11/19/2013
Cite It Right:
Why, When, and How to Cite Sources and
Avoid Plagiarism
November 19,
19 2013
Bidisha Kumar
Graduate Writing Consultant
Graduate Student Writing Support Services
Toulouse Graduate School, UNT
[email protected]
Plagiarism??
Why should I care?
This workshop will help you …
• Understand, identify, and avoid Plagiarism
• Understand Citation and how to reference
correctly in research writing.
• Read your work from the perspective of a
reader. Be your own critic!
• Understand the technical aspects of citation,
quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing through
practical examples.
• How to balance between your own thoughts
and outside information sources.
What is Plagiarism? - Definition
Source : www.um.edu.mt;
• Etymology: Plagiary, n. (arch) (to kidnap). [Latin
word plagiarius,
word,
plagiarius a kidnapper]
kidnapper].
Plagiarize : (trans.)To steal and pass off the thoughts
or writings of others as one’s own: use another’s
production without crediting the source.
(intrans.) To commit literary theft, present as new an
original an idea or product derived from an existing
source (Merriam-Webster).
Source of image: www.infomotions.com
Plagiarism tutorial, www.libraries,wvu.edu (accessed Nov 17, 2013); Robert, Tim. Student Plagiarism in an Online World. 2008, 114, 125.
What happens if I plagiarize?
Source of image: www.bowlinggreen.kctcs.edu , Plagiarism Tutorial, www.lib‐serv.tccd.edu (accessed November 17, 2013).
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Plagiarism detection sites
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZIei4sim
5co
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Turnitin.com
Northernlight.com
Copycatch.freeserve.co.uk
Fastsearch.com
MyDropbox Suite
DOC Cop
Easy Verification Engine
Glatt Plagiarism.com
MOSS (Measure of Software Similarity)
Ignorance is NOT a bliss!
• Pleading ignorance is NOT an excuse that
can win sympathy for students guilty of
plagiarism
“I forgot!”
Source of image: www.libguides.hct.ac.ae (accessed November 17 2013); Tim S Roberts (2008), 126. What is Plagiarism? - Forms
• Cheating
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What is Plagiarism?- Forms
A. Word-for-Word/Outright copying: Cutting
and pasting material from the web/copying
from various sources
What is Plagiarism? - Forms
• Submitting a paper you did not write your self/
using/purchasing pre-written papers
• Schooolsucks.com; coursework.info; cheater.com; cheathouse.com; essayschool.com
Source of image: Emma Mustich. “Salon debate: What is plagiarism?” www.salon.com (accessed November 17, 2013).
What is Plagiarism? - Forms
• Self-plagiarism: Reusing your own paper
from another class
Bowman, V. The Plagiarism Plague. 2004; Roberts, Tim S. Student Plagiarism in an Online World 2008.
What is Plagiarism? - Forms
B. Paraphrasing
• Patchwork plagiarism: motley of copied and
paraphrased material, with/without citing the
source.
g the author’s words and/or
/ ideas without
• Using
giving the author credit.
• Paraphrasing the author without citation.
• Paraphrasing with citation but words or phrases
that should be in quotation marks are not.
• In all of these cases, you do not make clear to
the reader which are your own ideas/words.
Bowman, V. The Plagiarism Plague. 2004; Plagiarism Tutorial, www.plagiarism‐turorial.weebly.com (accessed 17 November 2013).
What is Plagiarism? - Forms
C. Not citing correctly/omitting
documentation
• Including a Works Cited page
without in-text citations.
• Using a source but citing it as
a different one. (deliberately/by
accident)
• Paraphrasing with citation but
without proper quotation.
• Translating from a foreign
language without citation.
Bowman, V. The Plagiarism Plague. 2004
Patchwork Plagiarism
and wrong citation
• Source 1:
"Despite the strong public opposition, the Reagan administration
continued to install so many North American men, supplies, and
facilities in Honduras that one expert called it "the USS Honduras, a
[stationary] aircraft carrier or sorts." (Walter LaFeber, Inevitable
Revolutions (New York, 1989), 309.)
• Source 2:
"By
By December 1981
1981, American agents
agents--some
some CIA
CIA, some U
U.S.
S Special
Forces--were working through Argentine intermediaries to set up
contra safe houses, training centres, and base camps along the
Nicaraguan-Honduran border." (Peter Kornbluh, "Nicaragua," in
Michael Klare (ed), Low Intensity Warfare (New York, 1983), 139.)
• Plagiarized Version
Despite strong public opposition, by December 1981 the Reagan
Administration was working through Argentine intermediaries to install
contra safe houses, training centres, and base camps in Honduras. One
expert called Honduras "the USS Honduras, a stationary aircraft carrier
or sorts."
Source: “Plagiarism what it is and how to avoid it?”
http://gethelp.library.upenn.edu/guides/engineering/ee/plagiarize.html#ex1 (accessed Nov 17 2013).
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Deliberately or Accidentally,
it is Plagiarism! No Excuse!
Source of image: “Avoiding plagiarism” www.library.csusm.edu (accessed November 17, 2013).
Source of Image: http://promitheas.iacm.forth.gr/lm/?cat=36
How to avoid plagiarism?
• Better time management (develop small structured goal systems)
• Proper research and documentation strategies (better note taking,
quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing, citing, and consulting
a style guide).
Image Source: www2.webster.edu What your reader sees…
• Citation WITH quotation marks: author’s work in
his exact words.
• Citation with NO quotation marks: author’s work
expressed in your own words.
• No citation with NO quotation marks: your own
IDEA in your own WORDS.
• Therefore, when borrowing words:
Cite your author, acknowledge others’ work.
Use quotation marks around author’s words.
• Even when paraphrasing, cite!
1. Give credit to your source: CITE!!! (BOTH in-text and at the
end of your paper)
2 Quote – to support your own argument
2.
argument. Be accurate in
transcribing the original. Use them sparingly. Cite after the
quote.
3. Summarize – Give a brief account of the author’s main
statements. Use your own words in expressing the summary of
author’s key ideas. Use key terms in quotes. Cite.
4. Paraphrase – Reword what the author says to support your
argument, in your own words and style. Cite.
Source of image: www.bigcanoebocce.com Quotation
• Replication of the exact wording of the
source material (spoken/written).
• Can I alter quotes?
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Can I alter quotes?
NO! But you may use these …
• Brackets: Use “[ ]” them to make small
changes to pronouns/verb tenses, to keep the
meaning of the direct quote clear.
E.g. Smith (2002) observed that, “No one had
ever explained the rules of downloading music
to them” (p. 150)
Smith (2002) observed that, “no one had ever
explained the rules of downloading music to
[the students]” (p. 150).
Can I alter quotes? No!
But you may use these…
• Ellipsis: Use “…” in writing to indicate omission of
text. Ellipses replaces unnecessary words in the
quote.
E.g. Granted, this example is easy and simple.
Perhaps it is silly
silly. But I hope it is clear and useful.
useful
a. Granted, this example is … simple.
b. Granted, this example is easy and simple. … But
I hope it is clear and useful.
(Use ellipsis plus a period to separate two/more
sentences in a quote).
• Sic: Use [sic] to show the grammar error of quote
is not yours.
Source: Lipson, C. Doing Honest Work in College. 2008: 39-40; www.sfsu.edu/~ctfd/tutorials (accessed November 17 2013)
Source: Lipson, C. Doing Honest Work in College. 2008: 39-40; www.sfsu.edu/~ctfd/tutorials (accessed November 17 2013)
When introducing your quote…
You Be The Judge: Is This Plagiarism?
• Use active and descriptive verbs (reporting verbs) such
as: states, observes, recognizes, insists, elaborates,
discusses, suggests, acknowledges, comments,
maintains, asserts, affirms, avers, objects, agrees,
disagrees …
Reporting verbs
• Example: Bortoft (1996) asserted that Goethe’s holistic
approach could be the foundation of an education
based on a new relationship with nature, because it
reveals a mode of consciousness that “is nonlinear,
simultaneous, intuitive … and concerned more with
relationships.”
You Be The Judge: Is This Plagiarism?
• “Research evidence clearly shows that groups led by
transformational leaders have higher levels of
performance and satisfaction than groups led by
other types of leaders.” (leadership expert and
psychologist
p
y
g Ronald E. Riggio
gg in his 2009 article on
Psychology Today website).
• Riggio’s (2009) research shows that groups led by
transformational leaders have higher levels of
performance and satisfaction than groups led by
other types of leaders.
You Be The Judge: Is This Plagiarism?
• “Research evidence clearly shows that groups
led by transformational leaders have higher
levels of performance and satisfaction than
groups led by other types of leaders”
• “Research evidence clearly shows that groups
led by transformational leaders have higher
levels of performance and satisfaction than
groups led by other types of leaders.” Riggio
• Student: One study reveals that “groups led
by transformational leaders have higher levels
of performance and satisfaction than those
led by others” (Riggio, 2009).
• Current research on leadership psychology
endorses the positive roles played by
transformational and visionary leaders in
motivating and empowering groups (Riggio,
2009).
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Detecting Plagiarism: Activity # 1
• Please complete exercise # 2 in the handout.
You have fifteen minutes!
Paraphrase & Summarize
Paraphrasing and Summarizing
• Paraphrase: to rewrite the text in your own
words and style, without changing the
meaning or the length of the passage.
• Summarize: to rewrite the text in your own
words and style in a condensed form,
presenting only the most important ideas. It
is shorter than the original.
Citing Information in your Work
• Read the original, close the book and write.
State the ideas (the most important ones) in
your own words. Then cite appropriately.
• Activity # 2 – Read the first excerpt in Workshop
Exercise # 2, think and paraphrase.
Source: Bowman, V. The Plagiarism Plague.2004.
What should I cite? When should I cite?
CITE
• Author’s words, idea,
thoughts, opinion,
research.
• Quotations
• Summary of other’s
work/research
• Images/illustrations etc
which are not your
own.
• Cite even if you are
unsure about citing a
source in your paper.
DO NOT CITE
• Your idea, thoughts
and opinion
• Your artwork,
artwork maps
maps,
Pictures/photographs
etc
• Common Knowledge
How, what, and when to Cite
• What not to cite? – Common Knowledge
• Alaska is the largest state in the U.S.
• Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on
the moon.
• Ronald Reagan was the President of the
United States from 1980-1988.
• Martin Luther King Jr. led the Civil Rights
Movement in the United States.
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Style Guides
Common Types of Citation Styles
APA: The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association. Used in the social
sciences, education, engineering, and business.
MLA: The Modern Language Association
Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. Used in
humanities.
Chicago/Turabian: The Chicago Manual of
Style, used in humanities and social sciences.
Source of image: “Citing Sources.” www.prescott.edu (accessed November 17, 2013).
Others
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Style Manuals by Name & Field
AAA (American Anthropological Association) Style
(Anthropology)
ACS (American Chemical Society) Style (Chemistry)
AMA (American Medical Association) Manual of Style
(Medicine)
APA Style (Sciences)
APSA Style (Political Science)
ASA Style (Sociology)
CBE/CSE Style (Sciences)
Chicago/Turabian Style (Humanities)
Harvard Reference System (Author-Date Style)
MLA Style (Humanities)
Vancouver/ICMJE Style (Biomedical Sciences)
Examples of Citation for a BOOK
• APA Format
Morris, E. (2005). Beethoven: The Universal
Composer. New York: HarperCollins.
Parts of a Citation
• The information needed for a book citation is:
Author
Title
Publisher
Place of Publication
Date
• Information needed for an article citation:
Author
Title of the article
Name of the journal
Issue information
(can be month, year, volume, issue, pages)
Examples of citation
for a Journal Article
APA Format
Broyles, M. (2011). Beethoven, Spirituality, and Spiritualism in
20th-Century England and America. The Beethoven Journal
26, 4-11.
Hanging indent
• MLA Format
MLA Format
Broyles, Michael “Beethoven, Spirituality, and Spiritualism in 20thCentury England and America.” The Beethoven Journal 26
(Summer 2011): 4-11.
• Chicago/Turabian Format
Chicago/Turabian Format
Broyles, Michael. “Beethoven, Spirituality, and Spiritualism in
20th-Century England and America.” The Beethoven Journal
26 (Summer 2011): 4-11.
Morris, Edmund, Beethoven: The Universal Composer.
New York: HarperCollins, 2005.
Morris, Edmund. Beethoven: The Universal Composer.
New York: HarperCollins. 2005.
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How would you cite a film?
• APA
Kenner, R. and Pearlstein, E. (Producers), &
Kenner, R. (Director). (2009). Food Inc.
[DVD]. United States: Magnolia Home
Entertainment.
• MLA
Food Inc. Dir. R. Kenner, Magnolia Home
Entertainment, 2009. DVD.
• Chicago Turabian
Food Inc. DVD. Directed by R. Kenner.
United States: Magnolia Home
Entertainment, 2009.
How to cite an online article?
Psychology/Aesthetics in the Nineteenth Century by
Carolyn Burdett. Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long
Nineteenth Century, Volume 19, no. 12 (2011).
Abstract: na.
[1]
Surveying a range of writing on aesthetics in 1908, the Edinburgh Review’s contributor notes that:
Beauty has held its secret from the prying investigator longer than any other department of experience.
More of modern scientific light has been thrown on the obscure domains of moral and even of religious
experience than upon that of aesthetic experience.1
The most cursory survey of the psychological literature of the nineteenth century suggests that, if true,
this would not be for want of effort. The nature of beauty and aesthetic pleasure were matters of
intense interest for the developing discipline of psychology. But as the essays in this issue of 19 attest,
aesthetics was not coyly resistant to ‘modern scientific light’ or merely an object for its scrutiny, but
instead was a significant factor in its development, in turn shaping modern psychology.
http://www.19.bbk.ac.uk/index.php/19/article/view/609/708
How would you cite Artwork?
APA
Rodin, A. (1917). The Thinker 1880-81
[Bronze sculpture]. Cleveland : Cleveland
Museum of Art.
MLA
Auguste Rodin. The Thinker. 1880-81.
Bronze sculpture. Cleveland Museum of
Art.
Chicago Style
Interview?
• APA
(Andy Goldsworthy, personal communication,
December 20, 2012). [in-text only]
• MLA
Goldsworthy, Andy. Personal interview. 20 Dec.
2012. [also in-text].
• Chicago Turabian
Goldsworthy, Andy. Interview by author. Tape
recording. Edinburgh, December 20, 2012.
[footnote, occasionally bibliography]
Citing an online article
APA Format
Burdett, Carolyn (2011). Psychology/Aesthetics in the Nineteenth Century.
Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century, 19. Retrieved
November 14, 2013, from
http://www.19.bbk.ac.uk/index.php/19/article/view/609/708
MLA Format
Burdett, Carolyn. “Psychology/Aesthetics in the Nineteenth Century.”
Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century. 19 (2013). Web.
14 Nov, 2013.
<http://www.19.bbk.ac.uk/index.php/19/article/view/609/708>
Chicago/Turabian
Burdett, Carolyn. Psychology/Aesthetics in the Nineteenth Century.
Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century. 19, no. 12
(2013). http://www.19.bbk.ac.uk/index.php/19/article/view/609/708
(accessed November 14, 2013).
Citation Exercise
Activity # 3
• Exercise # 3 – See Handout
• Using the your choice of style guide handout
handout,
write out the following sample citations.
• Time: 10 minutes
Auguste Rodin, The Thinker, 1880-81.
Bronze, 82.9cm x 98.4 cm x 142.2 cm.
Cleveland Museum of Art.
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Citations
Resources
Electronic “Citation Generators and Research
Management Tools”
Free Software, automatically generates
reference entries (APA, MLA, Chicago etc)
RefWorks
Zotero
Other tools on the web – BibMe, DocsCite,
KnightCite, Son of Citation Machine.
Free Turabian Citation Generator:
http://www.eturabian.com/turabian/index.html
• In-text citations
Check your style guide for specifics
• You need to cite interviews
• You need to cite multiple or unknown authors
• You need to cite musical compositions
• You need to cite maps, artwork, photographs
• You need to cite Websites
• You need to cite Pamphlets
• You need to cite personal letters
Resources
Resources
• http://www.library.unt.edu/citations-styleguides
Other helpful sources
• Graduate Student Writing Support Services
Help with your writing projects
Email us: [email protected]
(Jocelyn Dorfman and Bidisha Kumar)
We are located at:
Writing
g Lab – Auditorium 105A
Call for appointment: 9405652563
Our hours are: Mon (12-7pm) Tue (12-6pm) Wed (11-6pm) and
Thu (4-7pm).
• Your instructor
• Librarians/library resources
• Style Manuals
• You Quote it, You note it!
http://library.acadiau.ca/tutorials/plagiarism/
Reference List
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Bowman, Vibiana. Ed. The Plagiarism Plague: A Resource Guide and CD-ROM
Tutorial for Educators and Librarians. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2004.
Lathrop, Ann and Kathlees Foss. Guiding Students from Cheating and Plagiarism to
Honesty and Integrity: Strategies for Change. Westport: Libraries Unlimited, 2005.
Lipson, Charles. Cite Right: A Quick Guide to Citation Styles – MLA, APA, Chicago,
the Sciences, Professions, and More. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
_______. Doing Honest Work in College: How to Prepare Citations, Avoid Plagiarism,
and Achieve Real Academic Success. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Plagiarism: It’s a Crime. DVD. Educational Video Network. 21 minutes. 2009.
Roberts, Tim S. ed. Student Plagiarism in an Online World: Problems and Solutions.
New York: Information Science Reference, 2008.
University writing websites:
- Purdue Owl
- Minnesota University, http://writing.umn.edu/sws/quickhelp/sources.html
- Indiana University, https://www.indiana.edu/~istd/
- Deaking University, Australia
- Leeds University, UK
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