The Nature of Science
Important Concepts Above and
Beyond Biology I
What is Science?
• Science is a means of obtaining information
about the natural world.
What does this involve?
• Scientists use established methods
(Scientific Method).
• Science is a process of solving problems.
• Scientific theories have “predictive” value.
What to watch out for...
• False assumptions lead to flawed theories.
• Science provides the criteria for selecting a
“better” or alternative theory.
Scientific Knowledge is
TENTATIVE!
• It is subject to peer review.
• It is subject to being tested, modified, and
rejected.
• Observation and measurements contain
errors.
• Science contains an element of uncertainty.
Change is expected in Science!
• New information may cause scientists to
change their minds!
• This has happened throughout human
history and is bound to happen again!!
Doing Science Involves...
•
•
•
•
Creativity
Imagination
Curiosity
Knowledge of the Subject
How are these traits utilized?
• 1. Science begins and ends with questions.
• 2. Science is based on common human
abilities.
• 3. Science can be considered “purposeful
play”.
• 4. Scientific discoveries can be
serendipitous. (Found by accident)
What Influences Science?
•
•
•
•
Cultural context.
Historical context.
Political context.
Scientist’s own values and personal beliefs.
• Conflict can develop between science and
other ways of thinking.
• Science is only ONE way of knowing.
Science Requires Critical
Thinking Skills:
• Scientific thinking is based on empirical
data rather than authority.
• The ability to identify assumptions is
important.
• Scientific thinking needs to be as objective
as possible.
More skills...
• Scientists attempt to identify cause and
effect relationships.
• Scientific conclusions may be derived by
inductive and deductive reasoning.
• The quality and quantity of evidence must
be considered when supporting or rejecting
hypotheses.
Most Importantly….
• Science involves an awareness of the
thinking skills used in problem solving.
• You can’t believe EVERYTHING that you
see, hear, or read!!!
• You have to become a critical thinker when
it comes to scientific claims!!