Solutions Chemistry Mr. Moss RHS Rockmart High School 1 SC7. Students will characterize the properties that describe solutions and the nature of acids and bases. a. Explain the process of dissolving in terms of solute/solvent interactions: Observe factors that effect the rate at which a solute dissolves in a specific solvent, Express concentrations as molarities, Prepare and properly label solutions of specified molar concentration, Relate molality to colligative properties. Rockmart High School 2 In this unit, we will be looking at different types of mixtures, all of which are classified by the size of the particles in them. Rockmart High School 3 What is a Solution? A homogeneous mixture containing two or more substances called the solute and the solvent. The solute is the part that is dissolved. The solvent is the dissolving medium. Has a constant composition throughout. Always has a single phase. You cannot distinguish the solute from the solvent when you look at a solution. Rockmart High School 4 Mixtures A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. A blend of tow or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties. Two types: Homogeneous (same proportions throughout) Heterogeneous (not uniform throughout) Rockmart High School 5 Mixtures Homogeneous Rockmart High School Heterogeneous 6 Brainstorm Activity Brainstorm a list of common solutions with two other people sitting NEAR you. Rockmart High School 7 How can solutions exist? Solutions can exist as Solids Liquids Gases Depends on the state of the solvent. Will be in a single phase. Rockmart High School 8 Components of a Solution Two main components: Solvent The dissolving medium. The component in the largest quantity. Solute The substance dissolved. The component in the lesser quantity. Rockmart High School 9 Example If I take a teaspoon of salt and put it into a bucket of water, I have made an unsaturated saltwater solution. The salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. Rockmart High School 10 Common Solvents Water Kerosene Mineral Oil Turpentine Paint Remover Nail Polish Remover Acetone Rockmart High School 11 Types of Solution Systems System Example Gas-gas Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon gases. Gas-liquid Carbonated beverages contain carbon dioxide gas in solution. Liquid-gas Moist air contains water droplets in air. Liquid-liquid Vinegar contains acetic acid and water. Solid-liquid Sweetened powder drink contains sugar and other solid ingredients in water. Solid-solid Steel is an alloy of iron containing carbon. Rockmart High School 12 IMPORTANT! Water is the most common solvent. Rockmart High School 13 Do all combinations of substances form solutions? Nope The solute must be soluble in the particular solvent. Rockmart High School 14 Suspensions If the particles in a solvent are so large that they settle out unless the mixture is constantly stirred or agitated. Jar of muddy water Rockmart High School 15 Colloids Particles that are intermediate in size between those in solutions and suspensions form mixtures known as colloidal dispersions, or simply colloids. 1 nm and 1000 nm in diameter. Emulsion and foam are familiar terms. Mayonnaise Emulsion of oil drops in water. Rockmart High School 16 Solubility The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent. NaCl is soluble in water. Sand is insoluble in water. The maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a particular temperature and pressure. Rockmart High School 17 Electrolytes vs. Nonelectrolytes Solutes that dissolve are classified according to whether they yield molecules or ions in solution. Ionic compounds separate into positive and negative ions. Allows for an electric current to pass through the solution. A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current is called an Electrolyte. Rockmart High School 18 Electrolyte vs. Nonelctrolyte If a solution contains a neutral solute molecule, it will not conduct electric current. A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct an electric current is called a nonelectrolyte. Sugar Rockmart High School 19 Factors that affect dissolving rate 3 factor will affect how fast a solute dissolves: Temperature Surface area Agitation Rockmart High School 20 Is it Dilute or Concentrated? Concentration is a measure of the mass of solute dissolved in a certain volume of solvent. The more solute dissolved, the greater the concentration. Three KEY terms: Unsaturated Saturated Supersaturated Rockmart High School 21 Unsaturated A solution that contains LESS dissolved solute for a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure. More solute can be dissolved. It “ain’t” full yet. Rockmart High School 22 Saturated A solution that contains the MAXIMUM amount of dissolved solute for a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure. It is full! Rockmart High School 23 Supersaturated Contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature. Formed at high temperature and cooled slowly. Rockmart High School 24 Solubility Usually given as grams of solute per 100 grams of solvent or per 100 mL of solvent at a given temperature. Rate at which a solid dissolves is unrelated to its solubility at that temperature. Rockmart High School 25 Solubility Curve A graph of solubility as temperature increases. Rockmart High School 26 Rockmart High School 27
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