Trade openness and technological gaps in Latin America

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Wirtschaft
Leibniz Information Centre
for Economics
Cimoli, Mario; Correa, Nelson
Working Paper
Trade openness and technological gaps in Latin
America: A "low growth trap"
LEM Working Paper Series, No. 2002/14
Provided in Cooperation with:
Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of
Advanced Studies
Suggested Citation: Cimoli, Mario; Correa, Nelson (2002) : Trade openness and technological
gaps in Latin America: A "low growth trap", LEM Working Paper Series, No. 2002/14
This Version is available at:
http://hdl.handle.net/10419/89333
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Laboratory of Economics and Management
Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies
Via Carducci, 40 - I-56127 PISA (Italy)
Tel. +39-050-883-341 Fax +39-050-883-344
Email: [email protected] Web Page: http://lem.sssup.it
LEM
Working Paper Series
TRADE OPENNESS AND TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS IN
LATIN AMERICA: A ‘LOW GROWTH TRAP’
Mario Cimoli *
Nelson Correa †
*
†
2002/14
ECLAC-United Nations, Santiago de Chile
ECLAC-United Nations, Santiago de Chile
June 2002
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