ACE Group Fitness Instructor Manual
Chapter
2
 Fundamentals

of Anatomy
Please refer to the ACE Group Fitness
Instructor Manual for tables, descriptions,
and illustrations of the skeletal system and
major muscle groups.
1
Anatomical
planes of
motion
2
Anatomical Terms

Review anatomical terms on page
35 in your textbook.
3
Anatomy of the Heart

Review cardiorespiratory system
anatomy:

Heart

Lungs

Vessels
4
Skeletal System

How many bones in an adult? 206

Parts: Axial & Appendicular


Axial=head, neck and trunk

Appendicular=extremities
What are the functions of the skeletal
system? See next slide.
5
Functions of Skeletal System



Protects vital organs.
Provides support for soft tissues for
posture and form.
Framework for levers to which
muscles are attached.

Red marrow produces blood cells.

Storage for calcium.
6
Skeletal System: General Definitions


Joints-where 2 bones come together
Cartilage--covers surface of joints to allow bones of to fit
tightly OR joins bones such as rib to sternum.

Ligaments-connect bone to bone

Tendons-connect muscle to bone

Diaphysis— Shaft of long bone

Epiphysis— end of long bones.


Epiphyseal Plate--where long bone growth occurs (found between
head and shaft of log bones).
Vertebral Discs--A specialized structure that can be
found between vertebrae.
Location of the Epiphyseal (Growth) Plate
Bone Physiology

Wolff’s Law:



A bone is capable of adjusting its size and
strength in proportion to the amount of stress
placed on it.
Athletes or very fit people will sometimes have
a bone mass 40% greater than unfit
individuals.
Weight bearing activity is the most important
type of physical activity to promote bone
growth.
“Bad to the bone”

Age (we start losing bone after about age 30)

Diet (Calcium & Vit D)

Race (light skinned at higher risk)

Certain medications (e.g. corticosteroids)



Amenorrhea (≤ 2 menstrual cycles per year)
and menopause cause lack of estrogen.
Diuretics such as caffeine, nicotine, and to a
lesser extent too much protein.
Other: Gender, frame size, smoking
Nervous System tidbits

How does the body sense where it
is in space?
11
Nervous System continued



Proprioceptors—sensory organs
that provide information about body
position, direction and velocity.
We’ve already learned an example
of two that can result in reflex
responses.
Kinesthetic awareness:
conscious awareness of body
position.
12