Understanding the impacts of recent,
large-scale solid fuel interventions on
ambient air quality
Luke A. Conibear a*, Dominick V. Spracklen b, Stephen R. Arnold b, Amanda R. Lea-Langton a
a School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
b School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
* Corresponding author, email: [email protected]
Solid Fuel Use (SFU)
•
•
•
•
Wood, coal, charcoal, varied biomass, crop residues, animal dung
Traditionally used in poor-quality cookstoves
Same number of people using solid fuels today as 25 years ago (2.8 billion) in
spite of considerable development occurring since
Development alone isn’t fixing the problem
(Bonjour et al., 2013)
Incomplete combustion
•
Highly polluting
– CO, PM, PAH, HC, C, benzene, formaldehyde, etc.
– Toxins, mutagens, carcinogens, etc.
•
High concentrations
– ∼ 5,000 µg/m3 PM during cooking
– ∼ 500 µg/m3 average kitchen 24hr PM2.5
– 50x the WHO Air Quality Guidelines 10–35 µg/m3
•
High exposures
– Vulnerable people (women and children)
– Several hours, many times a day
(Balakrishnan et al., 2013; Bonjour et al., 2013; K. R. Smith, 2013, 2011;
World Health Organization, 2014)
Health impacts
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•
•
•
One of the top risk factors globally for ill-health
SFU leads to household air pollution (HAP) and ambient air pollution (AAP)
Exposure to HAP due to SFU
• 3.9 million premature deaths and 119 million lost healthy life years (DALYs)
Exposure to AAP due to SFU
• 337,000 premature deaths and 9.9 million DALYs
Acute lower
respiratory
infection
Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease
Interstitial lung
disease
Pneumonia
Low birth weight
Cancer (lung and
others)
Still birth
Blindness (cataracts)
Cognitive impairment
Burns and the health and
safety of fuel gathering
(Chafe et al., 2014; Lim et al., 2012; Kirk R Smith, 2015, 2014, 2011,
2006; Kirk R Smith et al., 2014)
Heart disease
What has been done?
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•
“Improved” cookstoves
Hundreds of interventions globally since 1950
– Deforestation
– Air pollution
Methods
• Making the available clean
• Making the clean available
• Regional diffusion
• Over the next decade, very large interventions are being planned
• Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves goal of 100 million stoves by 2020
• UN Sustainable Energy for All with the goal of ensuring universal access to
modern energy services by 2030 (LPG, biogas, advanced biomass)
• How are they impacting air pollution?
(Gifford, 2010; Kirk R Smith et al., 2014)
PhD
Quantifying the air quality impacts of solid fuel cookstove interventions in
low- and middle-income countries (LMIC)
Synthesise solid-fuel interventions
Modelling
Satellite data
Synthesise data on solid fuel interventions
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•
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Recent: 2000 – 2012
29 interventions found with above 100,000 stoves distributed
Mean size = 660,000, Median size = 340,000
Fuel mostly varied biomass / wood
Interventions mostly solid fuel to solid fuel with improved cookstove
(K. R. Smith and Sagar, 2014)
Changes in SFU
Intervention penetration
Statistical analysis of aerosol optical depth (AOD)
AOD
Ctl
ΔAOD
Int
Time
Control
Cookstove
Intervention
•
•
•
(Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN)
et al., 2011)
Intervention characteristics
Seasonal
Regional
Model daily atmospheric aerosol optical data
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High spatial resolution 10x10km
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Very high ambient PM
Stove stacking
Some health benefits only
realised with large reductions
Difficult to achieve with many
current improved cookstoves
using solid fuel
•
(Burnett et al., 2014, K. R. Smith, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2006; K. R. Smith et
al., 2014, K. R. Smith and Sagar, 2014)
Summary
•
•
•
•
Many recent large-scale solid
fuel interventions to combat
the significant health burden
from air pollution
Most focused on making the
available local biomass clean
through improved cookstoves
Clean fuel alternatives of gas
and electricity are often too
expensive
Through this analysis can
understand whether they
have made a difference for
the worlds poorest?
Thank you
Bibliography
Balakrishnan, K., Ghosh, S., Ganguli, B., Sambandam, S., Bruce, N., Barnes, D.F., Smith, K.R., 2013. State and national household concentrations of PM2.5
from solid cookfuel use: results from measurements and modeling in India for estimation of the global burden of disease. Environ.
Heal. 12, 77. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-12-77
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Household Cooking: Country and Regional Estimates for 1980–2010. Environ. Health Perspect. 121, 784–790.
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J.R., Bruce, N.G., Kan, H., Laden, F., Prüss-Ustün, A., Turner, M.C., Gapstur, S.M., Diver, W.R., Cohen, A., 2014. An integrated risk function
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Additional: Changes in SFU
Additional: Household contribution to ambient PM
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ΔAOD compares to ambient fine particle matter APM2.5 (orange)
Energy interventions effects compares to a fraction of household contribution to ambient
fine particulate matter PM2.5cook (blue)
East Asia
PM2.5cook
decreased from
23% in 1990
(11µg/m3)
to
10% in 2010
(7.3µg/m3)
South Asia
PM2.5cook
increased from
15% in 1990
(4.4µg/m3)
to
26% in 2010
(8.6µg/m3)
(Chafe et al., 2014)
Additional: Household contribution to ambient PM
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•
•
•
ΔAOD compares to ambient fine particle matter APM2.5 (orange)
Energy interventions effects compares to a fraction of household contribution to ambient
fine particulate matter PM2.5cook (blue)
Southern,
Eastern,
Western
and
Central
PM2.5cook
has
more
than
doubled
in
proportion from
1990 to 2010
(Chafe et al., 2014)