how can you always
have MORE ancestors as you go back in time?” The
Straight Dope, August 21, 1987 (www.straightdope
.com/column/read/412/2-4-8-16-how-can-youalways-have-more-ancestors-as-you-go-back-intime).
3
was 10 years old. His caregivers did not
force Charles to attend school. He was
indulged to such an extent that at times he
was not expected to be clean. His halfbrother Don John of Austria, a natural son of
Philip IV who had obtained power by
exiling the queen mother from court,
covered his nose and insisted that the king
should at least brush his hair.6
always on the verge of death, but repeatedly
baffled Christendom by continuing to live.”7
When Charles II did finally die in 1700, the
line of the Spanish Habsburgs died with
him. He had named a great-nephew as his
successor: Philippe de Bourbon, Duke of
Anjou (a grandson of the reigning French
King Louis XIV and of Charles’s half-sister,
Maria Theresa of Spain; Louis XIV himself
was an heir to the Spanish throne through
his mother, daughter of Philip III). As
alternate successor, Charles had named his
cousin Charles, from the Austrian branch of
the Habsburg dynasty.
The years in which Charles II
sat on the throne were difficult
for Spain. The economy was
stagnant, there was hunger in
the land, and the power of the monarchy
over the various Spanish provinces was
extremely weak. Charles’s unfitness for rule
meant he was often ignored, and power
during his reign became the subject of court
intrigues and foreign influence.
The prospect of the huge Spanish empire
coming under the effective control of Louis
XIV provoked a massive coalition of powers
to oppose the Duke of Anjou’s succession.
The actions of Louis heightened the fears of
the English, the Dutch, and the Austrians,
among others. In February of 1701, the
French king caused the Parlement of Paris to
decree that, should Louis himself have no
heir, the Duke of Anjou—Philip V of
Spain—would surrender the Spanish throne
for that of the French, ensuring dynastic
continuity in Europe’s greatest land power.
In 1679, the 18-year-old Charles II married
Marie Louise of Orléans (1662–1689),
eldest daughter of Philippe I, Duke of
Orléans and his first wife, Princess Henrietta
of England. It is likely that Charles was
impotent, and no children were born. Marie
Louise died at 26. Still in need of a male
heir, he next married the 23-year-old
Princess Maria Anna of Neuburg, a daughter
of Philip William, Elector of the Palatinate,
and sister-in-law of his Uncle Leopold I,
Holy Roman Emperor. This marriage also
failed to produce an heir.
Pursuant to a treaty with Spain, Louis then
proceeded to occupy several towns in the
Spanish Netherlands (modern Belgium and
Nord-Pas-de-Calais). This was the spark that
ignited the powder keg created by unresolved issues of the War of the League of
Augsburg (1689–1697) and the acceptance
of the Spanish inheritance by Louis XIV for
his grandson.
Towards the end of his life Charles became
increasingly hypersensitive and strange, at
one point demanding that the bodies of his
family be exhumed so he could look upon
the corpses.
Almost immediately, the War of the Spanish
Succession (1702–1713) began. After 11
years of bloody global warfare, fought on
four continents and three oceans, the Duke
of Anjou, as Philip V, was confirmed as
King of Spain on substantially the same
As historians Will and Ariel Durant put it,
“Short, lame, epileptic, senile and completely bald before thirty-five, [Charles] was
7
6
Will and Ariel Durant, The Story of Civilization:
The Age of Louis XIV, 1648–1715, 1935, p. 452.
J. N. W. Bos, op. cit.
4
terms that the powers of Europe had agreed
to before the war. The Treaties of Utrecht
and Rastatt ended the war, and a proviso
perpetually forbade the union of the Spanish
and French thrones.
buttons, it will list all of the problems it can
find in your data. (In Family Origins, click
on Reports > Lists > Problem List.)
It can’t find white people born in Ohio
before 1797, but it can find women who
married or had children before age 15 and
men who married before age 16. It lists
people who were buried before they died,
were married after they were buried, were
born after they died, and so forth. Most of
the errors it catches are typos, like the man I
had who lived to be 1,772. He was born in
1888 and died in 1960, but I had his birth
year as 188. If someone lives 1780–1850,
but gets typed as 1780–1750 or 1880–1850,
he dies before he was born. The report lists
the odd facts as “problems,” not “errors.”
Some of my ancestors married at 14, some
had children before they were married, and a
few were born after their father died.
If, after reading this cautionary tale, we
could travel back in time and prevent
pedigree collapse in our own ancestry,
would we? Probably not. But when we find
such instances, we may remember poor
Charles II.
The preceding article is a condensation of two Wikipedia articles: “Pedigree Collapse” (en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Pedigree_collapse) and “Charles II of Spain”
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain). Used
under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
License (creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
Whenever someone sends me a GEDCOM, I
import it into its own temporary database
file and run the problem report on it, then
send a copy to the person who sent me the
GEDCOM. They are usually amazed at how
wildly their fingers flew.
Most genealogy programs have a number of
features some users haven’t discovered
because they don’t push enough buttons—
reports, for instance. Most people will
generate “Descendants of” or “Ancestors of”
reports and let it go at that. There are other
very helpful reports hidden in your program,
however.
For example, my third cousin recently sent
me a GEDCOM of Wyssman(n) descendants. I ran the problem report. One of our
cousins married in 1955 and had children
born in 1957, 1959, and 1960, as average as
you could be. They probably drove a
Chevrolet and drank Budweiser. Someone’s
fingers had slipped to the right, however,
and entered their marriage year as 1966
instead of 1955. There they were, according
to the GEDCOM, living in Oklahoma and
going to the Lutheran church, with three
children born out of wedlock—as brazen as
Hollywood movie stars. The problem report
highlighted them and we fixed the error.
Your program probably has a data-checking
report. In Family Origins for Windows and
its successor, Roots Magic, the report is
called “Problems.” If you push the right
Your genealogy program should have a
similar report, even if it isn’t named
“Problems.” Poke around; push some
buttons.
Using Error Reports in
Genealogy Software
By Ted Pack
5
Jerald Wyssman, my third cousin, wrote: “I
use Family Tree Maker (v. 9). To generate
an error report in it, click on View > Reports
> Data Errors. I find this report helpful.
There are other reports to choose from,
including a customized one. Why hadn’t I
used that feature before, you ask? The
answer is that I did not find the time to study
the 200 plus–page manual; I seem to go for
the sure thing and I am not a button pusher. I
guess that comes from growing up on a farm
around large machinery. You don’t just push
a button to see what happens—it’s dangerous and expensive.”
record extraction includes the mother’s
maiden name, you can add it to the search
terms and be 80 percent sure you have
siblings.
Many websites have features you can
discover by clicking. Take one of the most
popular genealogy sites on the Net, the IGI
portion of the Church of Latter-day Saints
mega-site at www.familysearch.org
/ENG/search/igi/search_igi.asp.
Previously published in RootsWeb Review, Vol. 7,
No. 48, 1 December 2004. RootsWeb Review articles
are archived at RootsWeb.
If you try to find people with last name and
parents’ names alone in the main search
form, you get an error message: “If you
enter a last name without a first name, you
must not fill in any other field except a
country.”
I found the specialized form by being
curious—and pushing buttons.
In Brief
Hawai‘i obituaries on the
move. The BYU-Hawai‘i online
obituary database (1994–2007),
described in the SEP–OCT 2008 issue of
this newsletter, has moved again. Library
staff hope to update the collection soon to
include 2008 and 2009 obituaries.
A gentleman on the CADY mailing list was
looking for information about Reuben Cady,
born in Vermont in 1816. I found Reuben on
the IGI, born 27 August 1816 in Ludlow
Township, Windsor, Vermont. His father
was Reuben too. The citation is for “… birth
information from statewide indexes for
Vermont ….” Reuben is in batch 7450044.
But if you click on the batch number down
at the bottom of the screen, you get a new,
slightly different form with the batch
number and region obligingly filled in. This
form, unlike the main one, lets you fill in the
surname and father’s name alone. With
Reuben I found four births:
library.byuh.edu/sites/library.byuh.edu/files/
Obituaries/index.htm
Hawaiian Historical Society. Their library,
at 560 Kawaiaha‘o St. in Honolulu, is open
to researchers free of charge Tuesdays
through Fridays, 10:00 to 4:00. See their
website for information on their holdings.
www.hawaiianhistory.org
Seven tips for using your iPhone or iPod
Touch. Jeff Carlson explains how to silence
an incoming call, set the camera as your
instant-on app, scrub playback, use the clock
app to set a sleep timer, and more.
Zillah Leonora Cady—15 JUL 1811,
Ludlow Twp., Windsor, Vermont
Milton Smith Cady—25 OCT 1812, Ludlow
Twp., Windsor, Vermont
Nathan Mackinstry Cady—13 JUL 1814,
Ludlow Twp., Windsor, Vermont
Reuben Pain Cady—27 AUG 1816, Ludlow
Twp., Windsor, Vermont
db.tidbits.com/article/10765
Map talk. If you want to know everything
about maps, this informative USGS page
will be right up your azimuth. There are
great illustrations, too.
They are all Cadys, their father is Reuben,
and they were born in a pattern that suggests
—not proves—they are siblings. If the
erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/MapProjections/projections
.html
6
World War I Draft: Born in Hawai‘i, Registered in
New York, Part 3
A surprising number of Hawai‘i-born men registered for the World War I
draft in other states. Are you sure you’ve been looking in the right place?
These men, for example, registered in New York. Download images of the
original draft registration cards from Ancestry.com or order photocopies from the National
Archives (www.archives.gov/genealogy/military/ww1/draft-registration/index.html).
Name
Birthdate & Place
Race
Where Registered
Occupation
Kerner, Samuel
Kia, Henry
Kila, Joseph
Kin, Ching You
King, Daniel
Koa, William
Kong, Ah
Kong, Lau J.
Krimmer, Peter
Kua, Alex P.
Kua, James P.
Kuaioholani?, Joseph
Kubin, Anthony
Larsen, Walter Wm.
LeBredan, Wm. Henry
Lee, Alexander
Leon, Arthur
Liu, Abraham Sang
Liwai, Jack
Lowe, Herman
Lowrie, Wm. James Jr.
Lucas, Albert
Kalaniulumoku
MacFie, Robert Lovell
Mahi, David
Maile, Joseph
Makaau, James
23 MAY 1887 Honolulu
22 JUL 1894 Honolulu
14 AUG 1892 Honolulu
15 MAR 1888 Waimea?
16 SEP 1894
7 SEP 1893 Honolulu
1887 Honolulu
5 APR 1895 Honolulu
6 SEP 1893
25 OCT 1889 Honolulu
25 MAR 1888 Honolulu
30 NOV 1889
22 MAR 1889 Honolulu
12 JAN 1892 Waiāhole
21 APR 1880 Honolulu
30 MAY 1893 Hilo
17 OCT 1887 Punalu‘u
1 APR 1897 Honolulu
17 APR 1894 Honolulu
1 JUL 1892 Honolulu
26 JAN 1891 ‘Ewa Plant.
25 JUN 1892 Honolulu
Malayan
—
Mulatto
Mongolian
White
Malayan
Mongolian
Mongolian
Brown
Malayan
Mulatto
Colored
White
Caucasian
—
Malayan
Mongolian
—
Malayan
Colored
Caucasian
Caucasian
Brooklyn, Kings
Brooklyn, Kings
Brooklyn, Kings
Brooklyn, Kings
Brooklyn, Kings
Brooklyn, Kings
Manhattan, New York
Ithaca, Tompkins
Brooklyn, Kings
Brooklyn, Kings
Brooklyn, Kings
Manhattan, New York
Brooklyn, Kings
Brooklyn, Kings
Manhattan, New York
Brooklyn, Kings
New York City
New York City
Brooklyn, Kings
Manhattan, New York
Brooklyn, Kings
Bronx, Bronx
28 JAN 1889 Honolulu
11 MAY 1893 Kaka‘ako
31 OCT 1891 Honolulu
8 AUG 1896 Honolulu
Caucasian
Mulatto
Malayan
—
Albany, Albany
Brooklyn, Kings
Brooklyn, Kings
Brooklyn, Kings
Makakoa, Samuel
Makia, Henry
Mana, Joseph K.
Mani, Edward
Markham, Eddie
Marshall, Douglas
Wesley
Maui, John
12 FEB 1892 Honolulu
25 MAR 1895 Honolulu
25 DEC 1892 Honolulu
9 JUL 1886
15 SEP 1891 Honolulu
6 MAY 1894
Malayan
Mulatto
Malayan
White
Malayan
White
Brooklyn, Kings
Brooklyn, Kings
Brooklyn, Kings
Brooklyn, Kings
Brooklyn, Kings
Oyster Bay, Nassau
Seaman
Seaman
Seaman
Marine [illegible]
Seaman
Fireman
Cook
Student
Seaman
Fireman seaman
Seafaring
Fireman
Musician
Oiler?
[illegible]
Seaman
Seaman
Student
Water tender
Sailor
Agent
Candidate?
Plattsburg, NY
Loco. engineer
Seaman
Seaman
Empl. by Atlantic
Transport Co.
Longshoreman
Seafaring
Seaman
Seaman
Seaman
None
13 JAN 1892
—
Brooklyn, Kings
Seaman
[To be continued in the next issue]
Source: World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917–1918, an Ancestry.com database (Ancestry’s source is World
War I Selective Service System Draft Registration Cards, 1917–1918, National Archives and Records
Administration).
7
How to Find the Meeting
By bus, connect to the #6–Woodlawn. Get off at the
intersection of East Mānoa Road and Kahaloa Drive.
By car on H-1 from ‘Ewa, take the Punahou Street exit.
Make a left onto Punahou and continue mauka through three
traffic lights. When Punahou Street forks, take the right-hand
fork, which is East Mānoa Road.
By car on H-1 from Hawai‘i Kai, take the University
Avenue exit. Make a right onto University Avenue,
continuing mauka until it intersects with East Mānoa Road.
Turn right onto East Mānoa Road.
Continue on East Mānoa Road. Pass the Mānoa Marketplace,
which will be on your right. Kahaloa Drive is two traffic
lights past the Marketplace. Turn left onto Kahaloa Drive and
walk/drive almost straight into the public parking lot.
PLEASE PARK IN THIS LOT!
If you have a physically challenged passenger, take a righthand turn just before the parking area, drop the person at the
Community Center door, and return to park your vehicle.
Mānoa Gardens is the complex of white houses next to the
parking lot. Its community center, #2790-9, is on the righthand side about halfway into the complex.
Ke Kū‘auhau (The Genealogist)
Honolulu County Genealogical Society
Post Office Box 235039
Honolulu, HI 96823-3500
Forwarding and Address Correction Requested