MUSCLES AND JOINTS
CHAPTER 7
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Muscles Overview
• Muscles support and maintain body
posture through a low level of contraction
• Skeletal muscles produce a substantial
amount of heat when they contract
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Types of Muscles
• Skeletal Muscle
– Attaches to the bones of the skeleton
– Voluntary / striated
– Operates under conscious control
• Smooth Muscle
– Called visceral muscle
– Involuntary / Not striated
– Not under conscious control
• Cardiac Muscle
– Forms the wall of the heart
– Involuntary
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Attachment of Muscles
• Tendon
– Attaches muscles to bones
• Point of Origin
– Point of attachment of the muscle to the bone
that is less movable
• Point of Insertion
– Point of attachment to the bone that it moves
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Characteristics of Muscles
Kinesiology is the study of muscular
activity and the resulting movement of
body parts
• Antagonistic pairs – one muscle
produces movement in one direction as
the other produces movement in the
opposite direction
• Contraction – the tightening of a muscle
• Relaxation – muscle returns to original
form
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Characteristics of Muscles
• Muscle tone – tonus, is the normal state of
balanced muscle tension. This is required to
hold the body in an awake position.
• Muscle innervation – is the stimulation of the
muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor
nerve.
• Neuromuscular – means pertaining to the
relationship between nerve and muscle.
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How Muscles are Named
• Origin and Insertion –
ex. - Sternocleidomastiod muscle helps flex the
neck and rotate the head
• Action –
ex. - flexor carpi muscles and extensor carpi
muscled allow flexion and extension of the wrist
• Locationex.- vastus lateralis means toward the side
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How Muscles are Named
• Named for fiber direction –
1.) rectus - means straight, so rectus
abdominis is the abdominal muscle that is
straight down the middle
2). oblique – means slanted at an angle,
external oblique and internal oblique
3.) transverse – means crosswise direction,
transverse abdominis
4.) sphincter – is a ring like muscle, anal
sphincter
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How Muscles are Named
• Named for the number of divisions
1.) Biceps brachii – formed from 2
divisions. Located on the anterior of the
upper arm.
2.) Triceps brachi – formed form 3
divisions. Located on the posterior of
the upper arm.
3.) Quadriceps femoris – formed from 4
divisions. Located on the anterior thigh.
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How Muscles are Named.
• Named for their size
1.) Gluteus maximus – largest muscle of
the buttock
• Named for their shape
1.) Deltiod muscle – forms the shoulder
cap, shaped like an inverted triangle
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Joints Overview
• Joint = Articulation
– Point at which two individual bones connect
– Joints determine the degree of movement we
have
– Movement ranges from free to limited
• Suture = immovable joint
– Purpose is to bind bones together
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Classification of Joints
(Structural)
• Fibrous Joint
– Surfaces of bone fit closely together
– Held together by fibrous connective tissue
– Immovable joint
– Example: Suture between the skull bones
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Classification of Joints
(Structural) (continued)
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Classification of Joints
(Structural) (continued)
• Cartilaginous Joint
– Bones are connected by cartilage
– Limited movement joint
– Example: Symphysis (joint between the
pubic bones of the pelvis)
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Classification of Joints
(Structural) (continued)
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Classification of Joints
(Structural) (continued)
• Synovial Joint
– Space between the bones = joint cavity
– Joint cavity lined with synovial membrane
– Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid
– Bones are held together by ligaments
– Free movement joint
– Example = shoulder
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Classification of Joints
(Functional)
• Hinge Joint
– Allows a back and forth type motion
– Example = elbow
• Ball-and-Socket Joint
– Allows movement in many directions
around a central point
– Example = shoulder joint and hip joint
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Classification of Joints
(Functional) (continued)
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Movements of Joints
• Flexion
– Bending motion
– Decreases angle between two bones
• Extension
– Straightening motion
– Increases angle between two bones
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Movements of Joints (continued)
• Abduction
– Movement of a bone away from the midline of
the body
• Adduction
– Movement of a bone toward the midline of the
body
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Movements of Joints (continued)
• Supination
– Act of turning the palm up or forward
• Pronation
– Act of turning the palm down or backward
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Movements of Joints (continued)
• Dorsiflexion
– Narrows the angle between the leg and the
top of the foot
– Foot is bent backward, or upward, at the
ankle
• Plantar Flexion
– Increases the angle between the leg and
the top of the foot
– Foot is bent downward at the ankle
– Toes pointing downward, as in toe dancing
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Movements of Joints (continued)
• Rotation
– Turning of a bone on its own axis
• Circumduction
– Movement of an extremity around in a circular
motion
– Can be performed with ball-and-socket joints
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DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND
PROCEDURES
MUSCLES
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Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures
• Electromyography
– Process of recording strength of contraction of
a muscle when stimulated by electric current
• Muscle Biopsy
– Extraction of a specimen of muscle tissue,
through biopsy needle or incisional biopsy, for
purpose of examining it under a microscope
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PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
MUSCLES
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Muscular Dystrophy
• Pronounced
– (MUSS-kew-lar DIS-troh-fee)
• Defined
– Group of genetically transmitted disorders
– Characterized by progressive weakness
and muscle fiber degeneration
– No evidence of nerve involvement or
degeneration of nerve tissue
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Polymyositis
• Pronounced
– (pol-ee-my-oh-SIGH-tis)
• Defined
– Chronic, progressive disease affecting the
skeletal muscles
– Characterized by muscle weakness and
degeneration (atrophy)
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PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
JOINTS
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Arthritis
• Pronounced
– (ar-THRY- tis)
• Defined
– Inflammation of joints
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Ankylosing Spondylitis
• Pronounced
– (ang-kih-LOH-sing spon-dil-EYE-tis)
• Defined
– Type of arthritis that affects the vertebral
column
– Causes deformities of the spine
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Bunion (Hallux Valgus)
• Pronounced
– (BUN-yun) (HAL-uks VAL-gus)
• Defined
– Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base
of the great toe
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Dislocation
• Pronounced
– (diss-loh-KAY-shun)
– luxation
• Defined
– Displacement of a bone from its normal
location within a joint – causes loss of function
of the joint
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Ganglion
• Pronounced
– (GANG-lee-on)
• Defined
– Cystic tumor developing on a tendon –
sometimes occurs on back of wrist
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Gout
• Pronounced
– (GOWT)
• Defined
– A form of acute arthritis that is characterized
by inflammation of the first metatarsal joint of
the great toe
– Associated with formation of uric acid crystals
in the joint
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Herniated Disk
• Pronounced
– (HER-nee-ay-ted disk)
• Defined
– Rupture of the central portion of the vertebral
disk through the disk wall and into the spinal
canal
– Also called a ruptured disk or a slipped disk
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Herniated Disk (continued)
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Lyme Disease
• Pronounced
– (LYME dih-ZEEZ)
• Defined
– An acute, recurrent inflammatory infection,
transmitted through the bite of an infected
deer tick
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Osteoarthritis
• Pronounced
– (oss-tee-oh-ar-THRY-tis)
• Defined
– The most common form of arthritis –
results from wear and tear on the joints,
especially weight-bearing joints such as
hips and knees
– Also known as degenerative joint disease
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Osteoarthritis (continued)
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Pronounced
– (ROO-mah-toyd ar-THRY-tis)
• Defined
– Chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease that
affects multiple joints of the body – mainly the
small peripheral joints
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
• Pronounced
– (sis-TEM-ic LOO-pus er-ih-them-ah-TOH-sis)
• Defined
– Chronic, inflammatory connective tissue disease
affecting the skin, joints, nervous system,
kidneys, lungs, and other organs
– Characteristic “butterfly rash” appears on the
face
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DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND
PROCEDURES
JOINTS
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Diagnostic Techniques
and Procedures
• Arthrocentesis
– The surgical puncture of a joint with a
needle for the purpose of withdrawing fluid
for analysis
• Arthrography
– Process of x-raying the inside of a joint,
after injecting the joint with a contrast
medium
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Diagnostic Techniques
and Procedures (continued)
• Arthroplasty
– Surgical repair of a joint
• Arthroscopy
– Visualization of the interior of a joint using an
endoscope
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Diagnostic Techniques
and Procedures (continued)
• Erythrocyte Sedimentation (sed) Rate
– Blood test that measures the rate at which
erythrocytes settle to the bottom of a test
tube filled with unclotted blood
• Rheumatoid Factor
– Blood test that measures the presence of
unusual antibodies that develop in a
number of connective tissue diseases,
such as rheumatoid arthritis
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