econstor A Service of zbw Make Your Publications Visible. Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre for Economics Cimoli, Mario; Correa, Nelson Working Paper Trade openness and technological gaps in Latin America: A "low growth trap" LEM Working Paper Series, No. 2002/14 Provided in Cooperation with: Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies Suggested Citation: Cimoli, Mario; Correa, Nelson (2002) : Trade openness and technological gaps in Latin America: A "low growth trap", LEM Working Paper Series, No. 2002/14 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/89333 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your personal and scholarly purposes. 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Laboratory of Economics and Management Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies Via Carducci, 40 - I-56127 PISA (Italy) Tel. +39-050-883-341 Fax +39-050-883-344 Email: [email protected] Web Page: http://lem.sssup.it LEM Working Paper Series TRADE OPENNESS AND TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS IN LATIN AMERICA: A ‘LOW GROWTH TRAP’ Mario Cimoli * Nelson Correa † * † 2002/14 ECLAC-United Nations, Santiago de Chile ECLAC-United Nations, Santiago de Chile June 2002 75$'(23(11(66$1'7(&+12/2*<*$36,1/$7,1$0(5,&$ $³/2:*52:7+75$3´ 0DULR&LPROLDQG1HOVRQ&RUUHD ,1752'8&7,21 )RU WKH SDVW TXDUWHUFHQWXU\ WKH /DWLQ $PHULFDQ FRXQWULHV KDYH EHHQ XQGHUJRLQJ D SURFHVVRIVWUXFWXUDODGMXVWPHQWZKLFKKDVLQFOXGHGDPRQJRWKHUDFWLRQVWKHHOLPLQDWLRQRIWKH WUDGH EDUULHUV DGRSWHG GXULQJ WKH LPSRUW VXEVWLWXWLRQEDVHG LQGXVWULDOL]DWLRQ SKDVH WKH SULYDWL]DWLRQ RI ODUJH GRPHVWLF ILUPV DQG WKH GHUHJXODWLRQ RI WKH ODERXU DQG ILQDQFLDO PDUNHWV 5HJDUGLQJ WUDGH WKH YLHZ RI PRVW SROLF\ PDNHUV DQG WKH PRUH RUWKRGR[ DFDGHPLFV ZDV WKDW RSHQQHVV ZRXOG 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