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4
Referencing
Referencing
Contents
What is referencing?
Page 5
Why is referencing important?
Page 6
Keeping a record
Page 8
Basic referencing skills
Page 9
Advanced referencing skills Page 12
Bibliography
Page 16
Appendix 1: Teacher guidance
Page 17
Appendix 2: Links to useful resources Page 19
5
What is referencing?
Referencing is the process of acknowledging the work of other
authors. When you have used the words and ideas of another author
in an assignment, referencing is the process of acknowledging that
use.
There are a number of different
referencing methods. This guide is
based on the Harvard system. The
most important thing to remember
when using a referencing system is to
be consistent, so it is straightforward
for your reader to follow.
This document will print with reduced colours.
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6
Referencing
Referencing
Why is referencing important?
7
Referencing helps to avoid accusations
of plagiarism
Plagiarism is the practice of taking someone
else’s work and passing it off as your own. It
is a serious offence because it can breach
Referencing demonstrates your wider
reading and research
Referencing enables the reader to
follow up your reference
By referencing other texts you show that you
If you let your reader know where to find out
and morally wrong. The consequences for
have read widely and researched your topic
more, they can expand their own knowledge,
students can be the failing of an assignment,
in detail. By engaging with, and assimilating,
clarify a point if necessary and come to
a whole course or expulsion from a course.
the ideas of professional authors, you are also
an understanding of how you may have
Serious offences, such as presenting a whole
likely to produce work that has more depth
developed another author’s original idea.
copied assignment as your own, are clearly
and complexity.
Referencing supports your ideas with
reference to expert authors
Referencing credits other authors’
ideas and thinking
The ideas and thoughts of other authors
You can use references to demonstrate
can be seen as their ‘intellectual property’.
your engagement with the ideas of others.
This intellectual property is not owned or
Using references also lends your own work
purchased, but freely available to those
credibility, and quotations from professional
who study. In the academic world we make
authors can lend authority to your own ideas.
intellectual progress by building on the ideas
of others, but it is important to acknowledge
their influence on our thinking and credit the
thinking of others.
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copyright, but in the academic world it is
also seen as theft of intellectual property
plagiarism. However, using the ideas of
others without acknowledgement can also
be deemed as plagiarism, and this is why
referencing is so important.
OCR’s Referencing Skills Guide
can be used in conjunction with
our other skills guides, including
Research Skills and Producing
Documents, to help you to
present your academic study in
an appropriate and professional
manner.
www.ocr.org.uk
8
Referencing
Referencing
9
Keeping a record
Basic referencing skills
As you research and write your assignment, it is important to
record the texts you refer to or quote from.
These basic referencing skills are recommended for Level 2 and GCSE
level assignments..
For articles from
magazines and
newspapers:
For electronic sources:
As above, plus - the date you
accessed the electronic text, the
website or email address and
identify the form of the resource
(WWW page, email, blog etc).
Make a note of the
author’s name(s), the year
of publication, the title
of the article, the title of
the publication, the page
number(s).
It is important to show when you have
capitalisation etc. Here is a hypothetical
used someone else’s work or ideas. For
example:
examinations you will be asked to sign
a declaration that your assignment is all
Mary Jackson (2002) states that celebrity
your own work. It is important therefore to
culture ‘has a powerful effect on all our
acknowledge any ideas which are not your
lives’.
own. If you don’t, you put the acceptance of
your work at risk, along with the qualification
The words ‘has a powerful effect on all our
you have worked towards.
lives’ are exactly the same as in the original
text. You can use the whole, or part of, a
When to reference
sentence, or even a single word from a text,
You need to reference when:
but it must be copied exactly. This means
•
you are quoting directly from another
that you have to fit your own words around
source
the text you want to borrow, to make it make
you are paraphrasing ideas and work from
sense. You must never change the original
another source
text to suit you. Notice that the full stop at the
•
end comes after the quotation mark.
For books:
Make a note of the author’s or
editor’s name(s), the publication
date, the title of the book, the
city the book was published
in, the publisher’s name, the
pages you have quoted or
paraphrased from.
How to reference (within the text of
your assessment)
The date in brackets refers to the
This is when you ‘borrow’ another author’s
date of publication, which can
words and use them in your own
work. When you quote directly
Using direct
quotations from
another source
of a book, along with the
or ‘borrow’ the author’s
author’s name and a copyright
words, it is important that
symbol ©.
Paraphrasing
from another
source
you quote accurately and
use exactly the same words
Mary Jackson (2002) suggests that the cult
as the author. This includes
of celebrity has significantly impacted on
exactly the same punctuation,
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be found on the first few pages
society.
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10
Referencing
Referencing
How to reference (producing a
reference list)
The order of information for each reference
this, as you have put the text into your own
words. But to acknowledge the idea has come
You need to list all your references at the
•
from another author, you still need to indicate
end of your assignment. Your references are
clearly the name of the author and date of
You don’t need to use quotation marks for
should be as follows:
The author’s or editor’s surname and
comma
the texts from which you have quoted or
•
Their initial
publication that you are referring to.
paraphrased.
•
The year of publication, in brackets
Another hypothetical example might be:
Remember:
•
Title of text, in italics or quotation marks
•
References should be on a separate page
•
Place of publication
at the end, entitled ‘References
•
Name of publisher
List all forms of sources together (ie do not
•
The year, place and name of publisher
Mary Jackson (2002) suggests that the cult
of celebrity is not a modern phenomenon.
•
This paraphrases or summarises the main idea
separate website sources from books, for
can be found in the first few pages of the
example)
book, usually on the left hand side.
behind a book, and again needs the author’s
•
List alphabetically by author’s surname
name and book’s publication date.
•
If the source’s author is unknown, use the
title of the source instead of the author
For newspaper and magazine articles, use
the same system as above. If an author isn’t
indicated, format this way:
The Telegraph reported in its article ‘Times
11
Example:
References
Akbar, J (2002) The Rise of the Criminal, London, Oxford Press
Smith, TD (1999) Criminal Law and Justice: A New Era, New York, Thomas Patton Ltd
The Wyden English Dictionary (1999), London, Wyden Press
are changing’ (2011), that the number of
prison sentences for fraud have increased.
From a website:
The BBC website (www.bbc.co.uk/news/
health/ (accessed 13.3.13)) claims that
Your list of references
should be attached
to the end of your
assignment when you
submit it for assessment.
‘Scientists have identified a group of
brain cells which have the power to
control appetite and could be a major
cause of eating disorders such as
obesity’.
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12
Referencing
Referencing
Advanced referencing skills
These advanced referencing skills are recommended for Level 3 and A
Level onwards.
It is important to show when you have used
marks for this, as you have put
Paraphrasing
from another
source
use exactly the same words as the author.
the process of acknowledging any ideas which
This includes exactly the same punctuation,
are not your own. If you don’t reference,
capitalisation etc. Here is a hypothetical
you put the acceptance of your work at risk,
example:
But to acknowledge the idea
the name of the author and date
of publication that you are referring to.
Another hypothetical example might be:
This paraphrases or summarises the main idea
lives’.
behind a book, so there is no need to indicate
a page reference.
system. You may wish to check with your
The words ‘has a powerful effect on all our
learning institution for their preferred systems.
lives’ are exactly the same as in the original
You may also place the name of the author at
text. You can use a whole sentence, or part
the end of your sentence:
When to reference
of it, or even a single word from a text, but it
You need to reference when:
must be copied exactly. This means that you
It has been suggested that the cult of
•
you are quoting directly from another
have to fit your own words around the text
celebrity has significantly impacted on
source
you want to borrow, to make it make sense.
society (Mary Jackson 2002: 22-33).
•
you are paraphrasing ideas and work from
another source
How to reference (within the text of
your assessment)
This is when you ‘borrow’
another author’s words
Using direct
quotations
from another
source
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Morrison and Smith (2008: 44)
The date (2002) refers to the date of
publication, which can be found on the first
few pages of a book, along with the author’s
name and a copyright symbol ©. The colon
own work. When you
state that healthy eating
More than
one author
is not the only factor in
maintaining a good digestive
system.
and number 4 indicate the page reference
where this quotation can be found.
You can add another name if there are three
and use them in your
Mary Jackson (2002: 22-33) suggests
quote directly or ‘borrow’
that the cult of celebrity has significantly
the author’s words, it is
impacted on society.
A knowledge of
chemistry is helpful
when studying hair
colour in hairdressing
If you don’t
know the
author
Mary Jackson (2002) suggests that the cult
culture ‘has a powerful effect on all our
and this guide will focus on the Harvard
Et al stands for ‘and others’.
(Colour Watch 2013: 5).
Mary Jackson (2002: 4) states that celebrity
There are a number of referencing systems
class is an out-dated construct.
has come from another author,
of celebrity is not a modern phenomenon.
along with the qualification you have worked
Simmons et al (2010: 121) claim that social
the text into your own words.
you still need to indicate clearly
important that you quote accurately and
someone else’s work or ideas. Referencing is
towards.
You don’t need to use quotation
13
authors. Any more than that, use the following
For newspaper and magazine
articles, use the same system as above. If an
author isn’t indicated, format this way:
The Telegraph reported in its article
‘Times are changing’ (2011: 13), that the
number of prison sentences for fraud have
increased.
From a website:
The BBC website (www.bbc.co.uk/news/
health/ (accessed 13.3.13)) claims that
‘Scientists have identified a group of brain
cells which have the power to control
appetite and could be a major cause of
eating disorders such as obesity’.
For electronic sources citation is similar to
books and periodicals, but without page
numbers.
format:
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14
Referencing
Referencing
How to reference (producing a
reference list)
Order of information for each entry to be
You need to list all your references at the
1. The author’s or editor’s surname and
Example:
included:
References
end of your assignment. Your references
comma
are the texts from which you have quoted
2. Their initial
or paraphrased in the main body of your
3. The year of publication, in brackets
Smith, TD (1999) Criminal Law and Justice: A New Era, New York, Thomas Patton Ltd
assessment.
4. Title of text, in italics or quotation marks
Troy F, Smith D, De Vere LD (2012) Everyday Physics, Australia, Outback Publications
Akbar, J (2002) The Rise of the Criminal, London, Oxford Press
5. Place of publication
Remember:
•
6. Name of publisher
example)
List alphabetically by author’s or editor’s
surname
•
The Wyden English Dictionary (1999), London, Wyden Press
List all forms of sources together (ie do not
If you want to record a book with an editor:
separate website sources from books, for
•
15
If the source’s author is unknown, use the
title of the source instead of the author
The year, place and
name of publisher
can be found in the
first few pages of the
book, usually on the
left hand side.
Hussain, S (ed) (2009) Disability and Work, London, Hammersmith Press
If you want to record a chapter of an edited book, and the chapter has been written by someone
different, record it like this:
Nimmo, J (1999) ‘The workplace as enabling’, in Hussain S (ed) Disability and Work,
London, Hammersmith Press
Other electronic sources
Email:
Jackson, S (2010) Re: Health Issues, email to NMC ([email protected]), 9 Jun [13 Jun
2010]
Discussion from forums/blogs:
The access
date is in
square
brackets.
Simpson, H (2012) Nov 21 ‘MMR Debate’ Healthwise Forum [Online], 21
Nov, available email: [email protected] [21 Nov 2012]
Your list of references should be attached to the end of your assignment when you
submit it for assessment.
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16
Referencing
Referencing
Bibliography
17
Appendix 1: Teacher Guidance
Some institutions like to have a bibliography
You may have read some or all of a text, but
It is very important for teachers to be aware
In the technological world we live in,
as well as a reference page. A bibliography is
not found it relevant or useful to refer to, but
of the requirements of individual awarding
information and the ideas of others are
a list of all the texts or resources you may have
you can still include it in your bibliography,
bodies. Please see the specifications
even more easily discovered through
referred to, however briefly, during the course
to show your wider reading. Record your
for specific qualifications. Find out if
the world wide web, a stimulating and
of your study.
bibliography in alphabetical order by the
your school or college has a plagiarism
liberating resource when used correctly.
author’s surname on its own page at the
policy and make yourself aware of its
This can lead to effective wider reading
very end of your assignment, and after your
recommendations. If your school or college
and a more critical approach, but there is
referencing page.
has referencing guidelines, follow these and
a danger that students can copy and take
encourage your students to be consistent
ideas from texts without acknowledging
in their use across all their subjects.
them, along with using unreliable sources.
Controlled assessment has gone some
way to tackling this problem, but clearly
teachers need to be ever-vigilant.
By explicitly teaching students
about plagiarism and giving them
the tools to recognise and reference
their reading, students are able to
understand the value of intellectual
property and where their learning
and academic study rests within it.
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18
Referencing
Tips for teaching referencing skills
•
Introduce the concept as early as possible
in the course
•
Seek the help of your librarian to introduce
books and their cataloguing/conventions
etc
•
Get students to keep a reading diary,
where they record author, title, publisher,
place published and year of publication
•
Discuss copyright and ‘intellectual
property’ with students
•
Monitor their use of referencing over time
•
Model the process of referencing from a
Referencing
19
Appendix 2: Links to useful resources
Links to useful resources
•
http://www.vtstutorials.ac.uk/detective/ - Free online tutorials on using the internet and
referencing effectively, aimed at higher and further education
•
http://learnhigher.ac.uk/Students/Referencing.html - referencing for students, with tips and
activities
•
http://learnhigher.ac.uk/Staff/Referencing.html - guidance for teachers, with teaching
approaches, activities for students and further recommended sites
text studied by the class
•
Ask students to find a piece of writing
from a text and write a paragraph
explaining how it might be useful for their
assessment, then ask them to include a
quotation and reference it correctly
•
Use peer assessment to check for
consistent referencing
•
Recommend online referencing guides/
tutorials (see Appendix 2)
To give us feedback on, or ideas about the OCR resources you have used, email [email protected]
OCR Resources: the small print
OCR’s resources are provided to support the teaching of OCR specifications, but in no way constitute an endorsed teaching method that is
required by the Board and the decision to use them lies with the individual teacher. Whilst every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of
the content, OCR cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions within these resources.
© OCR 2013 - This resource may be freely copied and distributed, as long as the OCR logo and this message remain intact and OCR is
acknowledged as the originator of this work.
OCR acknowledges the use of the following content:
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