A C T A B I O L . S Z E G E D . 3 3 . PP. 3 5 — 4 7
(1987)
PALEOPHYTOGEOGRAPHY OF THE ANGIOSPERM
P O L L E N GRAINS DURING T H E UPPER C R E T A C E O U S AND
THE TERTIARY I
M.
KEDVES
Department of Botany. Attila Jozsef
University
H—6701 Szeged. P.O B. 657. Hungary
(Received: February 20. 1986)
Abstract
The U p p e r Cretaceous - - Paleogene palcophytogeographical regions are based on the distribution
of the pollen grains of Normapolles.
Triprojectacites.
Oculata G r o u p . Proteaceae. Ulmaceae. and
Olacaceae. The pollen g r o u p Postnormapolles was not sufficiently studied from this point of view. This
paper deals with the regional distribution during the geological past of one form-species of early type
from the genuses Triatriopollenites and Triporopollenites. all species of the genus Platycaryapollenites
and
Paraalnipollenites.
Triatriopollenites roboratus has the most restricted area and occurrence in the geological time units, namely this species occur in the Paleoccne — Eocene of Eurasia. Triporopollenites
robustus
is also mostly from Paleocene — Eocene age but there are scattered data f r o m the Upper Cretaceous and
from the Eocene until the Miocene. This species occur not only in Eurasia, but in North-America and
North-Africa too. The pollen grains of the genus Paraalnipollenites
were mainly the elements of the
province Aquilapollenites.
and the intermediate region, its occurrence in the Normapolles province is
scarce. This form-genus seems t o be charasteristic for the Upper Cretaceous. Paleocene and Eocene time,
but there are d a t a f r o m younger sediments loo. The pollen grains of the genus
Platycarvapollenites
a p p e a r in the U p p e r Cretaceous (North-Africa). It is very c o m m o n in the Paleocene. but its largest distribution is during the Eocene, important in the Oligocene. During the Neogcne its area become restricted
gradually. From the Plioccne it is only a single occurrence f r o m the Southern Hemisphere f r o m a d e e p sea
drilling near the Timor Islands.Thc pollen grains analyzed in this paper may be derived from the
Normapolles group. But its distribution overstep the boundaries of the Normapolles laxa, in this way its
r a d i a t i r n was very rapid during the U p p e r Cretaceous and the lower part of the Paleogene.
Key words: Palynology. Palcophytogeography. Cretaceous — Tertiary.
Introduction
T h e study of the regional distribution of several s p o r o m o r p h taxa d u r i n g the
geological past m a y be considered as a m e t h o d in Palynology. SAKS et al., (1973)
emphasized that these investigations are i m p o r t a n t in the reconstruction of the
paleophytogeographical environments, a n d in the establishment of the paleoclimatic zones a n d the paleopole. As pioneering publications, dealing with the
U p p e r C r e t a c e o u s — Paleogene regions based on palynological d a t a the i m p o r t ance of the p a p e r of K.RUTZSCH (1960) a n d ZAKLINSKAYA (1962) m u s t be e m p h a s ized. C o n c e r n i n g the paleophytogeographical units, which were established in these
classical publications, later several supplementary d a t a were published by several
36
M
KEIJVES
a u t h o r s : MTCHEDLISHVILI a n d SAMOILOVICH ( 1 9 6 2 ) . Z A K L I N S K A Y A ( 1 9 6 3 .
1966.
1967a b 1976). SHAKHMOUNDES (1966). SAMOILOVICH (1967). KEDVES a n d
KIRALY (1968. 1970). STANLEY (1970). KHLONOVA (1971). WIGGINS (1976).
SRIVASTAVA (1978). a n d BATTEN (1981). As c o m p r e h e n s i v e papers, the publications of MEDUS (1973). HERNGREEN
and
KHLONOVA
(1981) and
KEDVES
and
DlNlZ (1983) may be m e n t i o n e d . I m p o r t a n t d a t a were published on this point of
view by ROCHE (1974). A new paleophytogeographical synthesis for the U p p e r
C r e t a c e o u s was published by the present writer (KEDVES 1985). T h e p a l e o p h y t o geographical provinces and districts for the Paleocene. Eocene a n d O h g o c e n e were
e l a b o r a t e d b y BOITSOVA a n d PANOVA ( 1 9 7 3 ) .
D u r i n g the Tertiary, the extraordinarily differentiated U p p e r C r e t a c e o u s a n d
Paleogene floras were altered, with a m o r e u n i f o r m vegetation. T h e early
a n g i o s p e r m s d i s a p p e a r e d , these taxa are represented first in E u r o p e by the
Normapolles g r o u p , which has a very complicated germinal exine structure. Its place
was occupied by the Postnormapolles.
by the developed types of the
Longa.xones.
a n d other different kinds of angiosperms.
T h e pollen g r o u p of the Postnormapolles
m a y be derived at least in its greater
p a r t f r o m the Normapolles.
But these pollen grains occur not only in the
Normapolles
( E u r o p e a n — T u r a n i a n ; KHLONOVA. 1971) province, but in such
territories where Normapolles have not existed, or their occurrence is very scarce. In
the case of some Postnormapolles
a h e t e r o g e n e o u s origin m a y be presumed. This
Fig. I. Regional distribution of Triporopollenile.% rohustwi Pt. 1953
during lhe Upper Cretaceous and the Tertiary.
P A L F O P H Y T O G F O G R A P H Y OF T H E ANGIOSPF.RM P O L L E N G R A I N S
37
p r o b l e m was focussed d u r i n g our present research project, by the way of the
regional a n d chronological distribution of several form-species a n d form-genuses.
This p a p e r s u m m a r i z e s the first results concerning this subject.
Methods
The literature d a t a , which were available f o r us was evaluated and documented for cach taxa.
During the collection of the data, the following problems arise:
I In several cases there are d o u b t s in the determinations of the sporomorphs.
2. In some papers the precision of the geological age of the spore-pollen assemblage is not satisfactory.
3. Sometimes it was not easy t o establish the localities. On the other hand there were given very large territories. on the other so small geographical objects were given, which a r e not indicated on the large
world maps.
It was impossible to indicate all the collected data, bccause the proportion size of o u r m a p . But the
principal goal was. that each of the most important data for the palcophytogeographical evaluation were
indicated on the m a p .
of the
The objects of this paper were the t n p o r a t e . and triatriatc pollen grains as the most primitive types
Posinormapolles.
Results
Fgen.: Triporopollenites
PF. et TH. 1953
Triporopolleniies
robustus PF. 1953 subfsp. robust us. Betulaceae
(Plate I
fie
1,2)
This kind of pollen grain is a very early t r i p o r a t e type, which p r o b a b l y may be
distinguished t a x o n o m i c a l l y f r o m the o t h e r developed pollen g r a i n s of this
m o r p h o l o g i c a l type. T E M d a t a a b o u t this species were published by KEDVES a n d
PARDUTZ (1970), a n d by KEDVES a n d STANLEY (1976), this latter p a p e r deals with
the results of the S E M studies too.
T h e a p p e a r a n c e of this form-species is the U p p e r C r e t a c e o u s , we have d a t a
f r o m E u r o p e , a n d f r o m the F a r East, in this way this species a p p e a r e d in the
Normapolles a n d Aquilapollenites
province at the same time (fig. 1). It is w o r t h y to
m e n t i o n that it is not yet known f r o m the intermediate zone between the
Normapolles
a n d Aquilapollenites
province in Eurasia, a n d f r o m N o r t h America
too. D u r i n g the Paleocene a n d Lower Eocene firstly in the lower Eocene in Eurasia
the distribution of this species is c o m m o n . F r o m N o r t h America only Paleocene a n d
few Lower Eocene d a t a are known. W e have d a t a f r o m the Oligocene of E u r o p e ,
a n d f r o m the F a r East, but the re-study of these specimens m a y alter o u r present-day
knowledge concerning the occurrence of this species. T h e M i o c e n e d a t a f r o m N o r t h
America is in question.
As regards the origins of this pollen type the Normapolles g r o u p m a y be taken
first into consideration. But on the basis of its occurrence in the Paleocene it m a y not
be presumed that this species radiated f r o m the E u r o p e a n gene c e n t r u m to Siberia.
O u r earlier results (KEDVES a n d DLNIZ, 1979) reveal that between the
Normapolles
P A L F O P H Y T O G F O G R A P H Y O F T H E ANGIOSPF.RM POLLEN G R A I N S
39
a n d Postnormapolles
g r o u p there are a n u m b e r of intermediate types a n d it may be
presumed t h a t it is necessary to create a new g r o u p f o r s o m e early Brevaxones pollen
grains, which occur not only in the Normapolles.
but in the
Aquilapollenites
province. O n the o t h e r h a n d , the c o m m o n taxa of the established paleophytogeographical units did not yet c o m e into the limelight, because the subject of the
researchers were firstly the segregate angiosperm pollen types.
Fgen.: Trialriopolleniles
PF. 1953
Trialriopolleniles
roboratus PF. 1953, Myricaceae
Syn.: I960
SAUER,
in
POKROVSKAYA
el
STELMAK. —
Myrica
(Plate I, fig. 3 — 6 )
mirabUis.
sp. nov., p. 412. pi. V. fig. 9a.b.
Its characteristic a t r i u m (Plate I, fig. 5,6) a n d the e x o a p e r t u r e elongated in
polar direction refer to an early Brevaxones origin. It is regretful t h a t a b o u t this very
i m p o r t a n t pollen grain we have not yet transmission electron microscopical d a t a .
This species is i m p o r t a n t f r o m stratigraphical point of view of the Paleocene
and the Lower Eocene (fig. 2). In contrast to the occurrence in the Paleocene a n d
Lower Eocene layers of the F a r East, based on our present day knowledge, this is an
element of the Normapolles province as an a t t e n d i n g of the Normapolles taxa. It is
n o t e w o r t h y that against the widespread researches it is not yet f o u n d in N o r t h
America. In this respect, this species has the identic, regional, a n d p r o p a r t e stratigraphic value, with the genus Stephanoporopollenites,
having a decisive i m p o r t a n c e
in E u r o p e a n d in the intermediate region in the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the Paleocene age,
a n d similarly not yet d e m o n s t r a t e d f r o m N o r t h America either (KEDVES, 1977). T h e
difference between the stratigraphic value of Triatriopollenites
roboratus, a n d the
f o r m - g e n u s Stephanoporopollenites
is, that the taxa of the latter m e n t i o n e d genus
occurred never in the sediments younger as T h a n e t i a n in c o n t r a s t t o the Lower
Eocene ( S p a r n a t i a n ) occurrence of Triatriopollenites
roboratus.
Plate I
1,2
3.4
Triporopollenites
table n u m b e r :
Trialriopolleniles
robuslus
PF. 1953 subfsp. minor KDS. 1970, cf. Belulaceae. slide: M e n a t - 2 , crossf o l l o w i n g K E D V E S a n d R U S S E L L ( 1 9 8 2 ) , xlOOO
roboratus P F . 1 9 5 3 . slide: M e n a t - 8 . cross-table n u m b e r : 1 8 . 3 / 1 2 0 . 9 , following
14.7/116.6,
a n d R U S S E L L , (1982) xlOOO
Trialriopolleniles
roboratus PF. 1953. slide: M e n a t - 2 6 , cross-table n u m b e r : 14.6/103.7. following
KEDVES
5,6
a n d R U S S E L L (1982), x2500
Platycaryapolleniies
swasticoidus
(ELSIK
1974) F R E D , et C H R I S T .
Plaiycarya.
slide: M e n a t - 3 9 , cross-table n u m b e r : 14.2/111.3. f o l l o w i n g
(1982). x2500
KEDVFS
7.8
9.11
Paraalnipolleniles
alterniporus
16.9/117.1, xlOOO
10.12 Paraalnipolleniles
alterniporus
16.9/117.1. x2500
1978.
KEDVES
Juglandaceaea.
and RUSSELL
(SIMPS. 1961) SRIV. 1975. slide: M e n a t - 3 7 . cross-table n u m b e r
(SIMPS. 1961) SRIV. 1975. slide: M e n a t - 3 7 . cross-table
number
M
40
Fgen.:
Plaiycaryapolleniles
CHRISTOPHER
E.
KlDVtS
NAGY
1969
emend.
FREDERIKSEN
et
1978
Plaiycaryapolleniles
swasticoidus
(ELSIK 1974) FRED, et CHRIST. 1978.
Juglandaceae. Plaiycarya (Plate I, fig. 7.8)
T h e m o r p h o l o g y of these pollen grains is very characteristic. T E M a n d S E M
d a t a a b o u t this f o r m - g e n u s were published by KEDVES a n d STANLEY (1976). T h e
i m p o r t a n c e of the regional distribution of the pollen grains of this f o r m - g e n u s is
s u p p o r t e d by the fact that we have publications f r o m this point of view; LEOPOLD
and
MACGINITIE (1972). GRUAS-CAVAGNETTO (1977).
Following
ZAKLINSKAYA
(1962) the a p p e a r a n c e of the genus Platycarya was in the U p p e r C r e t a c e o u s . F r o m
U p p e r C r e t a c e o u s layers of Egypt. KEDVES (1971) published as a preliminary report
pollen grains belonging to this form-genus. KEDVES a n d DLNIZ (1979) f r o m the
layers of Aveiro type spore-pollen assemblage ( S a n t o n i a n - C a m p a n i a n , P o r t u g a l )
published cf Plaiycaryapolleniles
semicyclus. because its e n d o a p e r t u r e differ f r o m
the pollen grains of the Paleocene and Eocene sediments. In this way the a p p e a r a n c e
a n d especially the distribution needs f u r t h e r investigations. It is w o r t h y of
m e n t i o n i n g in this place t o o . that the studies of the s p o r o m o r p h s of t h e U p p e r
C r e t a c e o u s sediments were interested first in the researches of the Normapolles
and
Aquilapolleniles
(Triprojectaciles),
which have a peculiar exine structure.
T h e regional distribution of the fossil f o r m s of the genus Platycarya
was
published by LEOPOLD a n d MACGINITIE (1972), this c o n c e p t i o n was later
completed by GRUAS-CAVAGNETTO (1977) with F r e n c h d a t a . O n the basis of the
o
o
Fig. 2. Regional distribution of Triairiupollenites
rohorutus
d u r i n g the Upper Cretaceous a n d the Tertiary.
PF. 1953
PALFOPHYTOGFOGRAPHY OF T H E ANGIOSPF.RM POLLEN GRAINS
41
distribution m a p of LEOPOLD a n d MACGINITIE (1972) the acme of this genus is in
the Oligocene epoch. Following o u r new c o m p i l a t i o n (fig. 3) the pollen grains of this
genus was very wide-spread in the Paleocene a n d the flowering age was in the
Eocene. In the Oligocene its importance d i m i n u t e d , but the pollen grains of this
genus were r e m a r k a b l y distributed. As regards the M i o c e n e age our results are
identical with those of LEOPOLD and MACGINITIE (1972), namely the reduction of
this genus is striking. T h e disappear in N o r t h America, but in E u r o p e occur in
several localities. Interesting are d a t a f r o m the Pliocene, in contrast that these are
scarce, they c a m e mostly f r o m Europe. N o t e w o r t h y is the occurrence, south of the
E q u a t o r , f r o m a deep-sea drilling, near the T i m o r Islands.
Fgen.: Paraalnipollenites
Syn.: 1976,
SUNG TZE-CHEN
et
H I L L S
TSAO LIU. —
Fgen. Type: Paraalnipollenites
(Plate I, fig. 9-12)
Syn.: 1961.
et
W A L L A C E
Fushunpollis
alterniporus
1969 here emend
gen. nov., p. 155.
( S I M P S O N
1961)
S R I V A S T A V A
1975
Alnus alternipora. p. 443, pi. 13. fig. 5.
Trialriopollenites
confusus. p. 232, pi. 34, fig. 7. cf. 6. 8.
1969, H I L L S and W A L L A C E . — Paraalnipollenites
confusus ( Z A K L I N S K A Y A ) n. comb., p. 141.
pi. 17. figs. 1-8.
1 9 7 6 . S U N G T Z E - C H E N and T S A O L I U . — Fushunpollis
arcuatus sp. nov., p. 155, 156. pi. I I .
figs. 32-38.
SIMPSON. —
1963, ZAKLINSKAYA. —
AUCRETACEO
APALEOCENE
•
EOCENE
O
OLIGOCENE
®
MIOCENE
0
PLIOCENE
Fig. 3. Regional distribution of Platycaryapolleniles
E . N A G Y 1969 emend. F R E D E R I K S E N et
C H R I S T O P H E R 1978 d u r i n g the U p p e r Cretaceous a n d the Tertiary.
M.
42
KLDVES
Emended diagnosis
Triatriate pollen grains. O n one of the hemispheres there is a thickening f o r m of
a ring, a n d there are arci t o o . T h e form and the thickness of the arci is varied. By L M
m e t h o d n o characteristic sculpture may be detected.
R e m a r k s . — T h e pollen grains, which may be classed into this f o r m - g e n u s have
four i m p o r t a n t m o r p h o l o g i c characteristic features: 1. the a t r i u m . 2. the polar
thickening form a ring. 3. the arci. 4. the more o r less s m o o t h surface.
Differential diagnosis
T h e joint presence of the above e n u m e r a t e d characteristic features well distinguish f r o m the pollen grains of Trialriopolleniies
PF. 1953 a n d Plicapollis PF. 1953.
O n the basis of the first d a t a , which were reviewed by HILLS a n d WALLACE
(1969) it seemed that the pollen grains of this f o r m - g e n u s are the elements of the
Aquilapollenites
province, a n d because of its restricted. M a e s t r i c h t i a n . a n d
Paleocene occurrence, have a stratigraphic i m p o r t a n c e . T h e earliest d a t a were
published f r o m the T u r o n i a n of Europe, this is unique, but no m i c r o p h o t o g r a p h s
a c c o m p a n i e d this finding (PACLTOVA, 1973) so it was n o taken into c o n s i d e r a t i o n of
the time being. In this way the a p p e a r a n c e r e m a i n the u p p e r part of the U p p e r
Cretaceous. T h e youngest occurrences are as follows: Eocene/Oligocene: F a r East,
Eocene ?Oligocene: C h i n a . Region of Bohai. T h e r e a r e well established occurrences
f r o m E u r o p e a n d Siberia. It is interesting that f r o m the Eocene period these pollen
grains were not f o u n d f r o m localities studied palynologically in N o r t h America
(fig- 4).
Fig.
4.
Regional distribution of Paraalnipolleniies
H I L L S et W A L L A C E
d u r i n g the Upper Cretaceous and the Tertiary.
1969
emend,
PALEOPHYTOGEOGRAPHY OF THE ANGIOSPERM POLLTN GRAINS
43
T h e plants p r o d u c t i n g of these pollen grains have probably very peculiar
ecologic pretensions. In Western E u r o p e there is only o n e occurrence, published
f r o m the Paleocene of M e n a t . F r a n c e in contrast that there are studied several localities. which are rich in s p o r o m o r p h s . Similarly. Eocene is also well k n o w n in Europe,
but this genus was d e m o n s t r a t e d only f r o m two localities of Poland, a n d f r o m the
Black Sea Region. In this way the occurrence in E u r o p e in the Normapolles province
is scarce. N o t yet found in the sub-province of the Atlantic Coast of N o r t h America.
Conclusions
1. The regional distribution of all Postnormapolles
taxa discussed in this paper
overstep the b o r d e r s of the Normapolles
province.
2. The geographical a n d stratigraphical occurrence of the most ancient types of
triporate a n d triatriate pollen grains reveals t o the h e t e r o g e n e o u s origin of the
Postnormapolles.
3. The p a l e o p h y t o g e o g r a p h i c elaboration of the Postnormapolles.
Longaxones
and
other kind of pollen grains may give new ideas t o o u r knowledge about the
vegetation history.
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
On my request. SUNG TzE-CHEN ( N a n k i n g Institiule of Geology a n d
Palaeontology. Academia Sinica) was kind e n o u g h t o translate the Chinese text into
English a b o u t the genus Fushunpollis.
1 express my sincerest t h a n k s f o r this
contribution.
Appendix
T h e d a t a of the following publications were used for the distribution maps.
1 9 7 5 . Bull Soc. France 17. 6 4 1 - 6 5 5 . ; A K H M I H I V . B R A I S I V A
Geol. Palcont. Far Easi. 4 6 - 5 0 . ; B A L K W I L L
H O P K I N S . 1 9 7 6 . G E O L . Surv. C a n .
Paper 7 6 - 1 B . 3 2 9 - 3 3 4 . ; B A I B U L A T O V A . 1 9 6 8 . Palcont. Meth. for Slrat.. 2 2 6 - 2 2 8 . ; B A I B I L A I O V A . 1 9 7 1 .
Palynology of K a z a k h s t a n . 1 1 2 - 1 1 3 . ; B A R B A S H I N O V A . 1 9 7 3 . The Palynology of Cenophytic. 1 0 1 - 1 0 4 . ;
B L Y A K H O V A . 1 9 6 6 . F o r the II. Int. Palynol. Conf.. 1 2 7 - 1 3 1 . ; B L Y A K H O V A . 1 9 7 1 . Palynology of Kazakhstan. 1 1 4 - 1 2 5 . ; B L Y A K H O V A . 1 9 7 6 . Palynology of K a z a k h s t a n . 6 9 - 7 7 . ; B L Y A K H O V A
KALMINIVA
P O N O M A R E N K O . 1 9 7 1 . Palynology of K a z a k h s t a n . 9 3 - 1 0 6 . ; B L Y A K H O V A
K O V R I / H N Y K H . 1 9 7 1 . Dokl
Akad. Nauk SSSR. 200. 1 4 0 1 - 1 4 0 2 . ; B O I T S O V A — P A N O V A . 1967a. Akad Nauk S S S R . 2 6 2 - 2 7 0 . ;
B O I T S O V A — P A N O V A . 1973b. The Paly nology of Cenophytic. 4 2 - 4 7 ; B O M S O V A
P A N O V A . 1 9 7 6 . Trudy
V S E G E I 1 9 5 . 1 4 4 - 1 7 9 ; BOITSOVA. O S H I RKOVA —
P A N O V A . 1 9 7 3 . Methodical Problems of Palynology.
8 - 1 2 . ; B O L O T N I K O V A . 1 9 6 4 . Geology and Geophysics. 1 4 0 - 1 4 2 . ; B O L O I N I K O V A . I9<>6. For the II. Int.
Palynol. C o n f . . 1 3 1 - 1 3 6 . ; B O N D A R K N K O . 1 9 7 3 . The Palynology of Cenophytic. X - 1 2 . : B R A I S I V A . 1 9 6 5 .
Akad. Nauk SSSR. 1 2 9 . 1 - 4 2 . ; B R A T S F V A . 1 9 6 6 . F o r the I I . Int. Palynol. C o n f . . 1 3 6 - 1 4 1 ; B R A I S I V A .
AUFFRET
-
—
VAKHRAMEEV.
GRUAS-CAVAGNKTTO.
1976.
M
44
P a l y n o l . 2 . 1 1 9 - 1 2 6 . : BRATSEVA. 1 9 6 9 . A k a d N a u k S S S R . 2 0 7 . 1 - 5 6 . ; B R E L I E .
F o r t s c h r . Geol R h e i n l d . u W e s l f . 17. 2 7 - 4 0 . ; C A R A T I M 1 9 7 5 . B . S . G . F . 17.
7 9 7 - 8 0 2 . : C A V A G N E T T O . 1 9 6 4 ' Rev. d e M i c r o p a l é o n t . 7. 5 7 - 6 4 . ; C H A T E A U N E U F . 1 9 7 1 . Bull, d u B R G M
/.
16-19.; CHRISTOPHER.
PROWELL.
REINHARDT —
MARKEWICH.
1980.
P a l y n o l o g y 4. 1 0 4 - 1 2 4 . .
DL M A R C O . M É O N - V I L A I N . M I G U E T
K L J A W S K I . 1 9 7 6 . Serv. G e o l . d e T u n i s i e . 42. 9 7 - 1 4 7 . ; D I S T A N O V
K U S N E T Z O V A . 1 9 7 1 . T r u d G e o l . Inst ( K a z a n ) 20. 2 3 4 - 2 3 9 . ; D O E R E N K A M P . J A R D I N É — M O R E A U . 1 9 7 6 ,
Bulletin of C a n a d i a n P e t r o l e u m G e o l o g y 24. 3 7 2 - 4 1 7 . ; D R U G G . 1 9 6 7 . P a l a e o n t o g r a p h i c a B. 120, 1 - 7 1 . ;
DURAND. 1957. C . R d e s séances de l'Acad. Sci. 245. 2067-2069.; D I RAND. 1958. C . R d e s séances d e
l'Acad. Sci. 247. 1753-1776.: D U R A N D . 1960a. Soc. Geol. et M i n . d e B r e t a g n e N . S . 2. 71-80.; D U R A N D ,
1960b. M é m . d e la Soc. G é o l . et Miner, de Bretagne 389.. DURAND. 1962. C o l l o q u e sur le P a l e o g è n c .
1001-1008.; D / H A B A R O V A . 1973. T h e Palynology o f C e n o p h y t i c . 173-177.; E L S I K 1974. P a l a e o n t o graphica B. 14V. 9 0 - 1 1 1 . ; E L S I K — D I L C H E R . 1 9 7 4 . P a l a e o n t o g r a p h i c a B. 146 . 65-87.: E N G I L H A R D T .
1964. Mississippi G e o l . Res. P a p e r s 104, 65-95; E S E N A L I N O V — P A S K A R . 1976. P a l y n o l o g y of K a z a k h stan. 78-81.; F A I R C H I L D — E L S I K . 1969. P a l a e o n t o g r a p h i c a B. I2H, 81-89.; F R A D K I N A BARANOVA.
1973. T h e P a l y n o l o g y of C e n o p h y t i c . 152-156.. F R A D K I N A . K I S E L E V A . E R M O L A E V A . Z H A B R K V A
Z H A R K O V A . 1971. C e n o z o i c flore of Siberia, o n palynological basis. 22-39.; F R F D E R I K S E N . 1977. U S
D e p t . of the Int. G e o l . S u r v . 1-26.; F R E D E R I K S E N . 1979. P a l y n o l o g y . 3. 129-169.; F R E D E R I K S F . N . 1980,
G e o l . S u r v . P r o f . P a p e r . 1084.: F R E D E R I K S E N . B Y B F . L L , C H R I S T O P H E R . C R O N E . E D W A R D S . G I B S O N .
HAZEL. REPETSKI. RUSS. SMITHPAUD —
W A R D . 1982. T u l a n e S t u d . G e o l . a n d P a l e o n t . 17. 23-45.;
F R E D E R I K S E N . 1983. C e n o z . G e o l . 23-31.; F R E D E R I K S E N . 1984a. C r e t a c e o u s a n d T e r t i a r y etc.. 163-168.;
F R E D E R I K S E N . 1984b. G e o l . Surv. Prof. P a p e r . 1308.; G A P O N O F F . 1984. P a l y n o l o g y . 8. 71-106.; GOczAN.
1964. Acta G e o l . 8. 229-264.: G R A B O W S K A . 1965. K w a r t a l n i k G e o l o g i c z n y 9. 815-836.; G R A B O W S K A .
1967.
Rev
KKDVES
Palaeobotan
QUIT/OW
STAULER.
1969.
1968. K w a r t a l n i k G e o l o g i c z n y . 12. 155-166.; GRABOWSKA. 1973. I n s t y t u t G e o l o g i c z n y 281. 67-90.;
— P I W O C K I . 1975. I n s t y t u t Geologiczny 284. 41-70.; G R U A S - C A V A G N E T T O . 1966. Rev. d e
M i c r o p a l é o n t . 9. 57-67.; G R U A S - C A V A G N E T T O . 1967. Rev. P a l a c o b o t a n . Palynol. 5. 243-261.; G R U A S C A V A G N E T T O . 1968a. M é m . d u B . R . G . M . 59. 113-159.; G R U A S - C A V A G N E T T O . 1968b. M é m . d e la Soc.
G é o l . d e F r a n c e 47. 1-144.: G R U A S - C A V A G N E T T O . 1969, C . R . S o m m a i r e des Séances d e la Soc. G é o l . d e
F r a n c e 6. 221-222.; G R U A S - C A V A G N E T T O .
1970a. Rev. d e M i c r o p a l é o n t . 13. 69-78.; G R U A S C A V A G N E T T O . 1970b. Pollen et S p o r e s 12. 71-82.; G R U A S - C A V A G N E T T O .
1970C. C . R S o m m a i r e des
Séances d e la Soc. G é o l . de F r a n c e / . 19-20.; G R U A S - C A V A G N E T T O . 1972. Rev. d e M i c r o p a l é o n t . 15. 6374.; G R U A S - C A V A G N E T T O . 1973. P a l é o b i o l o g i c c o n t i n e n t a l e 4. 1-13.; G R U A S - C A V A G N E T T O . 1974.
B.S.G.F. 16. 89-90.; G R U A S - C A V A G N E T T O . 1976. C a h i e r s d e M i c r o p a l é o n t o l o g i c / . 1-49.; G R U A S C A V A G N E T T O . 1978. M é m . d e la Soc. G é o l . d e France N . S . 56. 131. 1-64.: H I L L S — W A L L A C E , 1969. G e o l .
Survey of C a n a d a . 182, 139-145.; KFDVES. 1967. Acta Biol. Szeged. 13. 11-23.; KF.DVES. 1968. Pollen et
S p o r e s 10. 117-128.; KEDVES. 1970a. A c t a Biol. Szeged. 16. 51-54.; KEDVES. 1970b. Pollen et S p o r e s 12.
83-97.; KEDVES. 1971. A c t a Bot. A c a d . Sci. H u n g . 17. 371-376.: KEDVES. 1974. S t u d i a Biol. A c a d . Sci.
H u n g . 13. 1-124.; K E D V E S . 1978. A c t a Biol. Szeged 24. 23-30.; K E D V E S u n d e r p u b l i c a t i o n . K E D V E S S T A N L E Y . 1976. Pollen et S p o r e s 18. 105-127.; K E D V E S — H E R N G R E E N . 1980. Pollen ct S p o r e s 22. 483544.; K E D V E S — R U S S E L L . 1982. P a l a e o n t o g r a p h i c a B. 182. 87-150.; K H A I K I N A - B L L A I A . 1968. Paleopalynological M e t h o d f o r S t r a t i g r a p h y . 157-163.; K O N Z A L O V A — S T U H L I K . 1983. C a s . p r o miner, geol.
GRABOWSKA
28. 3 6 3 - 3 7 8 . ; KORALLOVA. 1962. U k r . B o t . J . 19. 55-62.; KORALLOVA. 1964. Izv. vys. e t c . 5.
138-140.;
KORALLOVA. 1966a. M a t . f o r t h e II Int. Palynol. C o n f . . 6. 82-85.; KORALLOVA. 1966b. F o r the II. Int.
Palynol. C o n f . . 141-148.; KORALLOVA. 1968. Thesis. L e n i n g r a d . 1-16.; KORALLOVA. 1971. P r o b l e m s of
Palynology 1. 129-138.: K O R A L L O V A . 1973. T h e Palynology o f t h e C e n o p h y t i c . 52-55.; K O R E N E V A .
Z A K L I N S K A Y A . B R A T Z E V A — K A R T A S H O V A . 1976. Initial R e p o r t s o f t h e D e e p Sea Drilling Project 38.
1169-1193.; K R U T Z S C H . P C H A L E K — S P I E G L E R . I960. I n t e r n a t . G e o l . C o n g r . X X I sess.. 135-143.;
K R U T Z S C H — V A N H O O R N E , 1977. P a l a e o n t o g r a p h i c a . B. 163. 1-110.; K U N E R T — L F . N K . 1964. G e o l o g i c
13. 403-428.; K U L K O V A — L A U K H I N . 1975. A c a d . Sci. U R S S S i b e r i a n Sect. 225. 1-86.; K U S N E T Z O V A .
1965a, Pollen el S p o r e s 7. 533-538.: K I SNETZOVA. 1965b. Bull. Soc. N a t u r a l i s t s ( M o s c o w ) G e o l . Div. 40.
75-79.: K U S N E T Z O V A . 1966. D o k l . A c a d . Sci. U R S S 168, 1135-1137.; K U S N E T Z O V A , 1968. P a l e o p a l y n o logical M e t h o d f o r S t r a t i g r a p h y . 166-174.; K U S N E T Z O V A . 1970. D o k l . A c a d . Sci. U R S S 190. 169-172.;
K U S N E T Z O V A . 1973. T h e P a l y n o l o g y of t h e C e n o p h y t i c . 55-60.; K U S N E T Z O V A . 1974. D o k l . A c a d . Sci.
U R S S 2. 417-419.; LEVE, 1968. Paleopalynologicai M e t h o d f o r S t r a t i g r a p h y . 175-187.; LEYE. 1973. T h e
P A L F O P H Y T O G F O G R A P H Y O F T H E ANGIOSPF.RM POLLEN G R A I N S
45
Palynology of Ihc C c n o p h y l i c . 6 0 - 6 5 . ; М л е к о . 1 9 5 7 . Prace Wroclawskiego T o w a r z i s t w a N a u k o w e g o B.
88. 1 - 3 1 3 . : М л е к о . 1 9 6 1 . T h e New Phylologisl 60. 2 0 7 - 2 1 0 : M A N I K I N . 1 9 6 6 . For the II. Int. Palynol.
C o n f . 1 7 3 - 1 7 8 . ; M A Z A N C O V A . I 9 6 0 . Cas. p r o miner, a geol. 5. 2 6 5 - 2 7 5 . ; M C I N T Y R E . 1 9 7 4 . Geol. Survey
of C a n a d a . 74-14. 1 - 5 6 . ; M F.I J U S . 1 9 7 7 . G é o b i o s . 10. 6 2 5 - 6 3 9 . ; M É D U S , 1 9 7 8 , Palinologia. I. 3 4 1 - 3 5 3 . ;
N A G Y . 1 9 6 9 . A n n . Inst. Geol. Puhl. H u n g . 2 3 7 - 5 3 7 . ; N A G Y . 1 9 7 3 . T h e Palynology of the C e n o p h y t i c .
162-165.; NAGY —
R Á K O S I . 1 9 6 6 , M . Á . F . I . évi jelentése az 1 9 6 4 évről. 2 6 5 - 2 8 3 . ; N E S T F R O V A .
1971.
Palynology of K a z a k h s t a n . 1 0 7 - 1 1 1 . ; O D I N . B L O N D E A U . D A M O T T E , D U R A N D . O L L I V I F . R - P I E R R E . L E
C A L V E / , L I V A U D . P F R R I A U — P O M E R O L . 1 9 7 2 . Bull. d ' I n f . des Geol. d u Bassin d e Paris 32. 2 1 - 5 2 . ;
O L L I V I L R - P I F R R E . 1 9 7 0 . T h è s e . Fac. Sei. Univ. d e R e n n e s . 1 - 1 7 5 . ; O L L I V I E R - P I E R R E , 1 9 8 0 . M é m . Soc.
géol. miner. Bretagne 25. 1 - 2 3 9 . ; P A C L T O V A — SlMONCSICS, 1 9 7 0 . Palaeont. A b h . B. 3. 5 9 9 - 6 1 7 . ;
P A N O V A . 1 9 6 7 . Biostrat. S b o r n . 115. 4 1 - 5 9 . ; P A N O V A .
1 9 6 8 . Palcopalynological M e t h o d f o r Stratig r a p h y . 2 0 6 - 2 1 9 . ; P A N O V A . 1 9 7 1 . C e n o z o i c flore of Siberia o n palynological basis. 4 0 - 5 0 . ; P A K H A M O V .
1 9 7 6 . Palynology of U R S S .
112-116.: PITIAU.
1977.
Bol. délia Soc. Paleont. Italiana 16. 3 - 1 4 . ;
P O G O D A E V A — O R L O V . 1 9 6 8 . Palcopalynological M e t h o d for S t r a t i g r a p h y . 1 7 5 - 1 8 7 . ; P O K R O V S K A Y A —
S T E L M A K . I 9 6 0 ; Leningrad; P O L U M I S K O V A . T E R E K H O V A . B L Y A K H O V A — P O N O M A R F . N K O . 1 9 6 6 , F o r the
II. Int. Palynol. C o n f . : 1 5 4 - 1 5 8 . ; P O N O M A R E N K O . 1 9 6 6 . F o r the II. Int. Palynol. C o n f . . 1 5 4 - 1 5 8 . ;
P O R T N I A G I N A . 1 9 6 6 . F o r the I I . Int. Palynol. C o n f . . 1 5 8 - 1 6 4 . ; P O T O N I É , 1 9 3 1 . Jb. d e r Preuss. Geol.
Landesansi. f. 1 9 3 1 . 5 7 . 1 - 4 . ; R A M I S H V I L I . 1 9 6 9 . Tbilisi. 1 - 1 3 1 . ; R A M I S H V I L I . 1 9 7 6 . Palynology of U R S S ,
1 1 9 - 1 2 2 . : R Á K O S I . 1 9 6 6 . M . A . F . I . évi jelentése az 1 9 6 4 évről. 3 7 7 - 3 8 7 . ; R Á K O S I . 1 9 7 3 . A n n . Inst. Geol.
Puhl H u n g . 5 5 . 4 9 7 - 6 9 7 . ; R Á K O S I . 1 9 7 9 . M . Á . F . I . évi jelentése az 1 9 7 7 évről. 2 4 1 - 2 5 6 . ; R O C H E . 1 9 6 5 .
Bull. Soc. belge Géol. Paléont. d ' H y d r o l . 73. 4 2 3 - 4 4 4 . ; R O C H E . 1 9 6 6 . Bull. Soc. belge Géol. Paléont.
d ' H y d r o I . 74. 411-420.; R O C H E . 1969. Bull. Soc. belge G é o l . Paléont. d ' H y d r o l . 78. 131-146.; R O C H E .
1972. Bull. Soc. bclgc Géol. Paléont. d ' H y d r o l . 81. 183-189.; R T X H E . 1973a. Bull. A c a d . royale d e
Belgique. 956-969.; Rex HL. 1973b. Bull. Soc. belge Géol. Paléont. d ' H y d r o l . 82. 487-495.; ROCHE. 1973C.
Mém. Expl. Cartes Géol. de la Bclgiques 13. 1-138.; R I X ' H E — S C H U L F R . 1976. Service Geol. d e Belgique
Prof. Paper 1976/11. 1-57.; ROTMAN. 1971. Problems of Palynology / , 117-128.; ROTMAN. 1973. T h e
Palynology of ihe C c n o p h y l i c . 47-52.; R O U S E . H O P K I N S , j r . — P I E L . 1971. Geol. Soc. of America, Special
Paper 127. 213-246.; R O U S E — S R I V A S T A V A . 1972. C a n a d . J. of E a r t h Sei. 9. 1163-1173.; R Y B A K O V A .
1966. F o r the II. Int. Palynol. C o n f . . 178-184.; S< H U M A C K E R - L A M B R Y — R O C H E . 1973. A n n . Soc. Géol.
d e Belgique 46. 413-433.; S C H U M A C K E R - L A M B R Y — V A N G U E S T A I N E . 1977; S H A K H M U N D E S . 1966. Mat.
for the II. Int. Palynol. C o n f . . 172-195.; SHEKINA. 1953. B o l . J. U k r . S R 10. 44-61.; SHFKINA. 1954. Bot. J.
II. 8 9 - I 0 X . ; S H E K I N A . 1964. Ukr. Bot. J. 21. 61-69.; S H E K I N A . 1969. Bot. J. 26. 39-47.; S T A P L I N , 1976.
Bull. C a n a d . Petroleum Geol. 24. 117-130.; S T R E E L . B U K . F A I R O N - D F M A R E T , S C H U M A C K E R - L A M B R Y —
V A N G U E S T A I N E , 1977; S u e . 1976. R e v u e d e M i c r o p a l é o n t o l o g i e 18. 246-255.; S u c . 1980. Thèse Univ.
Sei. el T e c h n . d u L a n g u e d o c ; S O N G Z H I - C H E N — C A O L I U . 1980. P a p e r f o r Ihe 5th Int. Palynol. C o n f . . 110.; S U N X I U Y U , Z H A O Y I N G N I A N G — H E Z H U O S H E N G . 1984. Geol. Rev. 30. 207-216.; S U N G T Z E - C H E N
T S A O L i u . 1976. Acta Paleontologica Sinica 15. 147-162.; S U N G T Z E - C H E N — T S A O L I U , 1978. N a n j i n g
Inst. Geol. Paleont. A c a d . Sinica. 1-177.; T A K A H A S H I — J u x . 1982. Bull. F a c . Liberal Arts, N a g a s a k i
Univ. 23. 23-134.; T H I E L E - P F E I F F E R . 1979. Ph D . M ü n c h e n ; T H O M S O N — P F L U G . 1953. Palaeontographica В. У4. 1-138.; T S C H U D Y , 1973. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 743-B. 1-24.; T S C H U D Y — P A T T E R S O N .
1975. J o u r . Res. U . S . G e o l . Surv. 3. 437-445.: V I E N O Z I N S K I E N E . I960. Int. Geol. C o n g . X X I sect.. 247252.; Z A K L I N S K A Y A . 1962. For the First Int. Palynol. C o n f . . 127-131.: Z A K L I N S K A Y A . 1963. A c a d . Sei.
U R S S . T r u d . Geol. Inst. 74. 1-156.; Z A K L I N S K A Y A . 1967. A b h . zentr. geol. Inst. 10. 183-187.; Z A K L I N S K A Y A . 1975. Izv. A c a d . Sei. U R S S . Ser. Geol. 6. 110-121.; Z A K L I N S K A Y A . 1976. Geol. Paleont. Far East,
51-65.: Z A K L I N S K A Y A . 1978. Rev. Palacobot. Palynol. 26. 227-247.; Z A K L I N S K A Y A — B R A T Z E V A . 1973.
T h e Palynology of the C c n o p h y l i c , 69-72.; Z A K L I N S K A Y A
L K Y E , 1968. Dokl. A c a d . Sei. U R S S . 180.
181-185.; Z H A O Y I N G N I A N G . S U N X I U Y U — W A N G D A N I N G . 1982. Bull. Inst. Geol. Chinese Acad. Sei. 4.
95-125.: Z H E Z H E L , 1973. T r u d V S E G E I 195. 180-184.; Z I I M B I N S K A - T W O R Z Y D L O . 1974. Acta Paleontologica Polonica IV. 309-432.; Z I V A . 1973. T h e P a l y n o l o g y of C e n o p h y t i c . 89-93.; Yu J I N G X I A N . G U O
ZHENGYING —
MAOSHAOZHI.
1983.
46
M
KEIJVES
References
V.N. ( 1 9 7 3 ) : Pollen of Angiospermae in Paleocene deposits of the F a r East, and some
new species of formal genus Triairiopolleniies
PFLUG. — T h e Palynology of the Cenophytic. 101104. (Russian).
B A T T E N , D . J . ( 1 9 8 1 ) : Stratigraphie, palaeogeographic and evolutionary significance of Late C r e t a c e o u s
a n d early Tertiary Normapolles pollen. — Rev. Palaeobot Palynol. 35. 1 2 5 - 1 3 7 .
BOITSOVA. E.P and PANOVA. L A. (1973): Paleogene floras a n d vegetation in the Euro-Asian botanicalgeographical province. — T h e Palynology of the Cenophytic. 42-47. (Russian).
F R E D E R I K S E N . N O . and C H R I S T O P H E R . R.A. ( 1 9 7 8 ) : T a x o n o m y and biostratigraphy of late Cretaceous
and Paleogene triatriate pollen f r o m South Carolina. — Palynology 2. 1 1 3 - 1 4 5 .
G R U A S - C A V A G N E T T O , C . (1977): Étude palynologiquc de l'Éocène du Bassin Anglo-Parisien. — T h è s e de
Doct. d ' É t a t ès Sei. Nat. Paris, 1-287.
HERNGREEN, G . F . W
and C H L O N O V A . A . F . ( 1 9 8 1 ) : Cretaceous microfloral provinces. — Pollen et
Spores 23. 4 4 1 - 5 5 5 .
H I L L S . L . V . and W A L L A C E . S. ( 1 9 6 9 ) : Paraalnipollenites.
a new form genus f r o m Uppermost C r e t a c e o u s
and Paleocene rocks of Arctic C a n a d a and Russia. — Geol. Survey of C a n a d a 182. 1 3 9 - 1 4 5 .
K E D V E S . M . ( 1 9 7 0 ) : Études palynologiques des couches d u Tertiaire inférieur de la Région Parisienne. V .
Pollens triporés subtriporés et intratripores. — Pollen et Spores 12. 8 3 - 9 7 .
KEDVES. M. (1971): Présence de types s p o r o m o r p h e s i m p o r t a n t s dans les sédiments préquaternaires
Egyptiens. — Acta Bot. Acad. Sei. Hung. 17. 371-376.
KEDVES. M. (1977): Electronmicroscopical examinations of fossil Angiospermaiophyia
pollen grains
f r o m the Paleocene a n d the middle Eocene. — Acta Bot. Acad. Sei. Hung. 23, 97-103.
KEDVES, M . (1985): T h e present day state of U p p e r Cretaceous palaeophytogcography on palynological
evidence. — Acta Biol. Szeged. 31. 115-127.
K E D V E S , M . (en cours de publication): Études palynologiques des couches du Tertiaire inférieur de la
Région Parisienne. VII.
K E D V E S . M . et D I N I Z . F . ( 1 9 8 3 ) : Contribution à la connaissance des pollens d'Angiospermes d u Crétacé
supérieur du Portugal. — Bol. Soc. Geol. de Portugal 22. 1 9 - 3 1 .
BARBASHINOVA.
KEDVES, M . et KIRÀLY. E . ( 1 9 6 8 ) : A p r o p o s d e r é g i o n s p a l é o p h y t o g é o g r a p h i q u e s d u C r é t a c é et
du
Paléogène, d'après les données palynologiques. — Acta Biol. Szeged. 14. 19-28.
KEDVES. M . et KIRÀLY. E . ( 1 9 7 0 ) : P r o b l e m s o f C r e t a c e o u s - P a l a e o g e n e p a l a e o p h y l o g c o g r a p h i c a l r e g i o n s
based on palynological results II. — Acta Biol. Szeged. 16. 63-72.
KF.DVES, M. et PÀRDUTZ. Â. (1970): Études palynologiques des couches du Tertiaire inférieur de la
Région Parisienne VI. Ultrastructure de quelques pollens d'Angiospermes de l'Éocènc inférieur.
(Sparnacien). — Pollen et Spores 12. 553-575.
KEDVES. M . and STANLEY. E.A. (1976): Electronmicroscopical investigations of the Normapolles g r o u p
and some other selected European a n d N o r t h American Angiosperm pollen II. — Pollen et Spores
18. 105-127.
KHLONOVA, A . F . (1971): Interpretation of paleofloristic differentiations in the spore and pollen complex
of N o r t h Asia in the U p p e r Cretaceous period. — Inst. Geol. and Geophys.. Acad. Sei. Siberia 8.
19-28. (Russian).
K R U T Z S C H , W . ( 1 9 6 0 ) : Über Thomsonipoltis
magnificus ( T H et P F . 1 9 5 3 ) n fgen. n. comb, und
Bemerkungen zur regionalen Verbreitung einiger Pollen-gruppcn im älteren Paläogen. —
Frciberger Forschungshefte 86. 5 4 - 6 5 .
L E O P O L D , E.B. and M A C G I N I T I E . H . D . ( 1 9 7 2 ) : Development a n d affinities of Tertiary floras in the Rocky
Mountains. Floristics a n d Paleofloristics of Asia a n d Eastern N o r t h America. — Elsevier
Publishing Co.. A m s t e r d a m . 147-200.
M Ê D U S , J . : Contributions à la géobotanique de l'Eurasie au Crétacé supérieur. — C R . du quatre-vingtseizième Congrès National des Sociétés Savantes 5. 223-232.
M I L D E N H A L L . D . C . and H A R R I S . W . F . (1971): Status of Haloragacidiies
(al. Trioriies) hurrisii C O U P E R )
H A R R I S comb. nov. and Haloragacidales
irioralus C O U P E R 1953. — N e w Zealand J o u r n a l of
Botany 9. 297-306
PALF.OPHYTOGEOGRAPHY OF THE ANGIOSPERM POLLEN GRAINS
47
N . D
and S A M O I L O V I C H . S R . ( 1 9 6 2 ) : C o m m o n elements in Mesozoic and Cenozoic
floras of Western Siberia and Australia. — Internal. Conf. on Palynology. Tucson (Arizona)
Abstr. — Pollen el Spores 4. 3 6 5 - 3 6 6 .
N A G Y . E . ( 1 9 6 9 ) : Palynological investigations of the Miocene in the Mecsek M o u n t a i n s — M . Á . F . I
Évkönyve 52. 2 3 5 - 6 4 9 .
MTCHEDLISHVILI.
PFLUG. H.D. (1953): Zur Entstehung und Entwicklung des angiospermiden Pollens in der Erdgeschichte.
— Palaeontographica B. 95. 60-171.
P A < L T O V A . B ( 1 9 7 3 ) : Evolution of Angiosperm pollen of the Bohemian Upper Cretaceous and its timecorrelation significance. — The Palynology of the Cenophytic. 24-27.
P O K R O V S K A Y A . I.M. and S T E L M A K . N . K . (I960): Atlas of Upper Cretaceous. Paleocenc and Eocene
spore-pollen complexes f r o m various regions of the U S S R . — Trud. VSEGEI 30. 1-575. (Russian).
ROCHE. E. (1974): Paléobotanique. Paléoclimatologie et derive des continents. — Sci. Geol. Bull. 27 924.
V.K.. K U L K O V A . I A . and K H L O N O V A . A . F . ( 1 9 7 3 ) : Palynology and Palcogeography.
— Problems of Palynology. 35-43. (Russian).
S A M O I L O V I C H . S R. (1967): Tentative boianico-geographical subdivision of northern Asia in Late
Cretaceous lime. - Rev. Palaeobotan. Palynol. 2. 127-139.
SHAKHMUNOES. V.A. (1966): Floristic relations between the northern part of Western Siberia and
Europe during the early Eocene. — M e t h o d s of palcopalynological investigations. 172-195.
(Russian).
SAKS. V . N . . ILINA.
SRIVASTAVA.
S . K . (1978): Cretaceous spore-pollen Floras: A global evaluation. — Biological Memoirs 3
1-130.
STANLEY. E.A. (1970): The stratigraphical, biogcographical. paleont-ccological and evolutionary
significance of the fossil pollen g r o u p Triprojectaciles. — Bull, of the Georgia Academy of Science
28. 1-44.
and T S A O L I U ( 1 9 7 6 ) : The Paleoccne spores and pollen grains from the F u s h u n coalfield.
Northeast China. — Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 15. 147-162. (Chinese, with English summary).
THOMSON. P.W. und PFLUG. H.D. (1953): Pollen und Sporen des mitteleuropáischcn Tertiárs. —
SUNGTZE-CHEN
Palaeontographica B. 94. 1 - 1 3 8 .
Fossil oculata pollen f r o m Alaska. — Geosciencc and Man 15. 5 1 - 7 6 .
Z A K L I N S K A Y A . E . D . ( 1 9 6 2 ) : T h e value of angiospermous pollen for the stratigraphy o i t h e U p p e r Cretaceous and Paleogene and botanical-geographical provinces on the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. — F o r the First Int. Palynol. Conf., 1 0 5 - 1 1 2 .
Z A K L I N S K A Y A . E . D . ( 1 9 6 3 ) : Angiospermous pollen grains and their value for U p p e r Cretaceous and
WIGGINS, V . D . (1976):
Paleogene stratigraphy. — Acad. Sci. U R S S . Trud. Geol. Inst. 74. 1 - 2 2 6 . (Russian).
E . D . ( 1 9 6 6 ) : Pollen morphology of Angiospcrms and paleofloristic areas and provinces
at the b o u n d a r y of the Cretaceous and Paleogene. — The Paleobotanist 15. 110-116.
Z A K L I N S K A Y A . E.D. (1967a): Palynological studies on Late Cretaceous — Paleogene floral history and
stratigraphy. — Rev. Palaeobotan. Palynol. 2. 141-146.
Z A K L I N S K A Y A . E.D. (1967b): T h e Early-Paleogene flora of the Northern Hemisphere and paleofloristic
provinces o i this age. — A b h . zentr. geol. Inst. 10. 1 8 3 - 1 8 7 .
Z A K L I N S K A Y A . E . D . ( 1 9 7 6 ) : Relationship between difference and similarity of C e n o p h y t c flora major
c o m p o n e n t s from the point of view of continents movement theory. — Palynology in USSR. 8 3 - 8 7 .
(Russian).
ZAKLINSKAYA.