Our approach to nursery
pig nutrition
2
Success with weaned pigs
 Right pigs • Age and health
 Right environment
• Clean, dry, draft‐free
 Right diets
 Daily care (chores)
• Feed, water, air
Components of a successful nursery nutrition program
1. Match dietary nutrient levels and ingredients with weight and age of the nursery pig; 2. Maximize feed intake as quickly as possible to overcome the post‐wean “lag” associated with pigs being in an energy deficient state and to maintain a healthy intestine; and 3. Appropriately adjust pigs (based on age, weight, health status, etc.) to lower cost diets (usually grain‐soybean meal diets) as quickly as possible after weaning to reduce total feed cost. 1
4
Digestive Development
Plant proteins
Fat
Milk and specialtybased ingredients
1
d2
2
3
4
5
Week of Age
d 10
6
d 21
7
8
d 24
Villus scan of jejunum intestinal morphology
(Pigs weaned on d 21)
Cera et al., 1998
Villus scan of jejunum intestinal morphology
d 21
d 28
Not weaned
d 28
Weaned on day 21
Cera et al., 1998
2
Soybean Meal Delayed Type Hypersensitivity
 Transient hypersensitivity
• Disorders of digestive movement
• Inflammatory responses in the intestinal mucosa
 Villi are sloughed resulting in reduced absorptive capacity
 Increased susceptibility to
• Endotoxins
• Bacterial infection
Effect of Protein Source on Intestinal Morphology
Soybean meal
Milk Proteins
Li et al., 1989
Two Options for Using Soybean Meal in Starter Diets
 No early exposure
• Initial diet(s) do not contain SBM
• No Inflammatory responses in the intestinal mucosa
• SBM added in later diets
 Early, limited exposure
• Initial diets contain some SBM
• SBM levels are gradually increased
3
Influence of Protein Source on ADG
Period After Weaning
Friesen et al., 1993
Therefore:
 Initial diets should contain levels of soybean meal protein that acclimate the pig’s digestive system to less complex diets
• Depends on trypsin levels in SBM




Specialty diets
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
8 to 12% of the diet
15 to 18% of the diet
20 to 25% of the diet
Can be all soy protein
Fats
 The baby pig does an excellent job of digesting and utilizing fat from sow’s milk.
 For first few weeks after weaning, pig has limited ability to effectively use fat to improve ADG and F/G.
 Several reasons for problem:
• Lower fat digestibility (chain length of fat)
• Low fatty acid binding protein • Low carnitine acyl transferase
4
Added Fat Levels for Starter Diets
Phase
Percent
Reason
Phase I
3 to 6
Phase II
0 to 6
Performance,
dust control
Phase III
0 to 6
Performance,
dust control
Lubricant for
Pellet quality
Nursery Allocation
• Switching from mother’s milk
to a corn-soy diet in a 3 week
period
• Key considerations
– Number of pigs on feed line
– Compartment size of feed
truck
– Barn fill time
14
Multiple diets matched to the changing needs of the pig
< 11 lb
< 15 lb
15
Specialty diet
High specialty protein and lactose sources;
low soybean meal
< 5 lb/pig
15 to 24 lb
Reduced specialty protein and lactose
sources; moderate soybean meal
10 – 15 lb/pig
24 to 50 lb
No specialty protein and lactose sources;
soybean meal as main protein source
40 - 45 lb/pig
5
Diet Cost vs Percentage Feed Cost 55
29
15
1
17
Example phase feeding recommendations, lb/pig
Diet
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Pig Weaning Weight, lb
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
5
4
3
2
1
0.5
0.5
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 10 to 15 lb/pig ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 40 to 45 lb/pig ‐ ‐ ‐‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
18
Keys to Get Weanling Pigs Off to a Good Start
Protein Sources and Levels Amino Acid Levels
Carbohydrate Sources and Levels
6
Ingredient usage in diets – Phase 1
19
• Fed from weaning to 15 lb BW
• Commonly fed in pelleted form
• High lactose level (17 to 25%)
•
Dried whey, whey permeate, lactose
• Limit the soybean meal level
•
7 to 15% with quality control being critical
• Other protein sources to meet amino acid needs:
•
spray‐dried animal plasma, whey protein concentrate,
intestinal peptides, fish meal, spray dried blood cells/meal, amino acids, poultry meal, or further processed soy products.
Ingredient usage in diets – Phase 2
20
• Fed from 15 to 25 lb BW
• Fed in pelleted or meal form
• Lower lactose level (7 to 10%)
•
Dried whey, whey permeate, lactose
• Increased soybean meal level
•
20 to 25% with quality control being critical
• Lower levels of other protein sources to meet amino acid needs:
•
amino acids, fish meal, poultry meal, further processed soy products, intestinal peptides, or spray dried blood cells/meal. 21
Ingredient usage in diets – Phase 3
• Fed from 25 to 50 lb
• Simple grain‐soybean meal diet with similar ingredients to finishing diets.
• Does not included specialty protein or lactose sources (too expensive)
• The lowest cost diet in the nursery feeding program. However, because consumption is the greatest, it usually accounts for over 50% of the total nursery feed cost.
7
22
Amino acid and lactose recommendations
Type of diet
Body weight, lb
Assumed daily feed intake, g
Assumed daily gain, g
Dietary ME, Mcal/kg
Phase 1
< 15
0.5
0.4
3.48
Phase 2
15 to 25
1.1
.8
3.30
Phase 3
25 to 50
2.2
1.25
3.30
SID lysine, %
Total lysine
Amino acid:lysine ratio
Threonine
Methionine
Methionine + cysteine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Valine
1.40 1.50 1.35 1.45 1.25 1.38 62
30
56
18
55
67
62
30
56
18
55
67
62
30
56
18
55
67
Lactose, %
18‐25
7
0
Mineral recommendations
Type of diet
Body weight, lb
Calcium, %
Phosphorus, total, %
Phosphorus, available, %
Phosphorus, digestible, %
Sodium, % (total, not added)a
Chloride, % (total, not added)a
Copper, ppmb
Iodine, ppm
Iron, ppm
Manganese, ppm
Selenium, ppm
Zinc, ppmb
Phase 1
< 15
0.75
0.70
0.55
0.55
0.20
0.20
16
0.30
110
10
0.30
3000
Phase 2
15 to 25
0.75
0.70
0.45
0.50
0.20
0.20
16
0.30
110
10
0.30
2000
23
Phase 3
25 to 50
0.75
0.65
0.42
0.45
0.15
0.15
16
0.30
110
10
0.30
110
a Salt usually added at 0.25 to 0.35% to provide major portion of Na and Cl.
b Levels of 125 to 250 ppm Cu from copper sulfate or tri‐basic copper chloride in Phases 3. 24
SID lysine level for 15 to 30 lb pigs
500
Quadratic < 0.05
ADG, g
450
400
Exp 1
Exp 2
Exp 3
350
300
250
1.22
1.32
1.42
Lysine, %
1.52
1.62
Gaines et al., 2003
8
25
SID lysine level for 15 to 30 lb pigs
1.50
Linear < 0.01
Quadratic < 0.02
Feed/gain
1.40
Exp 1
Exp 2
Exp 3
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.22
1.32
1.42
Lysine, %
1.52
1.62
Gaines et al., 2003
26
g/kg gain
SID lysine level for 15 to 30 lb pigs
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
17 to 19 g/kg of gain
Exp 1
Exp 2
Exp 3
1.22
1.32
1.42
Lysine, %
1.52
1.62
Gaines et al., 2003
Experiment 2: L‐Lys∙HCl vs. SBM
Lys Source P = 0.48
Lys P < 0.0001; Linear P <
0.0001
L-Lys·HCl
SBM
9
SID lysine level for 24 to 60 lb pigs
28
5 experiments with 3,628 pigs
Kendall et al., 2008
SID lysine level for 24 to 60 lb pigs
29
5 experiments with 3,628 pigs
Kendall et al., 2008
SID lysine level for 24 to 60 lb pigs
30
5 experiments with 3,628 pigs
Kendall et al., 2008
10
31
Lysine requirement of nursery pigs
Weight, kg g/kg gain






Gaines et al., 2003
Nemechek et al., 2010
Dean et al., 2007
Lenehan et al., 2003
Schneider et al., 2010
Kendall et al., 2008
15 to 30
15 to 26
13 to 26
22 to 44
22 to 44
23 to 60
17‐19
17‐18
18.9
19
19
19
14 experiments = 19 g/kg gain
32
Estimated SID threonine:lysine ratios from experiments from 2000 to 2010
Thr:lys ratio
70
65
60
55
50
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Weight, kg
13 experiments
33
Estimated SID TSAA:lysine ratios from experiments from 2000 to 2010
TSAA:lys ratio
70
65
60
55
50
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Weight, kg
9 experiments
11
SID Trp:Lys requirement for pigs from 11 to 20 kg
34
550
ADG, kg
500
450
400
350
300
14
16
18
20
22
24
SID Trp:lys ratio
Goncalves et al., 2014
Effect of valine:lysine ratio on ADG from 7 to 12 kg
35
375
ADG, g
325
Probability, P <
Linear = < 0.0001
Quadratic = 0.005
SEM = 10.30
275
292
295
298
64.7
67.2
69.9
266
238
225
198
175
125
57.4
59.9
62.3
Valine:lysine ratio, %
Nemechek et al., 2011
Effect of valine:lysine ratio on ADFI from 7 to 12 kg 36
550
ADFI, g
450
350
Probability, P <
Linear = < 0.0001
Quadratic = 0.01
SEM = 15.69
427
440
434
64.7
67.2
69.9
418
359
316
250
150
57.4
59.9
62.3
Valine:lysine ratio, %
Nemechek et al., 2011
12
37
Recommended SID valine:lysine ratio for pigs with NRC vs Brazilian/EU nutrient values
Influence of SID Isoleucine level on growth performance from 80 to 120 kg
Corn‐blood cells diet
Exp. 1
842
793
ADG, g
800
726
678
700
600
593
Corn‐SBM diet
Exp. 2
900
800
ADG, g
900
700
38
756
682
714
691
702
0.3
0.33 0.36
600
500
500
0.28
0.3
0.32 0.34 0.36
SID isoleucine, %
0.24 0.27
SID isoleucine, %
Dean et al., 2005
39
SID isoleucine:lysine ratio for finishing pigs
Blood cells > 60%
 Parr et al., 2003
 Kerr et al., 2004
 Fu et al., 2005 a,b
 Fu et al., 2006 a,b,c
 Dean et al., 2005
No blood cells < 52%
 Barea et al., 2009b
 Lindemann et al., 2010
 Norgaard & Fernandez, 2009
 Dean et al., 2005
 Nemechek et al., 2011
13
40
Nonessential amino acids
 Low CP, high synthetic amino acid diets
• Glycine and other nonessentials required
- Kendall, et al., 2004; Powell et al., 2009 a,b; Southern et al., 2010
• Maximum total lysine:total CP ratio to provide a minimum CP level in the diet
- < 7.1% (Ratliff et al., 2005)
- < 7.3% (Nemechek et al., 2011)
41
Protein sources:
 Spray‐dried animal plasma
 Whey protein concentrate
 Intestinal peptide products
Ability to stimulate
feed intake
• Byproducts of heparin production
- DPS 50, PEP2+, PEP 50 and PEP‐NS





Egg protein products
Fish meal
Spray‐dried blood meal
Crystalline Amino Acids
Further processed soy proteins
• Fermented soy products, soy concentrates, etc
Lactose sources:




Edible‐grade dried whey
Lactose
Whey permeate
Other dried whey sources
42
Ability to stimulate
feed intake
 Lactose replacements
• Sucrose
• Dextrose
14
Whey Quality
•
•
•
Excessive heat can denature whey proteins
Mineral concentrations can vary during processing (<9%)
Pigs scour
44
Other items to consider
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Antibiotic responses are excellent in nursery
ZnO to 25 lb, then Cu
Superdose phytase in all phases
Test any other additives
Particle size of grain
• As fine as possible in pellets
• 600 microns in meal
 Feeder adjustment (50% pan coverage)
45
15
Effects of Calcium Level in Nursery Pigs
Diets1
STTD Ca,2%:
0.32
0.40
0.48
0.56
0.64
0.72
STTD P, %:
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
SEM
Linear
Quad
d0
25.13
25.04
25.24
25.09
25.26
25.00
0.93
0.982
0.909
d 22
55.67
55.84
56.24
56.88
53.51
52.34
1.79
0.128
0.186
ADG, lb
1.38
1.40
1.41
1.44
1.29
1.24
0.04
0.010
0.023
ADFI, lb
1.97
1.99
2.03
2.16
1.95
2.00
0.10
0.841
0.357
F/G
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.50
1.51
1.61
0.06
0.001
0.405
P-Value
BW, lb
d 0 to 22
1
Gonzales-Vega et al., 2015 (University of Illinois)
2 Standard Total Tract Digestibility (not analyzed mineral level)
4th part: SUCRAM® field efficacy
•32 treatments with SUCRAM®: more than 4500 piglets
Parameter Evolution
Occurrence
FCR
ADFI
‐2.6%
+2.7%
78% (negative)
69%(positive)
ADG
+4.6%
69%(positive)
ROI
5 to 1
85% (positive)
•Confirmation of digestibility/feed utilisation optimization (FCR)
• Improvement of intake similar to feed conversion
 Higher weight gain due to an improvement of:
Intake and Feed conversion  Positive Return On Investment in most of the cases
TB 135
47
ADG – Phase 1 & 2
lb
0.90
4.8%
11%
6.1%
0.80
10%
0.70
5.6%
3.3%
*
0.60
*
7.0%
*
7.9%
6.6%
*
0.70
*
0.66
**
*
*
*
0.50
Control
Evosure
*Means statistically different than negative control, P<0.05.
**Means statistically different than negative control, P<0.001


48
Evosure improved ADG in all 8 trials
On average, Evosure (0.70) resulted in 7.0% greater ADG than negative control (0.66)
48
16
F:G – Phase 1 & 2
1.36
1.26
1.16
1.06
Feed intake data were not recorded
5.0%
9.3%
5.2%
3.9%
3.6%
1.24
5.0%
2.4%
7.2%
*
1.18
*
*
*
*
**
*
*
Control
Evosure
*Means statistically different than negative control, P<0.05.
**Means statistically different than negative control, P<0.001


Evosure improved feed efficiency in all 7 trials
On average, Evosure (1.18) resulted in 5.2% improved F:G vs. the negative control (1.24)
49
49
End BW – Phase 1 & 2
lb
28.0
3.5%
26.0
3.4%
4.7%
3.5%
4.9%
24.0
22.0
*
2.5%
*
*
2.5%
2.4%
*
*
20.0
23.4
22.6
*
4.0%
**
*
*
18.0
Control
Evosure
*Means statistically different than negative control, P<0.05.
**Means statistically different than negative control, P<0.001


Evosure improved end BW in all 8 trials
On average, Evosure (23.4) resulted in 3.5% greater end BW than negative control (22.6)
50
50
51
Success with weaned pigs
 Right pigs • Age and health
 Right environment
• Clean, dry, draft‐free
 Right diets
 Daily care (chores)
• Feed, water, air
17
52
Set the barn up properly before the pigs arrive
 Placement to 36 hours
 Pigs need to find water and feed
- Water height adjustment, cup water, and dripping
- Always have feed in feeder
- Feed on mats if needed
 Environmental temperature
- Make pigs comfortable
Get room ready and leave them alone!
Improper Drinker Height
Proper Drinker Setup
53
54
18
Proper Feeder Setup
Improper Feeder Setup
Percentage of Pigs that have Not Eaten
by Time after Weaning
55
56
57
Adapted from Bruinix et al., 2001
19
58
Assist pigs and teach feeding behavior
 36 to 72 hours
 Identify “starve‐out” pigs
 Help “starve‐out” pigs find feed
- Hand feed a few pellets
- Make a gruel and use a syringe to dose pigs
- Hospital pens
 36, 48, and 60 hours after weaning
Timing and implementation is critical for success
Assist pigs and teach feeding
behavior
Method 1: Hand feeding
59
Method 2: Gruel pan
• Pull pen with gruel
• Graduation pen
60
Nursery pig summary
• Newly weaned pigs are in energy deficient state. • Maximize feed intake by utilizing high quality specialty protein and lactose sources immediately post‐weaning.
• Switch pigs to low cost diets as quickly as possible after weaning.
• Recent changes:
•
•
Moderate SID lysine in first phase and increase in later phases.
Use of superdose phytase.
20
Thank you!
K-STATE
RESEARCH
and
EXTENSION
21