SAYING OF THE WEEK: Anno Domini (A.D.), In the year of our Lord
Ante Meridiem, Before noon
Post Meridiem, After noon
LESSON XII
The Genitive of Possession; Indirect Objects
Vocab List
Latin
English
2nd CONJUGATION VERBS
iube ō, iubē re , iussī, iussum
I orde r, command, bid
te rre ō, te rrē re , te rruī,
te rritum
I frighte n
time o, timē re , timuī, ----
I fe ar, am afraid
2nd DECLENSION NEUTER NOUNS
auxilium, -ī, n.
auxilia, -ōrum
aid, he lp;
auxiliary force s
cōnsilium, -ī, n.
plan, advice
impe dīme ntum, -ī, n.
impe dīme nta, -ōrum
hindrance ,
he avy baggage
proe lium, -ī, n.
battle
signum, -ī, n.
sign, signal, battle standard
te lum, -ī, n.
we apon, missile
Derivatives
NEW: Genitive of Possession
So far we know to use the Nominative, Accusative, and Ablative cases. We only have to learn two more
and one of them is the Genitive Case. The Genitive case is used to show Possession and Possession shows
ownership. In English, we show possession in two ways: with an apostrophe - s , or using “of the-”
the girl’s horse
the envoys’ swords
the horse of the girl
the swords of the envoys
The endings for the genitive case in the First and Second declensions are as follows:
First:
Second:
Singular
-ae
-ī
Plural
-ārum
-ōrum
The boys will destroy the girl’s books.
Puerī librōs puellae vastabunt.
The object of the possession is books , which is the direct objects. We can tell it is the Direct Object by
taking out the possessor, girl’s . Notice that even though the object of the possession is plural, the possessor
itself is singular. We, therefore, put puellae in the Genitive singular case.
The horses of the farmers are walking.
Equī agricolārum ambulant.
The object of the possession is horses, which is the subject of the sentence.
Give the Genitive case of the following nouns
1. fortune’s
_________________________________
2. of the slaves
_________________________________
3. book’s
_________________________________
4. stories
_________________________________
5. war’s
_________________________________
6. messengers’
_________________________________
7. of the wagon
_________________________________
8. farmers’
_________________________________
NEW: Indirect Objects
We know how to translate a direct object, which uses the accusative case and answers the question what?
or who? Now we will learn how to translate an indirect object in a sentence, which answers the question to
whom? or for whom? Indirect objects use the Dative Case.
Consider the sentence below:
The lieutenant will give the queen a letter.
What is the verb phrase?
What is the subject of the verb phrase?
What is the direct object?
What is the indirect object?
will give
lieutenant
letter
queen
The direct object receives the action from the verb in the sentence. Who or what was given? A letter. The
indirect object clarifies who received the direct object. For whom or to whom was the letter given? The queen.
N.B. Indirect objects only occur in sentences that have an action ve rb and a dire ct obje ct.
Do you remember the dative singular and plural forms for all the declensions?
First Declension Regular Nouns
Singular
Plural
Second Declension Masculine Regular Nouns
Singular
Plural
Second Declension Neuter Nouns
Singular
Plural
Circle and translate the indirect objects in the sentences below
1. The teacher was telling the boys a story.
____________________________
2. The queen will give the towns grain.
____________________________
LESSON XII HOMEWORK:
❏ Put the new vocabulary and the Latin saying on flashcards
❏ Complete the sections (DAY I, II, III....) below
❏ Read the story and answer the questions in complete sentences
❏ Read Chapters 16-20 (Phaethon-Arion) of Heroes, Gods, and Monsters
❏ Study for Quiz XI
DAY I: Conjugate the following verbs below
iube ō, iubē re , iussī, iussum
First Principal Part
Second Principal Part
Third Principal Part
Fourth Principal Part
Present
Infinitive
Perfect
Participial/Supine
First Principal Part
Second Principal Part
Third Principal Part
Fourth Principal Part
Present
Infinitive
Perfect
Participial/Supine
First Principal Part
Second Principal Part
Third Principal Part
Fourth Principal Part
Present
Infinitive
Perfect
Participial/Supine
te rre ō, te rrē re , te rruī, te rritum
time o, timē re , timuī, ----
---
------------------
DAY II: Decline the following nouns below
auxilium, -ī, n.
auxilia, -ōrum
CASE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
cōnsilium, -ī, n.
CASE
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
impe dīme ntum, -ī, n.
impe dīme nta, -ōrum
CASE
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
proe lium, -ī, n.
CASE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
signum, -ī, n.
CASE
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
te lum, -ī, n.
CASE
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
DAY III: Translate and circle either the indirect object or the possessive word in the sentence
1. The men of the war will delight to bathe.
____________________________
2. The master will order the slaves to give the men gifts.
____________________________
3. The son’s sword is frightening the horses
____________________________
DAY IV: Conversational Latin
Be low are some of the te rms from conve rsational Latin that will appe ar on the NLE. Me morize
the m, put the m on flashcards. The y will be on Quiz XII and the NLE!
Salve!
Salvete!
Greetings! (singular)
Greetings! (plural)
Greetings, student!
Greetings, students!
Quid agis?
How are you?
Sum bene.
I am well
Quid est nomen tibi?
What is your name?
Nomen tibi est Marcus
My name is Marcus
Vale!
Valete!
Goodbye! (singular)
Goodbye! (pluarl)
Goodbye, student!
Goodbye, students!
1. How would you say, “Hello, teacher!”
a. Vale, magister!
c. Salvete, magistrī!”
b. Salve, magister!
d. Valete, magistrī!”
2. Which of the following would be an appropriate response to, “Quid agis?”
a. Cum bene
c. Sum bene
b. Sum male
d. Cum male
3. Which of the following would be an appropriate response to, “Quid est nome tibi?”
a. equus
c. puer
b. CXVI
d. decem
4. What does, “Valete, discipulī!” mean?
a. Greetings, student!
c. Goodbye, student!
b. Greetings, students!
d. Goodbye, students!
Roman Housing
Most ancient Romans who lived in cities lived in insulae, or apartment houses that consisted of
multiple floors. The first floors of the insula housed shops. Tenants living in the building would access their
apartments from a central staircase. The most desirable apartments were on the lower floors of the buildings.
Most insulae were fire hazards, and some were so poorly built they collapsed onto their inhabitants.
A wealthy Roman would live in a domus, or house, which could be quite palatial. The classical
Roman domus was divided into two sections: the first section was comprised of rooms grouped around the
atrium, or entrance hall; the second was comprised of rooms grouped around the peristylium, or
colonnaded garden.
1 Atrium
2 Peristylium
3 Vestibulum
4 Fauces
5 Impluvium
6 Ala
7 Triclinium
8 Tablinum
9 Exhedra/Oecus
10 Taberna
11 Cubiculum
12 Andron
13 Posticum
14 Bathroom
15 Culina (kitchen)
The atrium and the peristylium were perfect designs for the heat of the Mediterranean region. They
both were open to the sky, letting in fresh air to circulate among the hallways and rooms. In the atrium was
a small pool, the impluvium, which would catch rainwater channeled into it by the roof tiles surrounding the
compluvium, or opening in the roof. The peristylium, a covered colonnaded walkway, surrounded a garden
which was open to the sky. Excess water in the garden was channeled into an underground tank.
With the exception of the front door to the home, the atrium and peristylium were the house’s only
openings. Roman houses had no windows. This gave the family privacy, kept the house cool, and prevented
street dust from entering the home. Most homes had only one floor and housed only one family, which could
be quite large since several generations usually lived together. Each room of the house was designed for one
specific purpose.
A Roman house did not open directly onto the street, but into a small passageway called the
vestibulum. A corridor led from the main door into the atrium, the main hallway of the house and its
centerpiece. Originally the atrium was the bedroom of the matriarch of the household, and classical Romans
recalled those days by placing a lectus genialis (bed) in the atrium opposite the main entrance. Its presence
was purely symbolic. The main feature of the atrium was the impluvium, a shallow pool sunk into the floor
to catch rainwater. Another important feature of the atrium was the shrine to the household gods. Most
atriums were elaborately decorated with mosaic floors and painted walls, as this was the room that would
impress visitors to the home.
The tablinum was the large reception room of the house and served as the office for the head of the
household. It was located between the atrium and the peristylium, and opened to both areas of the home.
The most important room near the tablinum was the triclinium, or dining room. Originally meals were eaten
in the atrium, the tablinum, or in a dining room above the tablinum known as the cenaculum. But when
the Greek practice of reclining at meals was introduced into Roman society, the triclinium was set aside as
the dining area. Many houses had more than one dining room. Each dining room would feature a table (with
a removeable top) surrounded by three couches. Romans in the classical period reclined as they ate. To
change courses, slaves would remove one tabletop and replace it with another holding more food. This is
why the term for dessert in Latin, secunda mensa, translates literally as “second table.” The household
kitchen, the culina, was located in the back of the house off the peristylium. Also in the back of house, right
behind the peristylium, was the exhedra, or lounge area. This large room opened directly into the garden
and was a perfect spot to entertain visitors.
The cubicula were the bedrooms in a Roman house. These rooms surrounded the atrium and were
very small. The ceilings were often vaulted and painted to simulate a night sky. The only furnishings in a
cubiculum would be a bed (lectus) and a chest to hold personal items. The bedrooms were the least
important of all the rooms in a Roman domus.
STUDY THESE TERMS: THEY WILL BE ON QUIZ XII