TN FARM BUREAU
FEDERATION
HUMANE SLAUGHTER
David R. Thompson DVM
Deputy District Manager
USDA FSIS OFO
• FMIA
• HMSA
• Regulations
• Methods
FSIS Regulatory Basis
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Acts (laws)
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Code of Federal Regulations
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9 CFR 313“Humane Slaughter of
Livestock”
9 CFR 500 Rules of Practice
FSIS Directives
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Federal Meat Inspection Act
Humane Methods of Slaughter Act
“Humane Handling of Disabled Livestock”
Humane Handling and Slaughter of
Livestock
FSIS Notice 16-08
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Humane Handling Activities
The uproar was appalling, perilous to the eardrums; one feared
there was too much sound for the room to hold – that the walls
must give way or the ceiling crack. There were high squeals
and low squeals, grunts, and wails of agony; there would come
a momentary lull, and then a fresh outburst, louder than ever,
surging up to a deafening climax. It was too much for some of
the visitors – the men would look at each other, laughing
nervously, and the women would stand with hands clenched,
and the blood rushing to their faces, and the tears starting in
their eyes.
Upton Sinclair – THE JUNGLE – 1905
Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906: Enacted June 30, 1906
Federal Meat Inspection
Act (FMIA)
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21 USC 610. Prohibited acts.
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(b) Humane methods of slaughter.
Slaughter or handle in connection with slaughter
any such animals in any manner not in accordance
with the Act of August 27, 1958 (72 Stat. 862; 7
U.S.C. 1901-1906);
Humane Methods of Slaughter
Act – 1958 (revised 1978)
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United States Code
Title 7 U.S.C. 1901 – 1906 Humane methods
Section 1902
No method of slaughtering or handling in connection with
slaughtering shall be deemed to comply with the public policy of
the United States unless it is humane. Either of the following two
methods of slaughtering and handling are hereby found to be
humane:
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(a) in the case of cattle, calves, horses, mules, sheep, swine, and other
livestock, all animals are rendered insensible to pain by a single blow or
gunshot or an electrical, chemical or other means that is rapid and effective,
before being shackled, hoisted, thrown, cast, or cut; or
(b) by slaughtering in accordance with the ritual requirements of the Jewish
faith or any other religious faith that prescribes a method of slaughter
whereby the animal suffers loss of consciousness by anemia of the brain
caused by the simultaneous and instantaneous severance of the carotid
arteries with a sharp instrument and handling in connection with such
slaughtering.
Regulations 9 CFR 313.15~
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mechanical - captive bolt
Shall be applied to the livestock so to:
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Produce immediate unconsciousness before
they are shackled, hoisted, thrown, cast, cut.
Rendered unconscious with minimum of
excitement and discomfort
Driving animals with a minimum of
excitement
Delivery of calm animals to stunning is
essential to provide accurate placement
After the stunning blow, the animal shall
be in a complete state of consciousness
and remain in this condition……
Regulations 9 CFR 313.15~
mechanical - captive bolt
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General requirements
Penetrating
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Non-penetrating
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Concussion and pressure
Actuated by measured gunpowder or compressed air
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Physical brain destruction, concussion and pressure
Such size and design that when properly positioned and activated,
immediate unconsciousness is produced
Device is equipped with Safety features
“Must be maintained in good repair”
Stunning area
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Designed and Constructed to limit “free movements” to allow the
operator to locate the stunning blow with a high degree of accuracy
Free of pain producing features
Regulations 9 CFR 313.15~
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mechanical - captive bolt
Stunning Operation
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Exacting procedure requiring a well-trained and
experienced operator.
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Able to accurately place the stunning instrument
Must use the correct detonating charge with regard to kind, breed,
size, age, and sex of the animal to produce the desired results.
Charges suitable for smaller kinds of livestock such as
swine or young animals are not acceptably interchanged for
use on larger kinds or older livestock
Captive Bolt
REVIEW
• Single Blow
• Immediate Unconsciousness
• Penetrating / Nonpenetrating
• Requires skilled operator
− Correct Position
− Limit free movement
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− Maintained in Good Repair”
Regulations 9 CFR 313.16~
mechanical - gunshot
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Shall be employed in the delivery of a bullet or
projectile so as to produce immediate
unconsciousness by a single shot before it is
shackled hoisted thrown cast or cut.
The animal shall be rendered unconscious with a
minimum of excitement and discomfort
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Driving of animals to the shooting areas shall be done
with a minimum of excitement and discomfort
Electrical equipment shall be used as little as possible
with the lowest effective voltage
Accurate placement of bullet is difficult in nervous or
injured animals
Regulations 9 CFR 313.16~
mechanical - gunshot
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Acceptable firearms dispatch free projectiles of
varying sizes and diameters through the skull
and into the brain – producing physical brain
destruction and increased intracranial pressure
causing unconsciousness
Caliber of firearm shall be such that when
properly aimed and discharged, the projectile
produces immediate unconsciousness
Immediately after the firearm is discharged and
the projectile is delivered, the animal shall be in
a state of complete unconsciousness and remain
in this condition…….
Regulations 9 CFR 313.16~
mechanical - gunshot
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To assure uniform unconsciousness when
small-bore firearms are used, it is necessary to
use:
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Hollow-pointed
Frangible iron-plastic composition (reduced ricochet)
Powdered iron missiles (close proximity)
Firearms must be maintained in good repair
Safety devices to prevent accidental discharge
Directed away from operating areas
Regulations 9 CFR 313.16~
mechanical - gunshot
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Provisions in 313.15 (b)(1)(iii) apply
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Limit free movement of animal
Locate stunning blow with a high degree of
accuracy
Free from pain producing features
Shooting Operation
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An exacting procedure requiring a welltrained and experience operator
Accurately direct the projectile to produce
immediate unconsciousness
Use the correct caliber, powder charge and
ammunition type to produce the desired
results.
In regard to bulls, rams, and boars, smallbore firearms may be used provided they are
able to produce immediate unconsciousness
www.vetmed.ufl.edu
• Single Blow
Gunshot
REVIEW
• Immediate Unconsciousness
• Penetrating
• Requires skilled operator
− Correct Position
− Correct Caliber & Ammunition
− Limit free movement
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− Maintained in Good Repair”
Kinetic Energy (simplified)
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Captive Bolt or Firearm
The ability of the projectile to render a stunning blow
KE = ½ mass X velocity² ( squared)
22 Cal short 29 gr @ 727 fps
38 gr @1255 fps
„ 22 Cal LR
„ 22 CCI “stinger” 32 gr @ 1640 fps
40 gr @ 1910 fps
„ 22 Mag
148 gr @ 710 fps
„ 38 Special
200 gr @ 900 fps
„ 44 Cal
175 gr @ 2600 fps
„ 308 Win
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= 34 ft-lbs
= 139.9 ft-lbs
= 191.1 ft-lbs
= 324 ft-lbs
= 165.6 ft-lbs
= 359.7 ft-lbs
= 2626 ft-lbs
Source: www.reloadammo.com/footpound2.htm
Kinetic Energy (KE)
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Factors that reduce the KE
Powder that has been exposed to
moisture
Build-up of powder residue/ debris in
barrel
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Reduced velocity
22 Cal LR 38gr @1000 = 84 ft-lbs (1/3
reduction in KE)
Captive bolt – reduced velocity
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Blood, tissue & debris
Clogged gas ports
Damp cartridges
Determining Insensibility
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“The head is dead”
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Eyes should be wide open with a blank stare
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Legs may kick – head & neck floppy
Lateral flexion of the neck (should subside in 20 sec)
Tongue is straight and limp; also the tail
Some nystagmus in electrically stunned animals
Return to sensibility
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Curled tongue
Righting reflex & attempt to raise it’s head
Eye blink – corneal reflex
Rhythmic breathing
Vocalizing
Delayed Stun-Stick interval
Source: www.grandin.com
Regulatory NonCompliance
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9 CFR 313.50 – Tagging of equipment, alleyways,
pens to prevent humane slaughter or handling
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Facilities
Establishment employee
Improper Stunning
9 CFR 500 – Rules of Practice (Adopted 1999)
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Regulatory Control Action
Suspension w/o prior notification
Suspension of Inspection w/ PN
Withdrawal of Inspection
Refusal to grant Inspection
RCA vs. SUSPENSION
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FSIS Directive 6900.2 (Revision 1 11/25/03)
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If there is an egregious situation of inhumane handling or
slaughter, the IIC may immediately suspend inspection in
accordance with 9 CFR 500.3(b) of the regulations.
Egregious – Webster – Conspicuously Bad – Flagrant
FSIS Notice 16-08 (Not all inclusive)
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An egregious situation is any act that is cruel to animals or a
condition that is ignored and leads to the harm of animals
such as:
:making cuts on or skinning conscious animals,
:multiple attempts, especially in the absence of immediate
corrective measures, to stun an animal verses a single blow or
shot,
:otherwise causing intentional unnecessary pain and suffering
to animals, including situations on trucks.
Exotic Animals
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9 CFR 352
For Bison, Buffalo, Cattalo, Deer, Elk,
Reindeer, Water Buffalo, or Antelope.
9 CFR 352.10(a)(5)
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Stunning to render the animal unconscious shall
be in accordance with 9 CFR 313.15 or 313.16
HH Assistance
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AMI - www.meatami.org
HSA – www.hsa.org.uk
Dr. Temple Grandin – www.grandin.com
FSIS – www.fsis.usda.gov
Animalhandling.org – www.animalhandling.org
University - Cooperative Extension Service
American Assoc of Meat Processors – www.aamp.com
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement
Fairness Act
SBREFA
233 Peachtree Street, NE
Suite 1800
Atlanta, GA 30303
phone (404) 331-4999
fax (404) 331-2354
Staff/Directors
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Regional Administrator,
Nuby J. Fowler
Regional Advocate, Pat
Gartland
CONCLUSION
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Humane Slaughter
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FMIA
Regulatory Requirements
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Captive Bolt stunning
Firearm Stunning
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HH Assistance
SBREFA
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Any QUESTIONS???
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