!"$#% #%"& #(')" *,+.- "/* 0 1!243(5!6.7
8:9<;>=@?BADCFEHG I$JLK.9LMN9@OPARQTSREUJWVX9WYZS\[]BAD^@_`IJbac9TdN9<eN=@AD]BAR_$fgI
(h!ii jljl k`k`mUmUnHnHoqopXj¡p¢jsr\j¡roTobtvujwywyxz|x{Hz|}{~s}{£¡¤Lj¢tUjszobmR
¥ ¦"{}
oB}n§oltUmrnHz!tpy}tjs©
j¨$r\j}tvª|uXj¡ny{H}morj¢ mj©mt}rr$~sUol{HtortUgr`«<btUrr~¡olmotUnHr`}t¬®°¯qL)®g±W²³¦µLy´¶mU±br·Umym mrmm
c¸ ¹º»¼`½g¾»¿
Â
À
Á
Ã
³
Ä
$
Á
³
Å
$
Á
Æ
Ç
¶
Ç
È
Á
³
Ä
$
Á
³
Å
É
q
Ê
¶
Ç
Ì
Å
\
Ë
W
Í
Î
³
Å
¶
Ç
É
Ï
%
Ð
Ë
Í
|
Ç
È
Á
Ã
È
Ë
¶
Ç
Ë
¶
Å
Ã
È
$
Á
³
Ä
B
Ñ
Ò
Î
Ó
É
Æ
g
Ï
Î
Æ
Ò
$
Á
Å
\
Ë
@
Í
¶
Ç
È
>
Á
Ô
R
Õ
×
Ö
Æ
ųËÇ|ÍÎÉÄÆDÔÓØÚÊBÁ$ÆÙ`ÏÛÁ$Ü\ÏîÝÞílßÇ|Ñà<ÇÎÒ$ËÆÆÑqÉÏìïÉÒà"Ç|ÒÁ$ÈϵĶËÉìNųÑBÆÑqÉÕáì×ÎàĶÒìNÈÎÑqâ\ÆÎÕÊÎãÆÁ$äųå>ÁæHÎçÆèÏðãÑBäÂijËųÆyÃ@ñÁÒÊBÑqǶÆÄ|Á$ÎÅ(éêëòÁÊĶÎ\ÁĶÕÅ¡Á%Ç|ÉÆRÏÉÑBÁ$ìÏóÓÇ|Á$Ë Ä
ŶöXÁ$ÈÎÁ4ĶÒÅ³È Á$ÊBÍôÁËÒÄǶÁ$Ç|Ï ÈÁ(ÊBÑBÆÃÁ$ijÁ$ÅųÎÁ$ÆÄ³Á4ÒÁ.ÊBËDËÒÍÎ\ǶÒÁ$ÈÏÁ$ì%ÑqÆáÑBÒ$Ç|ÎÈÊÁ4ųǶâDÄ|ÑBÎ\ųǶÑBÓÑqõgÊqÁÒ$Î\ijÇ|Á$ÑqÕËÑqÆËÆÑBÆFËÇ|Í©ÈÇ|Á%ÈÁ4Î\ǶųìNÃ@ÁËÒŶǶÃĶÈÉÁìïĶÁ%àWÊBËËÍÌÆÇ|ÕÈò¢ÑqÅÎ\ĶšÏÇÎËÄÍ é
Ç|Á$ÈÊqÁ$Á4ì%÷¢Á$ÆÎÊqÇìNÓRÁÐÄÒ$ø³ÎÉÊBì%ÒÉÃbÊÎ\àǶÑBÑBÆÆÕËĶÑqÆÏÏÁĶÁ$ÅÃÁ$òÆÑqÏǶÈFÁ$ÆäÇ|ÊùÐ!úüǶÈûþÁ¢Î\ýÓßÉ߯éÏgÀÿÎ\ÁÆÒ$ÏÁXÁÎ\ĶÑqŶâŶÁ$ËDÏÒ$ÑBÎ\Ç|ÈÇ|ÁÁ4ÏÎÁ$ÓÎÉÒÆÈÏgÊBÎÑqÆÆÁÒéÁ4ÀÿËÁͩǶÁÈÎÁ$ÒÈÆ
ÒÎÈgÓÎÉĶÆÎÏgÒÎǶÁ$ÆÄ³ÒÑ Á$ÁËÏÆÇ|ÈËÃÁÇ|ÏÑqÒÁ$ÎÃÊLǶÈ4ÏÁ$ËÃÍgÇ|ÍôÈbËijé@ì.öXÎ\ÑqÇǶÎ\ÑBËÆÆÑBÉËìïÍyÁ$àyÎÒÒÈÈ(ĶËÊBìNÑBÆÑqÁÉàì×ÎÆàyÏ4ìNÁ ÎÆÎ\ÕìNÎ\ÑqÆÆÁ$Á$ųÏÁǶÎÈÆÁ¢ÏÏÑqÁĶÃ@ËÁÆ×ÆÅ¶ÏÈÁËÆò Ò$ÁÆËË Í
â\Ç|Ë ÎĶÓÑBÎ\Á4Ç|ÑqųËǶÆÄ¶ËËÆÍDÕÇ|ÊqÈÐÁ$ÑBÅ¡Ä<Ç|ĶÎ\Î\ÓÇ|ÉÑõgÆÁ$ÏgÏ Î\ÆÑBÆÒ$ÁǶòÈÑqÁ%ǶȫÎ\Ç|Ëì%ÃÇ|ËÑqŶÒÃÎÈÊÁ$ÏijÁ$Á%ÃǶË\ÈbÍ¢éÔöXØ ÈÁŶÙ`ÁÛÜÍôËÝÉÞÄWßé@Á$ÊqöXÁ$ì%ÈÑBÁ$ÅÆÑqÇ|ÆÅ<ÏÏÑqËÒÎ\ÆÇ¶ËÁ$ÇLÅÎ\Ç|ÃÈÃ@Î\Ç«Á$ÎÑqÄ Í
Ç|ųÎǶÈÊqÄ|ŶÁ%Ë>Î\ǶųijÑqÃ@Á$õgÁÃÒ$ÒËÎ\ǶÇ|ijÄ|ÇÑqÎËÁÊ©Æ%âDÊBÑqËÑqÏÆÒÁ$Á$Ò$ÆÅÉÒijšÁ¢Å$Ç|àÉÇ|ÑÈgÏÇÎÑBÁ$ìÇ"ÏTÔÉàWÅ³Ø ËÇÄÓ@Ù`Ç|ÛÁÈgÜÑBÎ\ÝÆcÇ«ÞÎßÑÇ«Ç|Ñqì%Å"ÑBÅËÎŶÇ|Æ(ÃËDäÈË ÷>Á$òĶÙÑqÁ$Ò>à\Î ÎÊBÆÎÐÏÇ|Á$Ë ÍôijÉÅÏÄ¡òÁÇ|ÈÇ|ÈÁÁÑqÒĶÒÇ!ì%È ÉËÎŶĶĶÑqÁÌÁÆÄ¶ÕïÆÁËÃ@ǶǢÈËÁ$ijÏÇųÑÁNÎÎ\ÕÆÏÆËÎ\ËìNÇŶÎÁÎébÏ.ÊBËÀÿÓÉÐ ÁÅ
ŶÈÑqÍlÇ|ÅXË\ÍZųËìNÁ«Å¡Ç|Ä¶ËÆÕ yÁ ÊBÑqÆÁ$ÅàÇ|ÈÁËĶÑBÕÑBÆcËÍLòÈÑqÒÈ×ÑqÅXÉÆÒ$ÊqÁÎÄé
¼
º
³
Å
|
Ç
Î
¶
Ä
Å
\
Î
Ó
É
Æ
g
Ï
\
Î
Æ
$
Ò
Á
Å
"
æ
¡
Å
Ç
Î
³
Ä
Å
\
Î
|
Ç
%
ì
Ë
³
Å
Ã
È
$
Á
³
Ä
$
Á
©
Å
Z
æ
¡
Å
Ç
Î
³
Ä
Å
D
Ò
È
$
Á
%
ì
B
Ñ
$
Ò
Î
B
Ê
Ê
4
Ð
Ã
$
Á
$
Ò
É
B
Ê
Ñ
\
Î
Ä
æÌųÇ|ÎĶŠgÑBÆÏÑqâDÑBÏÉÎÊ Ô>Ø Ù`ÛÜÝ\Þß
¿ @»¼ L¾»
"! #%$&(')&+*-,+.*0/12')3546"354&70&(79803:*-7<;>=(6?4A@B3:*0&DC5EGFH3:89&DI79JK&,L89*-35FM82/JA&DNPOQ80$R&LSA&,L80OHT5&(89&'UJK&+*-3:80.V*0&7
OH46XEY*-C"'[Z+\"]:\5\_^`1
*W3546:1
Z]:\5\5\a^Ub5#%$&79&c79803:*W7edC<4C58e$C"798ed&+89&,L803:fMFQ&(')3:6"4&+80OH,hgV&FHdM7+i
N(OQ80$j.JVJK&+*kFlOH')OQ807mC"4
FQC"46"OQ80.VdMOH4V35FV')3:6"4V&+80OH,DgV&FHdV7h357c70')35FHFn357c3:fKC".8]Uo[;qpr$C5*WFHOH4)&+8c35Fsbt:\5\"tiVuv35d&X&+8c35FsbVt:\5\"w"@WbV#%$&+/3:*0&
,-$V3:*-35,L89&+*WOQx+&dy79JK&,L89*0C"70,LC5JMOH,+35FlFQ/f/z&L{r89*0&'U&|C}T5&+*-3:fn.V4VdV354V,L&7(C5E
C}NPFH&+/|&+835Fsbt:\5\"w"@
'U&+*W,+.*0/v;JKC"7070OQfMFH/'UC5*0&~80$V354yw)d&L{K
354VdUC5E')3546"354&70&~;JKC"7070OQfMFH/_'UC5*0&%80$M354<d&L{M@Wi354VdR'UC5*0&P70.VfV80FQ&C}T5&+*91e354Vd).M4Vd&+*91
3:fM.V4VdV354M,L&7C5EmC580$&+*c&FH&'U&4807b
C"4V70Old&+*-OH46~80$&<$/rd*0Crd/r4V35')OH,D79803:fMOlFHOQ82/RC5Em80$&OH*3:80')C"79JM$&+*0&7PdV.&X89C
80$&OQ*P70FHC}N*0C5803:80OHC"4iV80$&79&~,-$&')Ol,+35FG354C"')35FHOH&7%3:*0&_4V3:80.V*-35FHFQ/ROl489&+*0JM*0&+89&d
357PdM.&X89CR*-35dVOl3:80OQT5&FQ/12d*-OQT5&4
dVOS.V70OQC"4354Vdz65*W3TrOQ803:80OQC"4V35FG70&+8980FHOH46;&5b6bK?OH,W$V35.VdvZ"\@Wb
#%$&35OH'C5Ec80$VOl7aJM3:JK&+*_OH7_89C*0&+JKC5*08~gV*-798_*0&70.VFQ807aC5E%3,+3:*0&+E>.VF
70&3:*-,-$EYC5*j7989*-3:80OHgM,+3:80OQC"4Ol437-')35FHF
7035'UJMFQ&C5EP70$V3:*-J12FHOH4&d=P6?479803:*-7+bC5*jC"4&79803:*UOH4C".V*|7035')JMFQ&5i80$V&Ic79803:*U=(Z}:]5w"\riBN&$V3}T5&
d&+*-OQT5&d80$V&
&FQ&'U&48035FP3:fM.M4VdV354V,L&7UC5ED80OQ80354VOl.V'ziB,-$V*0C"')OH.V'
i'R3546"354&79&354VdOQ*0C"4Gi354Mdd&+*-OHT5&d80$&
T5&+*080OH,+35FdMOH7989*-OQfn.80OQC"4V7
C5Ek80$V&79&_,-$V&')OH,+35F&FQ&')&4807(OH480$&a7989&FHFl3:*P3:80'UC"79JM$V&+*0&5b
Z
t
¿ 4¹Zº ¼ ½» Lº4½ º ¾»¼ ¼ ¾»
(
5
"!
5! 70OH46"FQ&
70JA&,L89*W.V'C5Ea=DZ}:]5w"\riC5fV8035OH4&dC"4¡ ".M4&Ziht:\5\Zy3:8¢hpV£¤N(OQ80$80$&¥D¦r#¨§(¥(1q¥DOH7-.V35F
¢
,-$V&FHFQ&pJK&,L89C565*-3:Jn$§P¥X¢hp3:8R80$&§(#Pt©89&FQ&70,LC5JK&5i
fA&+8®N&+&4j:\P\5\5\D354Vd)Z5Z+\(\5\5\rb#P$&
dV3:803PN&+*0&
N357)C5fV8035Ol4&dE*0C"'80$&¢hpV£p,+OQ&4V,L&
#%$&~70JA&,L89*W.V'ª,LC}T5&+*W7X80$&~79JK&,L89*-35FmdC"')35OH4EY*-C"'«:\:"\ ¬
89CZ+\5\5\5\ ¬
*-,-$MOQT5&5b
NPOQ80$3)*0&70C"FQTOl46UJKC}Nh&+*(*-354V6"OH46
*0&dV.V,L&d~.V70OH4680$&h§P¥X¢hpXJMOQJK&FHOH4&dV3:803P*0&dV.V,L80OQC"4_79C5EY8®Nh3:*-&
;T5&+*-70OQC"4Utb¯tb°\@Wb"±²4VdVOQTrOHdV.M35F:C5*-d&+*-7mN&+*-&h80$V&4|4VC5*-')35FHOQx+&d~.V70OH4V6P80$&h±³
`´9,LC"480OH4.M.V')µ(JV*0Cr,L&dV.*0&5b#%$&
70OQ6"4V35F1q89C:124VC"OH79&U*-3:80OQC"7_C5EcOH4VdVOQTrOHdV.M35FGC5*-d&+*W7a3:EY89&+*|4C5*-')35FlOQx3:80OQC"4y*-35465&dvfA&+8®N&+&4t:\5\
89Cw:\5\rbmC5*~80$&
$VOQ6"$JV*0&,+OH70OHC"4)*0&¶.VOQ*0&dREYC5*80$VOl7OH4T5&7980OQ6"3:80OHC"4iNh&XC"4VFQ/),LC"4V7-OHd&+*0&d80$&DTOH7-OQfMFQ&c*0&+6"OHC"4C5E80$&D70JA&,L89*W.V'zi
FQC"465N3:*-dvC5E80$&RI35FH')&+*c·0.V'UJOH4vC5*-d&+*-7<N(OQ80$pV¸¹»º¼:\5\rbk#%$&R7089&FHFH3:*_354VdFH3:fKC5*-3:89C5*0/Nh3}T5&FQ&46580$V7
E
N&+*0&a,LC"')JM3:*0&d89C)d&+89&+*-'ROH4&D80$&a7989&FHFH3:**-35dMOH35FMT5&FHC,+OQ8®/5bM#%$&XFH3:8989&+*%N357&7980OH'R3:89&dz89CUfK&j;Y1®b¯tR½<\r¾¯"@
¿ 'À7LÁ
b#%$&<79JK&,L89*-.M'¼C5Em80$VOH779803:*cN357c,LC"'UJM3:*0&d
89Cj354VC580$&+*P79JK&,L89*-.V'¼C5fV8035OH4V&df/ b°|b¦354VdV7089*0&+&+8
.V70OH46j80$&joD&, ¿ C79JK&,L89*0C565*-3:JM$3:8
,+FQ&3:*;qÂÃZ+\
¿ '¸7W@Wi
=D#<b
FQ80$C".6"$z80$V&_FHOH4&XJV*-C5gMFQ&7c3:JVJK&3:*%89CR$M3T5&~,LC"4M79803548D70$V3:JK&5i
79/r7989&')3:80OH,*W35dVOH35FT5&FQCr,+OQ82/dVOSK&+*0&4V,L&7R3:*0&
3:JVJM3:*0&48+bB±8U80$.M7)3:JVJK&3:*-7j80$V3:8R=D
Z}:]5w"\OH7P3)70OH46"FH&L12FHOH4&d79JK&,L89*0C"70,LC5JMOl,XfMOH4V3:*0/y;qprIXZ}@Wb
Ä
¿ ¾»¼ º @» º §º
(Åk
"Æ
!
#%$&y3:80'UC"79JM$&+*WOH,
JM3:*W35'U&+89&+*-7C5E_=DÃZ}:]5w"\$V3}T5&fK&+&4`d&+89&+*-')Ol4&dOH4¡80$&JM35798f/=D.fV*WOQ6v&+8z35Fsb
;²Z55"@Wbu©&D$V3T5&(65&4&+*-3:89&d79/r480$&+80Ol,%FHOH4&cJM*0C5gMFQ&7e.V7-OH46X80$&XÇK&+&')354Mt<,LCrd&~;uv35d&D&+8
#%¦
I
35Fsbt:\5\Z}@B354Vd354
p|79C"FH3:*%3:fM.M4VdV354V,L&D3:80'UC"79JM$&+*-&X')Cd&FK,LC5*0*-&79JKC"4VdVOH46~89Cj80$&OQ**0&70.VFH807X;²Zt:\5\5\:65"\@Wb
80$&
,LC"'UJM.89&dJM*0C5gMFQ&7|NPOQ80$È80$&zC5fn79&+*0T5&dFHOl4&7~354Md,+35FH,+.VFH3:80OH4V680$V&z*0&dV.V,L&dÈÉ
I
C"'UJn3:*-OH46
iNh&zC5fM79&+*0T5&d80$V3:8
79C"'U&)FHOH4V&7PNh&+*0&UJKCC5*WFQ/
gV8989&d©.V7-OH4680$VOH7X3:80'UC"79JM$V&+*-OH,j'UCrd&FsbKI/OH4V,L*0&357-OH4680$&U89&'UJK&+*-3:80.*0&jC5E80$&
3:80'UC"79JM$&+*-&~'UCrd&Ff/
]:\5\^UiMN&~C5fV8035OH4&dÉ
T:35FH.&7%N($VOH,-$3:*0&~3:*0&|,+FQC"79&+*(89C.V4VOH82/EYC5*(80$&Zt5]:\5\:65"\
3:80'UC"79JM$&+*WOH,<'UCrd&F80$V354zEC5*P$C58989&+*(C5*P,LCC"FQ&+*('UCrd&FH7a;f/z3jE35,L89C5*XFH3:*065&+*P80$V354vZ:b¯]U80Ol'U&7W@WbV#%$&a3:fn.V4r1
dV354V,L&7Xd&+*-OQT5&dNPOQ80$80$&Zt:\5\5\z^¼354MdÈZ:\5\5\z^['UCrd&FH7D3:*0&jFH3:*065&+*);f/'UC5*0&|80$V354y\rb¯tdV&L{V@%80$V35480$&
3:fM.V4VdV354M,L&7cC5fV8035OH4&dEC5*~Zt5]:\5\^Ub
E
§DFQ80OH')3:89&FQ/5ik80$&z7989&FHFl3:*|Jn3:*-35'U&+89&+*-7U35dC5JM89&dEYC5*j80$&z354V35FQ/r70OH7|C5ED=(ÊZ}:]5w"\©Nh&+*0&&LSA&,L80OQT5&89&'j1
E
¿ '¤7 Á
JA&+*W3:80.*0&aËKÌsÍΫZt5]:\5\z^Uin7-.*0E>35,L&~65*-3}TOH82/FHC56BÏÎо°\riK*0C5803:80OQC"4M35FmT5&FHC,+OQ8®/vÑ7-OH4Ò%μtb¯]
')OH,L*0C580.*-fM.VFQ&48eT5&FQCr,+OQ82/UÓ~Î\rb°\
¿ 'Ô7LÁ
,LC5*0*0&+JKC"4VdVOH4V6|89CR80$&79&aJM3:*W35'U&+89&+*-7+b
b#%$&P'UCrd&FHOl46<Nh357h,+3:*0*-OH&d)C".8
357-70.V')OH4V6_354
#%¦
354Vd3
pVa'UCrd&F
#mC|,W$V3:*-35,L89&+*-OQx+&X80$&Dd&+JV80$C5EEYC5*W')3:80OQC"4C5EG&35,-$FHOH4V&5i"N&X357070.M'U&dR80$M3:8&35,W$FlOH4&%EC5*-'U&d3:8C5JM80OH,+35F
d&+JV80$ÈFQC56Õ+ÖcΪ\3:8|FlOH4&R,L&489&+*b#%$&dV&+8035OHFH7aC5EP80$&79&,+35Fl,+.VFH3:80OQC"4V7|3:*0&d&70,L*-OQfK&d©f/v^a$V35Fl35, ¿
&+8j35Fsb
;st:\5\"w"@Wb
=(&+*0&%Nh&%JV*0&79&48e80$&%*-&70.VFQ807C5EK80$&P354M35FQ/7-OH7C5EK80OQ80354VOH.V'
i:,W$*0C"')Ol.V'zi5')3546"354&70&(354VdUOQ*-C"4)FHOH4&7b:VC5*
&35,-$v&FH&'U&48+im3:fM.V4VdV354M,L&7(Nh&+*0&ROl4EY&+*-*0&dE*0C"'×&35,W$vOH4VdMOQTOldV.V35FFlOH4&j357070.V')Ol463v;T5&+*-80OH,+35FHFQ/.V4VOQEC5*-'@
3:fM.V4VdV354M,L&~OH4z80$V&|3:80'UC"70JM$&+*0&~C5EB=(«Z}:]5w"\rbG¦OH4&7PN&+*-&~,+3:*0&+E>.VFHFQ/JV*-&L1279&FQ&,L89&d89C3}T5C"OHdfMFQ&4VdV7P354Vd
')OH70OHdV&480OQgn,+3:80OQC"4V7+bG#%$V&3:89C"')OH,dV3:803EYC5*|80$&FHOH4&)JM*0C5gMFQ&R70/480$&70OH7_N&+*-&R&L{r89*-35,L89&dEY*-C"'Ø80$&¥DOH&4V4V3
89C"')OH,a¦mOH4&aX3:803:fM3579&;¥
¦a@Wb
¿ º l»`º
Ú
Ù
Û
FH3:*065&_4.V'~fA&+*PC5EBFHOH4&7a;>#k3:fMFQ&Z}@N357P7980.VdMOQ&dz89C70&3:*-,-$EYC5*D7989*-3:80OQgn,+3:80OQC"4OH4
80$&~3:80'UC"70JM$&+*0&aC5EB=D
Z}:]5w"\rbKÜ354&Fl7%3@354VdfA@C5EeOQ6".*-&)Z<70$C}NÝC5fM79&+*0T5&d354Vdz,LC"'UJM.89&dJV*0C5gMFH&7C5EeOQ*-C"4zFHOH4&7hNPOQ80$65CCrdr1
¶.V35FlOQ82/ÈgV807+bB=(C}Nh&+T5&+*i79C"'U&FHOl4&7jOH480$&79JK&,L89*-.M'ÞJV*0&79&48R354C"')35FHC".V7U*-35dVOl35FT5&FQC,+OH82/70$VOQE807
;>3:E89&+*
,LC5*0*0&,L80OQC"4EC5*(80$&j79/r7989&')3:80OH,~*-35dVOl35FGT5&FQCr,+OQ82/V@WK80$&79&j3:*0&jOHFHFH.V7089*-3:89&d
OH4JM354&FH7D,}@%354Mddn@cC5E
#%$&PC5fn79&+*0T5&dFHOH4&7
OH4)JM354V&Fn,}@BJV*0&79&487-')35FHFQ&+*h70$VOQE807+i"NP$V&+*0&357
OQ6".*0&Z:b
80$VC"79&DOl4)JM354&FAdn@BdVOH79JMFl3/UFH3:*065&+*70$VOQE807+b
#%$&a79C".*W,L&aC5Em80$V&79&_70$VOHEY807cOH7c,+.V*0*0&480FQ/.M4V,+FQ&3:*b
E
±²4OQ6".*0&|tinEC5*(OQ*-C"4FHOH4V&7+iN&|70$C
NÐ80$&~*-35dVOH35FGT5&FQC,+OH82/
dVOSK&+*0&4V,L&~fK&+82Nh&+&480$&~C5fM79&+*0T5&d354Vd80$&
35dC5JV89&dy¥Dß;C5E1®b¯t
¿ '×7+Á
@WbC5*~'UC"798XC5E
80$&)FlOH4&7+in80$&UdVOSK&+*0&4V,L&j*-35465&7XfK&+82Nh&+&4y12\rbà89C
\rbà
¿ '
#m3:fMFH&PZ:á
fM.V4VdV354M,L&7GFQC56M;>â|ã®Öàã2äD¸â~åHæå@ANPOH80$<7980354VdV3:*-d_d&+TOl3:80OQC"4V7Gç)354Md<80$&
4.V'~fA&+*èUC5ErFlOH4&7'U&3570.V*0&d
EYC5*P=DÀZ}:]5w"\rb
±®C"4
A
'U&357-.*0&d
ç
4
#%OK±0±
1®]bàZ
\rbHZ}
t5
1bHZL
*%±
1®]bHZ
\rb¯t
t
1®wb"\
*%±0±
1®]b¯]rZ
\rb¯t
t
1®wb"\
?4
±
1qbHZ}
\rb¯trZ
Z}
1®wb¯w5]
?4
±0±
1qbVZ
\rb¯trZ
1®wb¯w5]
&_±
1qb¯w5
\rbHZt
w
1qb¯]5
&_±-±
1qb¯é
\rbHZt
w:\
1qb¯]5
ë
Kê
p.V4
ê
5272
4404
5070
4383
4620
4271
4596
4202
4576
4071
4491
4045
_
-10
-5
rê
0
V, km/s
5
10
Q
-10
-5
Bê
0
V, km/s
5
6247
10
5169
4416
5018
4385
4731
-10
kOH6".*0&
Z:á
FHOH4&
@
-5
0
V, km/s
5
10
-10
-5
0
V, km/s
5
10
,LC"'UJM3:*WOH79C"4©fK&+82Nh&+&4v80$V&)C5fM79&+*0T5&dFHOH4&jJV*-C5gMFQ&7);E>.VFHFeFHOH4V&
@P354Mdv,LC"'UJM.89&dFHOH4&7);>dV357-$&d
C5EáV3@c4&.V89*-35FOQ*0C"4zFHOl4&7h1BfA@WiM,}@354Md
dn@h70OH4V6"FQ/12OHC"4VOQx+&dOQ*0C"4zFHOH4V&7+b
1.2
1
0.8
Delta RV (km/s)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
4000
4500
5000
5500
Wavelength (Angstrom)
6000
6500
kOH6".*0&)tá#%$&j*-35dMOH35FkT5&FQC,+OH82/ydVOSK&+*0&4V,L&jfK&+82Nh&+&4©80$&UC5fM79&+*-T5&dv354Vdy80$&U35dC5JV89&dv*-35dVOH35FkT5&FQCr,+OQ80OQ&7XC5E
OQ*0C"4zFHOH4V&7+b
7 Á
E
E
b=PC
N&+T5&+*}ik357a7-$C}NP4OH4yJM354&Fedn@XC5EhOQ6".*-&
Z:iG80$&)&±0±XìAìnì:rZ:b]5iB]:\Zéb5"\riB]rZw5b°\"5FlOH4&7
JV*0&79&48<70$VOQE807XFH3:*065&+*<80$V354©\rb¯é
¿ '×7LÁ
b
,+3:*0&+E>.VF&L{35')OH4V3:80OQC"4C5E80$&UdV3:803*0&dV.V,L80OHC"4JM*0C,L&dM.*0&j354Vd
,LC"'UJM3:*-OH70C"4NPOQ80$C580$&+*R70JA&,L89*W3yC5ED=DÞZ}:]5w"\OH4MdVOH,+3:89&7|80$V3:8)80$&70&
70$VOQE807j3:*0&4C58)OH4M7989*-.V'U&48035FOH4
E
C5*-OQ6"OH4iB4VC5*RdC©80$&+/*0&70.MFQ807jEY*-C"'80$&dV3:803v*0&dV.V,L80OQC"4JM*0C,L&dM.*0&5beu©&3:*-&,+.*0*0&480FQ/ÈOH4T5&7080OQ6"3:80OH46OHE
80$VOH7%*-&+íV&,L807X.V4V,L&+*08035OH480OQ&7|;C5EhÂX\rb¯]
1-Z
¿ '«7LÁ
@cOl4
JM.fnFHOH70$&dN3T5&FQ&4V6580$V7XC5Ee80$&79&|FHOH4&7+iMC5*DOQEe354C580$V&+*
;>357989*0C5JM$/7-OH,+35FY@h&LSK&,L8(OH7*-&79JKC"4V70OQfMFH&|;&5b6bAfMOH4V3:*-OH82/V@Wb
#%$&<*-&')35OH4Vd&+*C5E80$VOH7c70&,L80OQC"4
*0&+JKC5*0807*-&70.VFQ807EC5*P&35,W$
C5E80$&<EC".*%&FQ&'U&4807P7080.VdVOQ&db
îmÒïqð:ñMÒYòró)ô±²4OQ6".*-&È;JM354&Fh3@Wik80$V&80OQ80354MOH.V'Ø3:fn.V4VdV354V,L&d&,L*0&3579&7j')3:*-6"OH4V35FHFQ/yNPOH80$¡;>FQC
T5&+*jFH&+T5&FY@
&L{r,+OQ803:80OHC"4JKC589&480OH35FGfK&+82Nh&+&4Zõ1®]b¯])&+¥|bK=PC
N&+T5&+*iK80$VOl7%d&,L*0&3579&jOH7(4C58(FH3:*-65&5bM±²4
JM354&F3@cC5EBOQ6".*-&ai
80$&P80OQ80354MOH.V'ö3:fM.M4VdV354V,L&PdVC&7h4C587-$C}N`354/R70/7989&'R3:80OH,%T:3:*-OH3:80OQC"4OH4U80$&(C5JV80OH,+35FAd&+JV80$R*-35465&(FHC56~Õ+÷9ø9ø9ø
Îù1®w89C1®b#%$&'U&3543:fM.V4VdV354M,L&)C5fV8035OH4&dOH7úP]¾àZ(½`\r¾HZ}d&L{Kbm#%OQ80354MOH.V'dC&7_4VC58|3:JVJK&3:*~89CfK&
7989*-3:80OQgV&dOH480$&aC5JV80Ol,+35FGd&+JV80$*-354V65&_FQC56)Õ ÷9ø9ø9ø
ÎÐ1®wU89CU1®UOH480$&a3:80')C"79JM$&+*0&_C5E=DÀZ}:]5w"\rb
ûWü²ý ñAôB#%$&OQ*0C"43:fM.V4VdV354M,L&R70$C
NP7~4VC79/r7989&')3:80Ol,)T:3:*-OH3:80OQC"4È357j3
E>.V4V,L80OQC"4C5E~;>FQC}Nh&+*UFQ&+T5&FY@<&L{r,+OQ803:80OHC"4
JAC589&480OH35FOH4JM354V&FKfA@
C5EmOQ6".*0&abV¦CC ¿ OH46"3:8JM354&FdA@BC5EkOQ6".*0&XiNh&adCU4C58cC5fM79&+*0T5&a354/70OQ6"4VOQgn,+3548
T3:*-Ol3:80OQC"4RC5E80$V&D3:fM.M4VdV354V,L&%C5Em&D357hE>.V4V,L80OQC"4RC5EGÕ+÷9ø9ø9ø%C5JV80Ol,+35Fnd&+JM80$bu©&Xd&+*-OQT5&d'U&3543:fM.V4VdM354V,L&7BC5E
&a±354Mdz&a±0±õir*0&79JK&,L80OQT5&FQ/5irC5Em1qb¯w5U354Vd1qb¯édV&L{354Vdz3U7980354MdV3:*-dzd&+TrOH3:80OQC"4C5E\rbHZtUd&L{Kb
,+,LC5*-dMOH46
89C80$V&79&*0&70.VFQ807ikOQ*-C"470$VC}NP7j4C&+TOld&4V,L&C5E(7989*-3:80OHgM,+3:80OQC"4OH480$&3:80')C"79JM$&+*0&C5EP=DÊZ}:]5w"\vOH480$&
C5JV80OH,+35FGd&+JM80$z*-35465&_FHC56)Õ+÷9ø9ø9ø_ÎÐ1®]b¯]U89CU12\rb¯]b
þmÿ ü²ý ó|Òòró)ô#%$&a,W$*0C"')OH.M'À3:fM.V4VdV354M,L&5iM357POHFlFH.V7989*-3:89&dOH4zOQ6".V*0&a;JM354V&FfA@WiMOH7c,LC"4M79803548DOH4z80$&~FQC56"31
*-OQ80$V')Ol,
C5JV80Ol,+35FdV&+JV80$j*-35465&fK&+82Nh&+&4j1®wD89C)Z:b"#%$&'U&354)3:fn.V4VdV354V,L&7kC5E
*±m354Vd
*±0±k3:*0&*0&79JK&,L80OQT5&FQ/
úP]¾HZ<½\r¾¯t
354MdúP]¾¯]rZ%½\r¾¯tdV&L{Ab#%$&+*-&|OH7<4VC70OH6"4yC5E,-$V*0C"')OH.V'»3:fM.M4VdV354V,L&j7989*-3:80OQgn,+3:80OQC"4©OH480$&
3:80'UC"79JM$&+*-&aC5Em80$MOH7%79803:*b
ôe±4JM354&F
ð:ñ ð:ñ
,}@aC5EPOQ6".*-&)imNh&70$C}Nù3:fM.V4MdV354V,L&7_dV&+*-OQT5&dvE*0C"'Þ?4ÈFHOH4V&7+b#mC'UCrd&F
FlOH4&7
C5ED?4iB$/JK&+*0gM4&79JMFHOH8980OH46N357j803 ¿ &4OH489C©35,+,LC".V48)NP$&4dV3:803N357)3T:35OHFH3:fMFH&5be£D80$V&+*0NPOH79&5ikC5fM79&+*-T5&d
I
FHOH4&7<Nh&+*0&,LC"'UJM3:*0&dNPOQ80$,LC"'UJM.89&dFHOH4&7a4V&+6"FQ&,L80OH46$/JK&+*0gM4&)7989*W.V,L80.*0&5i354Mdv80$C"79&FHOH4&7_70$C}N(OH46
*0&FH3:80OQT5&FQ/FH3:*065&j*0&dV.M,L&dyÉ
N&+*0&)4VC58X,LC"4M70OHd&+*0&dyOH480$&)354M35FQ/7-OH7+bAu©&UC5fV8035OH4&d©'U&354©3:fn.V4VdV354V,L&7DC5E
1qbHZ}R354Md
1qbVZjd&L{KiM*0&70JA&,L80OHT5&FQ/EYC5*<?4±%354Vdy?4±0±%354Vd37980354MdV3:*-ddV&+TOH3:80OHC"4
C5EB\rb¯trZjd&L{KbMu©&UdC
4C58PC5fM70&+*0T5&~354/
79/r7989&')3:80OH,_T3:*-Ol3:80OQC"4OH4')3546"354&79&|3:fM.V4VdM354V,L&_OH4z80$V&_C5JV80OH,+35Fmd&+JV80$*-35465&~FHC56Õ+÷9ø9ø9ø
EY*0C"'À1qb¯]U89CU12\rb¯]b
]
A
ë
Kê
ê
-5
-4.5
-4.6
-5.2
-4.7
log(Fe/Ntot)
log(Ti/Ntot)
-5.4
-5.6
-5.8
-6
-4.9
-5
-5.1
-6.2
-6.4
-4.8
-5.2
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Lower level excitation potential (eV)
4.5
5
-5.3
5.5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Lower level excitation potential (eV)
9
10
11
kOH6".*0&aáVD&+JA&4Md&4V,L&XC5Em80$V&X3:fn.V4VdV354V,L&XC"480$&<FQC
N&+*(FQ&+T5&FK&L{r,+OH803:80OQC"4JKC589&480OH35FKEC5*á3@80OQ80354VOl.V'ù354Vd
fA@hOQ*0C"4b
A
ë
Kê
-5.2
-5
-5.4
-5.2
-5.6
-5.8
-5.4
-5.6
-6
-5.8
-6.2
-6
-6.4
-6
-5.5
-5
-4.5
-4
log τ 5000
ê
-3.5
-3
Q
-6.2
-6
-5
-4
-3
Bê
Mn lines
-4
Cr lines
-4.8
log(Cr/Ntot)
log(Ti/Ntot)
-5
_
ê
Ti lines
-2
-1
0
1
Fe lines
-4.5
-4.1
log τ 5000
-4.6
-4.2
-4.7
log(Fe/Ntot)
log(Mn/Ntot)
-4.3
-4.4
-4.5
-4.8
-4.9
-5
-4.6
-5.1
-4.7
-5.2
-4.8
-4.9
-4.5
kOH6".*0&
á
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
log τ 5000
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
-5.3
-5.5
-5
-4.5
D&+JK&4Vd&4M,L&
C5E(80$V&3:fM.V4VdM354V,L&zC"480$&C5JV80OH,+35F%d&+JM80$EYC5*}á
')3546"354&79&~354Vd
dn@hOQ*-C"4b
-4
-3.5
-3
log τ 5000
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
3@|80OQ80354VOl.V'ziefA@|,W$*0C"')OH.M'ziB,}@
w
¿ vº¾ Lºº
v!
:! ±480$VOH7aJn3:JA&+*~N&$V3T5&JV*0&70&489&dgV*-798a*-&70.VFQ807_EY*0C"'379&3:*W,-$EYC5*|&+TOld&4V,L&)C5E%,W$&')OH,+35Fh7989*-3:80OQgn,+3:80OQC"4
OH480$V&3:80'UC"70JM$&+*0&C5EP=DØZ}:]5w"\rb
7|JV*0&79&489&dOH4#k3:fMFQ&Z:ik80$V&7980354MdV3:*-dÈd&+TOl3:80OQC"4Ol43:fM.V4MdV354V,L&
EYC5*D&35,-$&FQ&'U&48(Ol7PFQ&707P80$V354\rb¯tzd&L{KiMN($VOH,-$OH7P3:8(80$&~FQ&+T5&Fm&L{rJA&,L89&dEC5*(.V4V,L&+*-8035OH480OH&7POH4
Ï n1qT35Fl.&7
354VdÈC580$&+*U3:89C"')OH,dV3:803rbku©&
$V3T5&EC".V4VdÈ4C&+TrOHd&4V,L&EC5*|80$V&7989*W3:80OQgM,+3:80OQC"4ÈC5E%80OQ80354MOH.V'zik,-$*0C"'ROH.V'zi
')3546"354&79&U354VdOQ*0C"4OH480$&j3:80'UC"79JM$&+*-&~C5EB80$MOH7(70803:*in*-&79JK&,L80OQT5&FQ/
OH480$&|C5JV80OH,+35Fd&+JV80$*-35465&7XOH4FQC56
Õ+÷9ø9ø9øXEY*0C"'À1®wj89Cj1®iV1®w|89CZ:iV1qb¯]j89CU12\rb¯])354Md1®]b¯]j89CU12\rb¯]bnVC5*P80$&
80$VOH7%7980.Md/3:*0&~,LC"4V70OH7989&48%NPOH80$80$C"79&aJM.VfMFHOH70$V&d)f/
FHFKC5Ek80$&a'U&3570.*-&d
3:fM.V4VdM354V,L&7cOH4
357089&FHFHO =D.fV*-OH6z;st:\5\:@Wb
u©&j$V3T5&jC5fM79&+*-T5&d7-$VOQE807%fK&+82Nh&+&4C5fM79&+*0T5&dy354Vd,LC"'UJM.89&dJV*0C5gnFQ&7%C5E
&FQ&'U&4807N($VOH,-$¡3:*0&y4C58OH4M7989*-.V'U&48035Fsi
3:8989*-OQfM.803:fnFQ&(89Cj&+*0*-C5*-7cOH480$&X¥
¦
34.V'_fK&+*(C5E
354Md80$V3:8N&y3:*0&y.V4V3:fMFH&z89C&L{rJMFH35OH4Gb
FHOH4&7PEYC5*D&35,-$
C".VFHd80$&79&70$VOQE807)fK&
dV3:803:fM3579& |£X480$&XC580$&+*%$V354Mdi,LC".MFHd80$&(&LSK&,L8%fK&X357989*0C5JM$/7-OH,+35Fsi
354Vd
,LC"4V79&¶.&480FQ/5iM')OH6"$8%70Ol')OHFH3:*c70$VOHEY807fK&ad&+89&,L803:fMFH&_OH4z35FHF70$M3:*0J12FHOH4V&d=(6?479803:*-7
C".*C580$&+*RFH3:89&L12I¨79803:*-7;>=DØZ+\"w5wi=(:\"t5wi=(ÃZ}:é:\"w5]354Vd=(t5trZ]:\5@3:*0&70&FQ&,L89&dEC5*
80$&~E>.80.*-&~OH4T5&7980OQ6"3:80OQC"4M7PC5EB7989*W3:80OQgM,+3:80OQC"4yOH480$&~3:80'UC"70JM$&+*0&7DC5E
=(6?479803:*-7bA#%OH80354VOH.V'zin,-$*0C"'ROH.V'zi
')3546"354&79&5iAOQ*0C"4z354Vd
/8989*-Ol.V'ùNPOHFHFnfK&a7980.VdVOH&dEYC5*P3R79&3:*-,-$C5Ek7089*-3:80OQgM,+3:80OQC"4OH480$&79&_70803:*-7+b
OH4V35FHFH/5ik80$V&'U&3570.*-&d3:fM.V4VdV354M,L&7)354VdFHOl4&JV*0C5gMFQ&7jN(OHFHFhfK&,LC"')JM3:*0&dN(OQ80$80$&
JV*-&dVOH,L80OQC"4V7|C5E
79&FQEY12,LC"4V70OH7989&48PdVOQSK.V7-OQC"4')Cd&F3:80'UC"79JM$&+*-&7_;&5b6bn=D.VO12IhC"4r12=(C"3U&+8P35FsbAt:\5\5\@Wb
Ú
¼ L¾ º
!"$#&%('*)*+,.-0/1"23544562879#
7:2*683;*2<3=>
%?'*.@A)BC*@D%(BE7:"2$FGHC$IJ!K"2$%95'$,IML*N8(OP"2$35444$287(Q$RS;>;<286T>
U L$5VIMWYXZ"$[
"2$FGHKV5CI\!"2$HBL*CN<+?]Z".2$^_N<a`b"*7:"2$HL*+?H\"$H\"23544=$2T79#
7
c IML5'$Nd`b"2Gegf8h4*287?QRdeg=4*2<=56e
/8L*B+,.Ci/1"2<^_N<a`b" 7:"2$](BC$,R" @j!".2*Fk5C$N*+,?R$" ]a"$l(5A"2$3544T3<2<7(#
7m>f3*28=>Th
^_N<a`b2$7:2H-C8'*BE/n".2 U B<IML8'*WBo0pZ"2<l(q"$344$e2<7(#
7a2$>Th;<2*35=T;
^_N<a`b" 7a".27?'*+,.g+ c "2$Hr5-C8'*.BY/1"2$]9BC$5R" @j!".2<(5A".2$344=*2<7(#
7s68;<e2*3f>
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz