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REMARKABLE SPECIES OF HISTIOSTOMA
(HISTIOSTOMATIDAE, ASTIGMATA) FROM JAPAN WITH A PAIR
OF NEWLY IDENTIFIED VENTRAL COXAL ORGANS
AND SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF CHEMICALS COMPONENTS
KAZUMI TAGAMI 1 AND YASUMASA KUWAHARA 2
(Accepted November 2004)
HISTIOSTOMA,
HISTIOSTOMATIDAE,
3-HYDROXYBENZENE1,2-DICARBOALDEHYDE,
NEW ORGAN.
SuMMARY: Histiostoma globotuberum sp. n. was collected from Kyoto and
Tsukuba, Japan. This species showed one pair of ring- or disk-like structures
(coxal tuber) on the anterior-lateral part of coxa I of the deutonymph, adult
male and female. Hexane extracts (possibly the opisthonotal gland extract) of
the species consisted of 3-hydroxybenzene-1 ,2-dicarboaldehyde as a major component, in addition to geranial which commonly occurs in histiostomatid mites.
Sexual dimorphism was observed in hydrocarbon profiles of mite extracts.
RESUME: Histiostoma globotuberum sp.n. a ete recolte de Kyoto et Tsukuba,
Japon. Cette espece montre une paire d'anneau ou de disque (tubercule coxal) a
la partie anterieure de la coxa I de la deutonymphe de l'adulte male et femelle.
L'extrait par l'hexane (possible extrait de la glande opisthonotale) est du
3-hydroxybenzene-1 ,2-dicarboaldehyde principalement avec du gerenial qui est ·
commun aux Histiostomatidae. Le dimorphisme sexuel a ete observe sur le profil
des hydrcarbones des extraits des acariens.
Small sized species of mites belonging to the genus
Histiostoma are poorly investigated in Japan. They
are found hosted on insects, in soil or litter samples,
decaying vegetables, mushrooms, fruits and animal
feces.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In July 1996 and March 2000, two strains of histiostomatid mites were collected from the university
campuses of Kyoto and Tsukuba from organic soil
samples (ea. 500 g) enriched with moistened dried
yeast on 5.5 cm paper disks. The mites were reared to
obtain sufficient material for investigation. Subsequently, the morphology of specimens was studied at
Tsukuba University and chemistry at Kyoto University. The Tsukuba strain was maintained through this
study, but the former strain had been lost within one
year after rearing began.
Morphological studies Live specimens of all stages
were cleared with Keifer's solution (KEIFER, 1953) in
1. Laboratory of Environmental Health, Division of Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Human Comprehensive Science,
University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan.
2. Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku,
Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
Acaro/ogia, 2005.
XLV, I : 83-98.
86a small Syracuse dish for 30-120 min. Following clearing, a drop of gum chloral was added to the dish and
mixed thoroughly. The specimen was then transferred
to a drop of fresh gum chloral on a glass slide for a
few minutes to acclimate, and then gradually added
to the final mounting solution, which was diluted
with the cleaning solution into which the specimen
had been immersed. Finally, the specimens were
mounted on another glass slide with fresh gum chloral, covered with a cover slip and heated overnight to
eliminate excess water before sealing at sooc on a hot
plate.
In this paper, nomenclature for idiosomal setae
followed GRIFFITHS et al. (1990) and for leg setae
GRANDJEAN (1939).
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): SEM
observations were performed with JSM 6700F NT
(JEOL, Tokyo). Detailed steps of preparation were as
reported in SuzuKI et al. 1995.
Chemical analysis Hexane extracts of mites (50
females and males, separately) were prepared using a
conical-bottomed test tube (8 mm i.d. x 5 cm in
length, hand made). Mites collected by a needle were
transferred into the tube, and dipped in hexane (4 tLl)
for three minutes. The resulting extract, after removal
of mite bodies by a micro-syringe (1 0 tLl), was subjected to gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), to obtain gas chromatographic
(GC) profiles, and to identify compounds present in
the extract. GC/MS was carried out by a Hewlett
Packard HP-5890 GC/MS operated at 70 eV, using an
HP-5 capillary column (0.25 mm i.d. x 30 m, 0.25 fLm
in film thickness, Hewlett Packard) with He as the
carrier gas at a 1.23 ml/min flow rate in the split-less
mode at a temperature programmed to change from
60°C (2 min) to 290°C at a raising rate of 10°C/min
and then held for 5 min.
RESULTS
Morphology More than 100 structures and some
RLI index (ratio of length or distance of structure to
the idiosomallength, Kurosa, 1987 and 2002) were
used for the following descriptions (TABLE 1).
Histiostoma globotuberum sp. n.
(FIGS. 1-19)
FEMALE (FIGS. 1-9) Body trapezoidal or vaseshaped. Idiosomal length 340-392 fLm, width 196300 fLm (n=6).
Gnathosoma Chelicerae (FIG. 1); fixed digit with
membranous finger-like distal portion, a median
region with 3 large well developed teeth, movable
digit with 14 teeth ending in a distinct bristle. Dorsal
chelicera! seta medium in length. Each palp (FIG. 2
and 4) reflexed outward with short apical palpal solenidion (~)and eupathidial seta (u/') ( < 30 tLm). Palpal
membrane poorly developed. Ventral subcapitular
setae (m) filiform.
Dorsal view (FIG. 3) Cuticle covered with fine
microtrichae. Anterior propodosoma with a distinct
sclerite extending posteriorly above legs I base level.
A wing shaped and chelated pit located on the posterior margin of the propodosoma in almost all specimens. Two pairs of distinct protuberances on the
posterior hysterosoma form the basement of the oil
gland, d.£ and g_L (anterior protuberance) and b_z, b_£, b_1
andj£ setae (posterior protuberance). Setae ri and ve
filiform. Scapular setae filiform, internal scapular
setae (~) short, positioned anterio-medial to little
longer external scapular setae (se). Sejugal furrow
distinct. Hysterosomal setae filiform, subequal in
length containing propodosomal setae. Opisthosomal gland (gjg_) well developed located between setae
d2 and e2. Three pairs of cupules (ia, im, and iJl.). A
pair of vestigial setal alveoli (va) described by Bongers et al. (1985) were present at upper third between
el and hl. Well developed and pear-shaped copulatory opening with duct and bursa copulatrix (FIG. 5).
Ventral view (FIG. 4) Anterior apodemes (coxa I)
fused medially and V-shaped. Anterior and posterior
papillae well screlotized and oval in shape. One pair
of ring like screlotized structures on the posteriorlateral part of coxa I. These structures have never
been recorded in the 460 known species of this family
and are not mentioned in the review of astigmatid
mites by Griffiths et al. (1990). We propose to call this
structure a "ventral coxal tuber" (et). The function of
this structure is still unknown.
Coxal setae short; 4a located posterior-lateral of
posterior papillae. Three pair of anal setae surroun-
-87Stage
Character
IdiosomalL
Idiosomal W
Leg I length
Leg II length
Leg Ill length
Leg IV length
Gnathosoma L.
Gnathosoma W
Palp solenidion
ul'
m
VI
Dist. vi -vi
ve
Dist. ve- ve
si
Dist. si- si
se
Dist. se- se
cl
c2
c3
cp
dl
d2
el
e2
f2
hl
h2
h3
la
Dist. la - la
3a
Dist. 3a -
3a
3b
Dist. 3b- 3b
4a
Dist. 4a-4a
ps3
Dist. ps3 - ps3
ps2
Dist. ps2 - ps2
psi
Dist. psi -psi
Sucker L.
SuckerW
Tarsus I L.
wl
Adult female
340-392
196-300
170-194
154-174
132-154
162-192
Adult male
268-288
140-158
140-144
124-132
28-32
18-21
14-18
21 -23
24-30
20-27
30-37
16-23
32-40
20-30
44-52
20-36
20-39
20-30
22-24
20-23
12-13
12-13
18-29
22-28
20-25
22-29
22-30
24-39
23-30
22-30
16-20
42-54
10-14
61-84
14-18
81-104
13-17
78-116
10-13
22-24
13-19
50-58
14-19
34-40
72-94
16-18
108-114
136-140
11-16
17-21
15-18
25-28
12-14
19-22
15-18
29-33
14-25
14-21
14-25
16-18
14-16
16-18
16-18
16-18
absent
18-21
17-20
15-17
15-16
38-40
14-16
57-59
9-11
38-49
11-12
33-38
8-10
Deutonymph
172-186
118-142
94-100
78-80
54-59
54-60
16-19
7-9
33-40
3
2-4
22-26
2-4
62
3-4
3-5
4-5
3-5
3-4
3-4
3-4
3-4
3-4
3-4
3-4
5-6
5
35-41
5
24-26
5-6
16-18
19-24
13-17
24-29
10-11
12-16
54-65
14-19
41-43
52-54
50-52
18-20
-88w2
8-14
9-11
w3
12-14
9-14
absent
absent
9-12
6-9
9-10
6-8
aa
ba
la
ra
wa
d
Tibia I L.
13-16
10
9-12
6-8
8-14
6-7
5-6
3-4
11-13
7-9
4-6
76-86
74-76
24
22-28
20-22
16-17
26-29
7-8
<t>
13-16
13-15
hT
gT
Genu I L.
9-10
6-8
11-13
9-11
5-6
28-34
23-28
16-1 7
cri
12-16
13-16
cr2
10-15
9-12
8-11
9-11
2
cr
cG
vF
Femur I L.
pR
Tarsus IlL.
8-11
6-7
8
7-8
50-58
43-48
15-18
7-9
7-8
64-70
48-54
34-36
w
16-21
20-23
13-14
ba
wa
la
ra
d
Tibia II L.
10-13
9-10
7-9
10-14
10-12
6-7
12-15
10-12
9-10
9-11
8-11
5-6
32-41
32-36
8
20-22
15
10
<t>
13-17
18-20
11-13
hT
gT
Genu II L.
8-10
9-12
7
10-12
7-8
6-8
26-30
22-25
14-15
cr
12-14
12-13
8-10
cG
mG
vF
Tarsus Ill L.
d
e
10-12
9-11
8-9
7-10
6-8
5-8
5-9
7-9
8-9
56-68
41-45
35-40
9-11
9-10
6-8
9-11
9-12
13-14
6-7
12
w
Tibia III L.
13-16
7-8
19-22
18-20
<t>
14-29
12-15
15-19
kT
Genu Ill L.
sR
Tarsus IV L.
d
e
r
8-12
9-11
6-8
20-28
21-24
6-8
5-8
8-10
74-90
52-56
42-45
9-12
8-9
4-5
17-20
9-11
9-14
10-14
-89w
16-20
9-18
Tibia IV L.
20-26
20-22
<I>
13-20
10-14
kT
Genu IVL.
9-11
9-12
30-32
24-26
wF
8-9
9-11
12-14
7-8
6-7
5-7
TABLE 1. Measurements of Histiostoma globotuberum sp. n. (range, fJ.ffi)
ding the anal slit, 121!_ and 121J short filiform. 121?_ longer
and located laterally. A pair of cupules (ih) on the
posterior margin.
Legs (FIGS. 3, 4, 6 -9) Legs slender, with all five
segments free. Chaetotaxy: tarsi 13-12-10-10; tibiae
2-2-1-1; genua 2-2-0-0; femora 1-1-0-1; trochanters
1-1-1-0. Solenidiotaxy: tarsi 1-1-0-0; tibiae 3-1-1-1;
genua 2-1-0-0. Famulus absent. Apical tarsus I situated 6 setae and 1 solenidion surrounding a claw. Tibia
I excavated dorso-apically around common base of
tibial solenidia Q!.L and Q!.?_· Solenidion Q!.J rod shaped.
Most setae spine-like. Dorsa-apical tarsal setae d. I-11
elongated, filiform; d. III-IV supine shaped; trochanter setae .f!..B short spine, sR spine.
MALE (FIGS. 10-11) Body box-like, wellsclerotized; idiosomallength 268-288 fLm, width 140158 fLm. Gnathosoma similar to that of female.
Dorsal view (FIG. 10) ldiosoma sclerotized more
than the female. Propodosomal shield sclerotized;
propodosomal setae filiform shorter than 20 fLm.
Sejugal furrow visible. Hysterosomal posterior protuberance seen in female was also distinct, however
anterior protuberance was not recognizable. Hysterosomal setae filiform shorter than 25 fLm. Hysterosomal setaefl absent. Cupules: ia not visible; iJl_ moved
to posterior margin; im and ih same as female. Opisthosomal gland (g]g) opening between setae d.l_andgL.
Ventral view (FIG. 11) Y-shaped sternum formed
by medial junction of Apodemes I. Apodeme 11 free.
Posterior apodeme of leg 11 and anterior apodeme of
leg Ill fused together, pointed inside and free
medially. Ventral coxal tuber (et) same as on female.
Anterior papillae oval, situated medially on apodeme
IV and 3b; posterior papillae anterior to genital
organ; the distance between the posterior papillae
shorter than the anterior one. Coxal seta (3a)
anterior-laterally to anterior genital papillae; stouter
than that of female. Three pairs of anal setae (.];M_L,121l
and 121J) present, 121!_ and 121?_ close to the anal slit, of
subequallength and filiform, short and filiform_m:J is
close to anterior part of the anal slit. Hysterosomal
setae b_J is short and in ventra-posterior position.
Legs (FIGS. 10-11) Tarsus of Legs I-IV stouter than
those of the female. Leg chaetotaxy and solenidiotaxy same as in female. Apical tarsal solenidion Q!.J
with cocked apices. Male solenidion !I.?_ shorter than
female, solenidion Q!.!_ I longer. Famulus (~) absent.
Setae ra and la leg 11 and sR leg Ill stouter than those
of female.
DEUTONYMPH (FIGS. 12-17) Body: ovoid, widest in
region 1/5 posterior of sejugal; idiosomallength 172186 fLm, width 118-142 fLm.
Gnathosoma (FIG 13) Gnathosoma reduced. Subcapitulum cylindrical, length 16-19 fLm, width
7-9 fLm. Palpal supracoxal setae (ul') dorsolateral,
subapical (3 !Lm); palpal solenidia 33-44 !Lm in
length.
Dorsal view (FIG. 12) Propodosoma triangular in
shape with a single faint transverse striation and
medial curved end; setae sei and see short (2-4 !Lm).
Hysterosoma striated anteriorly, smooth cuticle; hysterosomal setae mostly minute except stouter b_J.
Ovoid ia between !l.j_ and 92, opisthosomal gland
between dl and f?_, iJl_ invisible, probably hidden by
some structure.
Ventral view (FIG. 13) Apodemes I fused together
at posterior to subcapitular remnant, forming a long
sternum free posteriorly; apodemes 11 extending
posterior-medially and end freely; apodemes Ill not
fused medially. Apodemes IV extending forward,
fused with median apodeme. Genital opening small
and oval with two pairs of genital papillae. Genital
setae (gg) minute, filiform, positioned posteriorlaterally to genital opening. Ventral coxal tuber (et)
"
:~\••...•i
.
5. . -z.:~~
'
\0
0
4
3
FJm,: 1-5. Histiostoma globotuberum Tagami and Kuwahara, sp. n., female; habitus. 1. chelicera; 2. pulp; 3. dorsum; 4. venter;
5. copulatory opening and bursa copulatrix. Scale: 200 I-'m for
FIGS.
3-4, 50 I-'m for
FIGS.
I, 2 and 5.
-91-
50
~m
u~
s
Fras. 6-9. Histiostoma globotuberum Tagami and Kuwahara, sp. n., female; legs. 6. leg I; 7. leg II; 8. leg Ill; 9. leg IV.
1OOJlfll
\0
N
3a~
@~b
10
FIGS.
11
10-11. Histiostoma globotuberum Tagami and Kuwahara, sp. n., male; habitus. 10. dorsum; 11. venter.
-93-
100 !!111
--
13
FIGS.
12- 13 · Histiostoma globotuberum Tagam1. an d Kuwahara, sp. n., deutonymPh·' habitus. 12. dorsum,. 13 . venter.
-94-
50
e
J..Lm
e
··c__)
1d
FIGS.
14-17. Histiostoma globotuberum Tagami and Kuwahara, sp. n., deutonymphallegs (left). 14. leg I; 15. leg II; 16. leg Ill; 17. leg IV.
-95-
FIG I 8.
Histiostoma globotuberum Tagami and Kuwahara, sp. n., coxal tuber (SEM microscopy). A. deutonymph. B. adult male.
also situated anterio-lateral of coxal plate I. Sucker
plate large and wide (40 flm (H) x 55 flm (W)), ovoid
in shape with striate margin.
Legs (FIGS. 14-17) Total length of distal4 segments
moderate in all legs; tarsus I length (50-52 flm) sub
equal to the combined length of tibio-tarsus HI (5459 flm) an <;I IV (54-60 flm), shorter than the combined
length of leg II (78-80 flm). Chaetotaxy of tibia-genufemur I-IV same as in female. Setae vFlegl,g_,r_andsR
leg Ill, and g_, r_ and .11: leg IV filiform. Distal tarsal setae
g_ leg I spoon-shaped; g_ leg II knife- or leaf-shaped; g_
leg Ill (12 flm) and IV (17-20 flm) needle-shaped.
Famulus £thick, hair-like and shorter (1 0 flm) than Qll.
(18-20 flm). Tibial solenidion Q leg I thin and minute
triangle(2-3 flm). SolenidionQl(13-14 flm)legiilarge
rod and Q (8-1 0 flm) leg II rod shaped.
SEM SEM microscopy of coxal tuber of the deutonymph is shown in FIG. 18 (A). A simple circular
view was observed by the ordinal microscopic obser~
vation. However, the SEM figure showed a smooth
globular tuberance. The view of adult male is shown
in FIG. 18 (B). A circular pit, quite different from the
surrounding surface material, was usually covered
with a mass of bacteria. The granular surface showed
some prints of bacteria when the material was fixed
with ethyl-alcohol, the bacteria were sonicated away
before SEM observation. The organs of female
adults were similar in shape as that of male. The
surface is not shown, because the process to remove
the covering bacteria was not completely successful.
Chemical analysis Gas liquid chromatogram was
shown in FIG. 19. Total nine peaks (peak b, f, a, e, c, i,
d, hand g, in decreasing order together with 9 unknown peaks) were observed in the female extract,
while that of males composed of 6 peaks (i, a, f, h, g
and b, in decreasing order with an unknown peak).
By comparing their GC retention times and mass
spectra with those of authentic compounds and/or
known mite components (KuwAHARA, 1999), peak a
was identified as geranial [(E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6octadienal] (Kuwwahara et al., 1991 ), likewise peak b
as 3-hydroxybenzene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde (SAKATA &
KUWAHARA, 2001), peak c as tridecane, peak d as
pentadecene, peak e as pentadecane, peak f as heptadecene, peak h as diethylhexyl phthalate, peak i as
squalene, peak gas dibutyl phthalate. Among known
compounds listed above, two phthalates (peak g and
h) and squalene (peak i) were contaminants derived
from diet and environment (Kuwahara, 1999), and
furthermore, there is no unknown peaks corresponding to those detected among 52 species of Astigmata
as ones to be studied, indicative of contaminants. As
a result, total six compounds were identified as mite
components.
Recorder response of the male extracts was less
than one-fifth of the females. Three hydrocarbons
-96-
b
90
80
A
a
f
70
60 .
e*
50
Q)
en
c
0
40
a.
en
Q)
~
*
c
30
~
Q)
""0
~
0
0
20
d
Q)
*
0::::
10
0
\1
I
*
*I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.... I
I
I
1
r
*
g **
*
l
T
·1
I
r
I
I
T
I
h
l
T
I
T
I
T
B
10
(\ 1"-...
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
f
b
l*
l
I
T
.
a
20
V -
.
1
10
h
g
l
I
20
Retention time (m in)
FIG. 19. Typical gas liquid chromatogram of females (A) and males (B) of Histiostoma globotuberum Tagami and Kuwahara, sp. n .. ; Analytical
conditions: see the text. a:geranial [(E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal), b: 3-hydroxybenzene-1 ,2-dicarbaldehyde, c: tridecane, d: pentadecene, e: pentadecane, f: heptadecene, g: diethylhexyl phthalate, h: squalene, i: dibutyl phthalate. *: structures unknown. Peaks i and g were
contamination and peak h (squalene) originated from dried yeast used as food.
97
(tridecane, pentadecene and pentadecane) were not
detectable in males, indicative of sexual dimorphism.
Type materials Holotype (adult female) and paratype (deutonymphs, adult males and females) and
boucher specimens are deposited in the collection of
the National Science Museum (Nat. Hist.), Tokyo
(NSMT), Japan. Live specimens reared at Tsukuba
University will be available for Japanese local researchers without authorized permission. However,
requests from abroad require authorized permission
from the local government for shipment up to 1 year
after publication of this paper.
_ Etymology This species is named from a specific
structure on the deutonymphal coxal tuber (et) SEM
photograph. The Japanese name "HARA-IBOHIGEDANI" is also after the shape and the position
of the et.
REMARKS Out of about 190 species of the genus
Histiostoma, no other species has been described with
a coxal tuber. Thus, this species can easily be distinguished from other species.
DISCUSSION
Classification Even though H. globotuberum sp. n
possesses a pair of additional disks (et) on deutonymphal coxa I, this species should be classified into the
genus Histiostoma. When more species with similar
morphology are recorded to form a larger group, a
new genus can be established from Histiostoma.
Morphology The et shown in the H. globotuberum
sp. n. is an interesting organ which has never been
described in classifications of higher suborders of
Astigmata nor the family Histiostomatidae and
genus Histiostoma. However, some species of Oribatei possess two or more setae on their coxa I, but the et
is not homologous to the setal organ seen by SEM.
Authors anticipate further morphological, histological, functional and ecological studies with live specimens purchased from us.
Additional ventral organs which have been described by VERCAMMEN-GRANDJEAN (1976, Claparede's
organ) or by FAIN & ERTELD (1998, conoids) are not
related to et, because conoids and et occur on the
same deutonymph and et is recognized in all stages
after the deutonymph instead of the Claparede's
organ which appears before the deutonymphal stage.
More detailed ontogenic studies are needed on this
newly identified organ.
Chemistry The present species contained geranial
as the second major component, while its function
remained obscure. Although GC profiles are available only for a limited species of Histiostomatidae,
these species are characterized possessing geranial as
one of the major components. Among 52 species of
Astigmata including two species of Histiostomatidae
(H. laboratorium and the present species), only four
species possess geranial as one of major components;
two histiostomatid mites, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Chaetodaetylus nipponieus. In H. laboratorium, geranial has been known as the alarm pheromone (KUWWAHARA et al., 1991). In D.
pteronyssinus, the compound functions as aggregation pheromone (KuwAHARA, unpublished). On the
other hand, neral (geometrical isomer of geranial) is
distributed more commonly among mites; more than
16 species, among which 5 species use neral as the
alarm pheromone (KuwAHARA, 1999).
Presence of 3-hydroxybenzene-1 ,2-dicarbaldehyde
(used to be named as m/z 150) as the major component in the present females is one of the characteristics, not only among Histiostoma but also among
Astigmata. Although the compound is distributed
widely among species of Astigmata (more than 25
species among 52 species examined) as a minor component (Kuwahara, 1999), there is no species possessing the compound as the major.
In the present species, sexual dimorphism was noticed in hydrocarbon components. It was practically
true with no exeption that both sexes of astigmatid
mites indicated the same GLC profile, however, it may
be possible to indicate sexual dimorphism like the
present species. Careful accumulation of GLC profiles should be carried out from now on to detect such
possibilities among Astigmata species.
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