A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of
BLACK STUDIES RESEARCH SOURCES
Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections
General Editors: John H. Bracey, Jr., and August Meier
PAPERS OF THE NAACP
Part
9
Discrimination in the
U.S. Armed Forces,
1918-1955
Series A:
General Office Files on
Armed Forces' Affairs,
1918-1955
UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA
A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of
BLACK STUDIES RESEARCH SOURCES
Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections
General Editors: John H. Bracey, Jr., and August Meier
PAPERS OF THE NAACP
Part 9. Discrimination in the
U.S. Armed Forces, 1918-1955
Series A:
General Office Files on Armed Forces' Affairs,
1918-1955
Editorial Adviser
Richard M. Dalfiume
State University of New York at Binghamton
Project Coordinator
Randolph Boehm
Guide compiled by
Eric Gallagher
A microfilm project of
UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA
An Imprint of CIS
4520 East-West Highway * Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3389
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People.
Papers of the NAACP.
Accompanied by printed reel guides.
Contents: pt. 1. Meetings of the Board of Directors,
records of annual conferences, major speeches, arid
special reports, 1909-1950 / editorial adviser, August
Meier--[etc.]--pt. 8, ser. A & B. Discrimination in the
criminal justice system--pt. 9, ser. A, B, & C.
Discrimination in the U.S. armed forces, 1918-1955.
1. National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People-Archives. 2 . Afro-Americans--Civil
History--1877-1964--Sources. 4. United States-Race
relations-Sources. I . Meier, August,
E185.61
973'.0496073
ISBN 1-55655-116-9 (microfilm : pt. 9A)
1
86-892185
Copyright © 1989 by University Publications of America.
All rights reserved.
ISBN 1-55655-116-9.
9
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
vii
Note on Sources
xvii
Editorial Note
xvii
Scope and Content Note
xix
Abbreviations
xxii
Reel Index
Reel 1
Group I, Series C, Administrative Files
Group I, Box C-163
Financial--Special Funds
1
Group I, Boxes C-374-C-375
Subject File--Military
1
Reels 2-5
Group I, Series C, Administrative Files cont.
Group I, Boxes C-375 cont.-C-380
Subject File--Military cont
3
Reel 6
Group I, Series C, Administrative Files cont.
Group I, Box C-380 cont.
Subject File--Military cont
13
Group II, Series A, General Office Files
Group II, Boxes A-238-A-239
Discrimination
15
Group II, Box A-289
G.I. Bill of Rights
15
Reel 7
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-299
Harlem Defense Recreation Center
15
Group II, Boxes A-362, 370, 386, 397
Leagues
16
Group II, Box A-442
National Defense
17
Group II, Box A-461
Office of Facts and Figures
18
Group II, Box A-463
Office of War Information
18
Reel 8
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-463 cont.
Office of War Information cont
18
Group II, Box A-641
United Service Organizations
United States Air Force
18
19
Group II, Box A-642
United States Air Force cont
United States Army
19
19
Group II, Box A-643
United States Army cont
19
Reels 9-14
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Boxes A-643 cont.-A-651
United States Army cont
21
Reel 15
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-651 cont.
United States Army cont
31
Group II, Box A-652
United States Army Air Corps
32
Reel 16
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-652 cont.
United States Army Air Corps cont
33
Group II, Box A-653
United States Army Air Corps cont
United States Army and Navy
United States Marine Corps
United States National Defense Program
United States Navy
33
34
34
34
35
Group II, Box A-654
United States Navy cont
35
Reel 17
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-654 cont.
United States Navy cont
35
Group II, Box A-655
United States Navy cont
Universal Military Training
36
37
Reel 18
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-655 cont.
Universal Military Training cont
37
Group II, Box A-656
V-E & V-J Day Celebration
37
Group II, Box A-657
Veterans Administration
Veterans
38
38
Group II, Box A-658
Veterans cont
38
Correspondent Index
41
Subject Index
51
INTRODUCTION
Throughout
American history t h e relationship of African-Americans t o t h e nation's military
to integration of the armed forces in the post-World War II era, a dynamic exerted itself: AfricanAmericans, recognizing that military service provided both opportunities not otherwise available and
a claim forfull citizenship, sought such opportunities; white Americans, acting out of prejudiced beliefs
concerning blacks' roles, prowess, or fears about allowing a subjected population to acquire military
skills, sought to restrict participation until the demands of an emergency required them to relent; once
the emergency was over there was an effort to both disparage the military service of AfricanAmericans and to restrict it once again.
Early American Militia
This pattern was established in the colonial militia, where each colony initially followed an
exclusionist policy until some saw fit to temporarily modify the restrictions to meet an increased need
for manpower generated by one crisis or another. This pattern prevailed during the American
Revolution when African-Americans were excluded from the Continental army. After white volunteers
became harder to enlist, this policy changed and approximately 5,000 blacks served. Although official
policy barred African-Americans from the militia and the regular armed forces of the new nation,
military necessity provided opportunities for army and navy service in the 1798-1800 naval war with
France and in the War of 1812. Beginning around 1800 the navy, finding it increasingly difficult to fill
its roster because of the dangers and discomfort of sea duty, began enlisting blacks in disregard of
whatever the official policy of the moment happened to be. This tradition lasted till the end of the
nineteenth century.
It was not until the Civil War that the African-American soldier was made a permanent part of the
U.S. military establishment. At first President Lincoln, intent on maintaining the loyalty of the border
states and on catering to those in the North who saw the war as a secessionist crisis rather than a
conflict over slavery, refused to sanction any policy--including the use of black soldiers--that would
support the view that this was a war for abolition. By 1863, as the war became one for abolishment
of slavery and as the need for military manpower increased, Lincoln supported, tentatively at first and
then with increasing conviction, the utilization of African-American soldiers. Although prejudice and
discrimination followed them wherever they marched, by 1865 black soldiers were doing a significant
share of the fighting and dying for the union, comprising between 9 and 10 percent of the army's
strength. In recognition of their service and sacrifice, Congress made black units a part of the regular
army for the first time--the Ninth and Tenth U.S. Cavalry Regiments and the Twenty-fourth and
Twenty-fifth Infantry Regiments were established by law.
From the end of the Civil War until the Spanish-American War, the four regular army units fought
Indians and garrisoned outposts in the West. During the Spanish-American War the regulars, as well
as volunteers, served in Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and the Philippine insurrection that
followed. The Ninth and Tenth Cavalry Regiments played a significant role in the most famous
engagement of the war at San Juan Hill--a valor that Theodore Roosevelt at first acknowledged but
then came to disparage later as he sought the votes of white southerners, who were committed to
establishing the Jim Crow system of rigid segregation and discrimination as the replacement for
slavery and the shifting twilight zone of freedom that followed the Civil War.
The period from the 1880s into the early 1900s witnessed a number of developments that served
to legitimize racism, segregation, and discrimination in the eyes of the majority. These included a
series of Supreme Court decisions that diluted the promises of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Amendments to the Constitution and made "separate but equal" the law of the land; the
hostility in northern politics; the tendency to exclude African-Americans from the union movement and
to freeze their occupations to those of the lowest status and pay; the increasing turn to mob violence
whether through lynchings or race riots; and the infusion of popular culture with the tenets of scientific
racism, providing a patina of respectability for racial prejudice and discrimination.
The color line that was drawn firmer in American society inevitably affected the military
came, by the early 1900s, to restrict the service of blacks to that of messmen or servants, and then
to exclude them from even this role in favor of Filipinos. By 1932 the navy had just slightly more than
four hundred blacks on active duty. The newly established National Guard allowed states to exclude
black militia units, as several states in the South did. When the regular army underwent expansion
in the first decade of the twentieth century to police the empire acquired from the war with Spain and
to flex the nation's muscles as an emerging military power, some black leaders, including Booker T.
Washington, expressed hope that expanded opportunities for African-Americans would be included.
The army responded to such entreaties with arguments embracing Jim Crow: placing black units
among a white population devoted to segregation would "open a running sore"; studies indicated that
black Americans as a race did not have the skills or intelligence needed for the modern army; and in
past wars it had been white troops alone that had fought the significant battles and made the major
sacrifices.
In 1906 in Brownsville, Texas, an episode occurred that pitted the soldiers of the newly stationed
Twenty-fifth Infantry against the residents. The city government adopted a code of Jim Crow laws,
most businesses refused to serve them, and the city park was marked with signs forbidding black
entry. Unfounded stories circulated that the soldiers had tried to rape white women, and white citizens
and officials went out of their way to harrass and abuse the black soldiers. Early one August morning,
shots erupted on the streets near Fort Brown, killing one and wounding two white citizens. Although
witnesses claimed to have seen black soldiers in the pre-dawn darkness, there remained questions
about the evidence and no soldier could be found who admitted knowledge of the incident.
Nevertheless, President Theodore Roosevelt ordered the dishonorable discharge of all suspects-three companies of Afro-American soldiers. It was not until 1972 that the army corrected this injustice
by changing the discharges to honorable ones, when only one member of the Brownsville garrison
was still alive. In the context of 1906, the incident led southern congressmen to call for the elimination
of black units from the regular army and to disparage the history of African-American military service
in general. Black Americans were deeply resentful toward Roosevelt, and their belief that the South
was set on discrediting their right to full citizenship by discrediting their military service to the nation
was confirmed.
Calls for Equality
As the incidents of mob violence against black Americans accumulated, the need for an
short-lived Afro-American Council in the 1880s and 1890s and the National Negro Business League
founded by Booker T. Washington in 1900. Washington's de-emphasis of political disfranchisement
and civil rights matters in favor of accommodation with whites on economic development seemed to
many an inadequate response to the times. By 1903 W. E. B. Du Bois was issuing a mild rebuke to
Washington for not recognizing the virulence and reach of white supremacist thought in the nation and
for being intolerant of those who believed that a more confrontational strategy was in order. In 1905
Du Bois and several other black men and women organized the Niagara Movement to protest
lynching, disf ranchisment, Jim Crow, and the leadership from the nation's capital. When a lynch mob
formed in Abraham Lincoln's hometown of Springfield, Illinois, in 1908 and went on a rampage for
three days, a number of white progressive reformers, fearful of what the spread of mob violence to
the North meant for the future of American democracy, resolved to take action. In 1909 they issued
a "Call to Discuss Means for Securing Political and Civil Equality for the Negro" to an interracial group
of reformers. By 1911 this conference became a permanent organization, the National Association
for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), with DuBois as editor of the association's journal,
The Crisis.
The period encompassing World War I witnessed a new peak in mob violence directed against
blacks and, paradoxically, renewed hope among blacks that the deterioration in their prospects since
the late nineteenth century was about to be reversed. Between 1910 and 1920, 555,000 black
southerners left the South finding hope in the promise of better jobs, higher pay, and escape from the
discrimination, segregation, and violence. On the other hand white southerners feared and resented
the loss of their cheap supply of labor, and white northerners feared the consequences of racial
diversity for their neighborhoods and cities and the competition for jobs and housing. In 1917, the first
summer of U.S. involvement in the war, there were race riots in Waco, Texas; Memphis, Tennessee;
Chester, Pennsylvania; and East St. Louis, Illinois, where the mayor, police, and local militia allowed
houses of blacks with the tenants still inside to be burned and where at least two hundred men,
women, and children were massacred. The potential effect of this racial cauldron on the military
seemed evident to many when, in Houston, Texas, black soldiers of the Twenty-fourth Infantry rioted
and killed sixteen whites in protest against their outrageous treatment by local civilians and the lack
of concern by their white officers.
In addition to the prospects for better economic opportunities, the war also seemed to promise a
break in the racial status quo in the United States and the world, providing another strand of optimism
for African-Americans in the midst of interracial conflict. If this was indeed a war to make the world
safe for democracy, as President Woodrow Wilson presented it to the nation, surely they were
included, many African-Americans hoped. W. E. B. Du Bois expressed extreme optimism that this was
the case in a Crisis editorial, claiming that "the tide against the Negro in the United States has been
turned, and...from now on we may expect to see the walls of prejudice gradually crumble before the
onslaught of common sense and racial progress." Prominent whites lent support to this notion of the
war's impact on race relations. Theodore Roosevelt was telling black audiences that America's war
aim of securing greater international justice in the world would lead to a "juster and fairer treatment
in this country of colored people."
In July, 1918, Du Bois published his most famous wartime editorial, "Close Ranks," in the Crisis:
Let us not hesitate. Let us, while the war lasts, forget ourspecial grievances and close
our ranks shoulder to shoulder with our white fellow citizens and the allied nations
that are fighting for democracy. We make no ordinary sacrifice, but we make it gladly
and willingly with our eyes lifted to the hills.
Although Du Bois probably represented the majority of black opinion, there was an outpouring of
militant objections. Even the Washington, D.C. branch of the NAACP adopted a resolution scoring
the "Close Ranks" editorial for being "not timely [and] inconsistent with the work and the spirit of the
Association." They saw no reason for "stultifying our consciences [or] pretending or professing to be
ignorant of, or indifferent to, the acts of indignity and injustice continually heaped upon us, or by
admitting that they are to be excused or forgotten until they are discontinued."
Military Discrimination
This anxiety, suspicion, and anger fed on the collective memories of past discrimination against
black servicemen and on reports of current abuses such as the fate of the Houston garrison.
Discrimination occurred at the beginning of the process of becoming a soldier--in the draft. All-white
draft boards, especially in the South, saw nothing wrong with preserving the flower of white manhood
by filling their quotas with African-Americans. The result was that blacks made up a higher total of the
number of draftees than their percentage of the population. The Marine Corps continued to exclude
blacks as it had since 1798. The navy followed the policy it had evolved since the turn of the century,
accepting blacks as stewards only. Most of the 380,000 African-American servicemen of World War
I served in the army, 89 percent of whom were placed in hastily organized service or labor units. The
Wilson administration sought to retain the support of the black community for the war by providing
opportunities to serve in the combat arms through the creation of two new combat units (the Ninetysecond Division and the Ninety-third Division (Provisional)), the appointment of a black assistant to
the secretary of war, and the provision for black officers' training at the urging of the NAACP and
others. At the same time, the administration sought to assure whites that no major changes in the
racial status quo were necessary for the war effort.
The leadership of the army, like most white Americans of that time, firmly believed in the racial
inferiority of blacks and the host of racial stereotypes that served to confirm this belief. There was the
notion that African-Americans were fit only for labor duties because of their long history as laborers,
and conversely they were unfit for combat duty because of a lower intelligence and an innate
cowardice. A common premise in the army was that southern white noncommissioned and
commissioned officers made the best leaders for black soldiers because they "understood" their
limitations. One result of this policy was continual resentment by black soldiers toward their white
leaders, who routinely called them "nigger," "coon," and "darkey." Disdain and disrespect for black
officers was rampant and provided a deeply embittering experience for many who served.
The effects of such attitudes on the morale and performance of black servicemen ran deep. Many
white contemporaries, as well as a later generation of military leaders, would look at the experience
of World War I and say "I told you so." Such was General Robert Lee Bullard, commander of the
Second Army, to which the Ninety-second Division was assigned. "Poor Negroes! They are
hopelessly inferior," he wrote in his diary. This controversy came to be centered on the performance
of black combat units in Europe, particularly the Ninety-second Division. Historians looking at the
history of this ill-trained, ill-led unit find a self-fulfilling prophecy. As Bernard Nalty concludes: "Little
was expected of the blacks fighting in the American army. They were trained accordingly, and they
responded by performing pretty much as the white generals expected." An interesting counterpoint
are the four black infantry regiments of the Ninety-third Division--the 369th, 370th, 371 st, and 372nd
attached to the French army where they were treated more as comrades and more was expected and
delivered. Three of these regiments were awarded the croix de guerre for valor under fire.
Racial Crises
The once bright hopes of democracy being the result of a war fought for democracy became more
difficult to sustain as race relations deteriorated at home and the extent of discrimination and
mistreatment of black servicemen became known. Fifty-eight African-Americans were lynched in the
United States in 1918 (an increase from thirty-eight in 1917) and seventy in 1919, many of them
soldiers still in uniform. The Ku Klux Klan was revived in the South as early as 1915 and was
experiencing the dramatic growth that would make it a national political force throughout the nation
in the 1920s. Racists were alarmed that the more liberal attitude of Europeans toward black
servicemen in Europe had dangerously corrupted "our niggers." So much blood was spilled in
interracial strife during the summer of 1919 that it was called the "Red Summer." Between June and
the end of the first postwar year, some twenty-five race riots occurred, the most serious being in
Chicago were 38 people were killed, 537 injured, and 1,000 families, mostly black, were left homeless.
Having travelled far from the optimistic call of "close ranks" in 1918, W. E. B. Du Bois cried out to the
NAACP in 1919: "By the God of Heaven, we are cowards and jackasses if now that the war is over,
we do not marshal every ounce of our brain and brawn to fight a sterner, longer, more unbending battle
against the forces of hell in our land."
The treatment accorded black servicemen was like a spreading stain of despair to the AfricanAmerican community. In 1918 the NAACP decided to support the writing of a history of AfricanAmericans in the war as a source of pride and as a counter to the expected efforts of whites to
disparage those contributions. Du Bois was commissioned to write it and was sent to Europe to gather
materials. In articles published in The Crisis, he expressed shock over what he found. "Anti-Negro
prejudice was rampant in the American army," he reported. Du Bois expressed the indignation and
sense of betrayal of many when he asked how African-American soldiers "who had offered their lives
fortheir people and their country, could be so crucified, insulted, degraded, and maltreated while their
fathers, mothers, sisters, and brothers had no adequate knowledge of the real truth." Feeling within
the NAACP was so strong that the organization passed a resolution at its annual convention calling
for a congressional investigation of the matter.
The experience of African-American soldiers in World War I seemed to confirm the broadly held
suspicion in the community since the late nineteenth century that prejudiced whites were intent on
discrediting black military contributions and, by extension, their claims to full citizenship. The
bitterness remained for a long time, and as World War II approached, those leading the protest against
discrimination and segregation in the armed forces were black former officers and soldiers. Also,
many of the high-ranking officers and policymakers in the army at the beginning of World War II had
imbibed the prejudiced stereotypes of the World War I era as young officers. The NAACP, reflecting
concern in the black community, had placed the plight of black servicemen on its agenda from its
founding, and the organization would continue to play a leading role in the years to come.
Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, African-Americans found themselves fending off various efforts
by the army to reduce the number of black servicemen in the four regular army units, to convert these
once proud combat units to service or housekeeping duties, and to continue excluding them entirely
from the new air corps. The NAACP and other spokesmen were quick to protest these actions, but
with little influence on a civilian and military leadership that was generally convinced that blacks were
racially inferior to whites as soldiers. By the beginning of 1940, after Europe was engulfed in World
War II, African-Americans were restricted from serving in the navy except in the messman's branch.
The Marine Corps and the Army Air Corps did not accept blacks. In the army, black Americans were
refused enlistment except for the few vacancies in the drastically reduced four regular army units.
Blacks and Politics
By the late 1930s, as the increasing likelihood of another world war dawned, blacks became more
outspoken and organized in their protests to Washington, D.C. This was due in part to the influential
Pittsburgh Courier, which, together with a group of black World War I officers, formed the Committee
for Participation of Negroes in the National Defense in 1938. Many black veterans of World War I
shared their bitter memories anew in the press with the message that such discrimination must not
occur in the next war. Public opinion was further inflamed by frequent reports in the black press that
the remnants of the four regular army regiments had been reduced to service as orderlies for white
officers, gardeners, and "flunkies." Roy Wilkins of the NAACP wrote the secretary of war to let him
know that on no other issue, except possibly lynching, was there such unanimity of opinion in the black
community. And as a reminderof the increasing importance of the black vote in the New Deal coalition,
Wilkins reminded him that the administration that eliminated restrictions against blacks in military
service would surely receive the gratitude of African-American voters in the presidential elections of
1940.
With the NAACP playing a leading role, intense lobbying efforts were directed in 1939 toward
requiring the air corps to admit blacks. When this effort failed, attention turned to the Selective Service
and Training Act of 1940, which was successfully amended to specify that there would be no racial
discrimination in the interpretation or administration of the new law. This affirmation was modified by
language that also stipulated that draftees must meet certain standards and must have housing and
facilities available to receive them. Black leaders were determined to get additional assurances,
convinced that a presidential election year was the time to get them. As Walter White, executive
secretary of the NAACP, said to his organization's annual meeting in 1940, "Any candidate for
president meriting the colored support must stand first for the elimination of the colored line from
armed forces." After the Republican party platform stated that discrimination in the armed forces must
be eliminated, President Franklin D. Roosevelt knew that more was required of him on this issue if
black voter support for the Democratic coalition was to be assured.
The NAACP, drawing support from a sympathetic Eleanor Roosevelt, arranged one of the rare
meetings of black leaders with the president. The black leaders--Walter White of the NAACP, T.
Arnold Hill of the National Urban League, and A. Philip Randolph of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters--asked for nothing less than the integration of military service. Failing to get a response on
ending segregation, they left a memorandum calling for a commitment to nondiscrimination in the
implementation of the draft, admission to the Army Air Corps and other technical services, the
expansion of black opportunities in the navy, and the acceptance of black women as nurses and Red
Cross aides. When the secretaries of war and navy responded sluggishly to the demand for changes,
President Roosevelt promised shortly before the election that blacks would be drafted according to
their percentage of the population and that they would serve in all branches of the service. Although
segregation would continue because it was believed that separate units "had proven satisfactory over
a long period of years" and "to make changes now would produce a situation destructive to morale,"
blacks must recognize that this pledge represented a 'Very substantial advance" over past policy.
President
Roosevelt also assured African-Americans that further developments would b e
promoted to the rank of general, the first African-American to hold such rank. This promotion served
to partially compensate for the perceived injustice of not promoting Colonel Charles Young, who was
retired instead, at the beginning of World War I. At the urging of Roosevelt, William H. Hastie, the first
black appointed to the federal bench and a staunch NAACP member, was appointed civilian aide to
Secretary of War Henry Stimson. Campbell C. Johnson was appointed as a black adviser to the
director of selective service. The president's assurances and appointments were generally well
received and served their political purpose in the 1940 election.
Discrimination in World War II
The inefficiencies, racial conflict, and morale problems produced by a policy of segregation would
continue to plague the military during World War II. The hypocrisy and paradox involved in fighting
a war for the four freedoms and against aggression by an enemy preaching a master race ideology,
while at the same time upholding racial segregation and white supremacy, was immediately apparent
to black Americans and increasingly apparent to white Americans. To the issue of military
Americans were routinely excluded from or hired only for the most menial jobs. By early 1941 there
were demonstrations around the country protesting all forms of discrimination in the defense effort.
The NAACP and an umbrella group called the Allied Committees on National Defense played a major
role in this effort. A. Philip Randolph galvanized this renewed militancy when he wrote an article for
the black press pointing out that all of the pleas for nondiscriminatory treatment in the defense effort
heretofore had little effect. "Only power can affect the enforcement and adoption of a given policy,"
he wrote, "and power is the active principle of only the organized masses, the masses united for a
definite purpose." To focus the weight of the masses, Randolph suggested a march of thousands of
black Americans on the nation's capital, with the slogan: "We loyal Negro-American citizens demand
the right to work and fight for our country."
Randolph's call energized the African-American community, challenged the NAACP and National
Urban League to join in a major effort they did not control, and stimulated the Roosevelt administration
to take some meaningful action to avoid what it feared, a mass march on Washington, D.C. The March
on Washington movement originally demanded an end to military segregation and a series of actions
and policies to attack employment discrimination. The armed services informed the president that
integration of the military was "impossible," and in June 1941 he issued Executive Order 8802
establishing the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) that would be the most significant
government agency speaking out against employment discrimination during World War II. Even
though the march was called off, historians have noted the significance of the March on Washington
movement as a pioneer of direct action protest that would characterize the mid-twentieth-century civil
rights movement. Randolph himself would revive the idea of a march on Washington and successfully
carry it off in 1963.
From the beginning of World War II the army set out to implement its version of separate but equal.
It alone among the services accepted black draftees, setting as its goal 10 percent of strength--the
approximate percentage of African-Americans in the population--a goal it never reached because of
the very requirements of segregation. Not until 1943, when forced by the War Manpower Commission
and the selective service system, did the navy and the Marine Corps accept black draftees. Because
the army's policy required separate training, housing, and recreation facilities, as well as separate
assignments based on race, African-American soldiers were often viewed as manpower problems
rather than assets. Overlaying the official policies were the deeply entrenched racial stereotypes
among white civilian and military leaders to the effect that blacks were an inferior race, were racially
unsuitable as combat soldiers as demonstrated during World War I, and were most satisfactory as
labor or support troops. Such an emphasis on racial segregation inevitably undermined the efficient
utilization of manpower, supposedly a major goal of the military, and as the war continued the
evidence of inefficiency mounted and provided ammunition for those who challenged the policies and
practices.
The policies and attitudes within the military also inevitably led to discrimination against AfricanAmerican soldiers in everything from the type and the quality of training received, to the kinds of units
provided, the opportunities for officers of color, and the treatment on and off military bases. Such
treatment produced major morale problems for African-American soldiers, as well as civilians who
were kept fully abreast through letters home and the hard-hitting reporting and commentary in the
black press. William Hastie, civilian aide to the secretary of war, perceived the problems with the racial
policy of the military after only ten months of observation. The traditional mores of the South," he
wrote the secretary of war, "have been widely accepted and adopted by the army as the basis of policy
and practice affecting the Negro soldier." He had been separated "as completely as possible" from
his white counterpart, and in southern training camps the army had exerted little effort to ensure that
he was properly treated by white civilians.
This philosophy is not working. In civilian life in the South, the Negro is growing
increasingly resentful of traditional mores. In tactical units of the army, the Negro is
taught to be a fighting man...in brief, a soldier. It is impossible to create a dual
personality which will be on the one hand a fighting man toward the foreign enemy,
and on the other, a craven who will accept treatment as less than a man at home.
One hears with increasing frequency from colored soldiers the sentiment that since
they have been called to fight they might just as well do their fighting here and now.
Conflicting Values
Prior to 1943, the position of the military was as stated by General George C. Marshall, the army
chief of staff. People like Hastie wanted to solve "a social problem which has perplexed the American
people throughout the history of this nation [but] the army cannot accomplish such a solution, and
should not be charged with the undertaking." The army had to recognize certain facts: segregation
was an established American custom, and "experiments within the army in the solution of social
problems are fraught with danger to efficiency, discipline, and morale." Hastie found himself quickly
isolated as a radical for his unrelenting and realistic critique of the inanities of military segregation.
When the War Department responded to the increasing volume of problems caused by its racial policy
in 1942 by creating the Advisory Committee on Negro Troop Policies, Hastie was not consulted or
included in this body. He finally resigned in January 1943, telling the press, "It is difficult to see how
a Negro in this position with all his superiors maintaining or inaugurating racial segregation can
accomplish anything of value."
The situation was ripe for conflict and violence, and between 1941 and 1945 numerous outbreaks
occurred. Southern white police shot and killed black soldiers on leave in communities nearby the
camps. Soldiers of color traveling off post were expected to conform to the local mores or risk being
clubbed, jailed, or shot. There was frequent interracial conflict between soldiers on and off military
posts, many of these incidents involving skirmishes with weapons. One investigator for the army
inspector general in Great Britain found African-American soldiers asking him, "Who are we over here
to fight, the Germans or our own white soldiers?" There were countless incidents of black servicemen
rebelling against their treatment through confrontation or passive resistance. Racial conflict also
increased in civilian communities during the war. Lynchings increased, and in 1943 these peaked in
a series of race riots in several large urban centers, notably Detroit, Harlem, and Los Angeles.
The Second World War corresponded to, and helped stimulate, major changes in American race
relations of which interracial conflict was a partial reflection. The war crisis provided AfricanAmericans a unique opportunity to point out, for all to see, the difference between the American creed
of equal opportunity and the practice of racial discrimination. The democratic ideology and rhetoric
with which the war was fought stimulated hope that the time for change was ripe. In part, this
confidence was also the result of the mass militancy and race consciousness that developed in these
years, as reflected in the popularity of the March on Washington movement and the tremendous
growth of the NAACP from about fifty thousand members in 1940 to 450,000 in 1946. In addition, first
the Great Depression and then the war encouraged a large outmigration of African-Americans from
the South to the North and the West in search of economic opportunity, but which also had the effect
of increasing the political significance of the black vote in the Democratic coalition in the industrial
states. Gunnar Myrdal, authorof the classic study of American race relations published during the war,
An American Dilemma, found many who agreed with his view: "It cannot be doubted that the spirit of
American Negroes in all classes is different today from what it was a generation ago," and as a result
"there is bound to be a redefinition of the Negro's status in America as a result of this war."
Renewed Commitment
By 1943 even some military leaders began to admit the failures of segregation in gross
inefficiencies, low morale, conflict, and wasted manpower. In part this was the result of the constant
drumbeat of reports and criticism by the NAACP and the black press and the resulting pressure from
the administration to take some positive steps. In part it also resulted from the recognition that there
was a growing shortage of military manpower at just the point that planning for the final push toward
victory was underway. Under the circumstances, the black combat units languishing in this country
because overseas commanders "knew" they were ineffective, became an embarrassment. The
disproportionate number of black military service units, created early in the war to soak up draftees
deemed deficient and unfit for combat, appeared wasteful as the need for more combat units asserted
itself. Thus there began a number of changes in policy to lessen overt discrimination, changes that
did not always find their way to implementation at the lower levels because of the continuing hold of
prejudiced attitudes and stereotypes on the minds of individual commanders.
The immediate effect of this renewed commitment to use all-black units in combat was commitment
of elements of the Ninety-third Division in the Pacific and the Ninety-second Division in Italy. While
these efforts produced mixed results reminiscent of World War I, events surrounding the Battle of the
Bulge in the winter of 1944 produced an interesting experiment involving integration. A drastic
shortage of infantry replacements led to a crash program to retrain surplus soldiers from service units.
Lieutenant General John C. H. Lee persuaded General Dwight Eisenhower that black service troops
should be given the opportunity to volunteer as infantry replacements to be utilized where needed
without regard to race--a degree of integration that would be modified before implementation. In two
months, 4,560 African-American soldiers had volunteered, some taking reductions in rank for the
privilege. Eventually the army sent approximately fifty black platoons to be integrated into white
companies and fight alongside white troops in France, Belgium, and Germany; commanders were
almost universal in their praise of the results. Here was proof that the army's widespread fear of
violence and disorder resulting from integration was unfounded. Significantly, opinion surveys
conducted by the army's research branch indicated that the white soldiers who experienced this effort
underwent a profound change in their attitudes toward black soldiers as individuals and comrades in
arms, from mostly unfavorable to mostly favorable.
By the end of World War II, other evidence had accumulated against the conventional wisdom of
segregation. The navy, which began the war with the most restrictive policies, had moved toward the
end of the war to a policy of integration. Overall the variety of opportunities for African-American
military service during the war were far more extensive than in World War I, running the gamut from
service units, combat units, and the first black military pilots, to opportunities for women. To a large
degree this was the result of the unrelenting political pressure of the NAACP and other organizations,
as well as the black press. It also resultedfrom the accumulating evidence of waste and discrimination
produced by segregation, and the growing number of people who allowed their prejudices to be
challenged by this evidence. In each of the services there emerged a small group of officers and
civilians convinced that racial segregation was not only unfairto black servicemen but produced major
inefficiencies in the utilization of manpower. Studies of World War II racial policy were underway with
an eye toward producing a new policy for the postwar period, and there was every hope that
segregation would be replaced with integration.
Status Quo?
It had been said that the military planned to fight the next war with the strategy of the last one.
Despite the continued attempts of reformers in the immediate post-World War II period, most
influential officers and civilians in the defense establishment contented themselves with the racial
status quo on the grounds of racial stereotypes rooted in the past, a belief that the majority of white
servicemen would violently resist integration, and a conviction that the military had no role in social
reform. Despite contrary experience during World War II, these were the same defenses of
segregation given by General Marshall at the beginning of that war. In fact, through the use of
enlistment quotas for blacks and the reimposition of rigid segregation policies in the immediate
postwar years, there was a retreat from gains made at the end of the war.
As civil rights became a major political issue in the postwar years leading up to the 1948 presidential
election, military racial policies were too important to be left in the hands of military authorities. Military
segregation, a campaign issue in the two previous presidential elections, had by 1948 become an
important symbol of President Truman's resolve to use his executive authority to advance civil rights
in the face of a recalcitrant, conservative Congress. In 1947, the President's Committee on Civil Rights
was critical of segregation in general, found military segregation "particularly repugnant," and
proposed immediate action to end it. These actions and attitudes were part of the nation's changing
consciousness about racial segregation in a democratic society and the inherent contradiction in the
doctrine of separate but equal. In an age of cold war, President Truman and others were acutely
conscious of how racism and segregation tarnished the nation's image. The top dog in a world which
is over half colored ought to clean his own house," the president said. State Department officials
estimated that about half of Soviet propaganda against the United States focused on racial
discrimination.
End of Quota
In a special message to Congress on civil rights in February 1948, President Truman noted that
he had instructed the secretary of defense to eliminate military segregation. Military leaders resisted,
and A. Philip Randolph threatened to lead civil disobedience resistance against implementation of the
new draft law unless segregation was ended. Needing to cement the political support of black voters
in the closely contested 1948 election and to proceed with meaningful action against military
resistance, Truman issued Executive Order 9981 i n July 1948, establishing t h e President's
General Charles H. Fahy and including two African-American members, John H. Sengstacke,
publisher of the Chicago Defender, and Lester Granger, head of the National Urban League, the
committee got underway in 1949 with a firm pledge of support from President Truman. The army
resisted mightily with all of the arguments of the past. The navy presented a fine policy on paper, but
indicated little willingness to make it a reality in practice. Only the air force, under the leadership of
its secretary, Stuart Symington, moved enthusiastically to meet the goals of the president's order.
There ensued months of bitter negotiations between the committee and the army, with the army's
leadership intent upon wearing down or outmaneuvering the committee andforcing the administration
to accept less than complete integration. The committee countered with documented arguments
demonstrating that segregated military units wasted resources and prevented equal opportunity.
When Truman remained steadfast in support of the committee, the army issued a new personnel
policy in January 1950 stipulating that black soldiers would be utilized according to skills and would
be "assigned to any unit without regard to race or color." When it became clear to the committee that
the army intended to implement this policy slowly over a period of years, maintaining tight control of
the number of black servicemen through the existing 10 percent quota on black enlistments, the
committee insisted that the quota be eliminated. The president intervened personally with the
secretary of the army to accomplish this.
The end of the quota and the policy of assigning African-Americans on the basis of need and
training were two key accomplishments of the committee that quickly spurred integration in the
Korean Warthat began in June 1950. Without the quota, black enlistments quickly expanded beyond
the capacity of remaining segregated units to absorb them, and first basic training facilities and then
units under fire in Korea were integrated. Despite continued resistance and pleas to reinstate the
quota, integration proceeded by its own logical necessity without the dire consequences that had
been predicted. A team of social scientists declared the results a success, and the Korean experience
added to the pressure for the army to complete the process in the United States and Europe. By the
end of the Korean War, 90 percent of the army's units were integrated.
Although problems of discrimination and racial conflict would continue to plague the military for
years to come, as in civilian society, the basic policies of integration and equal opportunity had been
established. The role of African-Americans in the military, always symbolic of their status in the larger
society, continued to reflect this congruence. The challenge continued to be to make policy practice,
to make principles reality. The NAACP, comprehending from its founding the symbolic significance
of military service for African-Americans, continued over the years to press for full participation and
to protest discrimination. Its files are a rich source of individual case histories, as well as of a larger
significant struggle against racial discrimination that would turn into a struggle against racial
segregation and for integration.
Richard M. Dalfiume
Professor of History
State University of New York
at Binghamton
Bibliography
Arthur E. Barbeau and Florette Henri, The Unknown Soldiers: Black American Troops in World
War I (1971).
Ira Berlin, ed., Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867, series II, The
Black Military Experience (1982).
Dudley T. Cornish, The Sable Army: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865 (1966).
Richard M. Dalfiume, Desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces: Fighting on Two Fronts,
1939-1953 (1969).
Marvin Fletcher, The Black Soldier and Officer in the United States Army, 1891-1917 (1974).
Jack D. Foner, Blacks and the Military in American History (1974).
William H. Leckie, The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West (1967).
Ulysses Lee, The United States Army In World War II, Special Studies: The Employment of Negro
Troops (1966).
Morris J. MacGregor and Bernard C. Natty, eds., Blacks in the United States Armed Forces: Basic
Documents, 13 vote. (1977).
Bernard C. Nalty, Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military (1986.)
Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American Revolution (1961).
NOTE ON SOURCES
All documents reproduced on this microfilm are held by the Manuscripts Division of the Library of
Congress, Washington, D.C. The original NAACP collection is subdivided into threee accession
groups: Grooup 1, 1909-1939; Group II, 1940-1955; and Group III, 1956-1970. Each accession
group has been further subdivided by Library of Congress archivists into series that generally reflect
the organizational structute of the NAACP itself: General Office File, Legal Department File, Branch
Rles, etc.
EDITORIAL NOTE
This edition is drawn from both Group I (1909-1939) and Group II (1940-1955) of the NAACP
Collection at the Library of Congress. All selections were made under the direction of Richard
Dalfiume, John H. Bracey, Jr., and August Meier. The file series making up the edition are described
in the Scope and Content Note. Each file selected for the publication has been reproduced in its
entirety from the originals.
SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE
Part 9A of Papers of the NAACP, includes all files on the United States military from the Subject File
series of Group I of the NAACP collection (1909-1939), and from the General Office File series of
Group II of the collection (1940-1955). The majority of the material derives from the World War II and
postwar eras that are covered by Group II. However, there is a significant series of material from
Group I, which covers a bit of World War I as well as the 1920s and 1930s. Each file included on the
microfilm has been reproduced in its entirety. The user guide provides the appropriate Library of
Congress file box number for each file. The following scope and content note describes the major
themes as well as some of the highlights of the edition. Researchers are encouraged to survey the
reel index of the user guide for more depth on the subject contents of each file. The subject index to
the user guide will assist with specific subject searches in the collection.
Group I, Boxes C-163, 374-380
These materials comprise the complete NAACP records on military affairs before 1940. The relative
dearth of material before 1919 would seem to indicate that much of the correspondence on the First
World War has been lost. The first small file from box C-163 contains fund-raising records to assist
NAACP litigation in the case of the 24th (all-Negro) Infantry, many of whose members were courtmartialed in the aftermath of a race riot in Houston, Texas, during World War I. The cause of the
convicts of the 24th infantry is more fully documented in a separate subseries, which begins on reel
4 of the microfilm (box C-378). The NAACP protested the convictions and pled for clemency for
imprisoned members of the 24th throughout the early 1920s. The campaign on behalf of the battalion
was one of the association's major legal redress efforts from 1918 into the mid-1920s, and many black
political leaders can be found among the correspondents, including William Monroe Trotter, Robert
L. Vann, A. Philip Randolph, and Roberts. Abbott. In 1920, the division was transferred to Ft. Benning,
Georgia, where it was placed under the command of openly racist and hostile officers. Complaints
about the treatment of the 24th Infantry at the hands of these officers are well documented in the files
on the division in the 1920s.
The "General" series, which begins on Reel 1 (box C-374) contains many complaints about
treatment of black servicemen on military installations throughout the United States. The complaints
range from discriminatory treatment to physical brutality and murder. Files for 1918 include
correspondence with Emmitt F. Scott, the black special assistant to the secretary of war, regarding
the admission of blacks to Officers' Training Camps and collegiate Student Army Training Camps.
Postwar files contain allegations of discriminatory practices by the American Legion toward black
veterans and discrimination by the Reserve Officers Training Corps. The 1920 file contains
correspondence monitoring the first National Defense Act with special emphasis on the fate of the allblack 24th and 25th infantry regiments and the 9th and 10th Calvary units. By 1921, the NAACP began
to protest vigorously to the assistant secretary of the navy, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., about the
restriction of blacks to the positions of cooks and messboys in the U.S. Navy. In the later 1920s, there
are many protests against discrimination toward blacks by Civilian Military Training camps. Files
running through the 1920s and 1930s contain complaints from black veterans about discrimination
and denial of veterans' benefits, particularly by Veterans' Administration hospitals.
The early 1930s files document the fight against the army's plan to disband the all-black 10th
Cavalry. In 1934, NAACP counsel and WW I veteran, Charles Houston, became embroiled in a public
controversy with General Douglas MacArthur over the extent of racial discrimination in the U.S. Army.
Houston's determination to fight exclusion from the military is manifest throughout files for the later
1930s. He reveals the motive for his attention to the issue in 1935 by confiding that the United States
is moving toward fascism, a situation in which the military will dominate the affairs of the country. By
the late 1930s, the files document efforts by Houston and NAACP Secretary Walter White to prevail
upon President Franklin D. Roosevelt to effect nondiscriminatory policies in the armed services.
The Newsclippings subseries of the General files contains many clippings from unindexed local
newspapers as well as from the black press.
Beginning on Reel 3 there are a number of specific subject files, like those for the 24th Infantry
mentioned above. Among the most significant of these are files relating to General Bullard, a retired
American Expeditionary Force commander who provoked a libel suit by alleging that black soldiers
behaved in a cowardly manner in Europe during World War I. The Fish Army Bill is the subject of
another file. It proposed to legislate compulsory racial segregation in the U.S. armed services in the
1930s. There are several files on Colonel Charles Young, the highest ranking black soldier in the U.S.
Army during World War I. In addition to these, there are several individual case files documenting
discriminatory policies of the army and Veterans Administration from 1918 through 1939.
Group II: 1940-1955
The records from Group II of the NAACP collection (1940-1955) begin near the end of reel 6 (frame
0720). As with Group I, the editorial policy has been to select all files from the General Office
administrative files pertaining to blacks in the military. It shouId be noted, however, that the policy does
not include the files on civilian war workers in defense industries, the March on Washington, or the
establishment of the federal Fair Employment Practices Commission in 1942. These materials will be
the subject of a forthcoming edition of Papers of the NAACP.
The first few file series, "Discrimination" and "G.I. Bill of Rights," pertain to blatant discrimination
against black veterans. The NAACP efforts on behalf of veterans are also extensively documented
in Parts 9B and 9C of the Papers of the NAACP. The large series called "Leagues," on Reel 7, contains
records on several private organizations such as the American Legion, the Committee against Jim
Crow in the Military, the Committee for Amnesty, the National Committee to Abolish Segregation in
the Armed Services, and the Veterans Committee against Discrimination. The National Committee
to Abolish Segregation in the Armed Services and the Committee against Jim Crow in the Military are
especially noteworthy. These groups, led by A. Philip Randolph, struck a more militant position than
did the NAACP by advocating draft resistance and other forms of civil disobedience to force the
desegregation of the American military. Despite NAACP efforts to moderate Randolph's role, the
latter persevered and ultimately earned more of the credit forwinning integration in 1948 than did the
NAACP. The episode is important in that it provided a model for "direct action" tactics that would
later become the hallmark of the civil rights movement in the 1960s. The Committee for Amnesty file
documents the cooperation of NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall and Leon Ransome with an
organization urging amnesty for black conscientious objectors.
The Mass Meetings and Protests files document the NAACP's efforts during the 1940 presidential
elections in lobbying for desegregation of the military and nondiscriminatton by defense contractors.
The Office of Facts and Figures and Office of War Information files concern allegations that the
Office of Facts and Figures falsely described conditions affecting black soldiers in U.S. military camps.
Also of note in the Office of Facts and Figures file are documents pertaining to a March 1942
conference of black opinion leaders on black community morale regarding war efforts. Among the
aspects of black community morale under scrutiny by the group are depictions of blacks in films, radio,
and in the press.
The massive series on United States Army, United States Army Air Corps, and United States Navy
are the heart of the present edition. The United States Army files contain vivid descriptions of the
conditions endured by black servicemen and women in military encampments throughout the country.
Along with the hundreds of instances of discrimination and brutality against blacks, many of the files
provide clear evidence of defiance and retaliation by blacks against oppressive conditions. Many
files document race riots, prompted by outrageous injustices against black servicemen. In a number
of the files on southern encampments, there is evidence of the refusal of northern-reared black
servicemen to abide by the Jim Crow policies of a segregated society. The Fort Lee, Virginia, file
documents a relatively successful case of integration (but see also the Samuel Reed folder).
Researchers should consult Part 9B of Papers of the NAACP, Legal Office Files on Discrimination
in the Military to monitor the Association's involvement in many legal cases arising from the camp
conditions.
The U.S. Army-General files focus on the NAACP's political work on behalf of blacks in the military.
The chief objective was the complete desegregation of the armed services, and short of that elusive
objective, the association fought for the fairer treatment of blacks in the service, especially as new
legislation was pending on the military and as new training programs were being formulated. Former
NAACP attorney, William H. Hastie, serving as special assistant to the secretary of war, and Dr.
Robert C. Weaver of the Advisory Council on National Defense are the key liaisons between the
NAACP and the War Department.
A subseries of the U.S. Army files, Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, on reel 15, documents the
wartime contribution of black servicewomen. A significant portion of the first file documents the
NAACP's apprehension over the appointment of Oveta Culp Hobby as commander of the WACs.
Hobby's husband was the former governor of Texas who applauded the vicious beating of NAACP
National Secretary John Shillady during his visit to the Lone Star state in 1919. Eleanor Roosevelt,
Jessie Daniel Ames, and Mary McLeod Bethune are principal correspondents in the controversy.
Other files contain mostly complaints about discriminatory treatment against black servicewomen. A
major court-martial case involving black servicewomen at Ft. Devens, Massachusetts, can be found
in Part 9B of this series.
The U.S. Army Air Corps files focus on the establishment of the Negro Airman's Training School
at Tuskegee, Alabama. Included in the first files are applications from black hopefuls that provide vitae
and educational backgrounds. The Information file contains lists of licensed black aviators in America
in 1940, which were used by the NAACP to argue for the inclusion of blacks in the Army Air Corps.
The Air Corps-General files contain complaints about discrimination against black airmen at military
installations.
As the United States Navy files make apparent, the navy was extremely tenacious in its anti-Negro
policies. The files show that the NAACP kept up pressure on navy secretaries Frank Knox and James
B. Forrestal, yet despite official regulations mandating integration of the navy, blacks were generally
confined to mess and construction battalions. The files document efforts by the NAACP to see the
nondiscriminatory regulations implemented as well as many complaints from black seamen and
seabees regarding mistreatment. Part 9B of this publications contains several important court cases
involving black naval personnel in which the NAACP took part.
The Universal Military Training files document the NAACP's opposition to peacetime conscription,
and its efforts to force nonsegregatton provisions in the conscription legislation pending before
Congress.
The Veterans Administration and Veterans files contain scores of complaints from black veterans
about denial of benefits in housing programs, at hospitals, and by organizations such as the
American Legion. The Veterans' Organizations file documents the work of several organizations in
competition with the NAACP on the matter of veterans rights, notably the Civil Rights Congress. The
Veterans Pamphlet file contains the NAACP Veterans' Handbook, which was circulated to inform
black veterans of their rights and to provide advice on medical insurance, government loans,
housing, education, and employment.
ABBREVIATIONS
The following abbreviations and inirtialisms are used frequently in this guide and are listed here for
the convenience of the researcher.
ACLU
American Civil Liberties Union
CAA
Civil Aeronautics Authority
CMTC
Citizens Military Training Camps
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
VA
Veterans Administration
WAAC
Women's Army Auxiliary Corps
REEL INDEX
The four-digit number on the far left side of each Reel Index page (beneath the "File Folder Frame #" heading)
identifies the frame number at which the file folder begins. File folders typically contain a chronological series
of documents. This index denotes the major topics and principal correspondents within each folder.
Reel 1
File Folder
Frame #
Group I, Series C, Administrative Files
Group I, Box C-163
Financial--Special Funds
0001
24th Infantry Fund. 1923-1924. 19pp.
Group I, Box C-374
Subject File--Military
0020
General. 1918. 115pp.
Major Topics: Segregation in barracks of Student Army Training Corps in Ohio;
promotion policies in Camp Meade Officers Training School; exposure deaths and
other effects of discrimination at Camp Grant, Illinois; honorable discharges for Negro
soldiers; imprisonment of Negro soldier for writing letter on military conditions; delays
in pay for Negro soldiers at Camp Bowie in Forth Worth, Texas.
Principal Correspondents: Emmett Scott; Raymond Hughes; John Shillady; Samuel
Kelly; W. E. B. Du Bois; Charles H. Williams.
0135
General. January-February 1919. 94pp.
Major Topics: Refusal to release soldiers in Negro regiments because of unit debt;
transfer from Negro regiments into Caucasian-dominated regiments; division of
labor in Caucasian-dominated camps; dismissal of lieutenant for striking a Negro
man; acceptance of Negro soldiers in France; lynching of former soldiers; armed
ambush of Negro soldiers by Caucasian officers.
Principal Correspondents: Stanley King; Emmet Scott; Walter White; John Shillady.
0229
General. March 1919. 88pp.
Major Topics: Killing of a Negro soldier by Caucasian soldier during arrest; treatment
of hospitalized soldiers; refusals to grant leave to Negroes in France; attempts to
demobilize Negro artillerymen as noncombatants; transfer of Negro medical workers to
manual labor positions.
Principal Correspondents: John Shillady; Emmett Scott; Walter White; Archibald H.
Grimke; James Weldon Johnson.
0317
General. April 1919.59pp.
Major Topics: Segregation in dining halls; college admission of "war special" students;
military conditions in Philippines; attempts to demobilize Negro artillerymen as noncombatants; court-martial of Dorsey Malcomn for insubordination; transfer of Negro
medical workers to manual labor positions.
Principal Correspondents: Emmett Scott; John Shillady; Mary White Ovington;
P. C. March; Monroe Work.
0376
0432
0480
0498
0544
0604
0645
0736
0746
General. May-June 1919. 56pp.
Major Topics: Exclusion of Negro soldiers from American Legion; availability of
Pullman accommodations for Negro noncommissioned officers; vocational education
for Negro soldiers; delay in release of Negro soldiers.
Principal Correspondents: Joel Spingarn; Walter White; John Shillady; George Haynes.
General. August-November 1919. 48pp.
Major Topics: Attempted lynching of Daniel Mack for retaliation against Caucasian
assault; discharge of troops processed through Camp Shelby, Mississippi; forced
employment of Negro soldiers by military officers at Leavenworth, Kansas; citation of
four Negro regiments for bravery; proposal for a Negro meeting hall; treatment of
Lucien Poole in U.S. Marine Hospital.
Principal Correspondents: Henry Jervey; Walter White; John Shillady; Emmett Scott;
J. Williams Clifford.
General. December 1919. 18pp.
Major Topics: Lynching of former soldiers; resolution on admittance of Negro soldiers
from American Legion; conduct of Negro troops in France.
Principal Correspondent: Mary White Ovington.
General. 1920. 46pp.
Major Topics: Insurance for Negro veterans; exclusion of Negro veterans from an
American Legion post; proposed legislation to give adequate numerical representation
to Negroes in the military; regulations prohibiting forced employment of Negro soldiers
at Leavenworth, Kansas.
Principal Correspondents: Joel Spingarn; Walter White; Emmett Scott; John Shillady.
General. January-May 1921. 60pp.
Major Topics: Insurance for Negro veterans; threats against defense of Daniel Mack's
retaliation against Caucasian assault; exclusion of Negro veterans from American
Legion posts; refused admittance of Negro veterans to Reserve Officers Training
Corps programs; refusal of navy to promote Negroes to noncommissioned officer
positions; discharge of 170 men from the 25th Infantry; discrimination against Negro
veteran in Letterman General Hospital, San Francisco.
Principal Correspondents: John Shillady; Joel Spingarn; Walter White; J. Wesley
Samuels; James Weldon Johnson; Charles Bent ley; John W. Weeks.
General. June-July 1921. 41pp.
Major Topics: Possible formation of a multistate, segregated National Guard unit;
exclusion of Negroes during reorganization of Republican party; discharge of Negro
soldier mistakenly enlisted as Caucasian; Indiana Militia bill; antilynching legislation.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; John W. Weeks; John Q. Adams;
Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.
General. August-October 1921. 91pp.
Major Topics: Demobilization of Negro calvary regiments; vocational training of Negro
veterans; noncommissioned ratings available to Negroes in U.S. Navy.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; John Q. Adams; Hamilton Fish, Jr.;
Mary White Ovington; Arthur Capper; P. C. Harris; James Wadsworth; J. M.
Wainwright; Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.
General. November-December 1921. 10pp.
Major Topic: Noncommissioned ratings available to Negroes in U.S. Navy.
Principal Correspondents: Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.; James Weldon Johnson.
General. January-June 1922. 50pp.
Major Topics: Appointment of Negroes as customs guards; vocational training of Negro
veterans; disability benefits for Negro veterans; H.R. 11823, amending War Risk
Insurance Act to provide for lump sums paid to families of soldiers killed in action.
Principal Correspondents: Martin Ansorge; C. A. McDermott; Walter White; Arthur
Little; James Weldon Johnson; William Vaile.
0796
General. July-December 1922. 62pp.
Major Topics: Vocational training of Negro veterans; assault conviction of Gartield
Walker; admission of Negroes to the CMTC in Plattsburg, New York; segregation in
transportation facilities by U.S. Navy; Dyer Antilynching Bill; Houston riot cases of the
24th Infantry.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Martin Ansorge; John W. Weeks; Ogden
Mills; James Weldon Johnson; J. M. Wainwright; Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.
Group I, Box C-375
Subject File--Military cent.
0858
General. January-December 1923. 109pp.
Major Topics: Houston riot case of Roy Tyler; vocational training of Negro veterans;
hospital and asylum treatment of Negro patients; insurance benefits for families of
Negro veterans; admission of Negroes to the CMTC in Plattsburg, New York; disability
benefits for Negro veterans; Negro military prisoners in Leavenworth, Kansas.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Martin B. Madden; J. A. Hull; Solomon
Harper; Ogden Mills; Charles Mulheam; James Weldon Johnson; John W. Weeks;
W. E. B. Du Bois; Alvin White.
0967
General. January-December 1924. 133pp.
Major Topics: Relief efforts for imprisoned members of the 24th Infantry; disability
benefits for injured veterans; proposal for retroactive award of honorable discharges to
U.S. Army soldiers who left to join Confederate army; formation of Negro unit in Ohio
National Guard; CMTC for Negroes; treatment of Negroes in military hospitals; promotion refusals due to lack of assignment for Negro officers; benefits for families of
soldiers killed in action.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; James Weldon Johnson; Charles Fearing;
John W. Weeks; Robert C. Davis.
Reel 2
Group I, Series C, Administrative Files cont.
Group I, Box C-375 cont.
Subject File--Military cont.
0001
General. January [February]-May 1925. 78pp.
Major Topics: White protest against War Department order removing Negro infantry
from Mexican border for garrison duty in Colorado; admission of Negro veterans to
military hospitals; H.R. 6431, bill authorizing retirement pay for all veterans of World
W a r I; erection o f a monument t o Negro American soldiers i n France; Negro
0079
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; Earl Mann; Hamilton Fish, Jr.;
Gilford Pinchot; W. E. B. Du Bois; Walter White.
General. June-December 1925. 75pp.
Major Topics: Admission of Negroes to CMTC; formation of the Lincoln Legion for
Negro ex-servicemen; facilities for Negro patients in military hospitals; courts-martial
for rape.
Principal Correspondents: Dwight F. Davis; James Weldon Johnson; Charles P.
Howard; J. S. A. Mitchum; Frank E. Smith, Jr.; Walter White.
0154
0263
0289
0368
0430
0516
0588
General. January-August 1926. 109pp.
Major Topics: H.R. 9694, bill to erect memorial in France commemorating Negro
troops; New York State military bonus; disability compensation for Negro veterans;
segregation and forced transfers in military hospitals; vocational training of Negro
veterans.
Principal Correspondents: Hamilton Fish, Jr.; James Weldon Johnson; William Pickens;
E. O. Grossman; Henry Ashurst; Frank T. Hines.
General. October-December 1926. 26pp.
Major Topics: Segregation in military base facilities; Senate vote on H.R. 9694, bill to
erect memorial in France commemorating Negro troops.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; Hamilton Fish, Jr.
General. April-October 1927. 79pp.
Major Topics: Admission of Negroes to CMTC; disability benefits for Negro veterans,
including case of Mac Johnson; survivors' benefits for veterans' families.
Principal Correspondents: Dwight F. Davis; James Weldon Johnson; Frank T. Hines.
General. January-September 1928. 62pp.
Major Topics: Effect of National Defense Act on Negro regiments; segregation in
military hospitals; admission of Negroes to CMTC; inquiry on discharge of members of
25th Infantry; American Legion petition for Negro officer training.
Principal Correspondents: Elijah Reynolds; William T. Andrews; W. A. Ayers; Winthrop
Adams; James Weldon Johnson; Frank T. Hines; Dwight F. Davis; Robert W. Bagnall;
Vance H. Marchbanks.
General. February-December 1929. 86pp.
Major Topics: Proposed creation of Negro infantry regiment; disability benefits for
Negro veterans; admission of Negroes to CMTC; discharge of members of 25th
Infantry; ratio of Caucasian to Negro soldiers from Mississippi in World War I.
Principal Correspondents: William T. Andrews; James Weldon Johnson; Walter White;
DeHaven Hinkson; Joseph H. Gray; P. J. Clyde Randall.
General. January-December 1930. 72pp.
Major Topics: Assignment of Caucasian guardians for Negro veterans receiving
compensation for mental problems; segregation of Negro veterans in military hospitals;
disability benefits for Negro veterans; War Department decision to abandon segregated
Camp Douglas; discrimination in military enlistment.
Principal Correspondents: Oscar DePriest; William T. Andrews; William Pickens;
Vance H. Marchbanks; Charles M. Griffith.
General. January-December 1931. 70pp.
Major Topics: Segregation o f Negro veterans i n military hospitals; speaking
0658
victims from 24th Infantry; refused admission of Negroes to U.S. Air Corps; Negro
clergy in military; proposed dispersement of Negro 10th Calvary unit.
Principal Correspondents: DeHaven Hinkson; W. E. B. Du Bois; Walter White; Vance
H. Marchbanks; Sanford Bates; R. C. Price; Patrick J. Hurley.
General. January-December 1932. 121 pp.
Major Topics: Training order for 10th Calvary; segregation in military facilities in Fort
Huachuca, Arizona; Negro applications for officer training; activities of Negro 10th
Calvary; pension case of Negro Civil War veteran John Thomas Moore; highest ratings
available to Negro members of Coast Guard; protests to dispersement of 10th Calvary;
placement of Negro 25th Infantry.
Principal Correspondents: Vance H. Marchbanks; Roy Wilkins; Guy Roberts; Oscar
DePriest; W. E. B. Du Bois; George Van Horn Mosley; Walter White; L. Spencer;
Ogden L. Mills; William Pickens; A. B. Thompson.
Group I, Box C-376
Subject File--Military cont.
0779
General. [December 1932] January-October 1933. 95pp.
Major Topics: Segregation o f t h e Army Extension School, Second Corps Area,
0874
0935
1008
case of George F. Charleston; disability benefits for families of Negro veterans; Negro
chaplains in military; Citizen's Conservation Corps in Arkansas; court-martial of Moses
Clayboume, 10th Calvary, for extortion; proposed reassembling of 10th Calvary units
into regiment; discriminatory treatment of Caucasian and Negro navy yard policemen.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; C. H. Bridges; M. S. Gibson; Roy Wilkins;
Frank T. Mines; Vance H. Marchbanks; William Pickens; Max Yergan; Emmett Scott;
George H: Dem.
General. January-November 1934. 61 pp.
Major Topics: Combat training for Negro military units; attempt to organize Negro
American Legion post in Louisiana; use of Negro officers in combat; promotions of
Negro medical officers.
Principal Correspondents: Vance H. Marchbanks; Walter White; Emmett Scott; Charles
H. Houston; Douglas MacArthur; George H. Dem; James F. McKinley.
General. January-December 1935. 73pp.
Major Topics: Distribution of Negro enlisted men throughout armed forces; attempt
to organize Negro American Legion post in Louisiana; effects of army expansion on
Negro enlisted men; admission of Negro applicants to CMTC; combat training for
Negro military units.
Principal Correspondents: Elijah Reynolds; Walter White; Alex Govern; William
Pickens; Charles H. Houston; Vance H. Marchbanks; Roy Wilkins; E. T. Conley.
General. January-December 1936. 55pp.
Major Topics: Benefits f o r families o f Negro veterans; opposition t o Senate bill
militias to compensate for lack of representation in National Guard units; promotion of
noncommissioned Negro officers; segregation of Negro veterans in military hospitals.
Principal Correspondents: Charles H. Houston; George B. Murphy, Jr.; Alf Landon;
William Pickens; Walter White; Elijah Reynolds; Frank T. Hines.
Reel 3
Group I, Series C, Administrative Files cont.
Group I, Box C-376 cont.
Subject File--Military cont.
0001
General. January-December 1937. 117pp.
Major Topics: Benefits f o r families o f Negro veterans; opposition t o Senate bill
Ernest Hood t o t h e Cavalry Extension School; admission o f Negroes t o CMTC;
0118
Principal Correspondents: William Pickens; Walter White; Charles H. Houston;
Thurgood Marshall; Harry H. Woodring.
General. April-December 1938. 61pp.
Major Topics: Disability benefits for Negro veterans; effects of segregation in military
prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas; segregation in military hospitals; police brutality
cases against veterans; protest against Negro exclusion from air corps; proposed
appointment of Negroes to West Point and Naval Academy.
Principal Correspondents: Charles H. Houston; Austin J. Holliday; Walter White;
Thurgood Marshall.
0179
0220
General. January-October 1939. 41pp.
Major Topics: Applications by Negroes to U.S. Air Force; antilynching legislation;
dispersement of Negro regiments; applications for relief of court-martial; successful
fight against court-martial in Ninth Cavalry; discussion of integration for military units in
view of increase in armed forces; proposal for presidential commission investigating
discrimination in military.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Thurgood Marshall; Franklin D. Roosevelt;
Presly Holliday; Roy Wilkins.
General. News Clippings. 1913-1917. 41 pp.
Major Topics: Applications b y Negroes f o r admission t o officer training; W a r
0261
0290
0315
awards won by Negro soldiers in World War I.
Principal Correspondents: William Pickens; Joel Spingam; James Weldon Johnson.
General. News Clippings. January-April 1918. 29pp.
Major Topics: Role of Negroes in domestic war production; failure of Tennessee
Negroes to comply with selective service regulations; press coverage of Negro role in
armed forces; refusal of Caucasian soldiers to drill with Negro troops at Camp Pike,
Arkansas; court-martial of Negro soldiers; order by Major General Charles Ballou that
Negro soldiers not mingle with Caucasian compatriots.
General. News Clippings. May 1918. 25pp.
Major Topics: Questions of Negro patriotism; proposed amendments to Espionage Act
giving postmaster general power to censor press; training of Negro officers; awards
won by Negro soldiers in France.
General. News Clippings. June 1918. 32pp.
Major Topics: Order by Major General Charles Ballou that Negro soldiers not mingle
with Caucasian compatriots; Negro response to war bond drive; jailing of Negro
dissidents f o r speaking against enlistment; role o f Negro women i n R e d Cross;
0347
General. News Clippings. July-August 1918. 45pp.
Major Topics: Awards won by Negro soldiers in France; Haitian declaration of war
against Germany; absentee ballot voting for soldiers; evasion of draft by Caucasians
and Negroes; role of Negro nurses in Europe; German treatment of Negro prisoners;
lynchings o f Negroes during t h e war; police violence against Negro soldiers;
Group I, Box C-377
Subject File--Military cont.
0392
General. News Clippings. September-October 1918. 46pp.
Major Topics: Woodrow Wilson's commutation of death sentences for Houston riot
soldiers; role of Negro women in war production effort; Knights of Columbus support for
Negro troops; commission of Negro officers in Central Officers' Training School at
Camp Pike, Arkansas; conduct of Negro troops near Verdun; draft of Negro physicians
as privates instead of as medical officers; French acceptance of Negro troops; Negro
purchase of war bonds; discrimination by Red Cross against Negro nurses; bravery of
Negro troops.
0438
General. News Clippings. November-December 1918. 52pp.
Major Topics: Sale of war stamps; Negro medical officers in active service;
regiments in France; conduct of Negro soldiers in Germany; Negro troops in French
colonial and British colonial forces; Jewish war relief campaign; clash between Negro
troops and Caucasian policemen in Brooklyn; replacement of General Charles G.
Ballou after segregation order; French refusal to discriminate against Negro troops.
0490
0514
0556
General. News Clippings. 1919, 1921, 1926-1931. 24pp.
Major Topics: Defeat of filibuster against Fish bill authorizing memorial honoring Negro
soldiers in France; ratio of Negro men to Caucasian men inducted from Mississippi,
South Carolina, Louisiana, Georgia, and Florida; clashes between Negro troops and
Caucasian policemen; admission of Negroes to CMTC; segregation in Reserve Officer
Training Corps.
Bandmasters Bill. 1928-1929. 42pp.
Major Topics: Army Bands Act, also known as S. 750, bill to amend the "Act for making
further and more effectual provision for the national defense and for other purposes"
and H.R. 481, bill to amend the "Act for making further and more effectual provision for
the national defense and for other purposes."
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; Robert F. Wagner; Louis
Frothingham; Courtland Lewis; Wade H. Hammond; William T. Andrews; Hamilton
Fish, Jr.
General Bullard. 1925. 82pp.
Major Topics: Accusation b y Robert L e e Bullard o f cowardice b y Negro troops;
0638
articles, including letters with citations of praise by General John Pershing; libel suit
against Bullard and Herald-Tribune; letters to Doubleday-Page, Co., publishers of book
by Robert Bullard; response of Negro officers; response of L. Edward Shaw, captain
under Hayward command.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; Hamilton Fish, Jr.; Emmett Scott;
Lyman Beecher Stowe; William Pickens; Henry Allen.
Arthur Byrd. 1921. 11pp.
Major Topics: Discharge f o r enlistment o f Negro m a n a s a Caucasian man;
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; P. C. Harris; John W. Weeks; W. E. Graves.
0649
0664
0682
0704
0717
Camp Devens. 1919. 15pp.
Major Topics: Forced employment of Negro soldiers; literacy rate of Negro soldiers;
segregation in military entertainment facilities.
Principal Correspondents: Butler Wilson; John Shillady.
Camp Upton. 1918-1919. 18pp.
Major Topics: Orders to encourage Negro troops to use lodgings seperated from
Caucasian troops; policy of Young Women's Christian Association to offer facilities
without discrimination as to color; orders to separate Caucasian and Negro troops
returning from action.
Principal Correspondents: John Shillady; Newton Baker; Jason Joy.
Callie Mae Dozier. 1936-1937. 22pp.
Major Topics: Pension application for widow of Negro veteran; funeral expenses for
veteran burial.
Principal Correspondents: Charles H. Houston; E. L. Bailey.
Robert Downs. 1935. 13pp.
Major Topics: Pension for father of Negro veteran killed in Spanish-American War;
lack of documentation of relationship.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Joseph Gavagan; E. L. Bailey.
Isaac Edwards. 1920-1921. 20pp.
Major Topic: Search for missing Negro soldier last seen in Liverpool hospital.
Principal Correspondents: P. C. Harris; Walter White.
0737
0849
0894
0911
0922
0950
Fish Army Bill. 1938-1939. 112pp.
Major Topics: Naval construction bill; navy prohibition against Negroes in positions
other than cook and steward; proposal to nominate Negroes to Naval Academy; bills
H.R. 10164 and H.R. 10165 to increase participation of Negroes in armed forces;
argument on NAACP strategy of support for arms legislation; Illinois NAACP chapter
condemnation of bills by Hamilton Fish that propose segregated Negro divisions; bill to
increase midshipmen appointed to Naval Academy by president; national NAACP
condemnation of bills that propose segregated Negro divisions; conference of NAACP
members with Hamilton Fish, Jr.; H.R. 2645, bill to regulate private military forces in the
United States; antilynching legislation; H.R. 3317, bill providing quota of Negro cadets
appointed to United States Military Academy.
Principal Correspondents: Charles H. Houston; Arthur W. Mitchell; Joseph Gavagan;
Walter White; Hamilton Fish, Jr.; Roy Wilkins; Harry H. Gibson; Louis R. Lautier; James
P. McGranery; Albert H. Standing; DeHaven Hinkson; Edwin M. Watson.
Wade Hammond. 1919. 45pp.
Major Topic: Commission for Negro band leader.
Principal Correspondents: W. E. B. Du Bois; Dennis P. Quinlan; Emmett Scott; John
Shillady; Roy A. Hill.
Emmett Hunt. 1924. 17pp.
Major Topic: Disability compensation for Negro veterans.
Principal Correspondent: William Pickens.
Robert Lee. 1937. 11 pp.
Major Topic: Compensation for families of Negro veterans killed in action.
Principal Correspondents: Charles Clift; Charles H. Houston; Thurgood Marshall.
Thomas Murray. 1924. 28pp.
Major Topic: Reduction in sentence for Negro military prisoner.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; A. L. Lewis.
Navy. 1935-1938. 76pp.
Major Topics: Navy prohibition against Negroes in positions other than cook and
steward; proposed integration of all military units; antilynching legislation; admission of
Negroes t o CMTC; Navy Department assertion that Negro petty officers cannot
1026
nondiscrimination policies in U.S. Army; appointment of Negroes to West Point.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Roy Wilkins; A. C. MacNeal; Charles H.
Houston; Thurgood Marshall; G. H. Baird; Claude A. Swanson; Joseph Gavagan.
Senegalese Soldiers. 1920-1922. 67pp.
Major Topics: French conscription o f North African a n d West African soldiers;
colonial troops in European theater.
Principal Correspondents: E. D. Morel; Walter White; James Weldon Johnson; George
Viereck; Joel E. Spingam; Emily G. Balch.
Group I, Box C-378
Subject File--Military cont.
1093
Senegalese Soldiers. News Clippings. 1921. 51pp.
Major Topics: French conscription o f North African a n d West African soldiers;
Rally against use of Senegalese soldiers; petitions submitted to French by Americans
seeking to end use of Senegalese in Germany.
Reel 4
Group I, Series C, Administrative Files cont.
Group I, Box C-378 cont.
Subject File--Military cont.
0001
Philip Smith. July 12-November 29, 1926. 26pp.
Major Topics: Acquittal of a Caucasian night watchman on charges of murdering a
Negro soldier; proposed removal of 24th Infantry from Fort Benning, Georgia; lynching
o f Negro m a n near military base i n Georgia; reopening o f investigation o f night
0027
0060
0139
0155
0237
0269
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Everett Sanders; Lutz Wahl.
John Q. Taylor. 1923. 33pp.
Major Topics: Securing permanent disability rating for Negro veteran; segregation in
military hospitals.
Principal Correspondents:Walter White; Charles Shaw; L. B. Rogers.
Robert Thomas, Hill, and Asgill. 1931-1932. 79pp.
Major Topics: Discrimination against Negro veterans by Veterans' Bureau in Virginia;
charges against Caucasian lawyer and Negro minister to defraud U.S. government;
amendment of World War Veterans Act to restrict veterans in introducing evidence in
War Risk Insurance suits; joint resolution in Congress to repeal Disabled Emergency
Officers Retirement Act to end payments to officers receiving adequate retirement;
proposed government admission of error in prosecution of the fraud case; reversal of
earlier convictions of Negro defendants.
Principal Correspondents: Frank Morgan; Roy Wilkins; Walter White; Oscar DePriest;
Frank T. Hines; Robert Thomas.
Robert Tresville. 1932-1933. 16pp.
Major Topics: Participation of 24th Infantry military band in annual World's Fair; fundraising for band participation.
Principal Correspondents: George H. Dem; Roy Wilkins.
24th Infantry (Fort Houston, Texas; Fort Benning, Georgia). 1918, 1922-1923. 82pp.
Major Topics: Courts-martial against members of 24th Infantry for Houston riot incident;
NAACP petition for clemency for soldiers court-martialed; S.J. Res. 51, joint resolution
directing the court of claims to investigate claims for damages growing out of the riot of
Negro soldiers at Houston, Texas; orders by commanding officer of Fort Benning for
Negroes to avoid certain areas in nearby towns; police brutality against Negro soldiers;
disarming and reorganization of 24th Infantry; investigation of conduct of Caucasian
officers at Fort Benning; segregation of facilities at Fort Benning; fines exacted from
Negro soldiers without due court-martial; Caucasian soldiers of 29th Infantry expulsing
Negro soldiers from military hospital by force of arms; censorship of 24th Infantry mail
to prevent details of discrimination from leaving camp.
Principal Correspondents: Martin Ansorge; Walter White; Mary White Ovington;
Hamilton Fish, Jr.; John W. Weeks; Austin T. Walden.
24th Infantry (Fort Benning, Georgia). 1926, 1930. 32pp.
Major Topics: Slaying of Philip Smith; segregation in military entertainment facilities;
construction of separate movie house for Negro soldiers; segregation in military
transportation facilities.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Campbell King; Patrick J. Hurley; M. S.
Gibson.
24th Infantry. 1920. 25pp.
Major Topics: Conviction of Negro soldier for participation in Houston riot despite
presence i n headquarters building a t time o f incident; congressional report o n
Principal Correspondents: John Shillady; W. E. B. Du Bois; James Weldon Johnson.
0294
0317
0394
0459
0526
0595
0694
0779
0830
0888
0965
24th Infantry. 1921. 23pp.
Major Topics: Petition submitted to President Harding requesting pardon for sixty-one
members of 24th Infantry serving sentences for Houston riot.
Principal Correspondents: James H. Guy; Charles Curtis; Arthur Capper; Frank B.
Willis; George B. Christian, Jr.; James Weldon Johnson; P. C. Harris; W. E. B. Du Bois.
24th Infantry. 1922. 77pp.
Major Topics: Petition submitted to President Harding requesting pardon for sixty-one
members of 24th Infantry serving sentences for Houston riot; decision to make public
the NAACP relief efforts for Negro prisoners; clemency for individual members of 24th
Infantry; Dyer Antilynching Act.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; William Pickens; Walter White.
24th Infantry. March, September 1923. 65pp.
Major Topics: Speeches of James Weldon Johnson and Arthur Spingam to prisoners
at Leavenworth; sentences of individual soldiers; funding of legal defense of 24th
Infantry; press coverage of amnesty appeal.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; W. I. Biddle; L. F. Coles.
24th Infantry. October 1-October 20, 1923. 67pp.
Major Topics: Press coverage of amnesty appeal; organization of new petition for
pardon of 24th Infantry prisoners; related organizations advocating release of 24th
Infantry; support of clergy for prisoner relief.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; L. F. Coles; James Weldon Johnson; James
R. Hawkins.
24th Infantry. October 22-31, 1923. 69pp.
Major Topic: Collection of signatures on petitions.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; L. F. Coles; Walter White.
24th Infantry. November 1-November 12, 1923. 99pp.
Major Topics: Collection of signatures on petitions; cooperation of Knights of Pythias,
Young Women's Christian Association, Young Men's Christian Association, Nazarene
Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts, clergy.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; Walter White; Mary L.
Westbrook; Eva D. Bowles.
24th Infantry. November 13-November 21, 1923. 85pp.
Major Topics: Collection of signatures on petitions; cooperation of related national
organizations.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; Walter White; Eva D. Bowles; L. F.
Coles.
24th Infantry. November 22-November 25, 1923. 51pp.
Major Topics: Collection of signatures on petitions; cooperation of related national
organizations.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; Walter White.
24th Infantry. November 25-November 30, 1923. 58pp.
Major Topics: Collection of signatures on petitions; cooperation of related national
organizations.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; Walter White.
24th Infantry. December 1-December 6, 1923. 77pp.
Major Topics: Collection of signatures on petitions; cooperation of related national
organizations; Caucasian protests to petition drive.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; Walter White; James R. Hawkins;
L. F. Coles; James A. Jackson.
24th Infantry. December 8-December 16, 1923. 70pp.
Major Topics: Collection of signatures on petitions; cooperation of related national
organizations.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; Walter White; James A. Jackson;
L. F. Coles.
Reels
Group I, Series C, Administrative Files cont.
Group I, Box C-379
Subject File--Military cont.
0001
24th Infantry. December 17-December 21, 1923. 63pp.
Major Topics: Collection of signatures on petitions; cooperation of related national
organizations; presentation of petitions to the U.S. president.
Principal Correspondents: William Monroe Trotter; Arthur Capper; Martin B. Madden;
James A. Jackson.
0064
24th Infantry. December 21-December 31, 1923. 64pp.
Major Topics: Competition and duplication of effort among civil rights organizations;
audience with President Coolidge to deliver petitions; investigation of Houston riot
events; collection of signatures on petitions; report on NAACP national office activities;
press coverage of petitions for pardon of rioters; concordat signed by officials of
National Equal Rights League and NAACP.
Principal Correspondents: William Monroe Trotter; Martin B. Madden; James Weldon
Johnson; Henry J. Dannenbaum; W. I. Biddle; Calvin Coolidge; L. F. Coles; Hamilton
Fish, Jr.
0128
24th Infantry. January 3-January 20, 1924. 78pp.
Major Topics: Collection of signatures on petitions; conduct of imprisoned rioters at
Leavenworth; reduction of sentences by War Department; reaction of prisoners to
sentence reductions; press coverage of petition drive.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; Calvin Coolidge; W. E. B. Du Bois;
Walter White; L. F. Coles.
0206
24th Infantry. January 21-January 31, 1924. 159pp.
Major Topics: Collection of signatures on petitions; prison conditions and relief for
imprisoned soldiers; reduction of rioters' sentences by War Department; audience with
President Coolidge t o deliver petitions; membership o f delegation t o meet with
0365
with petitions.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; Walter White; Alvin White; L. K.
Williams; S. W. Green; S. S. Booker; John Hurst; Nahum D. Brascher; B. J. Davis;
Hallie Q. Brown; A. Philip Randolph; Archibald H. Grimke; William Monroe Trotter;
Arthur Capper; W. H. Jemagin; Daisy Lampkin; William K. Lewis; J. E. Mitchell; Robert
L Vann; Carl Murphy; Isaac Lane; J. C. Woods; Cyril V. Briggs; Eva D. Bowles; E. H.
Morris; J. S. Caldwell; Channing H. Tobias; Robert E. James; L. F. Coles; Robert S.
Abbott; Gabrielle Pelham; C. R. Taylor.
24th Infantry. February 1-February 10, 1924. 83pp.
Major Topics: Presentation of memorial with petitions; audience with President
Coolidge to deliver petitions; membership of delegation to meet with President
Coolidge; statement to accompany presentation of petitions; committee represented by
delegation to president.
Principal Correspondents: James A. Cobb; James Weldon Johnson; Robert S. Abbott;
Cyril V. Briggs; Channing H. Tobias; J. S. Caldwell; Carl Murphy; J. E. Mitchell; Robert
L. Vann; Daisy Lampkin; Gabrielle Pelham; S. S. Booker; Archibald H. Grimke; A.
Philip Randolph; Nahum D. Brascher; L. K. Williams; R. E. Jones; Arthur Capper;
Martin B. Madden; Eva D. Bowles; Charles Curtis; Daniel R. Anthony; Emmett Scott;
M. O. Dumas; George William Cook; J. Edmund Wood; Maggie L. Walker; Daniel R.
Anthony, Jr.; Hamilton Fish, Jr.; Calvin Coolidge.
0448
0510
0561
0626
0681
0716
0770
0837
24th Infantry. February 11-February 29, 1924. 62pp.
Major Topics: Press coverage of delegation to president; presidential reaction to
petitions; reaction of secretary of war; reaction of imprisoned soldiers; collection of
funds for NAACP campaign; Leavenworth penitentiary warden and prison board
support for clemency; appointment of board of army officers to investigate military
cases with regard to clemency; further campaign for pardons.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Robert S. Abbott; W. I. Biddle; James Weldon
Johnson; Daniel R. Anthony, Jr.; Nahum D. Brascher; L. F. Coles; Arthur Capper; John
W. Weeks; Newton D. Baker; Hamilton Fish, Jr.; William Hayward.
24th Infantry. March 3-March 31, 1924. 51pp.
Major Topics: Proposed early pardons for illness; continued campaign for pardons;
collection of funds for NAACP campaign.
Principal Correspondents:^. I. Biddle; Walter White; William H. Lewis; John W.
Weeks; James Weldon Johnson.
24th Infantry. April 3-April 29, 1924. 65pp.
Major Topics: Reduction of sentences by War Department; parole for prisoners
completing one-third of sentence; prisoner disappointment over War Department
clemency; NAACP request for review board report on cases of fifty-four former
members of 24th Infantry.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; John W. Weeks; Robert C. Davis; Robert L.
Vann; James A. Cobb; H. C. Heckman; W. I. Biddle.
24th Infantry. May 1-May 30, 1924. 55pp.
Major Topics: Reduction of sentences by War Department; review board report on
cases of fifty-four former members of 24th Infantry; consideration for former member of
24th Infantry who was transferee! from Leavenworth penitentiary to insane asylum;
reaction of prisoners to sentence reductions; results of delegation to present petitions
and signed memorial to President Coolidge.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; John H. Weeks; Lutz Wahl; A. Philip
Randolph.
24th Infantry. June 5-July 28, 1924. 35pp.
Major Topics: Delays in parole after approval by parole board; conduct of former
soldiers after release.
Principal Correspondents: John W. Weeks; Walter White; W. I. Biddle; Channing H.
Tobias; H. C. Heckman; Robert C. Davis.
24th Infantry. August 11-October 31, 1924. 54pp.
Major Topics: Delays in parole after approval by parole board; collection of funds for
relief of 24th Infantry prisoners; acquisition of "first friends" for prisoners to meet parole
requirements.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; L. F. Coles; W. I. Biddle; James Weldon
Johnson; C. Bassom Slemp; W. E. B. Du Bois.
24th Infantry. November 5-December 19, 1924. 67pp.
Major Topics: Reduction of sentences by War Department; delays in parole after
approval by parole board; prisoners released on parole; petition to President Calvin
Coolidge asking for pardon of former members of 24th Infantry; delegation to the
president; committee represented by delegation and memorial.
Principal Correspondents: C. Bassom Slemp; Robert C. Davis; Harlan F. Stone;
Heber H. Votaw; W. I. Biddle; Walter White; H. C. Heckman; Martin B. Madden.
24th Infantry. Clippings. 1924. 32pp.
Major Topics: Delegation t o President Coolidge; report o n clemency b y W a r
prisoners.
0869
0960
24th Infantry. January 16-March 31, 1925. 91pp.
Major Topics: Employment of paroled convicts; transfer of Houston rioters from
Leavenworth penitentiary to disciplinary barracks of military penitentiary at Fort
Leavenworth; H.R. 7631, act for relief of Charles T. Clayton and others, Caucasian
victims of Houston riot; conduct of former soldiers after release; possible legal change
of name by former prisoner applying for assistance.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; W. I. Biddle; Arthur Capper.
24th Infantry. [April 1] April 23-July 28, 1925. 49pp.
Major Topics: Treatment of 24th Infantry prisoners in disciplinary barracks; acquisition
of "first friends" for prisoners to meet parole requirements; conduct of former soldiers
after release; employment of paroled convicts.
Principal Correspondents: Robert Bagnall; Walter White; G. O. Cross; Robert J. Elzy;
Edgar King.
Group I, Box C-380
Subject File--Military cont.
1009
24th Infantry. August 3-December 21, 1925. 39pp.
Major Topics: Employment of paroled convicts; statistics on former soldiers released
from prison prior t o September 1923; press coverage o f paroles a n d transfer t o
Principal Correspondents:Walter White; Edgar King; Robert J. Elzy.
Reel 6
Group I, Series C, Administrative Files cont.
Group I, Box C-380 cont.
Subject File--Military cont.
0001
24th Infantry. March 16-December 23, 1926. 36pp.
Major Topics: Treatment of 24th Infantry prisoners in disciplinary barracks; number of
former soldiers remaining i n Fort Leavenworth barracks; possible support from
0037
0109
0178
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Victor L. Berger; L. F. Coles; James Weldon
Johnson; Lutz Wahl; James P. Cannon; William Pickens.
24th Infantry. January 19-December 28, 1927. 72pp.
Major Topics: Possible support from American Negro Labor Congress; possible
financial support for prisoners from International Labor Defense; remittance of eighteen
months from remaining sentences by U.S. president; acquisition of "first friends" for
prisoners to meet parole requirements; employment of released prisoners.
Principal Correspondents: I. Dunjee; Walter White; James P. Cannon; Hanford
MacNider; Emmett Scott; James Weldon Johnson; W. W. Merrill; Robert Bagnall;
Dwight F. Davis.
24th Infantry. January 3-November 28, 1928. 69pp.
Major Topics: Parole decisions in remaining cases; employment of released prisoners;
refusal of parole for bad conduct.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; Dwight F. Davis; W. W. Merrill;
William T. Andrews; Robert Bagnall.
24th Infantry. January 8-August 26, 1929. 50pp.
Major Topics: Refusal of parole for bad conduct; reconsideration of parole decisions;
continued appeal by 24th Infantry Defense Committee for pardons.
Principal Correspondents: Robert Bagnall; Herbert H. Lehman; Walter White; L. F.
Coles; William T. Andrews; Oscar DePriest; Mary Brown.
0228
0294
0363
0424
0526
0569
0597
24th Infantry. January 7, 1930-December 28, 1931. 66pp.
Major Topics: Refusals of parole for bad conduct; transfer of riot prisoner to Atlantic
Branch, United States Disciplinary Barracks; recapture of escaped riot participant and
appeal for clemency on his behalf; attempt to restore good conduct time to escapee;
recommendation of warden to restore good conduct time to escapee.
Principal Correspondents: Robert Bagnall; Royal S. Copeland; Walter White; Patrick J.
Hurley; James A. Cobb; Sanford Bates; W. E. B. Du Bois; T. B. White.
24th Infantry. February 4, 1932-November 23, 1934. 69pp.
Major Topics: Recommendation of warden to restore good conduct time; efforts to
secure good conduct decision from Department of Justice, director of Bureau of
Prisons; proposed release of Houston rioters from parole; employment of paroled
prisoners; denials of clemency from War Department; return of convicted rioter to
prison for violation of parole; investigation of circumstances surrounding a violation of
parole.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Walter White; C. H. Bridges; James A. Cobb;
Emmett Scott; Elizabeth H. McDuffie; James F. McKinley; Franklin D. Roosevelt.
24th Infantry. January 1, 1934-December 20, 1935. 61pp.
Major Topics: Denials of clemency from War Department for remaining cases; return of
convicted rioters to prison for violations of parole.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Sanford Bates; Arthur D. Wood; William G.
Nunn; George H. Dern; Walter White; Charles H. Houston.
24th Infantry. January 4, 1936-December 23, 1937. 102pp.
Major Topics: Denial of clemency from War Department in escapee case; possible
support for remaining prisoners from ACLU; remittance of unexecuted portion of
sentence for one parole violator; appeal to War Department and United States Board of
Parole for clemency on behalf of remaining prisoners; remittance of unexecuted portion
of sentence for next to last prisoner; release of last prisoner, former escapee, from
Leavenworth penitentiary.
Principal Correspondents: Charles H. Houston; George H. Dern; E. T. Conley; Roger
N. Baldwin; Roy Wilkins; Elizabeth H. McDuffie; Robert H. Hudspeth.
24th Infantry. February 1-September 23, 1938. 47pp.
Major Topics: Release of last prisoner, former escapee, from Leavenworth penitentiary;
incarceration of member of Houston riot for violation of parole; employment of paroled
convicts.
Principal Correspondents: Charles H. Houston; Robert H. Hudspeth; Thomas L.
Griffith, Jr.
Colonel Charles Young. February 6-April 12, 1922. 28pp.
Major Topics: Summary of military career of Charles Young; press coverage of
Young's death; memorial services in honor of Young; tribute to Young by General
Pershing.
Principal Correspondent: William Pickens.
Colonel Charles Young. March 20-June 4, 1923. 58pp.
Major Topics: Ohio House o f Representatives resolution adopted providing f o r
0655
representatives to burial service by NAACP Board of Directors; details of military burial
service; press coverage of funeral.
Principal Correspondents: Harry E. Davis; Walter White; James Weldon Johnson;
William Pickens; W. E. B. Du Bois; Joel E. Spingam; Charles Russell; Nannie H.
Burroughs; Archibald H. Grimke; Naval H. Thomas; George W. Cook; William A.
Sinclair; John W. Weeks.
Colonel Charles Young. April 16-May 1, 1924. 22pp.
Major Topics: Pension for widow of Charles Young; introduction of bill in U.S. Senate
calling for higher pension for Mrs. Ada Young.
Principal Correspondents: Charles Brand; W. E. B. Du Bois; Walter White; Harry E.
Davis; Simon B. Fess.
0677
Colonel Charles Young. November 2, 1926-August 12, 1929. 42pp.
Major Topics: Dedication of monument to Charles Young; proposal to increase pension
of Mrs. Ada Young to that of brigadier general's wife.
Principal Correspondents: James Weldon Johnson; Naval H. Thomas; Harry E. Davis;
Roy G. Fitzgerald; Charles Brand; W. E. B. Du Bois; Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.; Harold
Knutsan; Joel E. Spingarn.
Group II, Series A, General Office Files
Group II, Box A-238
Discrimination
0720
Negro Veterans. 1955. 16pp.
Major Topics: Attempts to obtain disability pensions for Negro veterans; appointment of
Negroes to Veterans Appeals Board.
Principal Correspondents: Henry Lee Moon; Roy Wilkins; John Bolt Culbertson;
Edward R. Dudley.
Group II, Box A-239
Discrimination cont.
0736
Veterans' Hospitals. 1952-1953 [1955]. 54pp.
Major Topics: Integration in VA hospitals; response to VA statement on medical
necessity of remaining segregation; racial information on medical forms; segregation in
pool at VA hospital; press coverage of desegregation in Texas hospitals.
Principal Correspondents: Henry Lee Moon; Gloster B. Current; Walter White; Dwight
D. Eisenhower; Harvey V. Higley; Clarence Mitchell; Montague Cobb.
Group II, Box A-289
G.I. Bill of Rights
0790
1945-1949. 179pp.
Major Topics: Distribution of NAACP literature on G.I. Bill; amendments to H.R. 3749,
also known as Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, providing for hospitalization,
education, loans, employment, and unemployment compensation for World War II
veterans; congressional reports on proposed amendments to H.R. 3749; lobbying
assistance from National Urban League, Jewish War Veterans, and American Jewish
Congress.
Principal Correspondents: Ella J. Baker; Walter White; Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr.; Leo
Pfeffer; Marion Perry.
Reel 7
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-299
Harlem Defense Recreation Center
0001
1942-1945. 56pp.
Major Topics: Statements o f financial operation; board o f managers meetings;
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Samuel Allen; Clifford L. Alexander; Willie F.
Parris.
Group II, Box A-362
Leagues
0057
American Legion. 1945-1949. 127pp.
Major Topics: Petition to charter first Negro American Legion post in Mississippi;
political reaction to national unity campaign by Institute for American Democracy;
resolutions by American Legion posts to oppose poll tax; accusations of Communist
sympathies o n part o f NAACP; resolutions b y American Legion posts t o oppose
0184
problems caused for Negro members; revocation of American Legion post's charter for
invitation extended to Paul Robeson; resolutions by American Legion posts to support
antilynching legislation.
Principal Correspondents: Thomas E. Dewey; William Kernan; Edward Martin; Lester
C. Hunt; Robert F. Wagner; Eddie Cantor; Walter White; Roy Wilkins.
American Veterans Committee, Inc. 1935-1955. 48pp.
Major Topics: American Veterans Committee opposition to subversion investigations of
Joseph McCarthy; American Veterans Committee offer of honorary position to Walter
White; American Veterans Committee support for cease-fire in Formosa Straits;
American Veterans Committee support f o r amendment o f Refugee Relief Act;
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Roy Wilkins; Mickey Levine; Dwight D.
Eisenhower; William F. Langer.
Group II, Box A-370
Leagues cont.
0232
Committee against Jim Crow in Military Service and Training. 1947-1948. 183pp.
Major Topics: Recommendation of President's Commission on Universal Training
allowing segregation in military; recommendation of President's Committee on Higher
Education to eliminate discrimination in colleges through removal of tax exemptions;
testimony of A. Philip Randolph on proposal for segregated minorities to refuse draft;
support of NAACP chapters for remarks of A. Philip Randolph; support of ACLU for
remarks of A. Philip Randolph; press coverage of civil disobedience controversy over
draft; NAACP position on civil disobedience; support of Association for Abolition of
Second Class Citizenship for remarks of A. Philip Randolph; NAACP poll of college
Negroes on remarks by A. Philip Randolph.
Principal Correspondents: Madison S. Jones, Jr.; Grant Reynolds; A. Philip Randolph;
Walter White; Wayne Morse; Roy Wilkins; Henry Lee Moon; Mahtou C. Cooley; Frank
R. Crosswaith; A. A. Heist; Roger Baldwin; Thurgood Marshall; Victor G. Reuther.
0415
Committee for Amnesty. 1946-1948. 144pp.
Major Topics: Invitations for Walter White and Thurgood Marshall to join Committee
for Amnesty; amnesty campaign for all conscientious objectors to war and conscription;
formation of War Resisters League; solicitation of public figures for support in amnesty
drive; testimony before President's Amnesty Board; open letters sent to President
Truman in support of amnesty for conscientious objectors; refusal by president to grant
general amnesty; discrimination against Negro inductees in grants of conscientious
objector status.
Principal Correspondents: A. J. Muste; Walter White; Frank Olmstead; Thurgood
Marshall; Albon Man; Madison S. Jones, Jr.; Robin Myers.
Group II, Box A-386
Leagues cont.
0559
National Committee to Abolish Segregation in the Armed Services. 1945. 45pp.
Major Topics: Organization of protest march against segregation in armed forces;
position of NAACP on compulsory military service as presented by Arthur Capper to
U.S. Senate; NAACP position on civil disobedience and on remarks of A. Philip
Randolph; formation of National Committee to Abolish Segregation in the Armed
Services from members of twenty-five national organizations.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Roy Wilkins; Wayne Morse; Wilfred Kerr;
Roger Baldwin; A. Philip Randolph.
Group II, Box A-397
Leagues cont.
0604
Veterans Committee against Discrimination. 1945-1946. 29pp.
Major Topics: Proposed NAACP support for Veterans Committee against
Discrimination; report prepared by National Urban League on adjustment of Negro
veterans to civilian life.
Principal Correspondents: Lawrence Rivkin; Bernard Moss; Madison S. Jones, Jr.;
Walter White; Jack A. Spanagel.
Group II, Box A-442
National Defense
0633
Mass Meeting. October 1940. 108pp.
Major Topics: Official sanction of segregation in armed forces by President Franklin
Roosevelt; organization of mass meetings to protest military segregation; decision of
NAACP chapters not to hold meetings; announcement of revised policy on military
segregation b y President Franklin Roosevelt; acquisition o f speakers f o r chapter
0741
National Defense.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Thurgood Marshall; Roy Wilkins; Grant
Reynolds; J. M. Tinsley; Charles H. Houston.
Mass Meeting. [October] November-December 1940 [January 1941 ]. 97pp.
Major Topics: Organization o f mass meetings t o protest military segregation;
0838
Wiilkie; allegations of Republican party assistance in defraying NAACP travel
expenses; acquisition and transportation of speakers to chapter meetings; unsigned
letter disparaging of Walter White sent from the NAACP Chicago branch to the Boston
branch.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Eardlie John; Roy Wilkins; Ray W. Guild; Ira
Williams.
Protests. 1940-1941. 52pp.
Major Topics: Appointment of Negro citizens to draft boards; vocational training for
Negro soldiers; employment of minorities by defense contractors; proposed admission
of Negroes to air corps and all branches of navy; executive order mandating fair hiring
by defense contractors and the formation of Committee on Fair Employment Practices.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Thurgood Marshall.
Group II, Box A-461
Office of Facts and Figures
0890
1942. 114pp.
Major Topics: Effects of war production upon Negro civilian life; conference on wartime
problems of Negro citizens called by Office of Facts and Figures; speech delivered by
Archibald MacLeish on dissent hindering war effort; NAACP memoranda on
given by Archibald MacLeish on patriotism in the press; speech by Archibald MacLeish
on role of artists in patriotic war effort; Office of Facts and Figures publications on Axis
propaganda effort to divide Negro Americans.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Roy Wilkins; Archibald MacLeish; Theodore
Berry.
Group II, Box A-463
Office of War Information
1004
Negroes and the War. 1941-1943. 39pp.
Major Topics: Allegation that Office of Facts and Figures engaged Chandler Owen to
write pamphlet describing good conditions in military camps in order to promote Negro
soldiers sending such to families; withdrawal of consent by William Hastie to include
name in Office of Facts and Figures publication; withdrawal of consent by A. Phillip
Randolph to include photo in Office of Facts and Figures publication; Office of Facts
and Figures publication of comparisons of U.S. laws and German racial policies;
NAACP decision to distribute Office of Facts and Figures pamphlet Negroes and the
War.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Archibald MacLeish; Chandler Owen; William
H. Hastie; A. Philip Randolph; Theodore Berry.
Reel 8
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-463 cont.
Office of War Information cont.
0001
Negroes and the War. 1945, 1947. 5pp.
Major Topics: Firing of Negro from British Division of Office of War Information;
remarks of John Taber and Hamilton Fish, Jr., on publications of Office of War
Information.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Herbert Agar.
Group II, Box A-641
United Service Organizations
0006
1942-1943. 70pp.
Major Topics: Entertainment of Negro troops; denial of Recreation Hall to Negro
soldiers stationed in Fort Ord, California; denial of United Service Organizations
recreation center to Negro soldiers in Hutchinson, Kansas; admission of Negro junior
hostesses to United Service Organizations staffs; construction of segregated United
Service Organizations facilities; memo to Caucasian junior hostesses on dancing with
Negro soldiers; formation of NAACP Inter-racial Committee to plan for entertainment of
soldiers in cooperation with United Service Organizations.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Roy Wilkins; Nathaniel George; Ray W.
Guild; Henry W. Pope.
0076
1945-1946. 41pp.
Major Topics: United Service Organizations clubs staffed b y Negro personnel;
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Roy Wilkins.
United States Air Force
0117
Bases. 1950 [1951]-1954. 84pp.
Major Topics: Discrimination in housing at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida; proposed
displacement of Champlain College by air force base in Plattsburgh, New York;
segregation at Turner Air Force Base in Albany, Georgia; congressional debate on air
force budget; racial discrimination against Negro air personnel in town of Sault Ste.
Marie, Michigan; discrimination at overseas air bases.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Clarence Mitchell; Gloster B. Current; Roy
Wilkins; G. Mennen Williams.
0201
General. 1953-1955. 23pp.
Major Topics: Discrimination in officer candidate training squadrons; Negro access to
recreation outside southern air bases.
Principal Correspondents: Clarence Mitchell; Herbert L Wright; Ruby Hurley; Roy
Wilkins.
Group II, Box A-642
United States Air Force cent.
0224
Robinson, R. C. Jr. 1942-1943. 20pp.
Major Topic: Denial of admission to Aviation Cadet Training Division of Negro youth
who successfully completed mental and physical examinations.
Principal Correspondents: Franklin D. Roosevelt; Truman K. Gibson, Jr.; J. A. Ulio;
Walter White.
0244
Robinson, Walter L. 1940-1941. 28pp.
Major Topics: Denial of admission to United States Army Air Corps of Negro youth who
had received flight training under CAA; affidavits of denial incident from fellow applicants; NAACP campaign to secure Negro acceptances in all branches of military;
proposed Senate testimony on denial incident.
Principal Correspondents: Henrik Shipstead; Melvin Maas; Samuel A. Reed; Roy
Wilkins; Thurgood Marshall; Henry L. Stimson; Clarence Mitchell; Walter White.
United States Army
0272
Alaska-Canadian Highway. 1942. 43pp.
Major Topics: Completion of Alaska-Canada highway; roles of Negro workers in
highway construction and dedication ceremonies.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Richard L. Neuberger.
0315
Alexander, Louis. 1942-1944. 24pp.
Major Topics: Application for officer training by former Negro member of NAACP;
transfer of Negro applicant; refusal of battery commander to sign application of Negro
for officer school.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; William H. Hastie.
0339
0476
0628
"Brown Babies in Europe." 1945-1949. 137pp.
Major Topics: Abandonment of mulatto children bom in England after World War II;
efforts by Americans to adopt mulatto children bom in England; raising of mulatto
infants in England; British press coverage of illegitimate children; survey by League of
Coloured Peoples on illegitimate children bom of English mothers; care for orphaned
half-Caucasian children in Japan.
Principal Correspondents: W. E. B. Du Bois; Walter White; Roy Wilkins; Eleanor
Roosevelt; Madison S. Jones, Jr.; Sylvia McNeil); Elizabeth Herbert; George Padmore.
"Brown Babies in Europe." 1950-1955. 152pp.
Major Topics: Abandonment of mulatto children bom in Germany after World War II;
Displaced Persons Act of 1948 with amendments of June 16, 1950, providing for
emigration to United States; adoption of mulatto European orphans by American
families; adoption of Eurasian orphans by American families; children of Negrosoldiers
and Japanese women; role of religious institutions in care for mixed-race orphans;
research project on Negro children in Germany; formation of the League for Colored
Children in Germany; education of Negro children in Germany.
Principal Correspondents: Clarence Mitchell; Madison S. Jones, Jr.; Roy Wilkins;
Walter White; Miki Sawada; Pearl S. Buck; J. Oscar Lee.
Camp Conditions. [1940-] 1941. 229pp.
Major Topics: Discrimination in employment of Negro carpenters by government
contractors at barracks construction sites; lynching of Negro worker on army
0857
police in Louisiana and South Carolina; orders to avoid fraternization with Negro
soldiers given by Caucasian officers; discrimination in military transportation facilities;
court-martial of Negro soldier for providing information to newspaper; reaction of
civilian authorities to Negro military police; Caucasian military police brutality in Florida,
Michigan, and North Carolina; demotion of Negro noncommissioned officers; loans
made to Negro soldiers at higher interest rates than loans to Caucasians; dereliction of
duty by Negro soldiers in order to flee discriminatory treatment; shooting of southern
Caucasians by Negro military police; shooting of Negro soldiers by civilian police.
Principal Correspondents: Thurgood Marshall; William H. Hastie; Henry L. Stimson;
Walter White; Frank D. Reeves; Roy Wilkins.
Camp Conditions. 1944-1946. 39pp.
Major Topics: Trial of Negro soldier for rape of Caucasian woman; mutiny charges
against group of Negro sailors; reinstatement of Negro Womens Army Corps who had
protested discrimination in service; segregation of Negroes from officers' clubs; search
for Negro assailant in Hawaii alleged to be soldier.
Group II, Box A-643
United States Army cont.
0896
Camp Lee. General. 1945-1946. 120pp.
Major Topics: Transfer of Negro officers from Camp Lee, Virginia; killing of Negro
soldier accused o f rape; appointment o f Brigadier General George Horkan t o
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; George A. Horkan; Andrew J. Gray; John W.
Tiemey; Harry S Truman.
Reel 9
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-643 cont.
United States Army cont.
0001
Camp Lee. Samuel Reed. 1941-1945. 125pp.
Major Topics: Demotion of Negro sergeant for requesting equal treatment for Negroes
in military; anonymous complaints of racial discrimination at Camp Lee in Petersburg,
Virginia; report on discrimination complaints at Camp Lee by former president of St.
Paul NAACP; accusations against sergeant related t o demotion; congressional
0126
0149
case.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Thurgood Marshall; Walter White; Henry L.
Stimson; James E. Edmonds; William H. Hastie; Prentice Thomas.
Camp Shenango, Pennsylvania. 1943. 23pp.
Major Topics: Killing of Negro soldiers by Caucasian military police; arming of Negro
soldiers by Caucasian officer to enable self-defense; refusal of command at Camp
Shenango to release full description of race riot incident; results of War Department
investigation.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Roy Wilkins; Henry L. Stimson; J. A. Ulio;
William M. Howard.
Camp Stewart, Georgia. 1942-May 1943. 173pp.
Major Topics: Cultural divisions between southern and northern Negroes; Negro
application for officer training; insubordination of Caucasian military police to Negro
officers; ban of Negro newspapers from Camp Stewart; discrimination against Negro
soldiers declared medically unfit f o r service; segregation o f northern Negro
0322
0457
Negroes with syphilis or gonorrhea; abuse of Negro soldiers by Negro military police.
Principal Correspondents: George B. Nesbitt; William H. Hastie; Prentice Thomas;
Truman K. Gibson, Jr.; Arthur Garfield Hayes; Walter White; Roy Wilkins.
Camp Stewart, Georgia. June 1943-1944. 135pp.
Major Topics: Report by NAACP representative on conditions in Camp Stewart;
sanitary conditions and medical treatment for Negroes with syphilis or gonorrhea;
segregated housing conditions for Negro soldiers; killing of Caucasian military police
officer by Negro soldiers; orders on conferences for Negro soldiers warning against
discussion of rumor; suggested speeches on race relations to be delivered to troops;
incident of Caucasian military police defending Negro soldier from Caucasian civilian
police; Negro officers forced to serve under Caucasian officers of lower rank; failure to
automatically elevate Negro officers to higher rank.
Principal Correspondents: Ralph Mark Gilbert; Truman K. Gibson, Jr.; William H.
Hastie; Roy Wilkins; Walter White; Henry L. Stimson; George B. Nesbitt; Thurgood
Marshall.
Cases--Complaints. 1952-1953. 176pp.
Major Topics: Racial discrimination against Negro soldiers in Philippines; court-martial
of Negroes for striking superior officers; proposed court-martial of Negro chaplain for
wrongly claiming benefits for woman not legally his stepmother; segregation at U.S.
Soldiers Home; loyalty investigation of Negro soldiers; statistics on recreation for
Negroes and Caucasians stationed at Scott Air Force Base.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Jack Greenberg; Thurgood Marshall; Clarence
Mitchell.
Group II, Box A-644
United States Army cont.
0633
Cases--Complaints. 1954-1955. 164pp.
Major Topics: Civilian police brutality against Negro soldiers; refusal of General Robert
Wilson to accept Negro soldiers into his reserve units; reprimands of Negro officers by
Caucasian superiors for not riding in segregated sections of southern buses;
0797
0807
for commission; continued segregation of southern army reserve units.
Principal Correspondents: Clarence Mitchell; Henry Lee Moon; Charles A. Shorter;
Roy Wilkins; Jack Greenberg; Lucille Black; Herbert L. Wright.
Classification of Soldiers by Race Proposed for the Sixth Army. 1955. 10pp.
Major Topic: Separation of Negro soldiers from others in consideration for foreign
service.
Principal Correspondents: Clarence Mitchell; Franklin H. Williams.
Conference on Negroes in the Armed Service. 1948-1949. 165pp.
Major Topics: Segregation of New Jersey National Guard despite integration policy;
speech b y secretary o f defense o n military integration; conference o n military
0972
of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services.
Principal Correspondents: James V. Forrestal; Walter White; Lester B. Granger;
Charles H. Houston; Roy Wilkins; Alfred E. Driscoll.
Dinner for General Lee. 1944-1947. 53pp.
Major Topics: Response to report on racial discrimination by European theater of
operations, U.S. Army; dinner planned in honor of accomplishments of General Lee;
accusations of waste and brutality against General Lee.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; John C. H. Lee.
Reel 10
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-644 cont.
United States Army cont.
0001
Disbanding of Ninth and Tenth Cavalry Regiments. 1944. 13pp.
Major Topics: Statement by War Department defending segregation on basis of poor
Negro technical aptitude; conversion of Negro combat units into service units.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Franklin D. Roosevelt; Henry L. Stimson; John
J. McCloy.
0014
Orrin C. Evans' Article on Negroes in Army Camps. 1944-1945. 21pp.
Major Topics: L o w morale o f Negro soldiers stationed i n southern posts d u e t o
0035
0061
Horkan; lack of Negro recreation facilities in South.
Principal Correspondent: Walter White.
Fort Brady (Michigan). 1943. 26pp.
Major Topics: Discrimination in sentencing at courts-martial of Caucasian and Negro
soldiers; segregation in recreation facilities in town of Sault Ste. Marie; discrimination in
housing at Fort Brady barracks.
Principal Correspondents: Gloster B. Current; Walter White.
Fort Bragg. 1942. 28pp.
Major Topics: Rumor of race riot at pool in Fort Bragg; rumor of six thousand Negro
troops lost in sea battle off Australian coast; NAACP role in quelling rumors.
Principal Correspondents: William H. Hastie; Walter White; George C. Marshall.
0089
0104
Fort Sill (Oklahoma). 1941 [1942]-1943. 15pp.
Major Topics: Role of War Department in supporting segregation laws of southern
states; role of southern Caucasian officers in introducing segregation to northern areas.
Principal Correspondents: Henry L. Stimson; Walter White; J. A. Ulio.
French, Charles Jackson. 1942-1943. 16pp.
Major Topics: Rescue o f naval officers b y Negro steward; award o f letter o f
0120
0286
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Randall Jacobs.
General. 1940-1941. 166pp.
Major Topics: Admission of Negroes to CMTC; admission of Negroes to state militias;
War Department refusal to promote noncommissioned Negro officers at Medical
Department Station Hospital in West Point; organization of Molly Pitchers' Brigade for
militia training of women, including Negroes, in combat; army bill to prevent West
Indian Negroes from obtaining employment as skilled workers; recruiters refusal to
accept Negro applications; proposed establishment of segregated Negro air corps;
venereal disease among Negroes in Australia.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Sidney R. Redmond; A. Philip Randolph; Roy
Wilkins; Thurgood Marshall; Arthur W. Mitchell; E. Frederick Morrow; William Pickens;
Henry L. Stimson.
General. 1942-1943. 209pp.
Major Topics: Admission of Negroes to segregated U.S. Air Forces; War Department
policy precluding training of Negroes as navigators or bombardiers; graduation rates of
Negro cadets as compared to Caucasians; proposal for voluntarily integrated military
units; refusal of U.S. Army Veterinary Station Service to admit Negroes; draft of
Negroes into branches of service where there existed no provision for Negro officers;
assignment of technically trained Negroes to nonskilled positions; civilian prosecution
of Negro soldiers for sitting in Caucasian-only bus seats despite military jurisdiction
over such cases; possible medical experimentation on Negro soldiers; promotion of
Caucasian junior officers over Negro senior officers.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Fred C. Milner; Henry L. Stimson; Walter
White; William H. Hastie; John J. McCloy; Truman K. Gibson, Jr.
Group II, Box A-645
United States Army cont.
0495
General. 1944. 212pp.
Major Topics: Killing o f Negro child b y Caucasian noncommissioned officer;
Caucasian laborers at army bases; court decision allowing naturalization despite
conscientious objector status; applications o f Negro reserve officer f o r regular
Negro soldiers; prohibitions against Negro newspapers in overseas bases; Caucasian
officer disobedience of War Department Memorandum No. 97 banning discrimination in
military facilities; demotion or placement of soldiers on inactive status for protesting
treatment of Negroes; discrimination in military entertainment facilities.
Principal Correspondents: Henry L. Stimson; Walter White; Leslie S. Perry; Roy
Wilkins; Norman T. Kirk; William H. Hastie; Robert P. Patterson.
0707
0869
General. 1945. 162pp.
Major Topics: Statement by National Federation for Constitutional Liberties calling for
commission of American Communists and Communist sympathizers to further national
unity; commendation of Negro 24th Infantry for combat in Pacific; assignment of Negro
former combat troops to service duties; War Department cancellation of radio broadcast on difficulties faced by Negro veterans in securing employment; instructions to
Treasury Department employees assigned overseas not to discuss the Negro problem;
survey of Caucasian officers on performance of Negro troops.
Principal Correspondents: George Marshall; Arthur Spingam; Robert P. Patterson;
Walter White; Henry L. Stimson; Madison S. Jones, Jr.; Roy Wilkins; Leslie S. Perry;
Fred M. Vinson.
General. January-June 1946. 204pp.
Major Topics: Assignment of high-ranking Negro officers to noncombat posts in order
to prevent their promotion; War Department decision that Negro soldiers form 10
percent o f postwar army; proposed appointment o f Negroes t o V A ; incidents o f
War Department board on caste divisions in military; report of the Secretary of War's
Board on Officer-Enlisted Man Relationships; enlistment of Negroes to European
theater and reassignment to Pacific theater or southern states in Interior theater.
Principal Correspondents: Howard C. Peterson; Walter White; Madison S. Jones, Jr.;
Thurgood Marshall; George A. Horkan; Dwight D. Eisenhower; Robert P. Patterson.
Reel 11
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-645 cont.
United States Army cont.
0001
General. July-December 1946. 141pp.
Major Topics: Disproportionate sentences resulting from courts-martial of Negro
soldiers; enlistment of Negroes to European theater and reassignment to Pacific
theater or Interior theater; suspension of Negro recruitment into postwar army; alleged
tampering with Mississippi draft board by Senator Bilbo; War Department policy
requiring capitalization of word "Negro"; War Department practice of requiring higher
test scores for Negro enlistees than for Caucasian; appointment by secretary of war of
board to investigate courts-martial grievances; refused enlistment of Negro high school
dropouts in spite of acceptance of Caucasians with equivalent background.
Principal Correspondents: Thurgood Marshall; Harley M. Kilgore; Walter White;
Franklin H. Williams; Robert L. Carter; Nelson A. Rockefeller; Winthrop Rockefeller;
Robert P. Patterson; Roy Wilkins.
0142
General. 1947. 159pp.
Major Topics: Protest against admission of Nazi scientists to United States; publication
of article in Liberty magazine disparaging conduct of Negro troops in occupied
Germany; War Department direction of Negro enlistees to Fort Jackson, South
Carolina; performance of partially integrated 25th Division; report on misconduct
charges against General John C. H. Lee; enlistment of Negroes to European theater
and reassignment to Pacific theater or Interior theater; speech by Lieutenant Colonel
John H. Sherman on command of Negro troops; report of Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., on
performance of Negro occupation troops.
Principal Correspondents: Robert P. Patterson; Walter White; Homer Ferguson;
George A. Horkan; James V. Forrestal; Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
Group II, Box A-646
United States Army cont.
0301
General. 1948. 186pp.
Major Topics: Remarks encouraging Negro refusal of draft by A. Philip Randolph
during Senate testimony; policy of American Graves Registration Command to prohibit
interracial dating; publication of article in Liberty magazine disparaging conduct of
Negro troops in occupied Germany; admission of Negro soldiers to officers clubs;
threat of Republican compromise with Democratic adherents of military segregation;
U.S. Army implementation of Selective Service and Training Act; financial assistance
f o r "Brown Babies" i n England; inclusion o f Negroes o n draft boards; report
0487
0580
0683
inspection of Kitzingen Basic Training Center, used to train segregated Negro troops;
speech by Secretary of Army Kenneth C. Royall on fairness of segregation.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Wayne Morse; Adam C. Powell, Jr.; Benjamin
O. Davis; Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.; Madison S. Jones, Jr.; Roy Wilkins; George A.
Horkan; Henry Lee Moon; A. Philip Randolph.
General. 1949. 93pp.
Major Topics: Arrest of World War II veteran for refusing to register for segregated
military service under Selective Service and Training Act; refusal of Associated Press,
International News Service, and United Press wire services to work with Negro military
photographer; U.S. Navy proposals to integrate service including changing status of
chief steward to that of chief petty officer; refusal of army to abolish segregation
despite executive order against discrimination.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Clarence Mitchell; James C. Evans; Walter
White.
General. 1950-1955. 103pp.
Major Topics: Continued segregation of Negro reserve units in Marine Corps; cases of
prisoner of war mistreatment heard by War Claims Commission; troop morale in South
Korea; integration of branches in armed forces; lack of military training for Negro
youths in high schools; imprisonment of conscientious objectors; encouragement of
racial discrimination against Negroes by Caucasian soldiers stationed in Germany.
Principal Correspondents: Louis A. Johnson; Roy Wilkins; Henry Lee Moon; Clarence
Mitchell; Francis P. Matthews; Walter White; Frank Pace, Jr.; James C. Evans.
Gibson, Truman K., Jr. Cases referred to, 1943-1945. 196pp.
Major Topics: Slaying of Negro soldiers by Caucasian military police and civilian police;
War Department decision to limit promotion of Negro officers to rank of first lieutenant;
discrimination in medical treatment and grants of leave at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey;
orders f o r Negro noncommissioned officers i n military police t o serve under
Dakota; training of Negro soldiers for menial roles instead of combat positions; transfer
of Negro technicians to labor units; segregation of Negro soldiers from entertainment
facilities in Camp Forrest, Tennessee; Negro applications to Officers' Candidate
School; censorship of Negro newspapers on military bases; failure to promote Negro
soldiers t o clerical positions; court-martial o f Negro soldier f o r insubordination t o
Principal Correspondents: William H. Hastie; Truman K. Gibson, Jr.; Walter White;
Herbert L. Wright; Roy Wilkins; Henry L. Stimson.
0879
Gillem Report on the Utilization of Negro Manpower in Postwar Army. 1944-1947.
105pp.
Major Topics: Dismissal of eighteen Negro Seabees in retaliation for their protests
against military discrimination; court-martial of forty-five Negro navy personnel for
arming to riot; testimony of Walter White before War Department board on Negro role
in postwar army; analysis of Gillem report on Negroes in the army; On Clipped Wings
by William H. Hastie, pamphlet on Negroes in Army Air Corps; Gillem report, War
Department Circular No. 124, on disadvantages of segregation in postwar army.
Principal Correspondents: James V. Forrestal; Walter White; William H. Hastie;
Madison S. Jones, Jr.; Franklin H. Williams; James C. Evans.
Group II, Box A-647
United States Army cont.
0984
Harmon Field (playground)--Charleston, S.C., controversy concerning. 1941. 61pp.
Major Topics: Refusal of Harmon Foundation to transfer Negro playground to army;
War Department repudiation of interest in Harmon Field.
Principal Correspondents: Henry L. Stimson; Walter White; William H. Hastie; E. S.
Adams.
1045
Housing. 1955. 3pp.
Major Topic: Adequate housing for dependents of Negro soldiers.
Principal Correspondents: James C. Evans; Roy Wilkins.
Reel 12
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-647 cont.
United States Army cont.
0001
Houston, Charles. Regarding Army Aviation. 1940-1941. 17pp.
Major Topics: Provision for training of Negro military pilots through civilian aviation
schools; proposed segregation of Negro pilots.
Principal Correspondents: Charles H. Houston; Walter White; Thurgood Marshall;
Roy Wilkins; Harry H. Woodring; Louis R. Lautier.
0018
Integration in the Armed Services. 1940-1955. 284pp.
Major Topics: Speech by Hamilton Fish advocating establishment of Negro divisions in
U.S. Army; proposal for integrated division in U.S. Army; Senate debate on civil
disobedience threat made by A. Philip Randolph; Executive Order 9981, establishing
President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Forces;
executive order establishing Fair Employment Practices Commission; testimony of
Clarence Mitchell before House Committee on Armed Services; integration of 90
percent o f Negro soldiers into regular military units; official progress report o n
0302
progress report and recommendations on integration in U.S. Air Force; death of Walter
White and ascension of Roy Wilkins to executive secretary post.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; E. S. Adams; Robert P. Patterson; Franklin
D. Roosevelt; Clarence Mitchell; Harry S Truman; Roy Wilkins; Warren G. Magnuson;
Hubert H. Humphrey; James C. Evans; Henry Lee Moon.
Levy, Alton. White Soldier Protesting Jim Crow. 1943. 160pp.
Major Topics: Court-martial of Caucasian noncommissioned officer for protesting
treatment of Negroes; petitions for presidential pardon of Alton Levy; Workers Defense
League request for loan from NAACP; army reply to public charges of mistrial on
procedural grounds; release of Alton Levy from prison.
Principal Correspondents: Morris Milgram; Walter White; Roy Wilkins; Alfred Baker
Lewis; Thurgood Marshall; Franklin D. Roosevelt; Leslie S. Perry; J. A. Ulio.
0462
0495
0614
0657
LiDrazzah,L.Z. 1940. 33pp.
Major Topics: Court-martial of Negro soldier writing articles concerning segregation in
the armed forces; distribution of articles on military segregation through Associated
Negro Press.
Principal Correspondent: Walter White.
Mass Arrests. Columbia, S.C. 1953-1954. 119pp.
Major Topics: Arrest of forty-eight Negro soldiers resulting from one sitting next to
Caucasian girl on public bus; petitions to president and secretary of army from NAACP
chapters.
Principal Correspondents: William L. Patterson; Robert T. Stevens; Dwight D.
Eisenhower; Gloster B. Current.
Meader, George M. Report on Negro Troops in Germany. 1946-1947. 43pp.
Major Topics: Report of chief counsel of Special Senate Committee Investigating the
National Defense Program after three weeks reviewing troops in Germany; protests
against release of report written to congressmen; congressional debate over report.
Principal Correspondents: Waller White; Dwight D. Eisenhower; Homer Ferguson;
William F. Knowland; Claude Pepper.
Medical Corps Service for Negroes. 1940-1942. 102pp.
Major Topics: Proposed integration of Negro physicians into U.S. Army Medical Corps;
recommendations for integrated medical facilities by conference of National Medical
Association; Negro applications to Dental Reserve Corps and Medical Corps Reserve;
W a r Department decision t o u s e Negro medical officers only with Negro units
Thomas A. Parran on role of Negroes in medical corps; proposed integration of Negro
nurses into medical corps; Caucasian officer prohibitions against Negro physicians
performing surgery.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Roscoe C. Giles; Thurgood Marshall; Charles
H. Houston; William H. Hastie; Arthur Capper; Mabel K. Staupers; Robert P. Patterson.
Group II, Box A-648
United States Army cont.
0759
Mickels, Sammy. Execution for Murder. 1943. 6pp.
Major Topic: NAACP request for commutation of death sentence.
Principal Correspondents: Walter While; Franklin D. Roosevelt; Edwin M. Watson.
0765
Negro Male Enlistments. 1946. 40pp.
Major Topics: Enlistment of Negroes to European theater and reassignment to Pacific
theater o r Interior theater; W a r Department announcement that further Negro
0805
soldiers; availability of European theater to Negroes with technical skills.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Robert P. Patterson; Howard C. Peterson;
Franklin H. Williams.
92nd Division. 1945. 170pp.
Major Topics: Retreat of Negro division and accusations of cowardice; statements
disparaging performance of Negro troops made by Negro civilian aide to secretary
of war; condemnation of disparaging remarks by NAACP Assistant Secretary Roy
Wilkins; decision of NAACP board of directors to support condemnation by assistant
secretary; illiteracy rate among soldiers of 92nd Division; reception for division upon
return; accounts disputing official version of retreat of Negro division.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Louis R. Lautier; Truman K. Gibson, Jr.; Walter
White; Truman K. Gibson, Sr.; Harry S Truman; Thurgood Marshall.
Reel 13
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-648 cont.
United States Army cont.
0001
93rd Division. 1943-1946. 192pp.
Major Topics: Accusation by Caucasian officers of incompetency on part of Negro
officers; War Department decision to deploy troops in picking cotton in Arizona; reports
on performance and efficiency of 93rd Division; failure of Caucasian commander to
promote Negro officers beyond rank of first lieutenant; false reports of cowardice by
93rd Division; promised deployment of 93rd Division as combat division; medals
awarded members of 93rd Division; performance of Walter White as war
0193
0347
physicians; testimony of Walter White before special board appointed by secretary of
war on status of Negroes in postwar army.
Principal Correspondents:W\illiam H. Hastie; Walter White; Roy Wilkins; Henry L.
Stimson; J. A. Ulio; Douglas MacArthur; Harry H. Johnson; Robert P. Patterson;
Claude Ferebee.
Officer Training, Inquiries Concerning. 1942-1943. 154pp.
Major Topics: Denial of Negro applications for officer training on basis of filled quotas;
denial of Negro appointments to medical corps despite shortage of military physicians;
discrimination against Negro Reserve Officers Training Corp students preventing them
from taking courses necessary for commissions; acceptance of Negro applications for
officer and technical training; induction of Caucasian civilians as officers compared to
induction of Negro civilians as privates; incidents of segregation at Officer Candidate
Schools, despite War Department policy.
Principal Correspondents: Frank D. Reeves; Hamilton Fish, Jr.; William H. Hastie;
Walter White; Truman K. Gibson, Jr.; Thurgood Marshall; Henry L. Stimson; Roy
Wilkins.
National Guard. 1955. 16pp.
Major Topics: Segregation in National Guard units of southern states; petition to end
segregation in Maryland National Guard; statement of Clarence Mitchell on ending
National Guard segregation before subcommittee o f House Armed Services
0363
0406
0442
Principal Correspondent: Theodore R. McKeldin.
Negro Troops in the European Command, Information Regarding. 1948. 43pp.
Major Topics: Restricted monthly summary of serious incidents between U.S. troops
and European civilians, including statistics by race; educational background of Negro
soldiers; incident of Caucasian U.S. soldiers attacking British Negroes.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Rex Stuart.
Osborn, Frederick H. (Gen). 1942. 36pp.
Major Topics: Reaction of General Osbom to remarks of civilian aide to secretary of
war and to articles in Pittsburgh Courier, attempts by NAACP and Negro government
officials to ameliorate General Osbom; appointment of Negro morale officers.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; William H. Hastie; Frederick Osborn; P. L.
Prattis; Truman K. Gibson, Jr.; Henry L. Stimson.
"Pictures from Africa." 1943. 10pp.
Major Topic: Photograph o f African women mistreated b y Caucasian soldiers
Principal Correspondents: J. Maynard Dickerson; Walter White; William H. Hastie.
Group II, Box A-649
United States Army cont.
0452
Prisoners of War. 1952-1955. 81pp.
Major Topics: Anger of returning prisoners of war over charges of indoctrination to
Communist party propaganda while in captivity; decision of twenty-two Negro soldiers
to stay in North Korea after truce; NAACP appeal to remaining Negro soldiers to return
to United States; radio interviews of returning Negro prisoners of war by Walter White;
U.S. Army failure to award medals to Negro prisoners of war.
Principal Correspondents: Waller White; J. Edgar Hoover; James C. Evans.
0533
Publicity. 1942-1947. 32pp.
Major Topics: Award o f Silver Star t o Negro paratrooper; production o f W a r
0565
0579
0595
0671
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Walter White.
Recording Negro Military Exploits on Canvas. 1955. 14pp.
Major Topic: Series of paintings by Charles Johnson Post on Negro role in U.S. wars.
Principal Correspondents: Henry Lee Moon; Roy Wilkins.
Recruitment Violations. 1940-1941. 14pp.
Major Topics: Denial of Negro enlistment on grounds of filled racial quota; violence by
recruiters against Negro applicants.
Principal Correspondents: HenryL.Stimson; Roy Wilkins.
Returning Soldiers. 1945. 76pp.
Major Topics: Adjusted service ratings for discharge of soldiers serving in combat
areas; possible late release of service troops and resulting difficulty in employment;
redeployment of Negro troops from European theater to Pacific theater without
furloughs.
Principal Correspondents: Thurgood Marshall; Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr.; Henry L.
Stimson; Walter White.
Rotating Furloughs. 1944. 74pp.
Major Topics: Proposal for integrated housing of Negro troops returning to New York
City; remarks defending segregated furlough housing by assistant to secretary of war;
protest against segregated furloughs; cancellation b y President Roosevelt o f
0745
to include use of existing army camps.
Principal Correspondents: Fiorello H. La Guardia; Walter White; Truman K. Gibson, Jr.;
William H. Hastie; Henry L. Stimson; Franklin D. Roosevelt.
School Segregation. Military Posts. 1951-1955. 84pp.
Major Topics: Presidential disapproval for bills in congress mandating segregation of
military post elementary schools in southern states; support of Senator Hubert
Humphrey for integration of military post schools; President Eisenhower's decision to
e n d a l l segregation i n military post schools; delays b y Department o f Health,
0829
0881
Defense order abolishing segregation in all military post schools.
Principal Correspondents: Harry S Truman; Clarence Mitchell; Walter White; Anna M.
Rosenberg; Hubert H. Humphrey; John A. Hannah; Charles E. Wilson.
Soldier Letters Regarding Senators Bilbo and Eastland. 1945. 52pp.
Major Topics: Proposal to resettle American Negroes in West Africa; statement by
Senator Eastland on "utter and abysmal" failure of Negro soldiers; remarks on
Negroes' intelligence by Senator Bilbo.
Principal Correspondents: Theodore G. Bilbo; James O. Eastland; Walter White; Jesse
O. Dedmon, Jr.
Soldier Memberships, General. 1943. 56pp.
Major Topic: Names of NAACP members inducted into armed forces.
Principal Correspondent: Walter White.
Reel 14
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-649 cont.
United States Army cont.
0001
Soldier Memberships, General. 1947-1948. 170pp.
Major Topics: Applications for NAACP membership by Negro soldiers; collection of
membership fees; authorization of NAACP recruiters on military bases.
Principal Correspondents: Lucille Black; Mary W. Ovington; Walter White.
0170
Soldier Membership in NAACP, 24th Infantry. 1948. 76pp.
Major Topic: Receipt of membership fees from officers and enlisted men of 24th
Infantry Regiment.
Principal Correspondents: Lucille Black; Roy Wilkins.
Group II, Box A-650
United States Army cont.
0246
Soldier Morale. 1941-1943. 131pp.
Major Topics: Proposal f o r integrated division o f U.S. Army submitted t o W a r
0377
0452
0476
0558
policies; Young Men's Christian Association list of churches convenient to soldiers,
including designations for some as Negro; acceptance of Negro soldiers by northern
communities without large Negro populations; selection of Negro troops to clean snow
from Seattle streets; segregation in military entertainment and guest house facilities;
tribute to Negro servicemen initiated by National Council of Negro Youth and New York
State Conference of Negro Youth; War Department order that field officers cannot ban
Negro publications from military installations.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Carl V. Herron; William H. Hastie; Roger N.
Baldwin; Henry L. Stimson; Roy Wilkins.
Soldier Morale. 1944-1945. 75pp.
Major Topics: Formation of Service Men's Federation as an integrated organization
for veterans; photographs of Negro women for "loneliness relief" of Negro soldiers
overseas; reception of Negro soldiers by civilians in Europe; reception of Negro
soldiers by civilians in southern states; acceptance of German prisoners into cafeteria
barred to Negro soldiers; cancellation of benefits for dependents of Negro veterans in
Mississippi; segregation in veterans' hospitals.
Principal Correspondents: Elsie M. Thompson; Walter White.
Soldier Protest of Belgium Dictionary, 1944-1945. 24pp.
Major Topics: Definition of word "nigger" in French-English pocket dictionary widely
used in Belgium; attempts to contact private publisher through American embassy in
Belgium.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Paul T. Culbertson; John J. McCloy.
Soldier Vote Bill. Congressional Responses A-W. 1943-1944. 82pp.
Major Topic: Responses to NAACP pleas to congressmen on Worley Bill, H.R. 3436,
and Lucas-Green Bill, S. 1285, both also known as Soldiers' Vote Bill.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Clare Booth Luce.
Soldier Vote Bill. General. 1943-1944.103pp.
Major Topics: Defeat of Worley-Lucas-Green Bill in both houses and passage in
Senate of McKellar-Eastland-McClellan Bill, allowing state control; Anti-Poll Tax Bill,
H.R. 7; pamphlet Citizens in Uniform, the Facts About the Soldier's Vote by Orson
Welles; vote of Mississippi legislature to allow soldiers to vote regardless of color.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Roy Wilkins; Arthur Capper; Adam Clayton
Powell, Jr.; Ella J. Baker.
0661
0673
0828
0869
Statistics regarding Negroes in Service, Questions Concerning. 1943. 12pp.
Major Topic: Questions regarding status of Negro soldiers in U.S. Army submitted to
NAACP by missionary speaker.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; William H. Hastie.
369th Regiment. 1940-1941. 155pp.
Major Topics: Protest to designation of 369th Regiment as colored; conversion of 369th
Infantry Regiment to 369th Coast Artillery; amendment of War Department regulations
to permit separation of term "colored" from unit designation; invitation extended to
Walter White to dinner honoring Brigadier General Benjamin O. Davis; reception for
369th Field Artillery; assignment of Caucasian medical doctors to physical inspection of
Negro 369th regiment; segregation in entertainment facilities available to soldiers;
Negro applications for officer training; report on wartime activities of 369th regiment
including details on transportation, organization, and casualties; violence against Negro
soldiers in hospitals.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Franklin D. Roosevelt; Harry H. Woodring;
Anna M. Rosenberg; E. S. Adams; Thurgood Marshall.
Tokyo. 1950. 41pp.
Major Topic: Segregation in swimming pools used by U.S. troops in Tokyo.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Frank Pace, Jr.; Louis A. Johnson; Walter
White; Earl D. Johnson.
Vallejo, California Riots. 1942-1943. 62pp.
Major Topics: Machine-gun attack by Caucasian marines on crowd of Negro sailors
armed with beer bottles; discrimination in work of Negro and Caucasian sailors;
discrimination in hiring of Negro civilians by Mare Island Navy Yard; appeal by Vallejo
Committee on Interracial Affairs to secretary of navy to end discrimination against
Negro sailors.
Principal Correspondents: Frank Knox; Walter White; Dorothy Cupit.
Group II, Box A-651
United States Army cont.
0931
Veterans Bureau. 1940. 99pp.
Major Topics: Negro veterans and veterans' dependents claims for war risk insurance;
segregation in VA hospitals.
Principal Correspondents: Thurgood Marshall; Frank T. Mines; William Pickens.
Reel 15
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-651 cont.
United States Army cont.
0001
Volunteer Army Division. 1941-1945. 178pp.
Major Topics: Proposed formation of volunteer integrated division of U.S. Army; refusal
of War Department to consider formation of volunteer integrated division; solicitation of
southern Caucasian support for integrated division by NAACP and Council against
Intolerance; establishment of unsegregated training for Negro bombardiers, pilots, and
navigators; poll of Caucasian officers on performance of Negro combat units.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; George C. Marshall; Eleanor Roosevelt; P. L.
Prattis; Howard C. Peterson; E. S. Adams; Felix Frankfurter; William H. Hastie;
Franklin D. Roosevelt; James Waterman Wise; Dwight D. Eisenhower.
0179
0203
War Dead--Designation of Color. 1947. 24pp.
Major Topics: Army order providing for uniform burial of deceased veterans regardless
of rank or race; NAACP protest against War Department segregation of deceased in
national ceremony.
Principal Correspondents: George A. Horkan; Walter White; Robert P. Patterson;
Kenneth C. Royal; Madison S. Jones, Jr.; James C. Evans.
Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. January-June 1942. 99pp.
Major Topics: H.R. 6293, bill to establish WAAC; proposed amendment to H.R. 6293
prohibiting discrimination on basis of race or creed; appointment of director of WAAC;
elimination o f Negro women from Aircraft Warning Service through segregated
0302
record of racist statements made by W. P. Hobby, husband of WAAC director; WAAC
director acceptance of president of National Association of Colored Women as advisor.
Principal Correspondents: Edith Nourse Rogers; Walter White; William H. Hastie;
Joseph A. Gavagan; Joseph Martin, Jr.; John McCormack; Eleanor Roosevelt; Oveta
Culp Hobby; Mary McLeod Bethune.
Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. July-December 1942. 171 pp.
Major Topics: Elimination of Negro women from Aircraft Warning Service through
segregated enlistment of WAAC; War Department policy to refuse application of any
woman with children deemed in need of parental care; efforts of Non-Sectarian AntiNazi League to secure Negro enlistment in WAAC; questionnaire given Negro WAACs
on War Department policy of segregation and incidents of discrimination; discrimination
i n recruitment o f WAACs; segregated training o f WAACs i n Fort D e s Moines;
0473
0627
Principal Correspondents: James H. Sheldon; Oveta Culp Hobby; William H. Hastie;
Henry L. Stimson; Eleanor Roosevelt; Mary McLeod Bethune.
Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. 1943. 154pp.
Major Topics: Proposed segregation of Negro WAAC officers from Caucasian WAACs;
applications of Negro women to WAAC, including cases of discrimination through slow
response time; deployment of WAACs; discharge of Negro WAACs for refusing to carry
out manual labor; conversion of integrated Third Training Regiment to Negro regiment;
job discrimination through WAAC policy of racial segregation after training.
Principal Correspondents: Oveta Culp Hobby; Walter White; Prentice Thomas; Oscar
C. Brown; Truman K. Gibson, Jr.; Milton R. Konvitz; Leslie S. Perry; William H. Hastie;
Edward R. Dudley.
Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. 1944. 142pp.
Major Topics: Segregation and discrimination against Negro WAACs in southern army
bases; decision by owner of Katz drug store chain to refuse service to all Negroes;
Negro WAAC refusal to continue lawsuit against Katz drug store in Des Moines, Iowa;
attempts by Caucasian paratroopers to break into barracks of Negro WAACs in Camp
Forrest, Tennessee; deactivation of Negro WAAC band unit in Des Moines, Iowa.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Walter White; Henry L. Stimson; John J.
McCloy; Milton R. Konvitz; Leslie S. Perry.
Group II, Box A-652
United States Army Air Corps
0769
Cadet Program Applications, A-D. 1941. 253pp.
Major Topics: Requests for information on Tuskegee Institute training program and for
application forms; replies to query by NAACP on Negro interest in air corps; denial of
Negro applications to air corps.
Principal Correspondent: Walter White.
1022
Cadet Program Applications, P-W. 1941. 122pp.
Major Topics: Requests f o r information o n Tuskegee training program a n d f o r
Principal Correspondent: Walter White.
Reel 16
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-652 cont.
United States Army Air Corps cont.
0001
Information. 1940-March 1941. 179pp.
Major Topics: List of Negro aviators and number of licenses issued to each by CAA;
denial of Negro applications to U.S. Army Air Corps due to lack of Negro air corps
units; lists from colleges o f CAA-trained graduates; general requirements f o r
0180
0267
Flying Cadet applicants responding to NAACP query; applications for appointments as
Flying Cadets.
Principal Correspondents: Walter While; E. S. Adams; William H. Hastie; Morris
Milgram; Frank D. Reeves; Roy Wilkins; Thurgood Marshall.
Cadet Program Information. April-June 1941. 87pp.
Major Topics: Negro Flying Cadet applicants and CAA student replies to query of
NAACP; mailing of air corps application blanks from NAACP office; employment of
Negroes by defense contractors; designation of 369th Infantry as "colored."
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Frank D. Reeves; Thurgood Marshall;
[Benjamin] O. Davis; Roy Wilkins.
General. 1941-1944. 111pp.
Major Topics: Book on military aeronautics by Negro pilot; anticipated discrimination by
CAA in admission of Negroes to aviation camps; rules of H.R. 5619, Civilian Pilot
Training Act; list of schools participating in the CAA training program, including Negro
colleges; denial of Negro applications to U.S. Army Air Corps due to lack of Negro air
corps units; protest against location of Negro aviation training program at Tuskegee,
Alabama, instead of at Harlem Airport in Chicago, Illinois.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Frank Knox; Walter White; Howard D. Gould;
William H. Hastie.
Group II, Box A-653
United States Army Air Corps cont.
0378
General. 1941-1944. 264pp.
Major Topics: Requirements for appointment of Negro Flying Cadets; discrimination
against Negro air corps candidates by re-examination and medical failure; French Free
Forces recruitment of Negroes as pilots and mechanics in Europe; request for personal
letter of recommendation from Walter White; Negro Flying Cadet applicant replies to
query of NAACP; mailing of air corps application blanks from NAACP office; denial of
Negro applications to U.S. Army Air Corps meteorological training due to lack of
specializations for Negro personnel; delayed induction of qualified Negro air corps
applicants; refusal of U.S. Enlisted Reserves to accept Negroes; NAACP chapter
proposal to supplement Negro aviation training program with aeronautics school near
Chicago, Illinois; War Department proposal to train Negro bombardiers and navigators
with Caucasian students; civilian and military police brutality against Negro soldiers.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Truman K. Gibson, Jr.; R. E. Jones; William
H. Hastie; Gene J. Bullard; Lucille Black; Frank D. Reeves; Henry L. Stimson;
Thurgood Marshall; Prentice Thomas; Roy Wilkins; J. A. Ulio; Robert H. Dunlop.
0642
0660
General. 1946. 18pp.
Major Topics: U.S. Air Force policy on discrimination and segregation; discrimination in
assignment of Negro aeronautics instructors; discrimination against Negro soldiers by
civilians in Walla Walla, Washington.
Principal Correspondents: Marcus H. Ray; Marian Wynn Perry; Edward R. Dudley.
Reorganization. 1941-1942. 40pp.
Major Topics: Integrated acceptance o f noncitizen Filipinos into military despite
U.S. Air Force quotas to include greater number of Negro specialists; statistics on
graduation rates of Negro and Caucasian air corps cadets; induction of Negro women
as mechanics.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Arthur I. Ennis; William H. Hastie; Henry L.
Stimson; Walter White.
United States Army and Navy
0700
V-1 Program. 1942-1943. 96pp.
Major Topics: Conference of Presidents of Negro Land Grant Colleges on Navy
Department's refusal to allow Negro colleges to participate in Navy Enlisted Reserve
(V-1) Program; proposed all-Negro crews for navy ships on Great Lakes; policies on
eligibility for Army Specialized Training Program; resolution of New York State War
Council to protest Navy Department discrimination against Negroes applying to the V-1
program; resolution presented to New York City Council condemning discrimination by
U.S. Navy Women's Reserve and U.S. Coast Guard Women's Auxiliary; Army War
College Library selected reading on race relations.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Frank Knox; John W. Davis; Charles H.
Houston; J. M. Nabrit, Jr.; Charles H. Thompson; Horace Mann Bond; J. A. Ulio; Adam
Clayton Powell, Jr.; Charles A. Winding.
United States Marine Corps
0796
1942-1951. 73pp.
Major Topics: Segregated acceptance of Negroes to Marine Corps; no allocation of
Negroes from Western Recruiting Division under quota system; difference in age
requirements for Negroes and Caucasians; requirements for Marine Corps enlistment.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Frank Halford.
United States National Defense Program
0869
Special Letters regarding Integration of Negroes into the Armed Forces. 1940. 39pp.
Major Topics: Recruitment of Caucasians to armed forces while Negro applicants
turned away due to full segregated units; proposed employment of Negroes by defense
contractors; conversion of 369th Infantry and 8th Illinois Infantry to artillery regiments;
authorization of additional Negro units; continued segregation in all branches of armed
forces; mistaken temporary acceptance of Negro into U.S. Army Air Corps.
Principal Correspondents: Harry H. Woodring; Thurgood Marshall; Franklin D.
Roosevelt; Walter White; Henry L. Stimson; Richard P. Patterson; Edwin M. Watson.
United States Navy
0908
Changes in Navy Policy. 1941-1944. 135pp.
Major Topics: Continued segregation preventing Negroes from obtaining commissions;
efforts by Committee on Fair Employment Practice to influence racial policies in Navy
Department; Navy Department policy change to accept Negro applications to reserve
components of navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard; proposed segregation of
Negroes to Merchant Marine or to labor battalions; mixed public reaction to navy policy
change allowing induction of Negroes into all branches of navy; possible conspiracy to
fail Negroes at Naval Academy in Annapolis; Navy Department refusal to permit rating
changes f o r messmen d u e t o shortage o f m e n i n that branch o f service; W a r
Principal Correspondents: Frank Knox; Walter White; Lawrence W. Cramer; Mark
Ethridge; J. R. Beardall; Addison Walker; James V. Forrestal.
Group II, Box A-654
United States Navy cont.
1043
Harold J. Franklin. 1942. 57pp.
Major Topics: Medical disqualification o f Negro commission application; O u r
dental exception; further refusal of Navy Department to award commission due to
temperament of Harold Franklin.
Principal Correspondents: Frank Knox; Walter White; Charlotte Crump; A. Philip
Randolph; Channing H. Tobias; Lester B. Granger.
Reel 17
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-654 cont.
United States Navy cont.
0001
General. 1942-1944. 206pp.
Major Topics: Navy policy change allowing induction of Negroes into all branches of
navy; navy refusal to grant commissions to Negroes; enlistment of Negroes through
selective service; navy failure to assign qualified Negro aeronautics instructors to
teaching duty; assignment of Caucasian first class petty officer and chief petty officers
to Negro naval battalions; orders that Negro and Filipino chief stewards wear different
insignias than white chief petty officers; Navy Department press releases on heroism of
Negro Seabees; public racial slurs by Admiral William F. Halsey; assignment of trained
Negro specialists to labor details; navy refusal to consider Negro applications in certain
branches despite regulations; court-martial cases of Negro sailors; navy refusal to
station U.S. Navy Women's Reserve near naval stations manned by Negroes.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Frank Knox; Leslie S. Perry; Gloster B.
Current; Prentice Thomas; Julia E. Baxter; Roy Wilkins; W. G. Beecher, Jr.; William H.
Hastie; Edward R. Dudley; Thurgood Marshall; James V. Forrestal.
0207
General. 1945-1949. 111 pp.
Major Topics: Navy Department Guide to Command of Negro Naval Personnel;
statement by National Urban League on administration of Navy Department Negro
training policy; navy discrimination against inducted members of NAACP; assignment
of Negro trainees to general duty despite commission of similar Caucasian trainees;
recruitment o f Negroes into Naval Reserve Officer's Training Corps program;
Principal Correspondents: Thurgood Marshall; Roy Wilkins; James V. Forrestal;
Madison S. Jones, Jr.; Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr.; Walter White; Francis P. Matthews.
0318
0464
General. 1951-1955. 146pp.
Major Topics: Discrimination against Negro cadet at Merchant Marine Academy; navy
officer protests to integration; statistics on progress of integration in navy; apparent
navy ban on segregation; NAACP request for checks on navy after complaints of
continued segregation; delay in eliminating segregated washrooms at Charleston,
South Carolina navy yard; NAACP member application for position as consultant to the
navy on racial relations; segregation of navy personnel on shore leave in South Africa
in violation of navy racial policy; ACLU report on remaining discrimination in navy;
response to ACLU report by secretary of navy.
Principal Correspondents: Clarence Mitchell; Herbert L. Wright; Jacob K. Javhs; Robert
P. Anderson; Roy Wilkins; Charles E. Wilson; James C. Evans; Dwight D. Eisenhower;
Patrick Murphy Malin; Charles S. Thomas; Hubert H. Humphrey.
Dorie Miller. 1942. 61 pp.
Major Topics: Navy Department recognition f o r heroic actions o f Negro mess
0525
Cross to Dorie Miller; production of Dorie Miller prints and calendars.
Principal Correspondents: Frank Knox; Walter White; Arthur A. Allen; Addison Walker.
34th Construction Battalion. 1944-1945. 145pp.
Major Topics: Physical assault of Negro Seabees by Caucasian commissioned officers
a n d petty officers; results o f L o s Angeles branch NAACP investigation o f 34th
foxholes on tour of duty; failure to promote Negro Seabees above rank of first petty
officer; Navy Department investigation into conditions of Negroes in 34th Battalion;
removal of southern commander from 34th Battalion and 20 percent change in officer
compliment; forced transport of 34th Battalion overseas after hunger strike; punishment
of remaining members of 34th Battalion left in United States.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Roy Wilkins; Norman O. Houston; James V.
Forrestal; L. E. Denfield; Roscoe Carroll.
Group II, Box A-655
United States Navy cont.
0670
Training Material. 1943-1944. 112pp.
Major Topics: Statistical analysis on performance of southern and northern Negroes
according to education level; state-by-state statistics on illiteracy rate among Negro
recruits; tests used in selection of Negro recruits for remedial school at United States
Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, Illinois.
0782
12th Naval District. 1944. 10pp.
Major Topic: Courts-martial of fifty Negro seamen charged with mutiny for refusing to
load ammunition.
Principal Correspondents: James V. Forrestal; Thurgood Marshall.
0792
Women's Naval Reserve (Waves). 1942-1944. 86pp.
Major Topics: Official refusal to consider Negro applications to U.S. Navy Women's
Reserve; Negro applications f o r commissions i n U.S. Navy Women's Reserve;
Women's Reserve; Navy Department policy excluding Negro U.S. Navy Women's
Reserve until corresponding Negro seamen graduate t o general service; Navy
Principal Corresondents: Frank Knox; Prentice Thomas; Frank D. Reeves; Adlai E.
Stevenson; Milton R. Konvitz; William H. Hastie.
Universal Military Training
0878
General. 1944-1949. 159pp.
Major Topics: National Youth Assembly against Universal Military Training and ACLU
opposition to peacetime conscription due in part to military segregation; NAACP
campaign against universal conscription; issues of Conscription News, published by
National Council against Conscription, describing debate in Congress over allocations
for military conscription.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Walter White.
1037
General. March-April 1951. 133pp.
Major Topics: Defeat o f antisegregation amendment i n House Armed Services
federal offense; NAACP campaign to defeat Winstead amendment allowing Caucasian
inductees to refuse service in mixed-race units; cases of assaults on Negro soldiers by
civilian police; speech in support of. Price amendment to replace Winstead amendment.
Principal Correspondents: Clarence Mitchell; Walter White; Gloster B. Current; Jack
Greenberg; Roy Wilkins; Gerald R. Ford, Jr.; William L. Dawson.
Reel 18
Group II, Series A, General Office Files cont.
Group II, Box A-655 cont.
Universal Military Training cont.
0001
General. May 1951-1952. 86pp.
Major Topics: NAACP campaign against universal conscription; NAACP thanks to
supporters for passage of Price amendment; H.R. 4301, separate legislation granting
armed forces same protection as Coast Guard; support of Havenner legislation by
Department of Defense; lists of police slayings of Negroes; Congress of Industrial
Organizations proposal excluding union members from Havenner amendment due to
clashes between strikers and military.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Gloster B. Current; Clarence Mitchell; Franck
R. Havenner; James M. Mclnemey; James C. Evans; Thurgood Marshall; Anna M.
Rosenberg; George C. Marshall.
0087
Press Releases, Clippings, Etc. 1951-1952. 74pp.
Major Topics: NAACP campaign against Winstead amendment allowing segregation of
Negroes in universal conscription; NAACP support for Havenner amendment.
Principal Correspondents: Clarence Mitchell; Walter White.
Group II, Box A-656
V-E & V-J Day Celebration
0161
1944-1945. 29pp.
Major Topics: Proposed public religious demonstration on Victory Day; invitation by
Mayor La Guardia for Walter White to participate in Victory Day celebration; end of
World War II in Europe.
Principal Correspondents: Waiter White; Fiorello H. La Guardia.
Group II, Box A-657
Veterans Administration
0190
1944-[1945] 1948. 111pp.
Major Topics: VA employment and promotion of Negroes; construction of segregated
Negro hospital for veterans; proposed hiring of Negroes by VA to administrative staff;
questions about race on VA loan forms; abuse of patients by soldiers in VA hospital;
opposition of National Medical Association to segregated veterans hospital; NAACP
meeting with director of VA; invitation of NAACP to conference on employment of
returning soldiers; shortage of nurses in VA facilities and National Association of
Colored Graduate Nurses desire for integrated conditions.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Grant Reynolds; Frank T. Mines; William H.
Hastie; Leslie S. Perry; Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr.; Harry S Truman; Omar N. Bradley;
Eleanor Roosevelt; Mabel K. Staupers.
0301
NAACP Lobby for a Qualified Negro Assistant Administrator. 1944. 33pp.
Major Topics: Proposed appointment of Negro as assistant administrator of veterans
affairs; president's suggestion of NAACP conference with director of VA on proposed
appointment.
Principal Correspondents: Frank T. Mines; Walter White; Franklin D. Roosevelt;
Jonathan Daniels; Eugene H. Dibble, Jr.
Veterans
0334
Veterans Affairs Office. 1948-1949. 75pp.
Major Topics: Monthly reports and expense accounts of NAACP secretary for veterans
affairs; NAACP campaign against universal military conscription; discrimination cases
in discharge from armed forces; proposed tour of military installations by secretary for
veterans affairs; discrimination cases in Department of Army civilian employment;
NAACP Budget Committee decision to close veterans bureau, dismissing officers and
employees; offer of further NAACP employment for former secretary of veterans affairs.
Principal Correspondents: Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr.; Roy Wilkins; Gloster B. Current;
Walter White; Robert L. Carter.
0409
Conferences--Washington, D.C. 1945-1946. 38pp.
Major Topics: Organization of NAACP conference with military and VA officials of
policymaking level; participation of various civil rights agencies in conference; training,
employment, and insurance of Negro veterans.
Principal Correspondents: Leslie S. Perry; Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr.; Walter White;
William H. Hastie; Thurgood Marshall; Roy Wilkins; Kenneth C. Royal.
0447
General. 1946. 15pp.
Major Topics: Training, employment, and insurance of Negro veterans; counselling of
Negro veterans at Veterans Information Centers.
Principal Corresondents: Roy Wilkins; Walter White; Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr.
0462
Veterans Hospital Bill. 1947-1951. 93pp.
Major Topics: NAACP protest over proposed construction of segregated Negro hospital
for veterans; report to accompany H.R. 3814, providing funds for segregated Booker T.
Washington Hospital; congressional statements in favor of segregated hospital; H.R.
4664, bill to provide for a National Institute of Industrial Training of Negro Youth;
statements of John Rankin on NAACP given before House Committee on Judiciary;
support of segregated hospital by Negroes forming Booker T. Washington Memorial
organization; proposed Gossett resolution increasing Influence of southern states in
determining outcome of national elections; defeat of segregated hospital bill.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; Edith Nourse Rogers; Roy Wilkins; Leslie S.
Perry; Clarence Mitchell; Gtoster B. Current.
0555
0644
Veterans Hospitals--General. 1945. 89pp.
Major Topics: VA denial of hospital request for Negro nurses to fill vacancies; NAACP
investigation of discrimination complaints in southern veterans hospitals; campaign of
NAACP and National Medical Association against construction of segregated veterans'
hospital; conference of civil rights organizations with assistant surgeon general on
construction of integrated hospitals.
Principal Correspondents: Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr.; A. A. Liveright; William H. Hastie;
Omar N. Bradley; Paul R. Hawley.
Veterans Hospitals--General. 1946-1949. 57pp.
Major Topics: Proposed survey of veterans' hospitals for incidents of discrimination;
discrimination in housing of Negro medical attendants at veterans' hospitals; NAACP
campaign against construction of segregated hospitals; discrimination against Negro
veterans i n hospital entertainment facilities; u s e o f Negro veterans i n medical
0701
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Walter White; Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr.; Louis T.
Wright; Madison S. Jones, Jr.; Franklin H. Williams; Clarence Mitchell.
Veterans' Housing. 1945-1955. 180pp.
Major Topics: Organization and functions of National Housing Agency; H.R. 3322, bill
to expedite housing of veterans and veterans' families; New York governor's ban on
discrimination in housing; reports on feasibility and progress of Veterans' Emergency
Housing Program; NAACP strategies for preventing segregation by Federal Public
Housing Authority; NAACP branch participation in Veterans' Emergency Housing
Program; race questions on veterans housing project applications; speeches by
Wilson W. Wyatt and Frank S. Home on progress in providing Negro housing;
0881
and Statutory Materials for City Use in Meeting the Veterans Housing Emergency.
Principal Correspondents: Walter White; John B. Blandford, Jr.; Thomas E. Dewey;
Frank S. Home; Wilson W. Wyatt; Marian Wynn Perry; Julia E. Baxter; Gloster B.
Current; Clarence Mitchell; Madison S. Jones, Jr.; George L. Holland; Ralph H. Stone.
Veterans in Civil Service. 1945-1946. 11 pp.
Major Topics: Preference given to veterans applying for civil service jobs;
Principal Correspondent: Walter White.
Group II, Box A-658
Veterans cont.
0892
Veterans' Organizations. 1945-1946. 77pp.
Major Topics: Formation of 2V Association; Veterans League of America campaign to
remove John Rankin from House o f Representatives committees; formation o f
0969
Negro and Allied Veterans of America.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Walter White; H. C. Haldridge; Jesse O.
Dedmon, Jr.; Madison S. Jones, Jr.; Anna M. Rosenberg.
Veterans Pamphlet. 1945-1947. 127pp.
Major Topics: Production of pamphlet to assist Negro veterans upon return; distribution
of NAACP veterans' handbook; copy of Veterans' Handbook prepared by NAACP
containing advice on medical insurance, government loans, housing, education, and
employment; copy of Our Negro Veterans published by Public Affairs Committee,
Incorporated.
Principal Correspondents: Franklin H. Williams; Walter White; Madison S. Jones, Jr;
Jesse O. Dedmon, Jr.; Edward F. Witsell.
CORRESPONDENT INDEX
The following index is a guide to the principal correspondents of this collection. The first Arabic number refers
to the reel and the Arabic number after the colon refers to the frame number at which a particular file folder
begins. For example, the entry 14: 0476 would direct the researcher to a file folder that begins at Frame 0476
of Reel 14. By referring to the Reel Index, which constitutes the initial section of this guide, the researcher could
find the main entry for the folder in which this correspondent appears.
Abbott, Robert S.
5: 0206-0448
Adams, E. S.
11: 0984; 12: 0018; 14:0673; 15: 0001;
16: 0001
Adams, John Q.
1: 0604, 0645
Adams, Wlnthrop
2: 0368
Agar, Herbert
8: 0001
Alexander, Clifford L.
7: 0001
Allen, Arthur A.
17: 0464
Allen, Henry
3: 0556
Allen, Samuel
7: 0001
Anderson, Robert P.
17:0318
Andrews, William T.
2: 0368-0516; 3: 0514; 6:0109, 0178
Ansorge, Martin
1: 0746, 0796; 4: 0155
Anthony, Daniel R., Jr.
5: 0365. 0448
Ashurst, Henry
2: 0154
Ayers, W. A.
2: 0368
Bagnall, Robert W.
2: 0368; 5: 0960; 6: 0037-0228
Bailey, E. L
3: 0682. 0704
Balrd, G. H.
3: 0950
Baker, Ella J.
6: 0790; 14: 0558
Baker, Newton
3: 0664; 5: 0448
Balch, Emily G.
3: 1026
Baldwin, Roger N.
6: 0424; 7: 0232, 0559; 14: 0246
Bates, Sanford
2: 0588; 6: 0228, 0363
Baxter, Julia E.
17: 0001; 18: 0701
Beardall, J. R.
16: 0908
Beecher, W. G., Jr.
17: 0001
Bentley, Charles
1: 0544
Berger, Victor L.
6: 0001
Berry, Theodore
7: 0890, 1004
Bethune, Mary McLeod
15: 0203, 0302
Biddle.W. I.
4: 0394; 5: 0064, 0448-0561, 0681-0770,
0869
Bilbo, Theodore G.
13: 0829
Black, Lucille
9: 0633; 14: 0001, 0170; 16: 0378
Blandford, John B., Jr.
18: 0701
Blandlng, Albert H.
3: 0737
Bond, Horace Mann
16: 0700
Booker, S. S.
5: 0206, 0365
Bowles, Eva D.
4: 0595, 0694; 5: 0206, 0365
Bradley, Omar N.
18: 0190, 0555
Brand, Charles
6: 0655, 0677
Brascher, Nahum D.
5: 0206-0448
Bridges, C. H.
2: 0779; 6: 0294
Brlggs, Cyril V.
5: 0206, 0365
Brown, Hallie Q.
5: 0206
Brown, Mary
6: 0178
Brown, Oscar C.
15: 0473
Buck, Pearl S.
8: 0476
Bullard, Gene J.
16: 0378
Burroughs, Nannie H.
6: 0597
Caldwell, J. S.
5: 0206, 0365
Cannon, James P.
6: 0001,0037
Cantor, Eddie
7: 0057
Capper, Arthur
1: 0645; 4: 0294; 5: 0001, 0206-0448, 0869;
12: 0657; 14: 0558
Carroll, Roscoe
17: 0525
Carter, Robert L
11: 0001; 18: 0334
Christian, George B., Jr.
4: 0294
Clifford, J. Williams
1: 0432
Clift, Charles
3: 0911
Cobb, James A.
5: 0365, 0561; 6: 0228, 0294
Cobb, Montague
6: 0736
Coles, L. F.
4: 0394-0526, 0694, 0888, 0965; 5: 00640206, 0448, 0716; 6: 0001, 0178
Conley, E. T.
2: 0935; 6: 0424
Cook, George William
5: 0365; 6: 0597
Cooley, Mahlou C.
7: 0232
Coolldge, Calvin
5: 0064, 0128, 0365
Copeland, Royal S.
6: 0228
Cramer, Lawrence W.
16: 0908
Cross, G. O.
5: 0960
Crosswalth, Frank R.
7: 0232
Crump, Charlotte
16: 1043
Culbertson, John Bolt
6: 0720
Culbertson, Paul T.
14: 0452
Cupit, Dorothy
14: 0869
Current, Gloster B.
6: 0736; 8: 0117; 10:0035; 12: 0495; 17: 0001,
1037; 18: 0001, 0334, 0462. 0701
Curtis, Charles
4: 0294; 5: 0365
Daniels, Jonathan
18: 0301
Dannenbaum, Henry J.
5: 0064
Davis, B. J.
5: 0206
Davis, Benjamin O.
11: 0301; 16: 0180
Davis, Dwlght F.
2: 0079, 0289, 0368; 6: 0037, 0109
Davis, Harry E.
6: 0597-0677
Davis, John W.
16: 0700
Davis, Robert C.
1: 0967; 5: 0561, 0681, 0770
Dawson, William L.
17: 1037
Dedmon, Jesse O., Jr.
6: 0790; 13: 0595, 0829; 17: 0207; 18: 0190,
0334-0447, 0555, 0644, 0892, 0969
Denfield,L.E.
17: 0525
DePriest, Oscar
2: 0516, 0658; 4: 0060; 6: 0178
Dern, George H.
2: 0779, 0874; 4: 0139; 6: 0363, 0424
Dowey, Thomas E
7: 0057; 18: 0701
Dibble, Eugene H., Jr.
18: 0301
Dickerson, J. Maynard
13: 0442
Driscoll, Alfred E.
9:0807
Du Bois, W. E. B.
1: 0001, 0858; 2: 0001, 0588, 0658; 3: 0849;
4: 0269, 0294; 5: 0128, 0716; 6: 0228,
0597-0677; 8: 0339
Dudley, Edward R.
6: 0720; 15: 0473; 16: 0642; 17: 0001
Dumas, M. O.
5: 0365
Dunjee, I.
6: 0037
Dunlop, Robert H.
16: 0378
Eastland, James O.
13: 0829
Edmonds, James E.
9: 0001
Elsenhower, Dwight D.
6: 0736; 7: 0184; 10: 0869; 12: 0495, 0614;
15: 0001; 17: 0318
Elzy, Robert J.
5: 0960, 1009
Ennis, Arthur I.
16: 0660
Ethridge, Mark
16: 0908
Evans, James C.
11: 0487, 0580, 0879, 1025; 12: 0018;
13: 0452; 15: 0179; 17: 0318; 18: 0001
Fearing, Charles
1: 0967
Ferebee, Claude
13: 0001
Ferguson, Homer
11: 0142; 12: 0614
Fess, Simon B.
6: 0655
Fish, Hamilton, Jr.
1: 0645; 2: 0001, 0154, 0263; 3: 0514, 0556,
0737; 4: 0155; 5: 0064, 0365, 0448;
13: 0193
Fitzgerald, Roy G.
6: 0677
Ford, Gerald R., Jr.
17: 1037
Forrestal, James V.
9: 0807; 11: 0142, 0879; 16: 0908; 17: 0001.
0207, 0525, 0782
Frankfurter, Felix
15: 0001
Frothingham, Louis
3: 0514
Gavagan, Joseph
3: 0704, 0737, 0950; 15: 0203
George, Nathaniel
8: 0006
Gibson, Harry H.
3: 0737
Gibson, M. S.
2: 0779; 4: 0237
Gibson, Truman K., Jr.
8: 0224; 9: 0149, 0322; 10: 0286; 11: 0683;
12: 0805; 13: 0193, 0406, 0671; 15: 0473;
16: 0378
Gibson, Truman K., Sr.
12: 0805
Gilbert, Ralph Mark
9: 0322
Giles, Roscoe C.
12: 0657
Gould, Howard D.
16: 0267
Govern, Alex
2: 0935
Granger, Lester B.
9: 0807; 16: 1043
Graves, W. E.
3: 0638
Gray, Andrew J.
8: 0896
Gray, Joseph H.
2: 0430
Green, S. W.
5: 0206
Greenberg, Jack
9: 0457, 0633; 17: 1037
Griffith, Charles M.
2: 0516
Griffith, Thomas L, Jr.
6:0526
Grimke, Archibald H.
1: 0229; 5: 0206, 0365; 6: 0597
Grossman, E. O.
2: 0154
Guild, Ray W.
7: 0741; 8: 0006
Guy, James H.
4: 0294
Haldridge, H. C.
18: 0892
Halford, Frank
16: 0796
Hammond, Wade H.
3: 0514
Hannah, John A.
13: 0745
Harper, Solomon
1: 0858
Harris, P. C.
1: 0645; 3: 0638, 0717; 4: 0294
Hastle, William H.
7: 1004; 8: 0315, 0628; 9: 0001, 0149, 0322;
10: 0061, 0286, 0495; 11: 0683-0984;
12: 0657; 13: 0001, 0193, 0406, 0442, 0671;
14: 0246, 0661; 15: 0001, 0203-0473;
16: 0001, 0267, 0378, 0660; 17: 0001, 0792;
18: 0190, 0409, 0555
Havenner, Franck R.
18: 0001
Hawkins, James R.
4: 0459, 0888
Hawley, Paul R.
18: 0555
Hayes, Arthur Garfield
9: 0149
Haynes, George
1: 0376
Hayward, William
5: 0448
Heckman, H. C.
5: 0561, 0681, 0770
Heist, A. A.
7: 0232
Herbert, Elizabeth
8: 0339
Herron, Carl V.
14: 0246
Hlgley, Harvey V.
6: 0736
Hill, Roy A.
3: 0849
Hines, Frank T.
2: 0154, 0289, 0368, 0779, 1008; 4: 0060;
14: 0931; 18: 0190, 0301
Hinkson, DeHaven
2: 0430, 0588; 3: 0737
Hobby, Oveta Culp
15: 0203-0473
Holland, George L.
18: 0701
Holliday, Austin J.
3: 0118
Holliday, Presly
3: 0179
Hoover, J. Edgar
13: 0452
Horkan, George A.
8: 0896; 10: 0869; 11: 0142, 0301; 15: 0179
Home, Frank S.
18: 0701
Houston, Charles H.
2: 0874-1008; 3: 0001, 0118, 0682, 0737,
0911. 0950; 6: 0363-0526; 7: 0633; 9: 0807;
12: 0001. 0657; 16: 0700; 17: 0525
Howard, Charles P.
2: 0079
Howard, William M.
9: 0126
Hudspeth, Robert H.
6: 0424, 0526
Hughes, Raymond
1: 0001
Hull, J. A.
1: 0858
Humphrey, Hubert H.
12: 0018; 13: 0745; 17: 0318
Hunt, Lester C.
7: 0057
Hurley, Patrick J.
2: 0588; 4: 0237; 6: 0228; 8: 0201
Hurst, John
5: 0206
Jackson, James A.
4: 0888, 0965; 5: 0001
Jacobs, Randall
10: 0104
James, Robert E
5: 0206
Javlts, Jacob K.
17: 0318
Jemagln, W. H.
5: 0206
Jervey, Henry
1: 0432
John, Eardlle
7: 0741
Johnson, Earl D.
14: 0828
Johnson, Harry H.
13: 0001
Johnson, James Weldon
1: 0229, 0544-0967; 2: 0001-0430; 3: 0220,
0514, 0556, 0922, 1026; 4: 0269-0965;
5: 0064-0510, 0716; 6: 0001-0109, 0597,
0677
Johnson, Louis A.
11: 0580; 14: 0828
Jones, Madison S., Jr.
7: 0232, 0415, 0604; 8: 0339, 0476; 10: 0707,
0869; 11: 0301, 0879; 15: 0179; 17: 0207;
18: 0644, 0701, 0892, 0969
Jones, R. E.
5: 0365; 16: 0378
Joy, Jason
3: 0664
Kelly, Samuel
1: 0001
Kernan, William
7: 0057
Kerr, Wilfred
7: 0559
Kilgore, Harley M.
11: 0001
King, Campbell
4: 0237
King, Edgar
5: 0960, 1009
King, Stanley
1: 0135
Kirk, Norman T.
10: 0495
Knowland, William F.
12: 0614
Knox, Frank
14: 0869; 16: 0700, 0908, 1043; 17: 0001,
0464, 0792
Knutsan, Harold
6: 0677
Konvitz, Milton R.
15: 0473, 0627; 16: 0267; 17: 0792
La Guardia, Fiorello H.
13: 0671; 18: 0161
Lampkln, Daisy
5: 0206, 0365
Landon, Alf
2: 1008
Lane, Isaac
5: 0206
Langer, William F.
7: 0184
Lautler, Louis R.
3: 0737; 12: 0001, 0805
Lee, J. Oscar
8: 0476
Lee, John C. H.
9: 0972
Lehman, Herbert H.
6: 0178
Levine, Mickey
7: 0184
Lewis, A. L.
3: 0922
Lewis, Alfred Baker
12: 0302
Lewie, Courtland
3: 0514
Lewis, William H.
5: 0510
Lewis, William K.
5: 0206
Little, Arthur
1: 0746
Liveright, A. A.
18: 0555
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr.
11: 0142, 0301
Luce, Clare Booth
14: 0476
Maas, Marvin
8: 0244
MacArthur, Douglas
2: 0874; 13: 0001
McCloy, John J.
10: 0001, 0286; 14: 0452; 15: 0627
McCormack, John
15: 0203
McDermott, C. A.
1: 0746
McDuffto, Elizabeth H.
6: 0294, 0424
McGranery, James P.
3: 0737
Mcinerney, James M.
18: 0001
McKeldin, Theodore R.
13: 0347
McKinley, James F.
2: 0874; 6: 0294
MacLeish, Archibald
7: 0890, 1004
MacNeal, A. C.
3: 0950
McNeill, Sylvia
8: 0339
MacNider, Hanford
6: 0037
Madden, Martin B.
1: 0858; 5: 0001, 0064, 0365, 0770
Magnuson, Warren G.
12: 0018
Malin, Patrick Murphy
17: 0318
Man, Albon
7: 0415
Mann, Earl
2: 0001
March, P. C.
1: 0317
Marchbanks, Vanca H.
2: 0368, 0516-0935
Marshall, George
10: 0707
Marshall, George C.
10: 0061; 15: 0001; 18: 0001
Marshall, Thurgood
3: 0001-0179, 0911, 0950; 7: 0232, 0415,
0633, 0838; 8: 0244, 0628; 9: 0001, 0322,
0457; 10: 0120, 0869; 11: 0001; 12: 0001,
0302, 0657, 0805; 13: 0193, 0595; 14: 0673,
0931; 16: 0001, 0180, 0378, 0869; 17: 0001,
0207, 0782; 18: 0001, 0409
Martin, Edward
7: 0057
Martin, Joseph, Jr.
15: 0203
Matthews, Francis P.
11: 0580; 17: 0207
Merrill, W. W.
6: 0037, 0109
Mllgram, Morris
12: 0302; 16: 0001
Mills, Ogden L.
1: 0796, 0858; 2: 0658
Mllner, Fred C.
10: 0286
Mitchell, Arthur W.
3: 0737; 10: 0120
Mitchell, Clarence
6: 0736; 8: 0117, 0201, 0244, 0476; 9: 04570797; 11: 0487, 0580; 12: 0018; 13: 0745;
17: 0318, 1037; 18: 0001, 0087, 0462, 0701
Mitchell, J. E
5: 0206, 0365
Mitchum, J. S. A.
2: 0079
Moon, Henry Lee
6: 0720, 0736; 7: 0232; 9: 0633; 11: 0301,
0580; 12: 0018; 13: 0565
Morel, E. D.
3: 1026
Morgan, Frank
4: 0060
Morris, E. H.
5: 0206
Morrow, E. Frederick
10: 0120
Morse, Wayne
7: 0232, 0559; 11: 0301
Mosley, George Van Horn
2: 0658
Moss, Barnard
7: 0604
Mulhearn, Charles
1: 0858
Murphy, Carl
5: 0206, 0365
Murphy, George B., Jr.
2: 1008
Musts, A. J.
7: 0415
Myers, Robin
7: 0415
Nabrit, J. M., Jr.
16: 0700
Nesbitt, George B.
9: 0149, 0322
Neuberger, Richard L.
8: 0272
Nunn, William G.
6: 0363
Olmstead, Frank
7: 0415
Osborn, Frederick
13: 0406
Ovington, Mary White
1: 0317, 0480, 0645; 4: 0155; 14: 0001
Owen, Chandler
7: 1004
Pace, Frank, Jr.
11: 0580; 14: 0828
Padmore, George
8: 0339
Parris, Willie F.
7: 0001
Patterson, Richard P.
16: 0869
Patterson, Robert P.
10: 0495-0869; 11: 0001, 0142; 12: 0018,
0657, 0765; 13: 0001; 15: 0179
Patterson, William L
12: 0495
Pelham, Gabrielle
5: 0206, 0365
Pepper, Claude
12: 0614
Perry, Leslie S.
10: 0495. 0707; 12: 0302; 15: 0473. 0627;
17: 0001; 18: 0190, 0409, 0462
Perry, Marian Wynn
16: 0642; 18: 0701
Perry, Marion
6: 0790
Peterson, Howard C.
10: 0869; 12: 0765; 15: 0001
Pfeffer, Leo
6: 0790
Pickens, William
2: 0154, 0516, 0658, 0779, 0935, 1008;
3: 0001, 0220, 0556, 0894; 4: 0317; 6: 0001,
0569, 0597; 10: 0120; 14: 0931
Pinchot, Gilford
2: 0001
Pope, Henry W.
8: 0006
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr.
11: 0301; 14: 0558; 16: 0700
Prattis, P. L
13: 0406; 15: 0001
Price, R. C.
2: 0588
Quinlan, Dennis P.
3: 0849
Randall, Clyde
2: 0430
Randolph, A. Philip
5: 0206, 0365, 0626; 7: 0232, 0559, 1004;
10: 0120; 11: 0301; 16: 1043
Ray, Marcus H.
16: 0642
Redmon, Sidney R.
10: 0120
Reed, Samuel A.
8: 0244
Reeves, Frank D.
8: 0628; 13: 0193; 16: 0001, 0180, 0378;
17: 0792
Reuther, Victor G.
7: 0232
Reynolds, Elijah
2: 0368, 0935, 1008
Reynolds, Grant
7: 0232, 0633; 18: 0190
Rivkin, Lawrence
7: 0604
Roberts, Guy
2: 0658
Rockefeller, Nelson A.
11: 0001
Rockefeller, Winthrop
11: 0001
Rogers, Edith Nourse
15: 0203; 18: 0462
Rogers, L. B.
4: 0027
Roosevelt, Eleanor
8: 0339; 15: 0001, 0203, 0302; 18: 0190
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
3: 0179; 6: 0294; 8: 0224; 10: 0001; 12: 0018,
0302. 0759; 13: 0671; 14: 0673; 15: 0001;
16: 0869; 18: 0301
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr.
1: 0604-0736, 0796; 6: 0677
Rosenberg, Anna M.
13: 0745; 14: 0673; 18: 0001, 0892
Royal, Kenneth C.
15: 0179; 18: 0409
Russell, Charles
6: 0597
Samuels, J. Wesley
1: 0544
Sanders, Everett
4: 0001
Sawada, Miki
8: 0476
Scott, Emmett
1: 0001-0317, 0432, 0498; 2: 0779, 0874;
3: 0556, 0849; 5: 0365; 6: 0037, 0294
Shaw, Charles
4: 0027
Sheldon, James H.
15: 0302
Shillady, John
1: 0001-0432, 0498, 0544; 3: 0649, 0664,
0849; 4: 0269
Shipstead, Henrik
8: 0244
Shorter, Charles A.
9: 0633
Sinclair, William A.
6: 0597
Slemp, C. Bassom
5: 0716, 0770
Smith, Frank E., Jr.
2: 0079
Spanagel, Jack A.
7: 0604
Spencer, L.
2: 0658
Spingarn, Arthur
10: 0707
Spingarn, Joel E.
1: 0376, 0498, 0544; 3: 0220, 1026; 6: 0597,
0677
Staupers, Mabel K.
12: 0657; 18: 0190
Stevens, Robert T.
12: 0495
Stevenson, Adlai E.
17: 0792
Stimson, Henry L.
8: 0244, 0628; 9: 0001, 0126, 0322; 10: 0001,
0089, 0120-0707; 11: 0683, 0984; 13: 0001,
0193, 0406, 0579-0671; 14: 0246; 15: 0302,
0627; 16: 0378, 0660, 0869
Stone, Harlan F.
5: 0770
Stone, Ralph H.
18: 0701
Stowe, Lyman Beecher
3: 0556
Stuart, Rex
13: 0363
Swanson, Claude A.
3: 0950
Taylor, C. R.
5: 0206
Thomas, Charles S.
17: 0318
Thomas, Naval H.
6: 0597, 0677
Thomas, Prentice
9: 0001, 0149; 15: 0473; 16: 0378; 17: 0001.
0792
Thomas, Robert
4: 0060
Thompson, A. B.
2: 0658
Thompson, Charles H.
16: 0700
Thompson, Elsie M.
14:0377
Tlerney, John W.
8: 0896
Tinsley, J. M.
7: 0633
Tobias, Channing H.
5: 0206, 0365, 0681; 16: 1043
Trotter, William Monroe
5: 0001, 0064, 0206
Truman, Harry S.
8: 0896; 12: 0018, 0805; 13: 0745; 18: 0190
Ulio, J. A.
8: 0224; 9: 0126; 10: 0089; 12: 0302; 13: 0001;
16: 0378, 0700
Vaile, William
1: 0746
Vann, Robert L.
5: 0206, 0365, 0561
Viereck, George
3: 1026
Vinson, Fred M.
10: 0707
Votaw, Heber H.
5: 0770
Wadsworth, James
1: 0645
Wagner, Robert F.
3: 0514; 7: 0057
Wahl,Lutz
4: 0001; 5: 0626; 6: 0001
Wainwright, J. M.
1: 0645, 0796
Walden, Austin T.
4: 0155
Walker, Addison
16: 0908; 17: 0464
Walker, Maggie L
5: 0365
Watson, Edwin M.
3: 0737; 12: 0759; 16: 0869
Weeks, John W.
1: 0544, 0604, 0796-0967; 3: 0638; 4: 0155;
5: 0448-0681; 6: 0597
Westbrook, Mary L.
4: 0595
White, Alvin
1: 0858; 5: 0206
White, T. B.
6: 0228
White, Walter
1: 0135, 0229, 0376, 0432, 0498, 0544, 07460967; 2: 0001, 0079, 0430, 0588-1008;
3: 0001-0179, 0638. 0717, 0737, 0950,
1026; 4: 0001-0060, 0155, 0237, 0317,
0459-0965; 5: 0128, 0206, 0448-0770,
0869-1009; 6: 0001, 0037, 0178-0363,
0597, 0655, 0736, 0790; 7: 0057-0741,
0890,1004; 8: 0001-0117, 0224-0628.
0896; 9: 0001-0322, 0807, 0972; 10: 00140869; 11: 0001-0984; 12: 0001-0462,
0614-0805; 13: 0001, 0193, 0363-0533,
0595-0881; 14: 0001, 0246, 0377, 04760869; 15: 0001-0203, 0473-1022;
16: 0001-0378, 0660-1043; 17: 0001, 0207,
0464, 0525, 0878, 1037; 18: 0001-0462,
0644-0969
Wilkins, Roy
2: 0658, 0779, 0935; 3: 0179, 0704, 0737,
0950; 4: 0060, 0139; 6: 0294-0424, 0720;
7: 0001-0232, 0559, 0633-0890; 8: 00060201, 0244, 0339-0628; 9: 0001-0633,
0807; 10: 0001. 0120-0707; 11: 0001,
0301-0683, 1025; 12: 0001-0302, 0805;
13: 0001, 0533-0579; 14: 0170. 0246, 0452,
0558. 0828; 15: 0627; 16: 0001-0378, 0660;
17: 0001-0318, 0525, 0878, 1037;
18: 0334-0462, 0644, 0892
Williams, Charles H.
1: 0001
Williams, Franklin H.
9: 0797; 11: 0001. 0879; 12: 0765; 18:
0644,
09
Williams, G. Merman
8: 0117
Williams, Ira
7: 0741
Williams, L. K.
5: 0206, 0365
Willis, Frank B.
4: 0294
Wilson, Butler
3: 0649
Wilson, Charles E.
13: 0745; 17: 0318
Winding, Charles A.
16: 0700
Wise, James Waterman
15: 0001
Wltsell, Edward F.
18: 0969
Wood, Arthur D.
6: 0363
Wood, J. Edmund
5: 0365
Woodrlng, Harry H.
3: 0001; 12: 0001; 14: 0673; 16: 0869
Woods, J. C.
5: 0206
Work, Monroe
1: 0317
Wright, Herbert L.
8: 0201; 9: 0633; 11: 0683; 17: 0318
Wright, Louis T.
18: 0644
Wyatt, Wilson W.
18: 0701
Yergan, Max
2: 0779
SUBJECT INDEX
The following index is a guide to the major subjects of this collection. The first Arabic number refers to the reel
and the Arabic number after the colon refers to the frame number at which a particular subject begins. For
example, the entry 14: 0476 would direct the researcher to a subject that begins at Frame 0476 of Reel 14. By
referring to the Reel Index, which constitutes the initial section of this guide, the researcher could find the main
entry for this subject.
ACLU
conscription, opposition to 17: 0878
reports--navy discrimination 17: 0318
support for draft resistance 7: 0232
support for 24th Infantry 6: 0424
Aircraft Warning Service
elimination of Negroes 15: 0203, 0302
Alaska-Canada highway
Negro role 8: 0272
American Graves Registration Command
prohibition of interracial dating 11: 0301
American Jewish Congress
lobbying on G.I. Bill 6: 0790
American Legion
exclusion of Negroes 1: 0376, 0498, 0544
Negro posts 2: 0779, 0935; 7: 0057
opposition to poll tax 7: 0057
petitions for Negro officer training 2: 0368
protest of Rhine Horror Rally 3: 1093
resolutbns on segregation 1: 0480
see also American Veterans Committee, Inc.
American Negro Labor Congress
proposed support for imprisoned 24th Infantry
6: 0037
American Veterans Committee, Inc.
opposition to American Legion 7: 0184
Anti-Poll Tax Bill
14: 0558
Army
see U.S. Army
Army Bands Act
see Bandmasters bill
Army War College Library
race relations reading 16: 0700
Associated Negro Press
12: 0462
Association for Abolition of Second Class
Citizenship
7: 0232
Awards
see Citations
Bandmasters bill
3: 0514
Bases, air force
Eglin--housing discrimination 8: 0117
Scott--recreation statistics 9: 0457
Turner--segregation 8: 0117
Belgium
reaction to Negro soldiers 13: 0363; 14: 0377,
0452
Bilbo, Theodore G.
proposal to resettle American Negroes in West
Africa 13: 0829
Brown babies
see Germany; Great Britain; Japan
Bullard, Robert Lee
3: 0556
Burial
military segregation 15: 0179
CAA
licenses issued 16: 0001
training 8: 0244; 12: 0001; 16: 0267
Camps, army
Blanding 8: 0628
Bowie 1: 0020
Devens 3: 0649
Douglas 2: 0516
Forrest--assault on WAACs 15: 0627
Forrest--entertainment 11: 0683
general--segregation 3: 0347; 8: 0628, 0857
Grant--courts-martial 1: 0796
Grant--exposure deaths 1: 0020
Lee
demotion of Negro sergeant 9: 0001
improvements under George Horkan
command 10: 0014
transfer of brigadier general and Negro
officers 8: 0896
Camps, army cont.
Meade 1: 0020
Pike--Caucasian soldiers' refusal to drill with
Negro troops 3: 0261
Pike--commission of Negro officers 3: 0392
Shelby 1: 0432
Shenango 9: 0126
Stewart--censorship of Negro press 9: 0149
Stewart--segregated sanitary conditions
9: 0149, 0322
Upton 3: 0664
Capper, Arthur
7: 0559
Cavalry
Extension school--applications to 3: 0001
see also 9th Cavalry; 10th Cavalry
Censorship
amendments to Espionage Act 3: 0290
ban against Negro press 9: 0149; 10: 0495;
11: 0683; 14: 0246
dissidents jailed 3: 0315
radio broadcast on veteran Negro
employment--cancellation 10: 0707
24th Infantry mail 4: 0155
see also Courts-martial
Citations
Korean War--prisoners of war 13: 0452
Korean War--Silver Star 13: 0533
World War I--Negro regiments 1: 0432;
3: 0315, 0438, 0556
World War I--Negro soldiers 3: 0220, 0290,
0347
World War II
Negro stewards 10: 0104; 17: 0464
Negro United Service Organization staff
8: 0076
93rd Divisbn 13: 0001
24th Infantry 10: 0707
see a/so Cowardice charges
Citizen's Committee for Equal Rights In
National Defense
7: 0633
Citizen's Conservation Corps
2: 0779
Citizen's Training Camp
see CMTC
Civilian Pilot Training Act
16: 0267
Civil Rights Congress
see Veterans against Discrimination
CMTC
admissions--general 2: 0079, 0289-0430,
0935; 3: 0001, 0490, 0950; 10: 0120
admissions--Plattsburg, proposed 1:0796,
0858; 2: 0001
segregated camp, proposed 1: 0967
Coast Guard
see U.S. Coast Guard
Combat training
navigators and bombardiers 10: 0286; 16: 0378
pilots 12: 0001
troops 2: 0874, 0935; 3: 0261; 11: 0683
see also CAA; Officers
Committee against Jim Crow In Military Service
and Training
testimony on civil disobedience against draft
7: 0232
Committee for Amnesty
campaign to pardon conscientious objectors
7:0415
see also Conscientious objectors
Committee on Fair Employment Practices
formation under executive order 7: 0838
navy, efforts to influence 16: 0908
Conference of Presidents of Negro Land Grant
Colleges
V-1 Program 16: 0700
Conference on Negroes In the Armed Service
speech on integration by secretary of defense
9: 0807
Congress of Industrial Organizations
Havenner amendment 18: 0001
Conscientious objectors
arrests 11: 0487
imprisonment 11: 0580
naturalization 10: 0495
see a/so Committee against Jim Crow in
Military Service and Training; Committee for
Amnesty; Randolph, A. Philip; War Resistors
League
Conscription
draft evasion 3: 0347
general 17: 0878
Havenner amendment 17: 1037; 18: 0001,
0087
NAACP campaign 18: 0334
Price amendment 17: 1037; 18: 0001
resistance 7: 0232, 0415; 11: 0301; 12: 0001
Winstead amendment 17: 1037; 18: 0087
see a/so Conscientious objectors; Draft boards
Coolldge, Calvin
NAACP audience 5: 0064, 0206, 0365, 0448
Council against Intolerance
15: 0001
Courts-martial
applications for relief 3: 0179, 0922
board to investigate 11: 0142
of Caucasians--protesting treatment of
Negroes 12: 0302
of Caucasians--striking Negro soldier 1: 0135
of Negroes
assault 1: 0796
extortion 2: 0779
general 3: 0261; 10: 0035; 11: 0001;
17: 0001
insubordination 1: 0317; 2: 0779; 11: 0683
murder 12: 0759
mutiny 8: 0857; 17: 0782
9th Calvary 3: 0179
protesting discrimination 11: 0879
rape 2: 0079; 8: 0857
striking superior officer 9: 0457
writing on military conditions 1: 0020;
8: 0628; 12: 0462
see a/so Lynching; 24th Infantry
Cowardice charges
World War I--regiments 3: 0556
World War It--92nd Division 12: 0805
World War II--93rd Division 13: 0001
see also Citations
Customs guards
Negro appointments 1: 0746
Davis, Benjamin O.
dinner honoring 14: 0673
Demobilization
calvary regiments 1: 0645
combat units as noncombat 1: 0229, 0317;
10: 0707
delays in release 1: 0376; 13: 0595
unit debts 1: 0135
United Service Organization 8: 0076
WAAC unit 15: 0627
see a/so Discharges
Department of Army
civilian employment 18: 0334
see also U.S. Army
Department of Defense
Havenner amendment 18: 0001
orders abolishing segregation 13: 0745
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
delays in ending segregation 13: 0745
Department of Navy
see U.S. Navy
Department of War
censorship--order not to ban Negro press
14: 0246
censorship--radio broadcast on Negro veteran
employment 10: 0707
clemency--denials 6: 0294-0424
clemency--sentence reductions 5: 0128, 0206,
0561, 0626, 0770, 0837
deployment--troops picking cotton 13: 0001
enlistment
quota, Negro 12: 0765
test scores required 11: 0001
women with dependent children 15: 0302
Harmon Field 11: 0984
integration policy
capitalization of word "Negro" 11: 0001
memorandum banning discrimination in
facilities 10: 0495
volunteer division 3: 0179; 15: 0001
investigations--Camp Lee demotion 9: 0001
investigations--Camp Shenango riot 9: 0126
promotions--limit of Negro rank 11: 0683
promotions--noncommissioned medical.
officers 10: 0120
publicity--film on Negroes 13: 0533
publicity--press releases, navy 16: 0908
Redistribution Center plan 13: 0671
reports--Secretary of War's Board on OfficerEnlisted Man Relationships 10: 0869
segregation policy
burial 15: 0179
"colored" unit designation 14: 0673
general 10: 0001, 0089; 11: 0301
medical officers 12: 0657
proportional representation 10: 0869;
11: 0879
training policy on Negro airmen 10: 0286;
16: 0378
see also Gillem report
Desertion
escaping discrimination 8: 0628
Des Moines, Iowa
civilian segregation against Negro WAACs
15: 0627
Dining halls
segregation 1: 0317
Disabled Emergency Officers Retirement Act
joint resolution to repeal 4: 0060
Discharges
adjusted ratings 13: 0595
general 1: 0432; 18: 0334
honorable--Confederate army veterans
1: 0967
honorable--U.S. Army, of Negroes 1: 0020;
3: 0001
Negro soldier enlisted as Caucasian 1: 0604;
3: 0638
25th Infantry 1: 0544; 2: 0368, 0430
WAAC 15: 0473
Displaced Persons Act
8: 0476
Distribution
statistics on enlisted men throughout armed
forces 2: 0935
Divisions In labor
Caucasian-dominated camps 1: 0135
Draft boards
appointments 11: 0301
tampering 11: 0001
Draft evasion
see Conscription
Dyer Antilynching Act
1: 0796; 4: 0317
Eastland, James O.
Negro troop performance 13: 0829
Education
background of soldiers and sailors 13: 0363;
17: 0670
college--veteran admissions 1: 0317
military post elementary schools 13: 0745
mulatto children in Germany 8: 0476
navy remedial school 17: 0670
publications--NAACP 18: 0969
vocational--Negro soldiers 1: 0376, 0645,
0746-0858; 2: 0154; 7: 0838; 18: 0409.
0447
see also G.I. Bill; Literacy
8th Illinois Infantry
conversion to artillery 16: 0869
Elsenhower, Dwight D.
school integration 13: 0745
Employment
civil service--veterans 18: 0881
defense contractors 7: 0838; 8: 0628; 14: 0869;
16: 0180, 0869
Department of Army 18: 0334
pay discrimination 10: 0495
publications--NAACP 18: 0969
returning soldiers 18: 0190
VA--conference 18: 0409, 0447
VA--general 18: 0190
WAAC segregation 15: 0473
West Indian Negroes 10: 0120
see also Censorship; Committee on Fair
Employment Practices
Enlistment
discrimination--general 2: 0516; 9: 0797;
10: 0120; 13: 0579
discrimination--medical pretexts 16: 0378,
1043; 17: 0792
protests 3: 0315
reassignment of theaters of operation 10: 0869;
11: 0001, 0142; 12: 0765
U.S. Army Air Corps 15: 0769, 1022; 16:00010267
U.S. Marine Corps 16: 0796
WAAC 15: 0302, 0473
see also Discharges; Recruitment
Entertainment
general discrimination 10: 0495
Harlem Defense Recreation Center 7: 0001
integrated activity--officers' clubs 11: 0301
segregated activity
Camp Devens 3: 0649
Camp Forrest 11: 0683
Fort Benning 4: 0237
furloughs 13: 0595, 0671
general 2: 0263, 0658; 8: 0117, 0201;
10: 0014; 14: 0246, 0673
meeting halls 1: 0432
officers' dubs 8: 0857
pools 6: 0736; 14: 0828
statistics--Scott Air Force base 9: 0457
see also United Service Organizations
Espionage Act
proposed amendments 3: 0290
Fair Employment Practices Commission
establishment 12: 0018
Federal Public Housing Authority
18: 0701
Fish, Hamilton, Jr.
bills to establish nondiscrimination policies in
armed forces 3: 0950
NAACP conference 3: 0737
remarks on Office of War Information 8: 0001
speeches 12: 0018
Fish Army Bill
NAACP condemnation 3: 0737
Flying Cadets
applications 16: 0180
appointment requirements 16: 0001, 0378
graduation statistics 16: 0660
see also U.S. Army Air Corps
Forced employment
of Negro soldiers by Caucasian officers
1: 0432, 0498; 3: 0649
Forts, army
Benning
investigation of Caucasian officers 4: 0155
proposed removal of 24th Infantry 4: 0001
transportation segregation 4: 0237
Brady housing discrimination 10: 0035
Bragg race riot rumors 10: 0061
Des Moines WAAC training 15: 0302
Houston--courts-martial 4: 0155
Huachuca 2: 0658
Leavenworth
forced Negro employment 1: 0432, 0498
Negro prisoners 1: 0858
prison segregation 3: 0118
24th Infantry 4: 0394; 5: 0128, 0448, 08691009; 6: 0001, 0424, 0526
Ord 8: 0006
Sill 10: 0089
France
acceptance of Negro soldiers 1: 0135; 3: 0392,
0438; 14: 0377
citations for Negro soldiers 3: 0290, 0347, 0438
colonial troops 3: 0438, 1026, 1093
monument to Negro troops 2: 0001, 0079,
0263; 3: 0490
refusal of Negro leave 1: 0229
troop conduct 1: 0480; 13: 0363
see also French Free Forces
Franklin, Harold J.
medical disqualification case 16: 1043
Fraternization
orders to encourage segregated housing
3: 0664
orders to segregate recreation 3: 0261, 0315,
0438; 8: 0628
see also Entertainment
French Free Forces
recruitment of Negroes 16: 0378
Furlough
see Entertainment
Germany
mulatto children 8: 0476
occupation--troop conduct 3: 0438, 1026,
1093; 11: 0142, 0301, 0580; 12: 0614;
13: 0363
reaction to Negro soldiers 14: 0377
see also Prisoners of war
G.I. Bill
amendments to H.R. 3749 6: 0790
NAACP literature 6: 0790
Gibson, Truman K., Jr.
cases referred 11: 0683
cowardice remarks--92nd Division 12: 0805
Gillem report
11: 0879
Gossett resolution
18: 0462
Great Britain
colonial troops 3: 0438
conduct of Caucasian troops 13: 0363
mulatto children 8: 0339; 11: 0301
reaction to Negro soldiers 14: 0377
Haiti
declaration of war 3: 0347
Harlem Defense Recreation Center
finances 7: 0001
Hastle, William
publications--general 11: 0879
publications--withdrawal from Office of Facts
and Figures publication 7: 1004
Hayward, William
3: 0556
Health care
asylums 1: 0858
guardians for Negro mental patients 2: 0516
medical experimentation on Negroes 10: 0286;
18: 0644
venereal diseases 9: 0149, 0322; 10: 0120
Horkan, George
appointment to quartermaster general 8: 0896
see also Camps
Home, Frank S.
speeches 18: 0701
Hospitals
admission--veterans 2: 0001
construction 18: 0190-0644
general discrimination 1: 0967; 2: 0001;
18: 0555, 0644
housing 18: 0644
segregation--soldiers 1: 0229, 0432; 14: 0673
segregation--veterans 1: 0544; 2: 0079, 0368,
0516, 0588, 1008; 3: 0118; 4: 0027; 6: 0736;
14: 0377, 0931; 18: 0190
transfers to Negro hospitals 2: 0154
violence against 24th Infantry 4: 0155
see also G.I. Bill; Health care; Medical workers
House Armed Services Committee
defeat of antisegregation amendment 17: 1037
House Judiciary Committee
statements about NAACP 18: 0462
Housing
barracks segregation 9: 0035
dependents 8: 0117; 11: 1025; 14: 0246
furlough segregation 13: 0671
medical workers 18: 0644
New York State discrimination ban 18: 0701
publications--NAACP 18: 0969
Veterans' Emergency Housing Program
18: 0701
Houston, Charles
army aviation case 12: 0001
Houston riot
see 24th Infantry
Humphrey, Hubert H.
school integration 13: 0745
Imprisonment
see also Courts-martial; Forts, army; Prisoners
of war; 24th Infantry; U.S. Army; U.S. Navy
Indiana Militia bill
1: 0604
Insurance, disability
cancellation of benefits 14: 0377
claims
families 1: 0858, 0967; 2: 0289, 0779, 1008;
3:0001, 0911
general 6: 0720
individual--mental 2: 0516
individual--physical 1: 0498, 0544, 07460967; 2: 0154, 0289, 0430, 0516, 0779;
3: 0118, 0894; 4: 0027; 14: 0931
publications--NAACP 18: 0969
VA conference 18: 0409, 0447
see also New York State military bonus;
Retirement; War Risk Insurance Act
International Labor Defense
proposed support for imprisoned 24th Infantry
6: 0001, 0037
Japan
half-Caucasian children 8: 0339, 0476
half-Negro children 8: 0476
Jewish War Veterans
lobbying on G.I. Bill 6: 0790
Johnson, James Weldon
speeches 4: 0394
Katz drug stores
chain refusal of Negro customers 15: 0627
Knights of Columbus
support for Negro troops 3: 0392
La Guardia, Fiorello H.
18: 0161
League for Colored Children
formation--Germany 8: 0476
League of Coloured Peoples
survey on mulatto children in England 8: 0339
Lee, John C. H.
discrimination in European theater 9: 0972
misconduct charges 11: 0142
Legislation
antilynching 1: 0604. 0796; 3: 0179, 0737,
0950
Anti-Poll Tax Bill 14: 0558
Army Bands Act 3: 0514
discrimination policies in armed forces 3: 0950;
12:0018
education 18: 0462
housing, veterans' 18: 0701
Houston rbt claims 4: 0155; 5: 0869
manpower increases in armed forces 3: 0737
monument to Negro troops in France 2: 0001,
0079, 0263; 3: 0490
private military forces, regulation 3:0737
proportional representation 1: 0498
relief for Caucasian slayer of Negro stevedore
2: 1008; 3: 0001
Servicemen's Readjustment Act 6: 0790
United States Military Academy, Negro quota
3: 0737
WAAC 15: 0203
Liberty
11: 0142, 0301
Lincoln Legion
formation 2: 0079
Literacy
Camp Devens 3: 0649
navy recruits 17: 0670
92nd Division 12: 0805
Loans
publications--NAACP 18: 0969
U.S. Army--Negro rates 8: 0628
VA 18: 0190
see also G. I. Bill
Logistics
assignment--Negro aeronautics instructors
16: 0642; 17: 0001
assignment--technical specialists to labor
detail 10: 0286; 17: 0001
deployment
conversion of infantry to artillery 14: 0673
foreign service 9: 0797
orders to clean streets 14: 0246
orders to pick cotton 13: 0001
34th Construction Battalion 17: 0525
WAAC 15: 0473
dispersement--Negro regiments 3: 0179
dispersement--9th and 10th Cavalry 10: 0001
reassignment--theaters of operation 10: 0869;
11: 0001, 0142; 12: 0765; 13: 0595
transfers
applicants for training 8: 0315
Camp Lee Negro officers 8: 0896
combat to noncombat 10: 0869
hospitals--from integrated to segregated
administrators 18: 0644
infantry 2: 0001
medical workers to manual labor 1: 0229,
0317
Negroes to Caucasian units 1: 0135
technicians to labor units 11: 0683
see also Demobilization; Transportation
Lynching
American Legion resolutions 7: 0057
civilians during war 3: 0347; 8: 0628
former soldiers 1: 0135, 0480
Mack, Daniel--attempted 1: 0432, 0544
soldiers 1: 0135; 4: 0001; 8: 0896
stevedores 2: 1008; 3: 0001
see also Legislation
McCarthy, Joseph
American Veterans Committee opposition
7: 0184
MacLeish, Archibald
speeches--Negro patriotism 7: 0890
Marshall, Thurgood
Amnesty Committee--invitation to join 7: 0415
Medical workers
applications
Dental Reserve Corps 9: 0633; 12: 0657
medical corps 13: 0193
Medical Corps Reserve 12: 0657
draft of physicians as privates 3: 0392
housing 18: 0644
noncommissioned officers 10: 0120
nurses--Europe 3: 0347
nurses--VA 18: 0190, 0555
officers 3: 0438
promotions 2: 0874; 13: 0001
transfer to manual labor 1: 0229, 0317
Merchant Marine Academy
Negro cadet 17: 0318
Military police
Caucasian
brutality 16: 0378
defense of Negro soldiers 9: 0322
slaying by Negroes 9: 0322
slaying of Negroes 1: 0229; 8: 0628;
9: 0126; 11: 0683
Negro--brutality 9: 0322
Negro--public perception 8: 0628
see also Noncommissioned officers
Miller, Dorie
citations 17: 0464
Mississippi legislature
decision on Negro vote 14: 0558
Mitchell, Clarence
testimony--military integration 12: 0018
testimony--National Guard 13: 0347
Molly Pitchers' Brigade
formations 10: 0120
NAACP, chapters
aviation training proposals 16: 0378
military personnel memberships--general
14: 0001, 0170
military personnel memberships--members
inducted 13: 0881; 17: 0207
reports
Camp Lee 9: 0001
Camp Stewart 9: 0322
34th Construction Battalion 17: 0525
support for draft resistance 7: 0232
Veterans' Emergency Housing Program
18: 0701
NAACP Inter-Racial Committee
formation 8: 0006
NAACP, national office
board of directors 12: 0805
budget committee 18: 0334
civil disobedience 7: 0232, 0559
conferences--U.S. president
conferences--VA 18: 0301, 0409
concordat with National Equal Rights League
5: 0064
conscription, universal 7: 0559; 17: 0878, 1037;
18: 0001, 0087
hospitals, segregated 18: 0462-0644
publications 18: 0969
reports 5: 0064
Republican party assistance 7: 0741
National Association of Colored Women
15: 0203
National Committee to Abolish Segregation In
the Armed Services
formation 7: 0559
National Council against Conscription
publications 17: 878
National Council of Negro Youth
tribute to servicemen 14: 0246
National Defense Act
2: 0368
National Defense Conference on Negro Affairs
recommendations 11: 0301
National Equal Rights League
concordat with NAACP 5: 0064
National Federation for Constitutional Liberties
10: 0869
National Guard
conduct 13: 0442
Maryland segregation--orders to end 13: 0347
New Jersey segregation 9: 0807
Ohio Negro unit 1: 0967
Pennsylvania--admission of Negroes 2: 0001
proposed formation of Negro militias 2: 1008
proposed multistate Negro unit 1: 0604
National Housing Agency
organization 18: 0701
National Institute of Industrial Training of Negro
Youth
18: 0462
National Institute of Municipal Law Officers
reports 18: 0701
National Medical Association
Integration recommendations 12: 0657
opposition to segregated hospitals 18: 0190
National Urban League
lobbying on G.I. Bill 6: 0790
report on adjustment of Negro veterans 7: 0604
statement on Navy Department 17: 0207
National Youth Assembly against Universal
Military Training
17: 0878
Navy Department
see U.S. Navy
Negro air corps
induction delays 16: 0378
proposed establishment 10: 0120
New York State military bonus
2: 0154
New York State War Council
resolutions 16: 0700
92nd Division
retreat 12: 0805
93rd Division
performance 13: 0001
9th Cavalry
conversion to service unit 10: 0001
courts-martial 3: 0179
Noncommissioned officers
demotions 8: 0628; 10: 0495
promotions 2: 1008; 11: 0683; 17: 0525
status changes in rank--navy 11: 0487
Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League
15: 0302
North Korea
Communist indoctrination of Negroes 13: 0452
Office of Facts and Figures
conference on Negro wartime problems 7: 0890
publications 7: 1004
Office of Veterans Affairs, NAACP
reports 18: 0334
Office of War Information
firing of Negro employee 8: 0001
Officers
commission applications 16: 0908, 1043;
17: 0001, 0207, 0792
demotions 10: 0495
incompetency charges 13: 0001
promotions
applications 10: 0495
band leaders 3: 0849
clergy 2: 0588, 0779; 3: 0438
combat 2: 0874; 3: 0438
general discrimination 1: 0020, 0967;
9: 0322; 10: 0286, 0869
limit to first lieutenant rank
11: 0683; 13: 0001
medical officers 2: 0874
reaction to cowardice charges--World War I
3: 0556
reports on officer interaction 10: 0869
training
air force 8: 0201; 15: 0001
American Legion petitions 2: 0368
applications 2: 0658; 3: 0220; 8: 0315;
9: 0149; 13: 0193; 14: 0673
Central Officers' Training School 3: 0392
general 3: 0290
graduation rates 10: 0286
ROTC programs 1: 0544; 3: 0490; 13: 0193
WAAC program 15: 0203-0473
see also CMTC; CAA; Medical workers;
Merchant Marine Academy; Officers
Candidate School; Officers' Reserve Corps
Training Camp for Colored Officers; U. S.
Military Academy; U.S. Naval Academy
Officers Candidate School
applications 11: 0683
segregation 13: 0193
Officers' Reserve Corps Training Camp for
Colored Officers
War Department authorization 3: 0220
Officer Training School
applications 15: 0203
Osborn, Frederick H.
criticism 13: 0406
Parran, Thomas A.
conference on Negroes in medical corps
12: 0657
Patriotism, Negro
general 3: 0290
loyalty investigations 9: 0457
speeches--Archibald MacLeish 7: 0890
see also Press coverage
Pension
Civil War--Negro veterans 2: 0658
Spanish-American War 3: 0704
World War I--widows 3: 0682
see also Insurance
Philippines
conditions on bases 1: 0317; 9: 0457
Filipino integration 16: 0660
Physicians
see Medical workers
Police brutality
Havenner amendment 17: 1037; 18: 0001,
0087
soldiers, acts against 3: 0347, 0438, 0490;
4: 0155; 8: 0628; 9: 0633; 11: 0683;
16: 0378; 17: 1037; 18: 0001
veterans, acts against 3: 0118
see also Military police
Poll tax
American Legion opposition 7: 0057
see also Anti-Poll Tax Bill; Voting
Post, Charles Johnson
paintings 13: 0565
Presidential commission
proposal to investigate discrimination in military
3: 0179
President's Commission on Universal Training
recommendations allowing segregation 7: 0232
President's Committee on Equality of
Treatment and Opportunity In the Armed
Services
establishment 12: 0018
report 9: 0807
President's Committee on Higher Education
recommendations to eliminate discrimination
7: 0232
Press coverage
amnesty campaign for 24th Infantry rbters
4: 0394, 0459; 5: 0064, 0128
civil disobedience against draft 7: 0232
cowardice charges 3: 0556
death of Charles Young 6: 0569
mulatto children in Europe 8: 0339
NAACP delegation to president 5: 0448
parole for 24th Infantry rioters 5: 1009
see also Censorship
Prisoners of war
acceptance of Germans 14: 0377
charges of Communist indoctrination 13: 0452
German discrimination 3: 0347
Proportional representation
proposed legislation 1: 0498; 3: 0737
ratio of Negro to Caucasian soldiers--World
War I, Mississippi 2: 0430
ratio of Negro to Caucasian soldiers--World
War I, southern states 3: 0490
War Department decision 10: 0869
see also Distribution
Public Affairs Committee, Inc.
publications 18: 0969
Randolph, A. Philip
testimony on draft resistance 7: 0232, 0559;
11: 0301; 12: 0001
withdrawal from Office of Facts and Figures
publication 7: 1004
Recreation
see Entertainment
Recruitment
effects of army expansion 2: 0935
Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps
17: 0207
suspension of Negro recruitment 11: 0001;
16: 0869
violence against Negroes 13: 0579
WAAC discrimination 15: 0302
see also Enlistment; Selective Service Act
Red Cross
Negro nurses 3: 0315, 0392
Refugee Relief Act
American Veterans Committee support for
amendment 7: 0184
Republican party
compromise on segregation 11: 0301
distribution of NAACP material 7: 0741
reorganization 1: 0604
Reserve Officer Training Corps
see Officers
Retirement
legislation--World War 12: 0001
see also Insurance
Rhine Horror Rally
3: 1093
Robeson, Paul
American Legion invitation 7: 0057
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
sanction of military segregation 7: 0633
Sautt Ste. Marie, Michigan
civilian discrimination near air base 8: 0117;
10: 0035
Seabees
discrimination protests 11: 0879
press releases--heroism 17: 0001
promotions 17: 0525
Selective Service Act
arrests 11: 0487
general 11: 0301; 17: 0001
Tennessee Negroes' failure to comply 3: 0261
Selective Service System
see Selective Service Act
Senegalese soldiers
see France
Service Men's Federation
formation 14: 0377
Servicemen's Readjustment Act
see G.I. Bill
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
civilian discrimination against Negro soldiers
11: 0683
South Africa
shore leave 17: 0318
Special Senate Committee Investigating the
National Defense Program
reports on Negro troop conduct in Germany
12: 0614
Splngarn, Arthur
speeches 4: 0394
10th Cavalry
conversation to service unit 10: 0001
courts-martial 2: 0779
proposed dispersement 2: 0588, 0658
proposed reassembling 2: 0779
training orders 2: 0658
34th Construction Battalion
deployment 17: 0525
hunger strike 17: 0525
Thomas, Robert
Negro veteran War Risk Insurance claims
4: 0060
369th Regiment
conversion from infantry to artillery 14: 0673;
16: 0869
designation as "colored" 16: 0180
Transportation
army segregation
Fort Benning 4: 0237
general 8: 0628; 11: 0683
mass arrests 12: 0495
morale in southern posts 10: 0014
civilian prosecution 10: 0286
navy segregation 1: 0796
Pullman cars for Negro soldiers 1: 0376
reprimands for disregarding segregation
9: 0633
Treasury Department
orders to avoid discussion of Negro problem
10: 0707
Truman, Harry S
refusal to grant general amnesty to
conscientious objectors 7: 0415
school integration 13: 0745
Tuskegee Institute
air corps training 15: 0769, 1022
protests over location 16: 0267
25th Division
performance 11: 0142
25th Infantry
deployment 2: 0658
discharges 1: 0544; 2: 0368, 0430
24th Infantry
band, military 4: 0139
commendations 10: 0707
disarming of troops 4: 0155
Houston riot
clemency for individuals 4: 0317; 5: 0128,
0206, 0448, 0561, 0626, 0770, 0837
commutation of death sentences 3: 0392
congressional investigation 4: 0269;
5: 0064, 0448
courts-martial 4: 0155, 0269
escape 6: 0228, 0526
funds for NAACP campaign
general 5: 0448, 0510
special fund 1: 0001
individual cases 1: 0796, 0858
pardons proposed
general 6: 0178
illness 5: 0510
petitions 4: 0294, 0317, 0459-0965;
5: 0001-0448
paroles
conduct 5: 0681, 0869, 0960; 6: 0109-
0294
delays 5: 0681-0770
employment 5: 0869-1009; 6: 0037,
0109, 0294, 0526
general 2: 0588; 5: 0561, 0716, 0837
releases proposed 6: 0294
violations 6: 0294, 0363, 0526
relief efforts 1: 0967; 4: 0317; 5: 0206
remittance of sentence 6: 0037, 0424
review board report 5: 0561, 0626
NAACP memberships 14: 0170
Smith. Philip 4: 0001, 0237
2V Association
formation 18: 0892
Unemployment compensation
see G.I. Bill
United Negro and Allied Veterans of America
formation 18: 0892
United Service Organizations
demobilization 8: 0076
employment of Negro hostesses 8: 0006
segregated facilities 8: 0006
U.S. Air Force
admissions--segregated 10: 0286
applications 3: 0179
assignments 16: 0642
housing discrimination 8: 0117
induction of women 16: 0660
integratbn progress report 12: 0018
quota system 16: 0660
training discrimination 8: 0201, 0224
see also Bases, air force; Flying Cadets;
Officers; U.S. Army Air Corps
U.S. Army
Army Extension School 2: 0779
Army Medical Corps 12: 0657
Army Signal Intelligence Corps 16: 0001
Army Veterinary Station Service 10: 0286
command of Negro troops 11: 0142
court-martial--mistrial charges 12: 0302
infantry--proposed Negro units 2: 0430
integration--progress reports 12: 0018
integration--proposed voluntary units 10: 0286;
12: 0018; 14: 0246; 15: 0001
paratroopers 15: 0627
performance of Negro troops 10: 0707;
11: 0142; 13: 0829
polls--morale 14: 0246
polls--performance 15: 0001
southern reserve units--refusal to accept
Negroes 9: 0633
statistics on Negroes 14: 0661
Student Army Training Corps 1: 0020
see also Army War College Library;
Bandmasters bill; Camps, army; Cavalry
Extension School; Courts-martial; Forts,
army; Officers; U.S. Army Air Corps; WAAC;
Women's Army Corps; names of specific
regiments and divisions
U.S. Army Air Corps
acceptance of Negro 16: 0869
applications 15: 0769, 1022; 16: 0001-0267
denial of Negro applications 2: 0588; 8: 0244
protests against denial 3: 0118
publications 11: 0879
training--specialization 16: 0378
training--through civil aviation schools
12: 0001; 16: 0267
see also Negro air corps; U.S. Air Force
U.S. Coast Guard
ratings available to Negroes 2: 0658
U.S. Coast Guard Women's Auxiliary 16: 0700
U.S. Enlisted Reserves
Negro applications 16: 0378
U.S. Marine Corps
quota system 16: 0796
race riots 14: 0869
segregation 11: 0580
U.S. Military Academy--appointments
general 3: 0950
proposed 3: 0118
quotas 3: 0737
U.S. Naval Academy
bill to increase midshipmen 3: 0737
conspiracy to fail Negroes 16: 0908
proposed appointments 3: 0118, 0737
U.S. Navy
branches open to Negroes 3: 0737, 0950;
16: 0908, 1043; 17: 0001
courts-martial 11: 0879; 17: 0001
discrimination in civilian employment 2:0779
general 17: 0001-0318
integration--proposals 3: 0950; 11: 0487
integration--statistics 17: 0318
Merchant Marines 16: 0908
National Reserves Officer Training Corps
17: 0207
Navy Enlisted Reserve Program (V-1 Program)
16: 0700
noncommissioned promotions 1: 0544, 0645,
0736
publications--command of Negro personnel
17: 0207
reserves 16: 0908
segregated crews 16: 0700
shore leave 17: 0318
transportation 1: 0796
U.S. Navy Women's Reserve 16: 0700;
17: 0001, 0792
see also Literacy; Merchant Marine Academy;
Naval Academy; Seabees; U.S. Marine
corps
VA
conference with NAACP 18: 0409
empbyment 18: 0190, 0555
proposed appointments 10: 0869; 18: 0301
see also Hospitals
Vallejo Committee on Interracial Affairs
14: 0869
Veterans Affairs Office
see Office of Veterans Affairs, NAACP
Veterans against Discrimination
formation 18: 0892
Veterans Appeals Boards
appointment of Negroes 6: 0720
Veterans' Bureau
discrimination against Negro veterans 4: 0060
insurance claims 14: 0931
see also Insurance
Veterans Committee against Discrimination
NAACP support for demonstration 7: 0604
Veterans' Emergency Housing Program
discrimination 18: 0701
Veterans Hospital Bill
Booker T. Washington Hospital 18: 0462
Veterans Hospitals
see Hospitals; VA
Vsterans Information Centers
counselling 18: 0447
Veterans League of America
campaign against John Rankin 18: 0892
Victory Day
V-E celebration 18: 0161
V-J celebration 18: 0161
V-1 Program
see U.S. Navy
Voting
absentee ballots 3: 0347
Soldiers' Vote Bill 14: 0476, 0558
WAAC
assaults by soldiers 15: 0627
deployment 15: 0473
formation 15: 0203
training 15: 0302
Walla Walla, Washington
civilian discrimination against Negro soldiers
16: 0642
War bonds
Negro purchases 3: 0315, 0392
War Claims Commission
prisoner of war cases 11: 0580
War Department
see Department of War
War production
effects on civilian life 7: 0890
Negro role 3: 0261
Negro women 3: 0392
War Resistors League
formation 7: 0415
War Risk Insurance Act
amendments 1: 0746; 4: 0060
War stamps
3: 0438
Booker T. Washington Hospital
legislation 18: 0462, 0555
Welles, Orson
publications 14: 0558
West Point
see U.S. Military Academy
White, Walter
chapter conflicts 7: 0741
death 12: 0018
interviews 13: 0452
invitations 7: 0184. 0415; 14: 0673; 18: 0161
requests for recommendations 16: 0378
testimony 11: 0879; 13: 0001
Wilklns, Roy
12: 0018
Wilson, Woodrow
commutation of Houston riot death sentences
3: 0392
Women's Army Corps
federal employment 18: 0881
Workers Defense League
request for NAACP loan 12: 0302
World War Veterans Act
see War Risk Insurance Act
Wyatt, Wilson W.
speeches 18: 0701
Young, Charles
monument 6: 0677
NAACP funeral delegation 6: 0597
pension 6: 0655, 0677
tribute--John Pershing 6: 0569
Young Men's Christian Association
amnesty campaign for 24th Infantry rioters
4: 0595
church list 14: 0246
policy to offer integrated facilities 3: 0664
Young Women's Christian Association
amnesty campaign for 24th Infantry rioters
4: 0595