Arid Lands Resource Information Paper No.
14
INTERNATIONAL WATER USE RELATIONS
ALONG THE SONORAN DESERT BORDERLANDS
by
Milton H. Jamail and Scott J. Ullery
The Pantano Institute
Office of Arid Lands Studies
University of Arizona, Tucson
Cover: Aerial view of the Cananea (Sonora), Mexico tailing ponds.
-photo by Charles Beeler
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ARIZONA
SONORAN DESERT BORDERLANDS
Arid Lands Resource Information Paper No. 14
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The University of Arizona
OFFICE OF ARID LANDS STUDIES
Tucson, Arizona
1979
The work upon which this publication is based
was supported in part by funds provided by
The U. S. Department of the Interior /Office of Water Research and Technology
as authorized under
The Water Resources Research Act of 1964, as amended
The University of Arizona is an EEO /AA Employer and does not discriminate on the basis of sex, race, religion, color,
national origin, Vietnam Era veterans' status, or handicapping condition in its admissions, employment and educational
or activities. Inquiries may
Administration 503, phone 626 -3081.
programs
be
referred
to
Dr.
Jean
Kearns, Assistant
Executive Vice President,
CONTENTS
Frontispiece
Page
Foreword
i
iii
Acknowledgments
iv
Abstract
I.
Introduction
1
II.
The Policy- Making Context for Border Water Issues
4
Population Growth
Formal Legal Authority and Institutional
Jurisdictions
The Legal Context
Institutional Jurisdictions
Some Features of the Traditional Mode for
Settling Water Issues
Traditional Policy- Making Approach and
Mission of the IBWC
Pressure for Reform
Conclusion
III.
The New River:
An Old Problem
New River Pollution
The 1978 Medía Campaign
New River Cleanup?
IV.
The Groundwater Controversy in California's
Yuha Desert Valley
The Problem
The Legal Battle
The Groundwater Controversy and Ideological
Conflict
Views of Contending Parties
Conclusion
V.
Pollution of the San Pedro River
The Waters of the San Pedro
Identification of the Pollution Problem and
Efforts to Correct It
The Problem Becomes an International Issue
4
8
8
10
12
16
18
20
21
21
23
27
28
28
29
31
32
36
37
38
39
39
VI.
International Sewage Disposal Problems Along the
Arizona -Sonora Border
48
Ambos Nogales Sanitation Project
New Problems Arise
Douglas -Agua Prieta Sanitation Project
The Need for an International Facility
Current Issues
Naco, Arizona -Naco, Sonora Sewage Disposal Issue
Heavy Rains and Naco, Sonora Pollution
History of the Problem
Conclusion
48
49
50
50
52
52
53
54
55
DOCUMENTATION:
Bibliography, Items #1 -130
56
Keyword Index
Author Index
114
119
Supplementary References, Items #131 -175
121
References to Press Reports, Items #176 -235
125
References to Files, Items #236 -302
129
Interviews, Items #303 -327
136
Additional References in All Categories, Items #328 -355
138
Illustrations
Maps
Sonoran Desert Borderlands
The Colorado River Basin
Frontispiece
facing 1
Photographs
New River near Calexico, California
One of the warning signs on the New River near
Calexico, California
San Pedro River near the U. S.- Mexico border,
Feb. 1979, discolored with heavy metal pollution
from Cananea, Sonora (Mexico) mine
Aerial view of the Cananea, Sonora (Mexico)
tailing ponds
Below the Cananea, Sonora (Mexico) tailing ponds
Operation of the " Pequeños Mineros" in Cananea,
Sonora (Mexico)
View across one of the two Naco, Sonora (Mexico)
sewage holding ponds looking in the direction of
Bisbee, Arizona, and the Mule Mountains
Table
Population of Sonoran Desert Border Communities
facing 21
facing 21
facing 37
40
43
46
facing 48
5
FOREWORD
The Arid Lands Resource Information Paper presented here,
another in the series prepared for the Water Resources Scientific
Information Center (WRSIC), was supported by the U. S. Department
of the Interior, Office of Water Research and Technology Grant
No. 14-34-0001-9604, to the University of Arizona, Office of Arid
Lands Studies, Patricia Paylore, Principal Investigator. Authors
Jamail's and Ullery's previous paper, "Federal -State Water Use
Relations in the American West: An Evolutionary Guide to Future
Equilibrium" (1978) appeared in this series as Number 11.
In the arid southwest along the Sonoran Desert borderlands,
water is a scarce commodity, not enough to meet even current demands,
much less even greater future demands. Water use, consequently,
has been a long- standing and highly volatile political issue among
competing users. Moreover, since water does not abide by political
boundaries, the politics of water have been made more complex
by the international aspects of contemporary issues, thus moving
efforts at solutions beyone the authority of local experts.
Historically, conflict between Mexico and the United States
has focused on competing agricultural use of Colorado River water.
The Mexican Water Treaty of 1944, and subsequent amendments added
through various Minutes promulgated by the International Boundary
and Water Commission (IBWC), have dealt explicitly with these
old issues in varying degrees of success. But new issues, generated
by rapid urbanization along the border, with the accompanying
demands from municipal and industrial users imposed on the original
agricultural needs, have expanded the range beyond those addressed
by the 1944 Treaty. And the potential for conflict thus becomes
greater.
In this Paper, the authors have examined the literature
relating to water use problems between Mexico and the United States,
including a review of citations relating to the Mexican Water Treaty,
Minute 242, and the IBWC, displayed in the 130 computerized entries
with full abstracts and in -depth indexing, and in the additional
225 entries in other categories such as file and newspaper citations.
The authors have also interviewed a number of officials along both
sides of the border as well as members of the IBWC, attempting to
establish a perspective on how the problem in its international
dimensions is viewed. The case studies, displayed in Chapters III,
IV, and V, examine the extent of increasingly critical water supply/
water quality /wastewater /pollution parameters inherent in the
borderland situation that have been dealt with historically on an
ad hoc basis. While this study focuses on a specific border, it is
hoped that its framework will have application for any international
situation where two countries must share common water resources.
- i-
I wish once again to thank the National Science Foundation
for its early funding of the development of the computer program
that allows the display of the first 130 citations in this form.
These include citations prepared originally under previous OWRT/
WRSIC grants to this Office, as well as others taken from RECON,
DoE's Oak Ridge -based information system, but the bulk of the
citations were identified and processed specifically for this work.
While the authors and I are grateful to OWRT /WRSIC for their
support of the Office of Arid Lands Studies in helping maintain it
as a U. S. Center of. Competence in water -related problems of arid
lands, neither the U. S. Department of the Interior nor the University
of Arizona is responsible for the views expressed herein.
Patricia Paylore
Office of Arid Lands Studies
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
September 27, 1979
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to express our thanks to the many persons who contributed
to the completion of this study, particularly those individuals who
consented to interviews and who opened their files to us. These are
cited in the designated sections of the bibliography covered by
items #236 -327.
Charles Beeler and G. Patrick O'Brien generously made photographs
Janet Griffing prepared the maps. Margo Gutierrez
available to us.
proofed early versions of the manuscript, Mary Tidwell typed the final
copy, and Office of Arid Lands Studies personnel Mercy Valencia and
Vicki Thomas provided assistance at key moments.
Final responsibility for the contents rests with the authors:
Milton H. Jamail
Scott J. Ullery
1. Report No.
Selected Water
Resources Abstracts
2.
3 Accession No
Input Transaction Form
4. Title
5.
INTERNATIONAL WATER USE RELATIONS ALONG THE
SONORAN DESERT BORDERLANDS,
7. Author(s)
6.
6. Perform1ng )rganization
RONIVIt No.
10.
Jamail, M. H., and Ullery, S. J.
MpOrtDMO
Project No.
9. Organization
11.
University of Arizona, Office of Arid Lands Studies
Contract /Grant No.
14 -34- 0001 -9604
13.
Type of Report and
Period Covered
12. Sponsoring Organization
15. Supplementary Notes
Arid Lands Resource Information Paper No. 14, 1979,
16.
139 p, 11 fig, 355 refs.
Abstract
International groundwater, surface water, and water pollution problems
along the United States -Mexico border are examined. Sewage disposal in the
international communities of Mexicali- Calexico, Ambos Nogales, Naco, Sonora -Bisbee,
Arizona, and Agua Prieta, Sonora -Douglas, Arizona, as well as a groundwater issue
in Imperial County, California, are the subjects of several case studies based on
a comprehensive review of documentation relating to these areas and their historic
problems, as well as in -depth interviews with officials from both sides of the
border including the International Boundary and Water Commission, U. S. and Mexico
sections (IBWC). The authors conclude that common water resources in this aridsemiarid region are difficult to regulate because of the artificial political
boundary.
Because of the limited scope of its authority, the IBWC is somewhat
inadequate to bring about a definitive resolution of issues in an area where
political considerations take precedence over sound water management.
(Jamail- Arizona)
17a. Descriptors
*International waters, *International Bound. and Water Comm.,
*Water pollution sources, *River flow, *Governmental interrelations,
Mexican Water Treaty, Colorado River, Colorado River Basin, Mexico,
Arizona, California, International commissions, Water quality, Water
quality control, Sewage treatment, Sanitary engineering, Desalination,
Environmental sanitation, Water management (applied),
17c. COWRR Field & Group
Drainage, Legal aspects, Documentation, Bibliographies.
05E
18.
19. Securfty Class.
Availability
(Report }.
20. 8ecurityCiass.
21. No. of
Pages
22. Price
(Page)
Abstractor
Milton H. Jamail
Institution
Send to:
Water Resources Scientific Information Center
OFFICE OF WATER RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Washington, D.C. 20240
University of Arizona
GPO 922-311
WRSIC 102 (REV OCTOBER 1977)
-iv-
INTERNATIONAL WATER USE RELATIONS
ALONG THE SONORAN DESERT BORDERLANDS
CALIFORNIA
BAJA
CALIFORN
COLORADO RIVER BASIN
I.
INTRODUCTION
A fundamental component of any physical infrastructure required
for human settlement and production is that part by which water is
gathered, conveyed, and delivered for industrial, agricultural, and
direct human consumption; and is otherwise used for beneficial non consumptive uses such as hydroelectric power generation, wildlife
habitat, and navigation.
The basic and absolute importance of a
dependable water supply is a truism so self- evident, and the
social effects of its procurement and utilization so pervasive,
that only at great risk can critical attention to the policies and
practices controlling its use be avoided. The risk is doubly
emphasized in the developed and developing areas of the Sonoran
Desert, where competition for scarce water resources has been and
remains an ever -present factor in shaping the region's economic,
cultural, political, and social character.
Competition promises to intensify in this most arid portion of
the Colorado River Basin with continued pressure on uncertain water
supplies exerted by expanded use in all sectors, demands for Indian
water rights, international commitments, and insufficient planning
(5, 74, 79).
In May 1979, the United States General Accounting Office
warned that under present circumstances the Colorado Basin will experience critical water shortages within twenty -five years, shortages
that will be worse than necessary if preparations for it are not
taken now (12, 190).
As rapid and large increases in population
and in the scale and diversity of productive enterprises in the region
continue, the technological and institutional capabilities to
prepare for future management of water resources will be strongly
challenged.
If this challenge is not met further degradation and
wasteful utilization of the desert's precious water resources
will bode ill for the region's continued viability.
One outstanding feature of the Sonoran Desert that is particularly problematic for any scheme to assure adequate management of
water resources is the presence of the United States -Mexico International Boundary. Bisecting the region through several major
watersheds, portions of the same watershed thereby fall within
the jurisdictions of two nation -states with profoundly different
cultures, political and legal systems, levels of economic development,
and national objectives.
Add to these differences a traditional of
mutual distrust and antagonism and one is left with a situation
within which cooperation for rational resource management policies
faces significant barriers.
But relations between the two nations concerning water resources
have frequently been judged exceptional within the wider context of
border relations.
Citable as evidence of an unusual degree of
cooperation have been the series of water treaties and agreements
between the two nations and the establishment of a unique bilateral
institution for addressing common water problems, the International
-1-
-2-
Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico (IBWC) (317).
While certainly significant, these accomplishments have nevertheless
been limited and ad hoc expressions of cooperation that belie an
ongoing tradition of turbulence and conflict for only the most formal minded and optimistic legalist.
More realistically, they represent
at best only short respites in a relationship typically characterized
by aggressiveness and distrust on the part of both nations, with
the United States arrogantly asserting its economic, political, and
geographical superiority and Mexico pridefully struggling to
maintain a semblance of dignity in an inferior position (55).
The character and substance of United States -Mexico relations
are changing, both in a general sense and in matters of border
water problems.
Issues of trade, immigration, and energy have
intensified in the 1970s while mutual water problems are no longer
perceived by either country as having the high priority for resolution
Respective
they once held on the bilateral decision -making agenda.
rights and obligations relating to major surface water supplies have
long ago been formally resolved (171), and more recently a "permanent
and definitive solution to the international problem of the salinity
of the Colorado River" was likewise concluded (157). Presently,
however, long neglected yet potentially serious problems of groundwater supplies and water pollution on the so called land portion of
the boundary remain unresolved.
Now that the waters of the Colorado River have been fully,
perhaps overly, allocated throughout the basin (102), and the
international salinity problem has been at least formally resolved
on paper, the rapid growth in the Sonoran borderlands continues
at an astounding pace and supplemental supplies of water are required
(36).
Consequently, agricultural, industrial and municipal users
have increasingly turned to groundwater supplies to meet their needs,
In some areas groundwater
and overdrafts have become a reality.
mining poses the risk of aquifer contamination by the intrusion of
brackish and polluted waters from agricultural lands and discharges
Where groundwater
from industrial facilities and other sources.
reservoirs are bisected by or adjacent to the border, considerable
uncertainty exists as to rightful users and uses in the absence of
adequate legal principles and institutions. Meanwhile, pumping
practices continue which neither optimize the beneficial use of
groundwater nor protect the integrity of the resources. As pressing
an issue as groundwater has become throughout the borderlands,
however, no general agreement between Mexico and the United States
appears likely in the near future (85).
A second long- standing international problem intensified
by the growth explosion in the Sonoran Desert borderlands which
has yet to be resolved is that of controlling water pollution from
In many border communities,
industrial and municipal sources.
municipal sewage treatment works are sadly outdated or otherwise
Industrial pollutants, furthermore, are all too often
inadequate.
discharged to flow freely across the border subjected to control
-3-
by neither country.
In the 1944 Water Treaty, the United States
and Mexico agreed "to give preferential attention to the solution
of all border sanitation problems" (171). But for too long deficiencies in pollution control have been treated as temporary localized
nuisances to be dealt with on a piecemeal basis or ignored. Evidence
of a recommitment to resolving pollution problems can be found in
the Joint Communique (120) released following talks between Presidents
L6pez Portillo and Carter in Mexico City last February:
Both leaders reaffirmed the importance of
having good quality and abundant water for
the health and well -being of citizens on
They instructed
both sides of the border.
the International Boundary and Water Commission in the context of the existing agreements
to make immediate recommendations for further
progress toward a permanent solution to the
sanitation of waters along the border.
Recommendations for an agreement are currently being negotiated
through the IBWC, perhaps to be issued in time for a second
presidential meeting sometime during the fall of 1979 (317, 311).
The problems of the policy- making process by which the issues
of water pollution and shared groundwater resources in the Sonoran
Desert portion of the borderlands are identified and addressed
comprise the general subject of this report. Its intended purpose
is to contribute to a general understanding of these issues and the
manner by which they are dealt with in the policy- making process.
In Chapter II, some of the characteristics of this process, the context within which it operates, and some of the barriers and opportunities it provides for resolving water problems are discussed.
This discussion is intended to provide a general background to the
The case studies
case studies appearing in Chapters III -vI.
describe four of the most significant contemporary water problems,
three of which are likely to be covered to some extent under the
The fourth
water quality agreement currently being negotiated.
case describes a serious unresolved international groundwater
problem that has not yet been addressed in a formal international
policy- making forum.
The information presented in this report, gathered by the
authors during the first six months of 1979, represents a compilation
and distillation of material collected primarily from published and
unpublished articles and manuscripts, government reports and hearings,
press reports, interviews conducted with a variety of officials
and other individuals involved in some manner with efforts to
resolve these problems, and first -hand observations. Annotated
and supplemental bibliographies and a list of individuals contacted
in the course of preparing this study can be found at the end of
this report.
II:
THE POLICY -MAKING CONTEXT
FOR BORDER WATER ISSUES
The setting of a policy agenda for addressing water problems
at the border comprises a set of tasks shaped by a variety of
Generally, this crucial phase in the policy interacting factors.
making process requires the performance of such essential tasks
as identifying problems, creating issues, gaining the attention
of policy- makers, and setting decision- making priorities. Among
the many factors which affect the manner in which these tasks are
undertaken in relation to water resources in the Sonoran Desert
borderlands are:
...
the strains placed on the region's resources by its
rapidly increasing populations
...
the formal bases of legal authority and institutional
jurisdiction
...
an established traditional mode for resolving border
water issues, and
emerging pressures for reform
Taken together, these basic features form part of a policy- making
context within which a host of often conflicting pressures for
both change and maintenance of the status quo are exerted.
Population Growth
A key feature of this context is the scope and pattern of the
dramatically high rate of population growth in the Sonoran Desert
In this semiarid region where the major use of
border area (37).
water is for agricultural purposes, the recent phenomenon of
rapid urbanization has introduced a new source of water demand
and new problems for the architects of water policy. Thus, in
addition to confronting agriculture's growing demand for irrigation
water, policy makers are faced with such sorely neglected problems as
urban drinking supplies, waste -water treatment, and industrial water
pollution (13, 142). Undoubtedly the border will continue to act
for some time as a migration magnet pulling more and more people,
especially from the Mexican Interior. The sheer force of the
border's attraction for more people may irreversibly outstrip
planning and policy- making capabilities unless a major commitment
to provide adequate water management facilities is put into effect (103).
The Sonoran Desert border area is a cohesive geographical region
whose major centers of population are located immediately on the
border and are at the same time artifically divided by the border
The principal Mexican border communities in the area are,
(94,75).
-4-
Sources:
Total:
Total:
Total:
Total:
Total:
45,000
15,000
12,021
24,118
12,462
12,819
5,960
7,327
8,623
36,580
14,500
3,693
8,328
2,905
9,914
2,159
3,801
1,474
5,853
29,173
5,000
9,500
62,440
47,098
30,633
19,001
22,563
132,000
53,494
8,946
39,812
7,286
24,480
6,153
13,866
5,135
17,248
11,925
120,000
12,000
98,007
58,974
13,645
13,121
9,442
135,000
35,204
69,000
29,007
35,000
23,974
4,500
9,145
5,325
613,341
406,949
289,325
71,091
24,190
60,000
170,204
600,000
13,341
396,334
10,625
281,333
7,992
64,658
6,433
18,775
5,415
The most contemporary figures for San Luis, Yuma and Nogales Arizona are for 1978 and are
from a preliminary draft of a study by the United States Immigration and Naturalization
Service (34).
The figures for Douglas, Agua Prieta, Bisbee, Naco, Sonora, Nogales, Arizona,
Mexicali, and Calexico are for 1979 and based upon interview data.
1940 -1970 data, Censos Generales de Población, Mexico, D. F., Dirección General de Estadistica;
Census of Population, Washington, D. C., U. S. Bureau of Census. Data for San Luis, Agua
Prieta, and Naco, Sonora, for 1940 -1970, are from the International Community Profiles of
Sonora on the Frontier
the Arizona Office of Economic Planning, and can be found in Mangin:
of Opportunity (72).
Agua Prieta, Sonora
Douglas, Arizona
Naco, Sonora
Bisbee, Arizona
Nogales, Sonora
Nogales, Arizona
San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora
Yuma, Arizona
Mexicali, Baja California Norte
Calexico, California
1978 -79
1970
1960
1950
1940
POPULATION OF SONORAN DESERT BORDER COMMUNITIES
úi
-6-
from east to west, Agua Prieta, Naco, Nogales, and San Luis
Rio Colorado in the State of Sonora, and Mexicali in Baja California
Their respective counterparts in the United States are
Norte.
Douglas, Bisbee, Nogales, and Yuma, Arizona, and Calexico, California,
Until recently these border settlements
in the Imperial Valley.
Since the end of World War II,
grew slowly and remained small.
however, the rates of growth experienced in border communities
A conservative estimate for
have been dramatically high (p. 5).
these five pairs of border communities places their total population
in 1979 at about one million, and shows an average annual rate
of growth of over six percent since 1970. About 95 percent of
border area population growth between 1970 and 1979 has occurred
in the Mexican communities. Mexicali, the largest of the Mexican
border communities, has probably doubled in population since
1970, despite official estimates to the contrary, and is now one
of the largest cities in Mexico. This rapid influx of people to
Mexicali has been repeated on a lesser scale in San Luis, Nogales, and
Agua Prieta and has begun to place severe strains on water supplies
and on the capacity to treat and dispose of wastewater.
An inability to foresee even short -term increases in population
levels has long plagued the planning of water supply and water
treatment facilities, with the consequence that facilities are obsolete
by the time they are built. For example, plans in 1972 for a joint
waste disposal project for Ambos Nogales projected a population of
78,000 for the twin cities in 1980, increasing to 134,000 by the
But by 1975, the population of Nogales, Sonora,
year 2000 (333).
alone had already surpassed 100,000. Similarly, in the Douglas Agua Prieta area, efforts to keep sewage treatment facilities
apace with population growth in Agua Prieta have steadily failed
since the original construction of joint facilities in 1947 by the
Long overdue enlargements and improvements of
IBWC (198, 154).
the system made in 1961 were obsolete three years later when the
system's capacity was exceeded by as much as 50 percent on some days.
Still more improvements were undertaken in 1965 to serve a projected
population of 44,000 in 1980 (154). By 1978, however, the actual
population has reached at least 60,000. In the meantime the idea
of a joint international plant was abandoned and separate sewage
facilities were constructed for Agua Prieta in 1969. In 1973
ownership of the original plant was transferred from the IBWC to
the city of Douglas. The adverse consequences of such rapid growth
have been most heavily felt in Mexicali where safe drinking water
can only be obtained by boiling water delivered from the Colorado
River or by purchasing bottled water imported from the United
States, and where only half its residents are served by recently
constructed sewage facilities.
The difficulty in making projections of population growth
is compounded by the absence of reliable contemporary figures.
In Mexicali, for example, an official figure of less than 600,000
grossly underestimates a population that may be as high as 800,000.
Obviously, if this higher figure is accurate, plans for water supply
-7-
and sewage treatment facilities based on conservative estimates
will be inadequate and only prolong an already critical situation.
It is likely that all of the border communities within the
present study area will increase their demands for water supply
and sewage disposal services. Agua Prieta and Naco are expected
to increase in size as transportation links are completed to the
adjacent state of Chihuahua and improved to Hermosillo, the capital
of Sonora.
Population growth in Nogales, Sonora, has leveled
off in the past five years, but demands for services have not been
met (1, 176).
In recent studies conducted in Nogales, Sonora,
84 percent of the public officials interviewed, and 77 percent of
the working class people queried identified water supply as one of
the major problems facing their community (128, 334). While sanitation
problems do exist in Nogales, they are not as visible partly because
the sewage treatment system, designed to handle a much smaller
population, has not been severely overtaxed since many Nogales,
Sonora, homes are not connected to the system (311).
Given the strong protests registered by United States officials
and residents against water supply and pollution problems which
physically originate in Mexico and are felt on the United States
side of the border, it is perhaps ironic that a principal cause of
these problems (the attraction of the border for large numbers of
Among the
Mexicans) can be traced directly to the United States:
major reasons for the high rate of growth in Mexican border communities are the location of United States owned industries on the border
to take advantage of the large supply of cheap labor, and the fact
that many Mexicans are drawn to the border communities on their
way to seeking employment, with or without immigrant documentation,
in the United States (40). Although it is impossible to say precisely
how many people are attracted to the border for these reasons, it
is certainly safe to assume that an important source of population
growth (and therefore of water problems) is attributable to the
lack of rewarding economic opportunities in Mexico's interior and the
perception that such opportunities are obtainable at the border or
in the United States (22, 84).
The population explosion in Mexican communities bears most
strongly on policy- making in that it has high visibility as a direct
cause of water supply and water quality problems, and it presents
an overwhelmingly difficult barrier to overcome in financial terms.
For example, the cost for full service sewage disposal and wastewater
treatment facilities for Mexicali alone could be in the neighborhood
of $100 million (220). The Mexican government is in no great hurry
to spend that kind of money for projects benefiting the United
States, nor, as a matter of national pride, is the Mexican government
eager to accept foreign assistance from the United States for
Moreover, the Mexican government's expenditure
sewage projects.
priorities are for improving the country's interior, and, on the
international agenda, water problems rank well behind issue of
immigration, trade, and energy. Water problems at the border
-8-
adversely affect the residents of both countries, but, under present
circumstances they are perceived as significantly less critical
by Mexico than by the United States, a factor which may give
Mexico a rare upper -hand in negotiating solutions with the United
States.
Formal Legal Authority and Institutional Jurisdictions
A second factor of considerable importance for setting a
policy agenda to address water problems at the border are the
limitations introduced by the formally constituted legal bases
of authority and institutional jurisdictions, chiefly the products
of a bygone era dominated almost solely by concerns related to surface
water supplies for agriculture. Moreover, they were established
with little apparent foresight, being essentially delayed reactions
to the changing patterns and levels of economic and social development,
and their accompanying political realities, and, for the most part,
timed according to the convenience of the United States (104).
The Legal Context
The legal basis for the allocation and management of water
on the United States -Mexico border is provided by a series of treaties
and agreements dating back to the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
(58, 59, 61, 28). The principal legal landmarks pertinent to the
Sonoran borderlands portion of the Colorado River Basin are the
1944 Water Treaty and IBWC Minute 242 (146). Prior to these, the
earliest agreements concerning Colorado Basin water addressed
non -consumptive uses of navigation and the demarcation of the
political boundary (91). As noted previously, consumptive uses
came to the fore by the turn of the century with the firm establishment
of agriculture in the Imperial and Mexicali Valleys and at various
locations upstream and on major tributaries, especially in Arizona.
As the last downstream user, Mexico was relegated to a subordinate
position as the U. S. embarked on first dividing Colorado River
water among its own basin states (55, 88). Following more than
twenty years of intermittent negotiations, the Water Treaty of 1944
finally moved the legal basis of water relations from a concern
with navigation and political boundaries to a recognition of the
need for water deliveries to agriculture, municipalities, and
industry (95). The treaty provided for the division of the River's
Much
water, guaranteeing 1.5 million acre -feet per year to Mexico.
of the present significance of the 1944 Treaty stems not only
from the implicit constraints placed on upstream development in
the United States (5), but also from its failure to deal adequately
with the problems of groundwater resources and surface water
quality (98).
In general there is a dearth of precedents capable of providing
general international legal principles for managing shared groundwater
resources (21, 47, 123). Specifically in United States -Mexico
relations groundwater received no treatment in the 1944 Treaty,
-9-
and in 1973 Minute 242 placed a limit on groundwater pumping
within five miles of the border in the San Luis area "pending
the conclusion by the governments of the United States and Mexico
of a comprehensive agreement on groundwater in the border area... ".
A groundwater agreement, though much discussed, has not yet reached
fruition.
Some speculation that the issue would be taken up during
current negotiations over border pollution problems has not proved
to be true (311, 317).
Lack of a groundwater agreement, according to some observers,
may result in a contemporary parallel to international conflict
over Colorado River water allocation. On purely technical and
legal grounds, a comprehensive agreement which recognizes the
integral hydrological relationship between surface and underground
waters has been called for as the basis for rational management
(16, 21, 123). While this approach has obvious intuitive appeal,
it may not prove to be politically feasible. In the United States
the national government has no established legal authority to
manage and regulate groundwater resources such as exists in the
Mexican system (78). Border states have differing regimes for regulating groundwater and a lack of consensus among them has been a
major barrier to international agreement (47). In the border states
relevant to this work, Arizona and California, efforts are going
forward to draft legislation enabling regulation of groundwater
resources.
In contrast to groundwater, a precedent for settling water
quality disputes between the two countries does exist. The Minute
242 agreement proclaimed as "the permanent and definitive solution
of the salinity problem" (52, 58, 147, 157), was intended to
correct the deficiency of the 1944 Treaty regarding Colorado River
water quality. The deficiency became glaring in 1961 when the
combined effects of below average river flow, intensified water use
in the United States, and the release of highly saline drainage
waters into the River via the Gila were visited upon the Mexicali
Valley.
Following more than a decade of heated debate over water
quality rights and the meaning of the 1944 Treaty, in 1973 the United
States finally agreed to guarantee the delivery of water to Morelos
Dam of quality comparable to water reaching Imperial Dam in the United
States and to assist Mexico in rehabilitating damaged agricultural
land in the Mexicali Valley (154).
But the water quality provisions
of Minute 242 are specific features of an ad hoc agreement that was
not intended to be generalizable beyond the Colorado River salinity
issue.
Consequently, the only pollution related agreement of a
general nature is found in Article 3 of the 1944 Treaty, listing the
principal uses of border water in order of preference and stating
that "all of the...uses shall be subject to any sanitary measures
or works which may be mutually agreed upon by the two Governments,
which hereby agree to give preferential attention to the solution
of all border sanitation problems." Measures taken under the authority
of this provision have not kept pace with the pollution of jointly
used surface and underground waters, and in 1979 the two countries
-10-
entered negotiations for a general and comprehensive agreement
for water pollution control.
Institutional Jurisdictions
A maze of bureaucratic entities share jurisdiction in water
issues along the border. .Preeminent among them is the only binational institution, the International Boundary and Water Commission,
United States and Mexico. Comprised of a Mexican Section and a
United States Section, respectively headquartered in Cuidad Juarez
and El Paso, this unique Commission has monopolized nearly all
matters of managing water resources of the borderlands since its
creation under the 1944 Water Treaty. Under provisions of the
Treaty, the IBWC retained the boundary maintenance responsibilities
of its predecessor, the International Boundary Commission (108, 169),
and was additionally charged with "the application of the present
Treaty, the regulation and exercise of the rights and obligations
which the two governments assume thereunder, and the settlement
of all disputes to which its observance and execution may give
To carry out these responsibilities the Treaty
rise..." (171).
directed the IBWC to perform the necessary data gathering, planning,
maintaining, and overseeing of water resources construction works
required to resolve problems and permit the mutual beneficial use
of shared water resources (39, 49, 57). Often touted as a premier
example of effective international cooperation, the Commission's
recent record for solving water quality and groundwater problems
in the Sonoran desert frontier shows it to be hesitant, slow
moving, and primarily capable of effecting only ad hoc and temporary
solutions that are often too little and too late, and not always of
mutual benefit.
Although the IBWC's scope of authority is considerable, ultimate
authority in international water issues rests at the highest executive
levels of government in both countries, i.e. with the United States
Department of State, Mexico's Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores
No solutions
(Ministry of Foreign Relations), and the Presidencies.
for any major border water problems have been effected without the
exercise of mutual Presidential initiative at some point in the
But whether or not these problems are
policy- making process.
placed on the Presidential agenda depends in large part on the
initiative of the IBWC. Once the Presidents do voice a mutual
commitment to seek a solution, the matter is placed back in the
hands of the Commission, which, in turn, is also responsible for
carrying out any agreements once approved by the respective governments.
Although the IBWC retains a tight hold on policy- making
for water resources on the border, several national, regional,
and local entities are concerned with issues relating to water
resources and are called upon to aid the Commission by providing
Included among national government
technical and other assistance.
agencies with jurisdictions relevant to water resources in the study
areas are for the United States:
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Geological Survey,
the Bureau of Reclamation, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the
Forest Service, the Water Resources Council, and the United States
Army Corps of Engineers;
and for Mexico:
the Secretaria de
Agricultura y Recursos Hidráulicos, the Secretaria de Asentamiento
Humano y Obras Publicas, the Sub- secretaria de Mejoramiento de
Ambiente de la Secretaria de Salubridad (SMA), and the Ministerio
de Relaciones Exteriores (4, 15, 26, 46, 78, 106, 148).
For the most part, the involvement of national agencies
in international issues occurs only through their respective
Commission sections. One notable exception has introduced an
element of jurisdictional competition between the IBWC on the one
hand, and the major national environmental agencies, the EPA
and the SMA, on the other hand.
A Memorandum of Understanding
concluded in 1978 between the SMA and the EPA (115) launched a
cooperative effort, which some key members of both agencies hope
will eventually lead to a preemption of IBWC responsibilities for
water pollution control. While the IBWC Commissioners deny any
element of competition or friction between the IBWC and the environmental agencies, evidence to the contrary was revealed in interviews
conducted with the IBWC's representative to the State Department's
Mexico Desk and EPA's chief of Mexican affairs (305, 311, 314, 317).
Essentially, the interagency difficulties between the United States
Section and the EPA have been the result of EPA's pressing for a
proposal to Mexico to adopt water quality standards for international
streams similar to those existing in the United States. The IBWC
has contended that any such proposal would almost certainly undermine
a possible water pollution control agreement with Mexico. While the
near future does not appear to hold much promise for either an
EPA -SMA preemption of IBWC authority or for Mexico to accept
stringent United States water quality standards, the environmental
agencies have made some headway by being permitted to participate
in negotiations for a new water quality agreement.
The jurisdiction of the IBWC also overlaps several state and
local bureaucratic and political jurisdictions. In the United
States these include the various water, health, and game and
fish agencies in the states of Arizona and California; 208 Water
Quality Planning Regions encompassing southeastern Arizona, Pima
County, Yuma County, and the Imperial Valley; and the several
county and municipal governments in California and Arizona. Mexican
state and local jurisdictions of some importance include the
Comisión Estatal de Salud Pública for the states of Sonora and
Baja California Norte, and the several municipal governments along
None of these state and local entities have authority
the border.
to act in international matters, nor are they included in IBWC
policy- making except to the extent of monitoring problems and
providing the Commission with data.
Finally, there is an assortment of other bodies with keen
interests in water problems in the border region which must be
-12-
Among the most prominent
included in any institutional inventory.
of these are two regional organizations in the United States:
the Southwest Regional Border Commission, a federally- funded agency
concerned with the economic development of the border region,
and the Organization of U. S. Border Cities and Counties. The
most important bi- national organization in this connection is the
United States- Mexico Border Health Association operating under the
auspices of the Pan American Health Organization (93, 111). The
Border Health Association is particularly notable for the fact
that it provides an important mechanism for EPA -SMA collaboration
There is also an increasing interest in border problems
(314, 326).
among the academic communities of both countries manifested in such
organizations as the Border State Consortium for Latin America,
the Association of Borderlands Scholars, the Mexico -U. S. Transboundary
Resource Group, and a proposal for federally funded Border Research
Institutes to be located at a university in each of the four border
states.
The potential for water quality and groundwater problems to involve
a plethora of governmental and other bodies seems assured (19). But
given the IBWC's reputation, especially in the United States, for
maintaining a tightly closed policy- making system, questions
remain concerning the extent of their involvement. As noted above,
some incursion has been successfully accomplished by the EPA. Also,
considerable frustration on the part of many state and local
officials who find themselves shut out of the IBWC- dominated
policy- making process has created an atmosphere conducive to
institutional and policy reform.
Some Features of the Traditional Mode for Settling Water Issues
In addition to the roles played by population growth and
by the formal legal and institutional structure in placing border
water problems on the international agenda, a third factor shaping
the opportunities and barriers to meeting border water problems is
a tradition of guarded and less -than- friendly relations between
Mexico and the United States (96). Ever since the seizure of
large areas of Mexican territory in the mid -19th century, the
United States has maintained a superior and dominating stance toward
Mexico, heeding Mexican rights only at the unilateral convenience
of United States government officials and capitalists. This
tradition of conquest and dominance, and Mexico's resentment of
subservience to United States political and economic domination,
has long nurtured a deeply felt spirit of mutual distrust and antagWhile most issues rarely escalate to open conflict and the
onism.
two countries basically "get along," there is a constant undercurrent
of tension in their relationship. Policy makers are generally
cautious in their public statements concerning their official
dealings with one another, but occasionally prejudices and resentment
One such notable expression came in 1962
come to the surface.
when Mexico's Ambassador to the Organization of American States,
Vicente Sánchez Gavito, told the OAS Council that the United States
-13-
is guided by a "western movie mentality" belief that everything good
is accomplished by "blond types" and everything bad by dark foreigners.
The Ambassador was quickly censured by the Mexican Foreign Office
(234).
More recently, in his meeting with President Carter in
February 1979, Mexican President José Lopez Portillo greeted the
United States President with the comment that thanks to oil, Mexico
has suddenly found itself at the center of
American attention -- attention that is a
surprising mixture of interest, disdain and
fear, much like the recurring vague fears
you yourselves inspire in certain areas of
our national subconscious (328).
Suffice to say, the United States and Mexico are often suspicious
of each other's intentions, nowhere more intensely felt and openly
displayed than in border communities, with their stark contrasts
between different levels of economic and technological development.
These contrasts remain vividly apparent, despite the fact that for
communities in the Sonoran Desert borderlands the contrast is
often one between an economically declining or near -stagnating
United States community, and a growing and dynamic Mexican city with
per capita income levels among the highest in the country (125).
Such conditions have proved particularly conducive to intensifying
prejudices and resentment and encouraging explicitly racist attitudes
(127).
Unfortunately, these conditions and attitudes have been
and are likely to continue being an important element of the
context within which all issues, especially border -related issues,
are brought up for consideration between the two countries.
Water has long been a matter for border -focused disputes
between Mexico and the United States. Originally established
essentially to delimit a convenient right -of -way for the southern
route of the United States transcontinental rail system, the
border has since become a very real barrier to many essential
aspects of community life, including the wise management of water
resources. Although boundary surveyors in the 1880s mistakenly
believed the borderline through the Sonoran Desert to be remarkable
for its uncanny avoidance of dividing watersheds, the line was
nevertheless drawn without consideration, accidental or intentional,
.of water resources (62).
Inevitably, as human settlements became
established in the region and development occurred at a phenomenal
rate, water, the most basic of prerequisites for human settlement,
became a major matter of contention between the two countries.
The location of the border in the midst of a semiarid region
dividing two nations with a dominant - subordinate and often strained
relationship, provided the formula for an explosive and difficult
controversy over water that continues to the present.
To a great extent it was originally a fear of further incursions
and territorial seizures by the United States government which
prompted Mexico's first efforts to encourage settlement and economic
-14-
development based on agriculture in its northernmost frontier.
Relying heavily on California -based capital investments, agriculture
in the Colorado River delta region was developed, communities were
established, and water consumption on a major scale commenced
(20, 329). With parallel developments just north of the border
in California's Imperial Valley, the stage was set for the long
and often heated controversy over surface water of the Colorado
River.
Revolution and world war postponed until the 1920s efforts
already underway near the turn of the century to control and manage
the Colorado's waters for the sake of agriculture's viability in
In keeping with the United
the Imperial and Mexicali Valleys.
States' historical treatment of Mexico as a second class neighbor
whose rights need not always be seriously considered, Mexico's
request in 1924 to participate in negotiations for a Basin -wide
compact dividing the River's waters was flatly denied by the
United States. Only after the water had been divided among the
Basin states in the United States did Mexico's pleas for the recognition of its water rights receive a hearing. Finally, in 1944,
the major water treaty guaranteeing to Mexico an annual delivery
of 1.5 million acre -feet of Colorado River water was concluded
against a backdrop of serious drought in Mexico, strained relations
due to Mexican nationalization of United States oil properties,
the settlement in the same treaty of rights to the Rio Grande's
waters, and Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy (6, 55).
The 1944 Water Treaty has the appearance of a major breakthrough
in international cooperation, but its serious deficiencies relating
to water quality ultimately provoked further international animosity.
These shortcomings of the 1944 Treaty were brought to the forefront
by events in 1961 when the combined effects of low snowfall levels
in the upper Basin, intensified River use in the United States,
and the pumping of highly saline drainage waters into the Colorado
River by Arizona's Wellton- Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District
caused a serious reduction in the quantity and quality of the
River's water. Severe damages to irrigated agriculture resulting
in the Mexicali Valley provoked the popular anti -United States
demonstrations and vehement protests from Mexican officials that
dramatically marked the beginning of an era in which problems of
water quality for agricultural use became paramount (43, 285, 288).
Salinity levels of the Colorado River water entering Mexico
had long been a matter of concern before exploding as an issue
The problem had been apparent in 1944, but its explicit
in 1961.
recognition in the Treaty would likely have deadlocked efforts
to negotiate the then more crucial matter of water quantity (31, 107).
As early as 1945 the United States had insisted that large portions
of the 1.5 million acre -feet per year guaranteed to Mexico could
include drainage waters (43). With the events of 1961, Mexico
insisted the Treaty implied water deliveries of suitable quality
for the water uses stated in the Treaty. The United States responded
by downplaying the damages to Mexican agriculture and maintaining
the position that a literal interpretation of the Treaty imposed no
-15-
water quality obligations.
Evasions by the United States of
Mexico's well- founded protests gave way only slowly to a recognition of the need to resolve the conflict for the sake of continued
Basin -wide development.
In 1965 an interim solution to the WelltonMohawk drainage problem was provided by United States construction
of a canal to divert the polluted waters away from the Mexican
delivery point at Morelos Dam and into the Gulf of California (98).
Not until 1973 did the United States finally agree to rectify its
contamination of water delivered to Mexico. That agreement, embodied
in Minute 242, moved the United States to embark on a program for
salinity control that included
canal repairs
upstream salinity control measures
rehabilitation of Mexicali farm land
...
groundwater pumping, and, most importantly,
...
construction of a water desalination facility
(7, 18, 41, 66, 67, 70, 71, 89, 95, 99, 100, 105, 109, 113, 119, 129).
Minute 242 merits mentioning here not only because it marked
an important, albeit limited, attempt to deal with water quality
and groundwater issues, but also because it remains a controversial
and an unfulfilled agreement which has both direct and indirect
effects on efforts to iesolve other international water quality and
groundwater problems in the Sonoran Desert borderlands. Understandably, there is much resentment on the part of Mexico due
to permanent damages suffered by Mexicali Valley farmers and to
the ineffective and lagging fulfillment of Minute 242 (71, 82, 124,
164).
An oft heard refrain from the Mexican side of the border
asks how the United States can so vehemently and righteously protest
pollution of the San Pedro and New Rivers when it has been so
slow and stubborn in rectifying the Colorado salinity problem (316).
In the United States, claims are made of a long- standing verbal
agreement on Mexico's part to contain Mexicali's sewage (304, 308);
and, as there was in 1963, there is still a strong belief that
Mexico has used the salinity problem "as an excuse for the refusal
of any favor we seek" (289).
The outstanding cause of United States' foot -dragging is that
the desalination plant remains a controversial project in the
United States and is presently being reexamined in the United States
Congress and Federal bureaucracies. The project was originally
authorized by Congress in 1974 (118) at a cost of $155.5 million,
but estimates climbed to nearly $220 million by 1979.
In June of
1979 Congress was still considering a bill authorizing over $350
million for the project and related features. Critics of the
project, including the United States General Accounting Office
-16-
and several key congressmen, question its financial and environmental
wisdom.
Some have claimed its costs may reach $500 million to
$1 billion by the time of its earliest possible completion in 1984.
Suggested alternatives include a greater emphasis on improved
agricultural practices and irrigation technologies, a switch to
water conserving crops such as guayule and jojoba, or even the
elimination of agriculture in the Wellton -Mohawk district to be
accomplished through Government purchase of the land. Arizona's
Congressman Morris Udall has staunchly defended the project as a
national obligation to Mexico and as a means to protect Arizona
agriculture; and, he has warned, abandonment of the project could
seriously affect United States' negotiations for Mexican gas and
oil (73, 186, 189, 231, 233).
Meanwhile agricultural lands in Mexico continue to suffer
and large tracts have been damaged irretrievably (81). Mexicali's
major supply of drinking water which also comes from the Colorado
The obligations of the United
is unfit for human consumption.
States to Mexico still have not fully been met in regard to the
mainstream of the Colorado. Until they are fulfilled, Mexico
cannot feel too strongly obliged to satisfy United States grievances.
Thus, in negotiations to resolve border water pollution disputes,
Mexico must certainly be counted as having a rare advantage in the
form of unfulfilled United States agreements. Moreover, the seeking
by the United States of Mexican oil and gas, while not reversing the
relative negotiating strength of the two countries, has given Mexico
some unaccustomed leverage in relations with the United States on
a number of matters, so that any settlement of the energy issue is
more likely to be explicitly tied to trade and immigration problems
than to the border water problems described in Chapters III -VI.
Nevertheless, in the larger sense Mexico's energy resources have
contributed to strengthening that country's general stance toward
the United States and must be counted as a background factor
affecting any important area of negotiation.
The Traditional Policy- Making Approach
and Mission of the IBWC
This all too brief and simplified explanation of a tradition
of antagonistic relations as manifested in water resources issues
implies the existence of significant barriers to resolving the
water resources problems discussed in this work. While these
barriers are indeed real, it should also be remembered that among
matters of concern to both countries, water resources management
problems are unique in that they alone are handled by an on -going
and well -established bilateral institution. The IBWC demonstrates
a long tradition of defusing conflict through negotiation and
implementation of mutually agreeable solutions to border water
problems. Sometimes solutions involve construction projects on
a grand or a small scale, other times they may involve ignoring a
problem.
But in any case, the IBWC maintains a traditionally
"low- profile," tightly -closed system of decision making, strongly
-17-
based on a well- maintained schedule of personal and often informal
contacts between the two Commissioners.
Political feasibility permitting, ad hoc agreements are put together by these diplomat- engineers
without benefit of in -house planning capabilities and with only the
most limited possible participation by local, state, and national officials and private individuals and groups. The Commissioners carry
a reputation on the border as "water bosses," and unquestioned deference to IBWC authority traditionally has been the rule.
But conditions on the border and, consequently, the nature of
many border water problems have changed; yet the IBWC, the creation
of a bygone era, has changed little in terms of its outlook and approach to policy- making.
Steadfastly holding a grip on their near
monopoly over border water resources management, IBWC officials still
maintain a commitment to the present suitability of the Commission's
decision -making approach and mission.
In fact, a reluctance to innovate is a matter of pride among officials in both sections of the
Commission (311, 317, 305, 327).
The pressing nature of contemporary water problems in the Sonoran
Desert borderlands not only highlights the inadequacies of former
agreements and the need for the IBWC to adapt and improve its capabilities, they also emphasize the need for a more fundamental re- examination
of the IBWC's traditional mission, which, under the 1944 Treaty, was
twofold:
...
.
to maintain the demarcation of the border, and
to manage the border region's water resources
This mission presents a conceptual inconsistency that under present
conditions has been elevated to an empirical contradiction. On the
one hand, the Commission is responsible for overseeing the physical
integrity of the boundary line and thereby securing the geopolitical
essence of the nation state. Accordingly, the 1944 Treaty confined
its jurisdiction to "the limitrophe parts of the Rio Grande (Rio
Bravo) and the Colorado River, to the land boundary between the two
countries, and to the works located upon their common boundary." On
the other hand, its responsibilities for water resources require the
IBWC to oversee a highly anarchic resource defiant of national and
other jurisdictional boundaries.
The apparent incompatibility of these missions did not pose
great difficulties in an earlier period when the Commission was primarily concerned with stabilizing the course of the boundary -forming
Rio Grande, and dividing quantities of surface water between the
two countries. Problems arising over the course and capacity of the
Colorado and Rio Grande Rivers could be solved by engineering water
projects to hold, divert, and channel water for division among primarily agricultural users.
Defining the boundary, and providing flood
control and water for irrigation could all be accomplished to the benefit of both countries without compromising national sovereignty. Thus,
once the 1944 Treaty was signed, the IBWC could operate successfully
as an international civil engineering and water accounting agency facilitating the construction of water projects to force surface water
-18-
courses from their naturally anarchic condition and subject them to
the requirements of national integrity. By damming, ditching, and
diverting, the Commission could, for a short time, realize a fusion
of its otherwise incompatible missions.
But conditions and problems on the border have changed, and this
fusion of incompatible missions is breaking down under regional forces
of technological, social, economic, and political change. In the
present era characterized by urbanization and industrialization,
greater national interdependency and intercultural contact, and a
heightened awareness of resource limitations and environmental values,
a full continuation of the IBWC's decision- making style and its
mission no longer seems appropriate. Contemporary problems on the
land portion of the border involve incompatible uses of transboundary
water courses and aquifers for which mutually beneficial and realistic
engineering solutions, premised upon principles of national sovereignty, are difficult, perhaps impossible, to fashion. While a rational
management approach to these resources calls for a comprehensive and
integrated consideration of basin -wide surface and underground waters,
land, and all other environmental resources, the persistence of a
myopic focus on the integrity of the international border precludes
this approach. The strict limitation of the IBWC's jurisdiction to
the border, and the Commission's tightly held monopoly within its
jurisdiction, have maintained the continuation of an anachronism.
The IBWC's accomplishment of ad hoc construction projects and agreements may be fine examples of the exercise of diplomatic and engineering skills to achieve what may for a time be politically feasible,
but the longer -term economic, political, and environmental unsoundness of the present approach is becoming all too real in the Sonoran
Desert borderlands.
Pressure for Reform
Widespread calls for policy reform comprise a fourth integral
element of the agenda- setting context for settling border water problems. With rapidly escalating population levels providing the most
visible indication of the imminent need for action, many officials
and observers, especially in the United States concerned with water
problems have become frustrated with established legal, political,
Not surprisingly, with the
and institutional policy mechanisms.
focus largely on the IBWC, dissatisfactions and suggested alternative
arrangements for water management have primarily issued from agency
and elected officials at all levels of government in the United States
and from the academic community (121). Resistant to outside scrutiny
and reluctant to innovate, IBWC officials nevertheless concede a deficiency in the Commission's long -range planning capabilities, and indicate a new water quality agreement may provide for some improvement in
this regard (311, 327). Most acceptable to the Commission are moderate suggestions for change that would enhance the authority and power
of the IBWC and permit the Commission to retain all or most of its
exclusive jurisdictional hold (23, 38).
-19-
Other suggestions for more fundamental change would either disperse, diminish, or eliminate IBWC authority. Short of totally
revamping the present policy approach to border water problems is
an alternative of opening up the IBWC to substantive participation
by other agencies whose jurisdictions are affected by IBWC policies.
State and local water -related agencies work closely with the IBWC, but
only in the supporting capacity of providing data, alerting the Commission of any problems, and monitoring problems, and not in a substantive policy -making capacity.
Federal agencies, most notably the
Bureau of Reclamation, have long worked in similar capacities as
supporting but not decision -making participants. In recent years
the EPA has made some inroads to formerly exclusive IBWC territory
and with the moves toward a comprehensive water quality agreement
has achieved an unprecedented role in assisting the IBWC in drafting proposals for Mexico's consideration besides participating in
the actual negotiations. Whether or not EPA's newly gained role
portends a potential supplanting of IBWC authority in water pollution
problems is at this point only a matter for speculation, but it is
most certainly a professed aim among some elements within the EPA
(314), even though the United States Section Commissioner denies
any such competition from the EPA (311).
,
Others have suggested that further centralization and concentration of power within the IBWC, or an agency of the national government, would take the solution of problems even further from the hands
of those localities and regions most directly affected and put them
in the hands of bureaucrats who do not appreciate the uniqueness of
the borderlands. Consequently, several parties have suggested reforms
by which some problems could be worked out at a local or regional level.
For example, the Organization of United States Border Cities and
Counties has urged the United States and Mexican governments to grant
limited treaty- making powers to cities on both sides of the border so
they might work out their mutual problems (25, 104, 306). David Simcox,
Director of the United States Department of State Office of Mexican
Affairs, recently commented at a meeting of the Southwest Regional
Border Commission that border areas will receive better results using
local initiatives to deal with problems than trying to deal with them
on a Federal level.
Dick Howard, political affairs officer of the
United States Embassy in Mexico City, suggested that the United States
work with Mexico to decentralize authority and thus facilitate local
initiative (337). A Mexican writer, Humberto Bravo -Alvarez, has suggested that local civic groups can play an important role in solving
border water problems without even appealing to governmental agencies
(17) .
The most thoroughgoing suggestions for reform to devolve authority
to local and regional bodies challenge any proposal for reform premised on the idea of international law and policy based on inviolable
national structures.
Professor Ellwyn Stoddard, a long -time observer
and leading United States authority on the border, maintains that the
prevailing "structural approach" to border problems is inadequate and
should be abandoned in favor of a more realistic "functional approach"
-20-
which recognizes the area as a region overlapping the formal boundary.
The structural approach, according to Stoddard, has spawned numerous
obstacles to transborder coordination and cooperation which have only
been overcome through the development of extralegal and informal relationships among local officials (104). As Jonathan West has explained:
Local border communities often share more common
problems and potential solutions with their "foreign"
twin cities than they do with their respective state
and national governments, but they are limited in the
resolution of shared problems by these non -local interTo handle the routine community problems ...
ests.
officials rely heavily on informal cooperation and
agreements which may circumvent restrictive procedures
imposed by intervention of non -local governments (128).
However "routine" border water problems may or may not be, they are
certainly approaching a magnitude which demands new institutional
arrangements for taking corrective action. Stoddard suggests that
once the facade of the "structural" border is eliminated from
international law and policy, new institutions should be created
with the authority to organize activities and projects on a regional
If such bodies were empowered to make bi- national agreements
basis.
they would "simply establish formalized channels of coordination
which now operate informally (and illegally) to solve border problems
which cannot be solved by a community on one side of the border
alone" (104).
Much has been made of the extent to which personal understandings
and informal relations play a part in the operation of the IBWC,
but at best the IBWC represents only a weak approximation of
Stoddard's "functional approach" to problems. The Commission is
bound, perhaps inexorably, to the notion of maintaining the integrity
of the border, and, in the final analysis, has essentially only an
advisory and problem identification role in the international
It is unlikely, therefore, that the IBWC
policy -making process.
could or would provide the initiative for effecting reform along
regionally functional lines. As matters now stand, pressures for
reform must emanate more strongly from the local and regional
levels if any hoped for change is to be realized.
Conclusion
In this chapter we have offered no more than a very basic
introduction to some of the important features bearing on water
Essenresources policy- making in the Sonoran Desert borderlands.
tially, the need for action is imperative, yet the barriers to deal
adequately with the problem are formidable, perhaps insurmountable.
Consequently, those who must bear the immediate effects of water
supply and water quality problems must suffer also the frustration
of being able to do very little about them. In the case studies of
border water problems presented in subsequent chapters, this
frustration is greatly apparent.
New River near Calexico, California
-Photo by Milton H. Jamail
One of the warning signs on the New River near Calexico, California
-Photo by Milton H. Jamail
III.
THE NEW RIVER:
AN OLD PROBLEM
The New River, actually an old channel of the Colorado River,
originates about twenty miles south of Mexicali, crosses the border
just west of Calexico and continues for sixty miles, finally
emptying into the Salton Sea. Listed on an 1889 map as "usually
dry," the New River has become a torrential stream on several
occasions, including the 1905 flood of the Colorado River which
converted the Salton Sink into the Salton Sea (64, 92). Since
the inception of irrigated agriculture in the first decade of
this century, irrigation runoff has provided the bulk of the water
in the New River.
New River Pollution
Although agricultural runoff provides the greatest amounts of
water, it is sewage discharged into the river that has caused the
greatest concern. With the founding of Mexicali at the turn of the
century, the first sewers connected directly to the river and the
sewage flowed into the United States (307). It was not until
1962 that the city of Mexicali began the construction of sewage
treatment works and these were not completed until 1976. The
water pollution problems in the New River meanwhile had been
greatly exacerbated by the rapid growth in the population of
Mexicali which increased from 60,000 people in 1950 to an estimated
This population explosion has simply overtaxed
750,000 in 1979.
Mexicali's capability to finance, provide, and maintain adequate
sewage treatment facilities.
Even though the drainage of the New River into the United
States with pollution generated in Mexico has been a long standing
problem, it was in the 1940s when the perception of the problem
became acute enough for local officials to seek federal assistance
for its resolution. Untreated sewage from both Mexicali and
Calexico was creating what was described as a "noxious stench" in
the river. At this time the Mexican and United States officials
began to discuss the possibility of constructing a joint sewage
treatment facility that would serve both communities (50). Studies
by the International Boundary and Water Commission in 1947 and 1948
(57) and United States Congressional hearings in 1950 documented
the existence of a health hazard (117). Legislation resulting
from the hearings authorized the U. S. Secretary of State
to enter into an agreement with the appropriate
official or officials of the United Mexican States
for the construction, operation, and maintenance
by the International Boundary and Water Commission,
United States and Mexico, of a sanitation project
for the cities of Calexico, California, and
Mexicali, Lower California, Mexico (335).
-22-
The bill further stipulated cost sharing provisions between the
two countries and provided that the facility would be located
in the United States.
No such agreement was forthcoming despite the IBWC's continued
reports into the early 1950s of a serious sanitation problem,
and complaints from state and local authorities (57).
The IBWC wanted to construct a sewage treatment plant on the
United States side with each country building the part of the
sewer lines lying in its own territory. In addition Mexico would
contribute part of the cost of the plant. The IBWC reports that
Mexico "made an independent study to determine the feasibility
of constructing a sewage treatment plant in Mexico and utilizing the
plant effluent for irrigation. The results of this study were
negative and Mexico ...signified her desire to enter into a joint
sanitation project" (57). But according to Martin Hill, in 1955
"Mexico completed its own studies and determined that such a plant
should be built on the Mexican side of the border" (50). The
Mexicans then invited Calexico to dispose of its sewage in the
Mexican plant.
"The city of Calexico advised the Mexican officials
that it could not legally contribute to the plant costs in Mexico" (138).
By 1956 no joint use plant had been constructed and it was decided
that each city would arrange for its own sewage treatment. Ten
years of studies, reports, monitoring, Congressional hearings,
laws, and constant discussion between the United States and Mexican
sections of the International Boundary and Water Commission had
resulted in absolutely nothing being done to abate the pollution
in the New River.
In 1961, an increase in odors and unsightly sewage prompted
demands from Imperial Valley residents for the construction of the
Mexicali plant. At this time the United States Department of State
and the United States Section of the IBWC received renewed assurances
from the Mexican government that funds would soon be available
for a sewage treatment plant in Mexicali and that construction
would begin in 1962 (138).
These plans were temporarily dropped
when the Colorado River salinity issues involving the WelltonMohawk drainage began to dominate United States -Mexico water
politics, but were soon revived in 1963. Construction proceeded
slowly and was not completed until 1976 (327).
Mexicali's sewage system, completed at a cost of six million
dollars, consists of a network of pipes and pumps which carry the
sewage to oxidizing ponds located to the west of the city, where
it is treated and then either pumped south towards the Gulf of
California or dumped into the New River.
When operating at peak
efficiency, the plant can handle adequately 95 percent of the
sewage entering the system. For several reasons, however, it has
seldom operated properly.
The equipment installed is now wearing
out and subject to frequent breakdown (307). More important,
almost as soon as the system was completed in 1976, a hurricane,
-23-
unusual for the region, and an earthquake, more common, hit Mexicali.
While both caused damages, the earthquake was more severe breaking
several pipes of the system including a main one under the New River
(311, 327).
But even while functioning properly two additional
first,
problems add to the sewage disposal problems in Mexicali:
the incredible explosion of the population, and second, the fact
that approximately 30 percent of Mexicali households are not connected
to the system. Although the IBWC Commissioner points out that the
majority of these houses use pits, many residents of the. Imperial
Valley are under the impression that large numbers of Mexicali
households use cesspools, the contents of which are trucked to and
dumped in the New River (304, 311). A Mexican water official
explained, "When we construct the pumps and drainage, the problem
will be solved.
This will provide containment of the problem within
the limits of effluents; it will not provide drinking water" (316).
One estimate of the costs of a plant that would provide a higher
grade of treatment is $100 million (220). But a Mexicali sewage
system that was designed to meet EPA standards and that was connected
to every residence in the city and that operated at full efficiency
still would not deal with the problems posed by the dumping of
garbage and wastes from packing plants into the New River.
The 1978 Media Campaign
In 1978 abatement of New River pollution from Mexican sources
became the focus of a concerted effort by Imperial County and
California State officials. The reasons for the renewed effort
can be explained partially due to the increased size of Mexicali
and thus increased amounts of pollution, by an increasing concern
with ecology, by the concern with meeting EPA standards for cleaning
up the New River in the United States when the source of pollution
could not be controlled, by the almost complete breakdown of the
Mexicali sewage system due to natural disasters, and by the sense
of frustration on the part of local officials facing a problem
for over thirty years and still seeing no solution.
On May 30, 1978, the California Water Quality Control Board
placed as its top priority the prevention of "the entrance of
inadequately treated sewage and other wastes from Mexico into the
Alamo and New Rivers which cross the international boundary into
California" (139). In July, Senator Alan Cranston (Dem.- Calif.)
wrote United States Secretary of State Vance expressing concern
for the severe health hazard posed to the citizens of California
by New River pollution (256). Cranston claimed that 70 percent of
the sewage of Mexicali was being discharged untreated across the
He went on to point out that state and local officials
border.
in cooperation with the United States Section of the IBWC had called
the problem to the attention of Mexican officials, that the IBWC
had received promises of action, and that on June 16, 1978, a major
breakdown occurred in the Mexicali sewer system. But Cranston
observed that the pollution problem was "not an exceptional occurrence"
but one that had occurred frequently in the past. He concluded by
-24-
asking for a halt to the discharge and stated: "I request that
the Department of State develop a detailed proposal for a longterm solution to this problem."
On July 26 Cranston received a reply from the State Department
explaining that:
...the Government of Mexico has never questioned
its responsibility, and has never failed to attempt
to take remedial measures. But it has been unable
to provide works adequate to the sanitation needs of
one of the fastest growing cities in Mexico.
It was pointed out that when the major breakdown occurred in June
the State Department raised the matter "at a very high level in
the Mexican Government" (258), and that
...We understand that Mexican officials believe that
at least one reason for inadequate solutions to the
problem has been the defusion of responsibility among
local, state and federal officials.
We should be
able to see results shortly of a renewed effort by
the Mexican Government with responsibility centralized
in one secretariat (258).
The letter states that in 1976 Commissioner Friedkin "proposed
to his Mexican counterpart the consideration of a general agreement under the 1944 Treaty committing the two Governments to
give preferential attention to the solution of all border sanitation
problems ", and that the Mexican Commissioner concurred.
In reference to Cranston's request for a permanent solution,
the State Department said that Friedkin and a technical board have
drafted such an agreement and discussed it with representatives
from the four border states.
If the state representatives approve,
the Department of State will propose it to the Mexican government.
The proposed agreement would 1) set specific objectives, and
2) "assign to the IBWC a direct and continuing responsibility
for making recommendations, and for supervising the construction
and operation of joint projects, and directly engage the Mexican
Federal Government in day -to -day planning operations" (258).
In
July the California Department of Health Services recommended
posting both the Alamo and New Rivers as health hazards. On
December 14 the first of these warning signs was so posted (203).
On July 12 the California Water Quality Control Board, Colorado
River Basin, issued a report on the pollution of the New and
Alamo Rivers. In addition to the well known and publicized New
River pollution, it pointed out that "The Alamo River is bound to
be threatened with pollution problems similar to those of the New
River as the population of Mexicali expands eastward into the Alamo
River watershed ".
Water quality tests conducted in February and
-25-
March 1978, indicated "the Alamo River may now be receiving some
wastes from other than agricultural sources" (139).
A July 26 Los Angeles Times article on the New River (220)
reported that the broken sewer system in Mexicali was causing health
problems in the United States. The Executive Officer of the State
Water Resources Control Board, Arthur Swajian, commented that
"even when their system is working right, [effluent] doesn't
come close to meeting our standards ", adding "there is human waste,
solids, evidence of industrial pollution and even dead dogs and
old tires floating across the boundary at times."
The United
States IBWC Commissioner using cautious diplomatic language explained
that "Instructions have been issued and funds been made available
to make the repairs as quickly as possible ". Alfonso Gómez, Chief
Engineer of the IBWC Mexican Section, said that when repaired,
the present system will meet current needs, but that another
system will be required in the future for Mexicali's growing
population (220). Bob Ybarra of the IBWC said that at times
almost all of the Mexicali sewage goes into the New River untreated,
and when the system is completely operative the figure is reduced
to only 5 percent (327).
Commissioner Friedkin recognizes the problem
and adds "We have not gotten Mexico to act as fast as they should,
but this is not the fault of the Mexican Section (of the IBWC)" (311).
In September Dr. Lee Cottrell, Imperial County Health Director
sought the support of California State Department of Health Services
director, Beverlee Myers, for an effective crusade to bring about
a resolution of the New River problem (260). Cottrell, upset by
the lack of results of IBWC action, was particularly annoyed by a
letter that Myers had received from IBWC Commissioner Friedkin. In
that letter Friedkin assured Myers that he had been in touch with the
appropriate Mexican officials and that the problem of Mexicali
sewerage flowing into the New River would be stopped. Friedkin
agreed that the New River was polluted, that it should be posted
as a health hazard, and added that the Mexican government had committed
resources to repair the sewer system, but that the parts still
Cottrell felt
needed to be fabricated and that would take time.
that Friedkin's letter "wasn't worth the postage it took to mail
it" (260).
With the assistance of other Imperial County and California
officials, Cottrell was able to propel the New River problem to
national media attention.
In November and December the Washington
Post, Los Angeles Times, and New York Times all carried stories
about New River pollution (221, 223, 235).
On November 11, 1978, Cottrell in a letter to Arthur Swajian,
referring to the New River, wrote: "I insist that agressive and
effective measures be taken to correct this situation." He suggested
that either 1) Mexicali repair the sewage treatment works and
meet the standards of the 1977 Clean Water Act, 2) have the U. S.
government build a plant, or 3) direct the flow back into Mexico (263).
-26-
All three of these alternatives seemed unlikely.
Imperial
County residents could more realistically expect some sort of
makeshift solution. On November 15, in a letter to Donald Maughan,
Vice -Chairman of the California State Water Quality Resources
Control Board ( CWQCB), IBWC Commissioner Joseph Friedkin stated:
I received a report from our Resident Engineer
in Yuma, stating that all pumps in the Mexicali
system are back in operation, at least for the
present. According to the report, about 95
percent of the effluent is now going to the
oxidation ponds (264).
In December the CWQCB held a special meeting on pollution and
contamination of the New and Alamo Rivers from sources in Mexico.
This special meeting "focused national attention on these problems,
and is the forerunner of all subsequent letters and other representations that are now being made to the President and to Congress
by other governmental representatives" (268). It was at this
meeting that hostility toward Friedkin reportedly came out into
the open.
Imperial Valley residents were tired of assurances
that the problem would be solved, when in fact little had been
done to abate the pollution (204). It was suggested that Commissioner
Friedkin resign.
Also at the meeting, Cottrell called Governor
Roberto de la Madrid of Baja California Norte a liar because de la
Madrid had promised Congressman Clair Burgener that the problem
would be solved by the end of the month (204).
In early 1979 pressure continued to be forthcoming from
California water officials.
On January 31 Maughan wrote President
Carter complaining about the New River:
There is a city the size of San Francisco
pouring raw sewage, inadequately treated
sewage, and some industrial waste into the
New River... At the point it crosses the
border, the New River is probably the
worst example of pollution from domestic
sewage in the United States (350).
Maughan went on to explain that the state of California had attempted
for 25 years to improve the situation and told the President "We
would like to have your help."
Also in late January several border state Congressmen and
Senators wrote to President Carter asking that he discuss border
sanitation problems, including the New River, with Mexican President
José López Portillo in their meeting in Mexico City in February (24).
The issue was discussed at that meeting and in the joint communique
issued by the two presidents a directive instructs the International
Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico "to make
immediate recommendations for further progress toward a permanent
solution to the sanitation of waters along the border" (120).
-27-
New River Cleanup?
Mexicali and Mexico do not give the pollution of the New
River top priority, arguing that Mexicali is better off than most
Mexican cities in that over half of its residences are connected
to a sewer system and that they have attempted to deal with problems
as best they can given their limited financial resources. They also
point out that the New River is not used for any purpose -- agricultural,
municipal or industrial -- between the border and the Salton Sea
and more important, they bring up the salinity issue. One governmental
official made reference to the North Americans' willingness to give
Mexico lower quality water as part of the 1944 allotment, and
pointed out that this saline water is still doing damage to Mexicali,
while the New River, although ugly and a nuisance is not damaging
anything (316).
Since the New River pollution problem is under negotiation
at this time, neither the United States nor Mexican Commissioners
of the IBWC would comment on possible solutions (305, 311).
Imperial
Valley residents, however, have proposed several solutions. One would
dam the New River at the border and divert the flow back to Mexico
(263).
Although basically not given any real consideration it
certainly exemplifies the frustration of Imperial Valley citizens.
Another solution is the construction of a plant at the border,
constructed and financed by the United States. There is also the
possibility that Mexicali, especially since Governor Roberto de la
Madrid of Baja California Norte has special connections to the
present regime in Mexico, could get federal level financing for a
sewage treatment facility that would be able to handle the problem.
More realistically, we can foresee slow discussion, more studies
and inspections, complaints from California, and soothing statements
from the IBWC that Mexico is doing everything that it can to solve
the problem, while the pollution problems continue to accelerate.
The role of the local political campaign was to bring the
problem to the attention of the Mexican government. Although the
campaign was directed against the United States Section of the IBWC
and notwithstanding the fact that IBWC officials, including Commissioner
Friedkin, were publicly ridiculed, the IBWC could not have been
more pleased with the results. The IBWC had brought the New River
to the attention of the Mexican Section and to higher levels of the
Mexican government and could basically do nothing more. Grass
roots demands for action brought new pressure on the Mexican
government and the issue was discussed at the meeting of the presidents
of the United States and Mexico in February 1979. The result was a
directive to the IBWC to negotiate a new provision concerning border
sanitation.
It is difficult to predict what the new sanitation
agreement will propose.
It is safe to say, however, that short
of a catastrophic flood which could cause a serious health hazard,
New River pollution abatement will proceed very slowly.
IV.
THE GROUNDWATER CONTROVERSY IN
CALIFORNIA'S YUHA DESERT VALLEY
The underground water basin beneath California's semiarid
Yuha Desert is the sole source of water supply for domestic and
industrial users in this sparsely populated and economically depressed
southwestern portion of Imperial County. In addition to meeting the
water needs of five small communities of several hundred desert
residents (many of whome are retirees) and a gypsum processing
plant, the aquifer is also an important source of drinking water
for a portion of Mexicali's three quarters of a million residents.
Local residents are supplied by two private water companies and several
Mexicali users buy their water from local
individually -owned wells.
bottlers who have procurred supplies from a commercial water company
and transported it into Mexico by means of tank truck caravans.
Mexicali has touched
In recent years the transportation of water to
off a heated local controversy which vividly demonstrates some
of
important effects of the border on the allocation and use
origins
and
development
scarce water resources. In what follows, the
described and
of this still unresolved controversy are summarily
whatever
lessons
an attempt is made to gleen from the controversy
United
States
it may contribute for understanding the future of
groundwater
Mexico relations regarding the allocation and use of
that of all the
resources at the border. It is of interest to note
Yuha
international water problems considered in this study only the
the
IBWC.
Desert problem remains outside the jurisdiction of
The Problem
The Yuha Desert is an approximately 300 - square -mile area
irrigated
located along the United States -Mexico border between the
Irrigation
District
to
the east and
agricultural lands of the Imperial
Underlying
the
desert
the coastal Jacumba Mountains to the west.
an
residents:
is the lifeblood of its slightly less than 1000
water
aquifer estimated to hold about 640,000 acre -feet of potable
Seemingly,
this
is
accumulated over thousands of years (76).
several
enough water to meet needs at their present level for
and
But further variables of geology, economics,
centuries (87).
politics have intervened to complicate and render problematic
the maintenance
what might at first appear to be a viable basis for
of secure, if not idyllic, small desert communities.
According to a recent report of the United States Geological
slowly from
Survey the water of the underground Yuha Basin flows
in the Jacumba
its principal source of replenishment (precipitation
the
Mountains) to areas of discharge across the Elsinore Fault to
year)
and
into
east (at a rate of approximately 450 acre -feet per
the Laguna Salada south of the border (at a rate of approximately
feet per year
1450 acre feet per year). An additional 300 acre
vegetation
through
evaporation
and
is discharged from the basin
-29-
use where the water table lies close to the surface. Approximately
900 acre feet were pumped from the aquifer by eight wells in 1975.
About 60 percent of this total was drawn for use by the United
States Gypsum Company plant, about 13 percent was exported to
Mexicali, and the remainder was used for domestic supplies. On the
basis of these United States Geological Survey estimates of aquifer
recharge (2600 acre feet per year) and discharge (3100 acre feet
per year), there is an overdraft of about 500 acre feet annually.
Furthermore, the vast majority of pumping took place within and
around the desert's main community of Ocotillo. If this overdraft
continues to occur and causes the level of the water table to
decline, future water users will likely be burdened by the additional
capital and energy costs required to deepen or relocate wells.
Moreover, the quality of the water at greater depths is unknown (76).
The most important potential physical problem, however, is
the possibility that by the year 2000 continued groundwater mining
at the present rate of intensity may lower the water table enough
to cause a reverse of the underground water flow, permitting saline
waters to flow westward across the Elsinore Fault and eventually
destroy the quality of the Yuha aquifer. Such an occurrence
would seriously hamper residential, recreational, and industrial
'plans for developing the area. Understandably, this situation has
raised the concern of residents and Imperial County government
officials and provoked an effort to alleviate the situation.
The focus of their concern has been on two well sites, one located
in Ocotillo and the other nine miles south in Yuha Estates, owned
by San Diego businessman, Donald McDougal, and operated primarily
for commercial sales to Mexicali.
Attempts to halt the exportation
of water to Mexicali have engaged the County government and an
organization of local residents in a complicated legal and political
battle against McDougal and Mexicali water merchants, that has raged
since 1972 (76, 87).
Interested parties are presently [May 1979]
awaiting a decision from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in the
most recent round of litigation.
The Legal Battle
Prior to McDougal's acquisition of the Yuha Estates well in
1972 and the Ocotillo well in 1977, both sites had been used by
previous owners as bases for commercial sales to Mexicali since at
least 1967.
The former owner of the Yuha Estates well, W. Earle
Simpson, had no sooner begun selling water to Mexicali bottlers
when the county Planning Department stepped in to enforce an ordinance
requiring a condiitonal use permit which forbade water export
from Imperial County.
Unlike Ocotillo well owner Thomas L. Clifford,
Simpson complied with the county's requirement (76, 149).
County efforts to halt the Mexicali water sales from Clifford's
well began in 1967 with an unsuccessful move to enforce zoning
restrictions and the permit requirement.
An attempt by an Ocotillo
homeowner to seek enforcement of deed restrictions on water exportation,
-30-
and numerous citizen complaints about the nuisance of the trucking
operation also failed. Largely motivated by a desire to halt the
export of water to Mexicali and protect the basin's water supply
for future desert development, in 1972 the County Board of Supervisors
enacted a Groundwater Appropriation Ordinance which required a
permit for pumping water from basins showing evidence of groundwater
Immediately the Yuha Desert was designated as a critical
mining.
area of groundwater mining to which the ordinance would apply.
Armed with evidence of violations of the Ordinance and zoning laws,
and with the grievances of Ocotillo residents, the County filed
suit against Clifford in 1972 (76, 149).
But Clifford's opponents were not to be satisfied as the case
culminated with a 1973 Superior Court rulling that Clifford had a
"vested property right to conduct the commercial sale and delivery
of water" and that a county zoning ordinance providing for the
elimination of non - conforming uses within one year was unreasonable.
Although the Court did place restraints on the hours of operation
because of the nuisance caused by the arrival and departure of
water trucks, Clifford was otherwise permitted to continue his
operation unimpeded (76, 149).
An important catalyst for the timing of the County's suit against
Clifford was the fact that upon the failure of his first well in
1972 (which had been drilled in 1967 prior to the residential
zoning of his property by the County but which was still subject
to eventual termination under the zoning ordinance), he immediately
drilled a second well and resumed sales to Mexicali. Moreover,
following the failure of the first well at Ocotillo, Mexicali
bottlers were left without a source of supply and quickly looked
for and found an alternative. In June 1972, Mexicali water
broker Guillermo Gallego Muñoz entered into a contract with San
Diego businessman Donald C. McDougal for water deliveries from the
Yuha Estate well which McDougal had purchased from Simpson that
same month. McDougal's application to the County for a conditional
use permit to operate his water company was denied, but sales to
Mexicali continued in defiance of County officials (76, 149).
Despite six years of trying to shut off the export of water
to Mexicali, opponents of the operation found themselves as frustated
as ever. The authority of the County government to impose its
planning and zoning strictures had been seriously weakened, and the
quantity of water taken from the aquifer for use outside the basin
undaunted and in
had increased. Nevertheless they apparently remained
a move against McDougal's Yuha Estates well succeeded in gaining
a temporary restraining order on the operation. In April 1973
the County, filing suit against McDougal in Superior Court, succeeded
in gaining a ruling ordering McDougal to halt water sales for use
outside of Imperial County. McDougal appealed the decision unsuccessfully to the California Court of Appeals (4th District), then to the
California State Supreme Court, and finally to the United States
Supreme Court (76, 149).
-31-
Seemingly, the United States Supreme Court's 1977 refusal
to hear McDougal's appeal affirmed the County's authority to
restrict sales for exportation to Mexicali and put an end to the
litigation.
However, this was not to be the case. In August
1977 Gallego Muñoz, McDougal's Mexicali water broker, was joined
by other Mexicali water bottlers in initiating a suit in the
Southern California United States District Court against Imperial
County and McDougal, claiming that due to the County's unconstitutional restriction of international commerce, McDougal could not
carry out his contractual obligations. Gallego Muñoz had actively
pursued his cause in previous court cases through filing formal
declarations and an amicus curiae brief, but until this case he
had met only with failure. Gallego Muñoz's suit prompted the
United States District Court judge to issue a preliminary injunction
against Imperial County which in effect contradicted the earlier
Superior Court order upheld by the Supreme Court of California
(but not as yet by the United States Supreme Court). McDougal
immediately resumed fulfilling his contract with Gallego Muñoz (149).
During the nearly two years since the District Court injunction,
the United States Supreme Court upholding of the County's position
notwithstanding, the issue remains entangled in a maze of litigation
complicated by constitutional issues of international commerce and
conflicts between federal and state jurisdictions. McDougal has
been found in contempt of the earlier Superior Court order but no
action has been taken against him pending the outcome of the County's
appeal of the District Court's ruling to the United States Ninth Circuit
Court of Appeals (143). While the principals await this decision,
McDougal's water company continues to send water pumped from both
the Yuha Estates well and the Ocotillo well, the latter acquired
by McDougal while operations were stopped at the Yuha site. Furthermore, in 1978, McDougal completed an expansion of the Yuha facilities
and announced acquisition of a third site between Yuha Estates and
Ocotillo from which he may stage additional activities (149).
The Groundwater Controversy and Ideological Conflict
The present controversy over the groundwater resources of the
Yuha Desert has dragged on for at least a dozen years and has
raged at a high pitch for the last seven. Several hundreds of thousand
dollars and incalculable efforts by scores of individuals have been
expended for litigation, commissioned studies, public hearings,
meetings, petition drives, propaganda, and publicity.
The expenditure
of political and economic resources continues as the judicial
and administrative processes grind on and unresolved legal ambiguities
twist the minds and test the patience of non -lawyers.
The legal
principles and cases, and other formal aspects of the governmental
process may indeed be fascinating, but a detailed recounting of them
is beyond the scope and purpose of the present work. Rather, it
may prove more instructive to now turn to consider briefly those
basics of the issue which may be obscured by the wranglings of
lawyers, judges, and bureaucrats, i.e. what is at stake for whom and
what values are in conflict.
-32-
To begin to appreciate the importance of the Yuha water issue
as an economic, political and ideological conflict requires some
understanding of the wider context surrounding it. Obviously,
the physical setting of a semiarid desert serves to intensify the
salience of water issues. Also, in the absence of adequate mechanisms
for readily resolving such conflicts, antagonisms are likely to be
particularly strong. Both of these features are present and have
contributed to the character of the conflict.
These problems fester all the more strongly given that the
agriculturally rich areas of the Imperial and Mexicali Valleys
are steeped in a long history of often bitter competition for
This contest has
scarce water resources from the Colorado River.
Water
Treaty
and
Minute 242,
been formally resolved by the 1944
regarding
water
quality,
still
but antagonisms, particularly
and
readily
spring
forth
under
linger on both sides of the border
Mexicali
The
exportation
of
water
to
the slightest provocation.
via large tank trucks is a real nuisance to residents and provides
highly visible and dramatic cause for bitterness which can only
exaggerate the threat of groundwater depletion in minds predisposed
This pretoward resentment of water use competition from Mexico.
often
manifested
as
racism
existing atmosphere of distrust, too
River problem
border,
is
fed
further
by
the
New
on both sides of the
discussed in a previous chapter. Perhaps typical of local attitudes
Mexicali
was the observation of one Imperial County official that
Colorado
River
and
the
Yuha
takes good quality water from the
aquifer to the detriment of users in the United States, and sends
in return only the unusable polluted waters of the New River
Mexicali residents typically respond by pointing out
(304, 318).
the continuing Colorado River salinity problem and the very poor
quality of the municipal water supply (307, 315, 316).
Existing within this wider context of antagonistic competition
visions
for water are conflicts among alternative and incompatible
An
organization
in
the
Yuha
Desert.
of water use for future development
is
future
in
which
intensive
pumping
of local residents envisions a
carefully
managed
for
the
maineliminated and the water supply is
Prevalent among Imperial
tenance of low- density residential living.
the
other
hand,
is a vision of
County government officials, on
growth
as
a
means
for bolstering
booming population and industrial
Finally,
there
is
the
implicit view
the county's sagging economy.
water
users
that
this
sparsely
of water exporters and Mexicali
source
of
abundant
water
populated desert best offers itself as a
urban
resources readily available for use by a rapidly growing
population in dire need of drinking water.
Views of Contending Parties
At the time of Thomas Clifford's application to the Imperial
County Planning Department for a conditional use permit to establish
he
a water company for a new subdivision for retirees in Ocotillo,
Department
that
explained, in a letter to the Planning
-33-
We are embarking upon a long range plan for the
development of the western area of Imperial
Valley and believe that Ocotillo will be a proud
little city and eventually a health resort
comparable to others who have the type of waters
we enjoy in Ocotillo (76).
Not a word was mentioned by Clifford of his intention also
to sell water for export to Mexicali.. The precedent of defiance
he set in the face of objections by County officials and local
residents --a precedent upon which McDougal has proceeded to act
since 1972- -has not only threatened Clifford's vision of "a proud
little city," in the view of opponents of water exportation, but
has actually raised the spectre of Ocotillo and surrounding communities
becoming "ghost towns" (149, 313). Struck with the fear of losing
their water supply, desert residents have organized and lent strong
support to the Ocotillo Water League (OWL) as their major vehicle
for fighting groundwater mining in general and the Mexicali water
operation in particular.
It has been the contention of the League
that water pumped from the aquifer should remain in the basin and
"that the highest and best use of the land in the basin is residential"
(163).
With support from the County Planning Department and a majority
of the Board of Supervisors, OWL President, Dr. James E. Harmon,
has emerged as McDougal's most vociferous opponent.
Harmon, a
political science teacher at the Calexico Campus of San Diego State
University and a resident of Ocotillo, has skillfully and repeatedly
presented OWL's position through the local press, public hearings
and meetings, and personal contacts.
He has portrayed McDougal as
an unscrupulous absentee well owner willfully exploiting and
destroying precious water resources solely for the sake of personal
profit. Fond of citing evidence presented in the USGS report,
Harmon and OWL supporters dismiss the importance of bottled water
for Mexicali users claiming that "this quality water finds its use
for the greatest part by the 'carriage trade' of Mexicali: wealthy
tourists, high governmental and business officials --and reportedly
the Coca -Cola Bottling Company there" (338).
Moreover, Harmon
claims, a suitable alternative supply of groundwater could be
obtained in Mexico from the estimated 1450 acre -feet per year
which flows across the border from the basin and into the Laguna
Salada:
Clearly, in terms of prudent water management,
the Mexicali usage should be taken from the
portion of the aquifer that extends into Mexico.
Thus the various concerns expressed over water
supply in Mexicali are without basis in fact...
It should be noted that such usage would in no
significant manner adversely affect the Ocotillo Coyote Wells water basin. Again, it would be a
rational approach to groundwater extraction for
-34-
Such an arrangement would,
Mexican needs.
however, adversely affect the incomes of
certain business interests in Mexicali as
well as McDougal (338).
The Ocotillo Water League has decried not only the threat
adequate
posed by water exportation to Mexicali but also the absence of
provide
a
plans and programs for groundwater management which would
thicket
basis for resolving conflicts without becoming "tangled in a
", according to OWL,
The
"snails
pace
of
the
courts
of courts."
that
has worked to McDougal's advantage and provides no assurance
As
an
alternative,
OWL
pumping will not continue indefinitely.
monitoring
proposes "the immediate establishment of a program for
Ocotillo Basin,"
and
water
quality
in
the
pumpage, water level,
assistance
and "the formulation, with minimum delay and with the
management
of
Water
Resources,
of
a
water
of the State Department
The
San
Diego
Chapter
of the
plan for the Ocotillo Basin" (163).
with state
in
pursuing
this
program
Sierra Club has assisted OWL
In Harmon's
officials, but little headway has been achieved (143).
critical basins
preoccupied
with
other
opinion state officials are
convinced of the
in more populated areas of the state and are not
Ocotillo
problem
(313).
relative importance of the
As indicated above, OWL has been joined by sympathetic officials
majority
in the County Planning and Public Works Departments, a
Counsel's
office
in
on the Board of Supervisors, and the County
The alliance
water
sales
to
Mexicali.
the fight against McDougal's
however is an ad hoc one of legal and political convenience.
is motivated
Official County opposition to the export operation
different
from
those
of
OWL. Formal
by future plans considerably
Supervisors in
adopted
by
the
Board
of
plans for the Yuha Desert
Ocotillo
1973 call for, among other things, "an urban center at
and
the
introduction
to accomodate possibly 15,000 to 20,000 persons,"
the United
operations
in
the
area
near
of additional industrial
States Gypsum facility (76).
The Plan also proclaimed as an objective the protection of the
and location
potable groundwater resource "until the amount, quality,
disregard
of
evidence
are better known," nevertheless, in apparent
laid in
sponsored
USGS
Report,
plans
were
presented in the Countycement
plant
1978 to assist Texas Industries in locating a large
provide
200
jobs
to
an
area
in the desert. The plant promised to
increase
the
suffering from high unemployment and to significantly
for the
Original
plans
also
called
County's inadequate tax base.
overdrawn
plant to draw 250 acre feet of water per year from the
proposal
Yuha Basin aquifer, in itself, clearly an untenable
for anyone subscribing to the validity of the USGS Report.
proposal,
In the wake of a loud OWL -led protest against the
endorsing
a resolution
the County Board of Supervisors backed away from
Failing
sufficient
water
for
the
plant.
pledging assistance to assure
withdrew
their
to gain community support, Texas Industry officials
-35-
proposal. Angered by OWL's open opposition and desperate for
Texas Industry to reconsider, County officials supporting the
plant hastily sought to find an alternative source of water.
A few weeks later political tempers flared again when it was learned
the County Counsel withheld from the Board of Supervisors a
consultant's report outlining methods for negating or minimizing
the adverse effects of increased withdrawals from the Yuha basin
(150, 209).
Supervisor James Bucher, the Board's most active
advocate of the plant and also a strong supporter of OWL's campaign
against McDougal, lashed out at OWL, the County Counsel, and other
Board members for being "so damn cautious and so damn stupid " (210).
Subsequent passage of a resolution strongly supporting the plant
and a pledge by the Imperial Irrigation District and other sources
to provide water have failed to achieve reconsideration by Texas
Industries.
Interestingly, one offer of water to Texas Industries
came from the McDougal Water Company. As one of a number of efforts
by McDougal to reach an out -of -court settlement with Imperial
County, he offered to supply the plant with 250 acre -feet from
the Ocotillo well.
This and other offers were turned down by the
County (161, 211, 216).
The Texas Industry cement plant incident not only earned
for OWL the wrath of its Board of Supervisors supporters in the
McDougal affair, it also provided McDougal's one ally on the Board,
Supervisor Luis Legaspi, with the opportunity to speculate through
the press whether the County ought to reconsider continuing the
long and expensive legal battle against McDougal:
Thanks to the Ocotillo people, we have lost
the money the county needs so badly. I don't
see how we can justify the continued expense
of the lawsuit in the Ocotillo area with
the post- Proposition 13 cutbacks (208).
Legaspi has consistently supported McDougal with his vote on
the Board and his challenges to County evidence against McDougal
(213).
He joins McDougal in perceiving racism and chauvinism as
the basic motivation behind efforts to stop Yuha basin exports
to Mexicali (87, 315).
Legaspi faults other County officials
for "play[ing] on the fears of the residents of the area [Ocotillo],"
fears born from both an uncertain water supply and from deeply
imbedded and pervasive negative attitudes toward Mexicans (213, 315).
"Those people in Imperial County," McDougal told a Los Angeles Times
reporter, "just don't like Mexicans" (87).
The McDougal Company contends that Mexicali has a critical need
for the water and a right to buy it. Alternative sources are available,
but could provide water only at a greater cost to consumers. McDougal,
a member of a prominent Imperial County family reportedly well connected with the Mexicali business community, portrays himself
as selflessly obliged to assist Mexicali and intransigently devoted
to upholding the principles of his right to do business and Mexicali's
-36-
A consultant's
right to an adequate supply of potable water (87).
operation
annually
report for Imperial County concluded McDougal's
he
is losing
netted over $90,000. Notwithstanding, Mcßougal declares
money on the export business (76, 217).
Conclusion
The controversy over Yuha Valley's groundwater resources
arise
provides a glaring example of the type of problem that can
agreement,
and the
with the absence of an international groundwater
solution
at
the
local
level
or
inadequacy of seeking a unilateral
quality
of
water
Mexicali
through the courts. Short of improving the
if water
receives from the Colorado River, it appears likely that
Mexicali's
only
salvation
exports from the United States are halted,
government
commitment
of
the
Mexican
will lie with the approval and
Mexican side of
to commence well -drilling to tap the aquifer on the
however,
wells
are
developed,
In the event that such
the border.
agreement
absence
of
an
international
Mexicali has no guarantee in the
from
across
the
that the annual underground flow of 1450 acre -feet
plans
to
encourage
border will continue in light of Imperial County
Valley.
further settlement and development in the Yuha
San Pedro River near the U. S.-Mexico Border, Feb. 1979,
discolored with heavy metal pollution from Cananea,
Sonora (Mexico) mine
-Photo by G. Patrick O'Brien
V.
POLLUTION OF THE SAN PEDRO RIVER
Like the New River, the San Pedro River is plagued by a pollution
problem which originates in Mexico, enters the United States, and
adversely affects the citizens of both countries. Since at least
1977, the Compañia Minera de Cananea copper mine in Cananea, Sonora,
has been the source of heavy metal contamination of the river.
Runoff from unusually heavy rainfall has periodically overtaxed
the capacity of large tailings ponds and seriously deteriorated the
large earthen dams which contain the ponds. Seepage and overflow
carrying copper, iron, manganese, and zinc have reached a wash
flowing into the nearby San Pedro and contaminated waters flowing
into the United States. A river which less than two years ago was
studied as a potential federal wildlife preserve has suffered the
destruction of its fish and aquatic life, and is now considered
to be a dead river. Ranchers and farmers also suffered during
the periods of heaviest pollution when toxic concentrations of
copper rendered the waters unfit for livestock consumption and
irrigation.
Future recurrences of the pollution, it is feared,
could contaminate drinking wells used by the Arizona cities of
Tucson and Sierra Vista.
It should be pointed out that although the pollution originates
in Mexico, it cannot be deemed the sole responsibility of Mexico.
The Cananea mine is a jointly owned venture of the Mexican Government
and private Mexican investors (51 percent) and the United States based Anaconda Copper company (which has retained 45 + percent
since "Mexicanization ").* Management at the mine remained Anaconda dominated until it was replaced by a Mexican administration about
two years ago, but close United States involvement is maintained
through Anaconda's office in Denver, Colorado (322). At least
one local Arizona official has attributed part of the problem
to the presumed inferior capabilities of the Mexican management
(312).
A more likely explanation is that United States management
would be more sensitive than Mexican management to potential
pressure exerted by United States agencies such as the EPA, given
the extent of Anaconda's United States operations. But as it now
stands, Mexican management at the mine is accountable only to
Mexican authorities, who have been reluctant to undertake the
expense of abatement action. Faced with United States complaints
and half -hearted directives from the Mexican government to correct
the problem, the present management at the mine has attempted to
deflect criticism by shunning its responsibilities and shifting
blame to Cananea's enterprising small miners (187, 322).
*Far from being seen as a threat to Anaconda interests, "Mexicanization"
was initiated by Anaconda.
The President of Anaconda explained that his
company favored majority Mexican ownership, "because there will be better
possibilities of increasing our production and expanding our installations if we are associated with Mexican interests" (354, p. 226).
-37-
-38-
Recurrences of these discharges have evoked strong protests
from Arizona state officials and local officials and residents in
Cochise County, Arizona.
Similar to the experiences of their
counterparts in Imperial County, protestors have pursued formal
and informal political avenues of redress without satisfaction,
only to be reassured by the IBWC that a final and permanent solution
is presently being worked out with the Mexican government. In this
chapter the development of the pollution problem and its emergence
as an international issue are described with the objective of shedding
further light on the present mechanisms for identifying and addressing
border water problems.
The Waters of the San Pedro
One of the last of the Colorado River's secondary tributaries
which in stretches still flows on a continual basis, the San Pedro
River heads in northern Sonora about 25 miles south of the border,
runs on a northerly course to the border, and enters the United
States at a point in southeastern Arizona near Palominas. From
there, the river continues northward, passing the settlements of
Sierra Vista, Tombstone, St. David, Benson, Redington, and Winkleman
on its 125 mile route to the Gila River, the last major tributary
of the Colorado.
The mostly ephemeral flow of the San Pedro is fed by
springs, runoff from summer rains and several tributaries draining
about 696 square miles of land in Sonora, and about 3,789 square
miles in Arizona (34, 35, 110, 344).
The principal beneficial uses of the San Pedro's surface
waters, as designated by the State of Arizona, are for wildlife
habitat, warm water fisheries, partial body contact recreation,
and agriculture.
Domestic and industrial water supply and "aesthetics"
are designated as incidental beneficial uses (131).
Substantial
groundwater resources found throughout the San Pedro basin are
the major source of water supply for comsumptive purposes of irrigation
and drinking.
Diversion of surface waters for irrigation and
livestock use occurs only on a small -scale basis at a few areas
adjacent to the river.
Along with its benefits, the San Pedro has long contributed
its share of problems for area residents. Historically, among
the most notable have been the high sedimentation loads carried
to the Gila and flooding in the vicinity of its confluence with
the Gila. More recently, the overdraft of groundwater, particularly
near the booming town of Sierra Vista (population approximately
30,000) has emerged as an additional problem in the basin (110).
Efforts to alleviate these problems by construction of the Charleston
Dam between Sierra Vista and Tombstone have been frustrated with the
abandonment of plans to extend the Central Arizona Project beyond
Tucson (101).
International implications of these problems, if
any, have been remote.
-39-
Identification of the Pollution Problem and Efforts to Correct It
For approximately the past year and a half the quality of the
San Pedro has steadily declined due to the overflow and seepage
from the Cananea tailings ponds.
The first evidence indicating that
mine waste has entered the United States portion of the river
was an orange discoloration of the water detected by residents
in the Palominas area about mid -december 1977. This visible evidence
lasted only a few days and disappeared (249). In mid -January 1978,
the discoloration reappeared and this time continued for approximately
ten weeks. For almost the following eight months, no further discharges
from Cananea were detected in the United States. But heavy rains
returned in late December 1978, and the problem once again recurred
and continued until some time after mid -March 1979. As of June
1979, no explicit on -site measures to stop the pollution had been taken.
With the first reports of discoloration in mid -January 1978,
the Southeastern Arizona Government Organization (at the time,
in the process of formulating a 208 Water Quality Plan for the basin)
contacted the IBWC and asked the Arizona Department of Health
Services to analyze the quality of water. The first official
efforts to monitor and document the pollution were then undertaken
by the Department's Bureau of Water Quality Control in early February.
An analysis of the samples taken revealed high levels of iron,
manganese, zinc, and especially copper, which was found in concentrations
exceeding Arizona water quality standards for fish and wildlife. A
sample taken two weeks later at the request of the Hereford Resource
Conservation District showed contamination levels just north of the
border had improved markedly, but samples taken on March 7th by
representatives of the IBWC and the Department of Health Services
showed concentrations of copper, at a point two miles north of the
border, at a level nearly nine times what it had been a month earlier
at a point only one fourth of a mile north of the border. The abnormally
acidic river also contained extremely unsafe levels of iron, manganese,
and sulfate. As overflows from the ponds slowed over the following
few weeks, the water quality gradually improved and returned to
normal after discharges ended about March 26, 1978 (237, 239, 243,
249, 251).
The Problem Becomes an International Issue
The transformation of the pollution problem into an international
issue began, as it reamins today, in an atmosphere clouded with
confusion and misinformation. Despite the findings of the analysis
performed on the samples taken March 7th, a news release from the
Arizona Department of Health Services on March 9 stated that
there had been a "notable reduction" in copper and iron concentrations,
and that there appears to be no gross hazards to human health,
agriculture, and wildlife" (251).
An article appearing that same
day in the Arizona Daily Star told a confused story reporting the
early February pollution levels, along with the Department of Health
Services' claim that no health hazard existed and the announced
-40-
-41-
discovery by an Arizona Game and Fish Department wildlife manager
of significant fish kills in the river (345). But the obvious
could not long be concealed. Water drawn for irrigation by the
St. David Irrigation was shut off briefly in mid -March and ranchers,
if they did not already know, were warned by the Bureau of Water
Quality Control that the water was unsafe for cattle to drink.
By March 21st, Arizona water quality officials told the irrigation
district that although the water was again suitable for agricultural
use, it "may require special practices and precautions to minimize
University of Arizona county agricultural extension
problems" (240).
agents suggested farmers practice shallow tillage after irrigating
to break the surface crusting caused by the polluted water. Sterner
warnings to farmers and ranchers to exercise caution were issued
up until the end of March as erratic pollution levels continued,
but the failure of the irrigation district to fully heed these
warnings caused damages to livestock and fowl of at least one
St. David farmer, and led to the imposition of a five -day injunction
by the Cochise County Superior Court against further pumping by
the district (244).
By the second week of April 1978, the crisis for area farmers
and cattle ranchers had passed, not to reappear until December.
But it was feared the damage to aquatic life had been permanent
and the San Pedro was pronounced to be "a dead River" by Bureau of
Water Quality Control and Arizona Game and Fish Department officials
Furthermore, as recently as mid -January 1978, the United
(343).
States Fish and Wildlife Service had made a favorable study of the
river's potential for designation as a federal wildlife preserve,
a plan later to be abandoned, ostensibly for budgetary reasons
and barriers to land acquisition (346, 347, 348).
Throughout this first period of pollution, state and local
agencies and officials in Arizona could do little more than provide
data to the IBWC and, as one state water quality official stated,
"just scream bloody murder at the IBWC." Prominent among those
prodding the Commission to seek means for halting the pollution
were the Department of Health Services and Game and Fish Department
officials, a member of the Cochise County Board of Supervisors,
and Congressman Morris Udall's office. By the time of the second
major discharge incident in December 1978, these and other Arizona
actors would join forces with Imperial County in a campaign to
attract national attention to border pollution problems.
The Arizona Department of Health Services had notified the
IBWC of the problem in January 1978 and shortly thereafter accompanied
an IBWC official on a visit to the river to take samples. Without
any authority to take positive action against the mine, the Department
could do little more than continue to monitor the river, keep the
IBWC informed, and warn residents of the dangers. Two months later,
despite reassurances from the IBWC, temporary corrective action
had not been taken at the mine and the frustrated Department called
on the IBWC for strong action "to protect Arizona" (239). Not until
-42-
the 23rd of March, three days before the discharge supposedly
ceased, did the Commission respond that the matter had been taken
up with the Mexican Commission, temporary corrective measures
had started, and permanent measures would be taken (242). But
according to information in the files of the Arizona Bureau of Water
Quality Control, IBWC inspectors from the Mexican Section may not
have visited Canaea until March 29th and, more certainly, no corrective
measures were apparent on April 6th when a Cochise County Supervisor
inspected the earthan dams at the ponds. To the IBWC's United
States Commissioner, Joseph Friedkin, Cochise County Supervisor
Gignac wrote the following on April 10:
The pollution has diminshed a great deal;
however I saw no signs of any work being
done to assure that the situation not occur
again. Facing the earthen dam there are
several large breaks on the right hand side.
It appeared to me that the rains brought the
reservoir level up quite high and because they
have no spillways and because there are homes
built in the path of any major spill, breaks
were made in order to relieve the pressure...
Again let me state that I could find no signs
of construction, even to the point of repairing
I fervently hope we
the breaks in the dam...
only experience normal rainfall for a long
time (274).
Not until the following month could the United States Section
Commissioner even report that new corrective works (a runoff
diversion dam and pipeline) were only about one -third completed.
In August the Commissioner confidently announced the works were
completed and, most importantly, would perform adequately in
heavy rains (250).
But the new works could not withstand the runoff that followed
unusually heavy rains in late December 1978. When nine inches
fell at Cananea during one thirty -hour period, the diversion works
were overwhelmed and the San Pedro once again received spillage from
the ponds and carried the pollution into the United States. The
Game and Fish Department discovered the pollution on December 26th
and reported heavy fish kills. At the same time, the Bureau of
Water Quality Control found heavy metal pollution in gross violation
of Arizona standards. Within days reassuring messages issued from
the IBWC first told of an immediate halt of the overflow, then of
the Mexican government's pledge to halt the pollution within a few
days, and finally, of official Mexican reports that the releases
to the San Pedro were slowing (253, 349).
But no amount of such heartening news emanating from discussions
between the IBWC Commissioners could stop the pollution. Realizing
that no adequate measures were being taken at the mine, the United
Below the Cananea, Sonora (Mexico) Tailing Ponds
-Photo by Scott J. Ullery
-44-
States Commissioner indicated he would call on the State Department
and ask that the United States Ambassador to Mexico take the matter
up with Mexico's Ministry of Foreign Relations. During the next
few weeks the United States Commissioner traveled to Mexico City
and Cananea to prod for action, and Arizona officials and citizens,
in concert with their counterparts in Imperial Valley, launched
a campaign to press for Presidential attention to the pollution
If satisfaction could not be gained through the IBWC,
problems.
then other channels of redress would have to be found, and the upcoming
mid -February Presidential meeting in Mexico City provided an important
opportunity. Congressional delegations from California and Arizona
joined state and local government officials, wildlife and conservation
groups, and individual citizens in expressing outrage at Mexico
and calling on President Carter to include the topic of border
water pollution in discussions with President Lopez Portillo. The
Presidents consented, but even so the attitudes of many officials
close to the border were pessimistic. Typical was the view of
Supervisor Gignac expressed in a letter to Senator Goldwater, that
"the talks between Presidents Carter and Portillo will not be
productive... in the long term nothing will be accomplished to
correct Mexico's negligence." Therefore, Gignac suggested, the Federal
Government should purchase land at the border and construct a facility
on the San Pedro to clean the water, although, she continued, "I
would prefer to see Mexico clean up their own mess as we had to
do with the Colorado River water entering Mexico" (275, 276).
As noted in Chapter II, a statement of commitment to permanently
solve the pollution problems was issued from the Presidential meeting,
and the details of a possible future agreement are now under
confidential negotiation through the IBWC. While negotiations
got underway following the Presidential meeting, the tailing ponds
at Cananea, aggravated by an early snowmelt, continued to release
wastewater into the San Pedro. Soon thereafter, IBWC officials
from both Sections examined the ponds and discussed with mining
officials a permanent solution involving the relocation of the waste
waters to a spent mine pit outside of the San Pedro watershed.
Such a solution could not be accomplished until at least 1980 and
United States officials suggested, unsuccessfully, that the mine
wastes be diverted southward to the Rio Sonora (277). Acknowledging
the reception of Mexican government orders to stop the overflow, a
mining company attorney stated the company would build a dam below
the ponds to prevent the flows. But necessary construction could
not begin until June 1979 at the earliest, according to the mining
company, because of the presence of "squatters" (i.e. the small
miners) at the construction. By late spring, the company would be
blaming the small miners for actually causing the pollution (322).
Meanwhile, Arizonans stood helplessly by as the San Pedro
became polluted along its entire length, and a Game and Fish
Department chemist raised the possibility of groundwater wells
In a
serving Sierra Vista and Tucson becoming contaminated.
letter to Arizona Governor Babbitt, the Director of the State
-45-
Game and Fish Department called the effects of the pollution
"devastating" to aquatic life and wildlife, and, he added,
"contamination of wells appears inevitable..." (279). Wildlife
groups and local officials continued, but failed, in their efforts
to attract national public attention to the issue (278, 280). As
spring arrived and seepage continued to reach the river, a disgruntled
Gignac and Game and Fish officials, along with the EPA, began
contemplating a lawsuit as perhaps the only remaining avenue to
halt the pollution (281, 312). Other activities pursued by Arizona
officials included a request by the Department of Health Services
to Anaconda officials to prepare an evaluation of the pollution's
long -term effects in preparation for establishing a mitigation
program, and in mid -May, the Governor's office wrote to Secretary
of State Vance seeking "stronger, more direct action... to involve
Mexico City in an attempt to eliminate pollution at the source"
(232, 352).
In response to the Governor's letter, the Secretary of State
reported the pollution had stopped, but permanent measures were
being hindered by the leaching operations of Cananea's small miners.
The Secretary of State was now repeating the mining company's
story of the principal cause of the pollution being holes in the
dam made by small miners to obtain tailing waters for their leaching
The administrative director of the Cananea mine,
operations.
Roberto Russek, contends the miners have made so many holes in the
dam that it threatens to collapse, but the company is unable to
repair the dam because the waters leaking from the dam have been
declared national rivers by Mexico's Supreme Court (187, 322).
An inspection of the leaching operations and conversations
with the small miners revealed quite a different situation from what
Russek had described. At the base of the retaining dams, nestled
among slag heaps and a series of rivulets carrying the dark orange
water that flows from the dams, the " pequeños mineros" tend to their
Each miner independently works a plot of land upon
livelihood.
which have been dug two or three small ditches to hold water diverted
from the rivulets (see photograph, p. 46). To remove the copper
from the richly -laden water, scrap metal and discarded cans are
Over a period of about ten days the metal
placed in the ditches.
becomes coated in copper, excess water is drained off, and a solution
of about 85 percent copper is obtained. Together, approximately
300 miners extract as much as 70 tons of copper concentrate every
two weeks and through their independent Unión de Pequeños Mineros
y Gambusinos *, ship it by rail to San Luis Potosi. A smelting
company there buys the copper for which the Cananea small miners
*Gambusino is a uniquely Mexican word not found in most Spanish
It refers to a person working with mineral deposits.
dictionaries.
The English word most closely describing it (but still not a wholly
accurate description) would be prospector or panner (342).
Operation of the "Pequeños Mineros" in Cananea, Sonora (Mexico)
-Photo by Scott J. Ullery
-47-
are compensated from 8 to 14 pesos per kilogram depending on the
quality and the market, 2 percent of which reverts to the union (325).
The leaching operation does not depend on holes punched through
the dams, an impossible task given the massive size of the dams.
Nor can it be said that it has caused the severe pollution of the
San Pedro River.
Small -scale leaching enterprises have been in
operation for about 30 to 40 years without seriously affecting the
river, and until about two years ago the miners sold their copper
to the company. Now, however, the company will be expanding the
open -pit mine and would like to establish its own leaching facilities
near a new tailings pond located outside the San Pedro watershed.
Efforts to evict the small miners have been frustrated by Mexico's
Supreme Court, but the administrative director of the mine is
confident that the Secretaria de Agricultura y Recursos Hidráulicos,
which has the final say, will overrule the Court's proclamation and
direct the company to proceed with expansion (322).
Such plans
will eliminate both the small miners and the menace to the San Pedro.
It cannot be stated with certainty when such changes will
actually be put into effect, but when they are the small miners
promise resistance. As long as the present tailings ponds are used,
the risk of overflows reaching the San Pedro during heavy rains will
remain.
If the pollution continues for the next several years, not
only will present damages upstream be intensified, but also could
affect heavily contested water rights to the San Pedro and Gila
Rivers.
In June 1978, the Gila River Indian Tribe filed a suit
in the United States District Court asking for priority water
rights to the entire San Pedro.
The Tribe hopes to be able to
use its rights to the river in an exchange agreement for Central
Arizona Project water expected sometime in the 1980s (183, 353).
With rights to a toxic river being essentially useless, the Tribe
The mind
would most certainly press for an end to the pollution.
boggles upon contemplating the stream of litigation and negotiation
it would take to work out such a problem.
View across one of the two Naco, Sonora (Mexico) sewage
holding ponds looking in the direction of Bisbee,
Arizona, and the Mule Mountains
-Photo by Milton H. Jamail
VI.
INTERNATIONAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS
ALONG THE ARIZONA - SONORA BORDER
One area in which the IBWC is considered relatively successful
in dealing with international water problems is the issue of binational sewage disposal problems along the Arizona -Sonora border.
In three communities, joint international sewage disposal plants
have been considered as solutions for a problem originating in one
country but affecting both sides.
In the case of Ambos Nogales
a plant was constructed, later expanded, and is still in operation.
In Agua Prieta and Douglas a joint plant was constructed and
operated for over twenty years before both countries opted for
individual plants within their own boundaries. In the Naco- Bisbee
area the feasibility of a joint treatment plant has been discussed
for over thirty years, but has never been constructed.
Ambos Nogales Sanitation Project
The Nogales, Arizona, and Nogales, Sonora, Joint Sanitation
Project has been touted as a successful prototype for solving
international sewage disposal problems (42). Issues which have
become important in other border communities, such as Naco and
Mexicali, have been averted, or, in the Ambos Nogales case, at
least postponed.
In the late 1970s, however, as the population on
the Mexican side mushroomed (in part due to the rapid expansion
of the Border Industrialization Program- -the so- called twin -plants),
the collection system could not contain the flow so that raw sewage
at times passed untreated into Arizona. Problems which it was
expected would be rectified by the initial joint facility are reemerging once again to plague the area.
It has long been understood that the two communities of Nogales,
Arizona and Nogales, Sonora are one physical unit (57), situated
as they are in a narrow valley with steep hills on either side and
divided only by an artificial, arbitrarily -positioned fence.
Recognizing that because of this topography all water issues
affecting the area would be bi- national in nature, the International
Boundary Commission as early as the 1930s constructed a joint flood
control project (63, 65).
Also in the early 1930s the IBC determined that the joint
sewage problem could best be handled by "an international treatment
plant located in the United States" (42). In 1941 preliminary
plans for a sewer system in Nogales, Sonora, were prepared by the
Mexican Department of Health. Because the terrain slopes from
south to north
however, the best location for the plant was
in the United States. The United States and Mexican Sections of
the International Boundary Commission discussed the issue for two
years before reaching an agreement. Joint reports of August 6th
and December 1943, issued by the Commission and approved by the two
,
-49-
governments, contain the plans for a solution to the problem (57).
The sanitation project, first discussed in the 1930s and
planned in the early 1940s, was built in 1950 and 1951. The United
States and Mexico Sections of the IBWC oversaw the construction
within their respective countries, and the costs of the works
were likewise equally divided (57). Operation of the new system
began in 1951. Designed to serve a community of 20,000 (151, 336),
by 1967 the system was obsolete as the total population of the
twin -city area rose to 50,000, even though only half of the homes
on the Mexican side were connected to sewers (42).
Foreseeing the limited capacity of the original plant the
U. S. Health Service, the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, and the Arizona Department of Health Services met in 1964
to recommend an expansion that would provide for an anticipated
combined population of 102,000 by 1990.
A relocation of the enlarged
international plant 8.8 miles north of the border was also recommended.
In 1964 and 1965 the United States Congress appropriated
$1 million for the United States share of the project (42), with
negotiations between the two countries beginning shortly afterward.
The Mexicans advised that in addition to considering improvements
to the joint sewage project on the United States side, "they wished
to consider the alternative of each city having its own separate
works for disposal of its sanitary wastes" (42). Mexico pointed
out that the proposed location of the new plant and "the higher
degree of treatment required by the United States Federal and
State water pollution control authorities to meet their requirements
were for the benefit of interests in the United States" (42).
In September 1967, Minute 227 formalized the understanding
on the new enlarged plant to be located in the United States,
outlining the specifics relating to the construction and financing
of the plant, and reflecting Mexico's desires by including the
stipulation that "Mexico may dispose of part or all of the Nogales,
Sonora, sewage in its own territory when it may so consider advisable"
(155).
Once the international arrangements were made, the IBWC
worked out financial arrangements with the City of Nogales, Arizona,
and with the Gulf America of Arizona land development corporation,
the owners of the land where the plant would be built.
In December
1971, the enlargement of the project was completed (9, 296).
New Problems Arise
In October 1977, heavy rains caused the Nogales, Sonora,
sewer system to overflow. Bypassing the treatment plant, raw
sewage entered the Santa Cruz River and reportedly contaminated
the water supplies of several small communities just to the north
of Nogales (178, 179). After heavy rains in June 1978, Nogales,
Arizona, and Santa Cruz County health officials said the sewage
coming from Mexico creates "a dangerous health situation" and
that measures were taken to guard against outbreaks of encephalitis,
-50-
hepatitis, typhoid and dysentery (181).
Although the problem is in part the result of heavy rains
and overburdening of the Mexican collection system, it is exacerbated
by the joint use of sewers to carry both sewage and storm runoff.
The collection lines become plugged causing the raw sewage to
overflow (168).
Tomás Navia, Sanitary Engineer for the Pan American
Health Organization and consultant to the IBWC on the Nogales
issue, explained that a redesigned system with separate storm
drainage and sewage collections is required to avert overflow
problems after each heavy rain. Navia, meeting with Mexican
officials in the spring of 1979, was assured that the problem
was being solved (319).
In June 1979, announcement of reconstruction
of the underground drainage system for the city of Nogales, Sonora,
stated that when completed, the drainage system will take waters
directly to the sewage treatment plant in Nogales, Arizona, and
will be a safeguard against contamination of the Santa Cruz River
during the rainy season (199).
Plans to improve the sewage collection system, however, have
not proceeded as rapidly as the underground drainage system.
In
early 1979, the United States Section of the IBWC complained
"that Mexican authorities have not improved and extended the sewage
collection facilities as needed to keep pace with the rapid increase
in population in Nogales, Sonora, which has doubled since 1960
to a total of 110,000 in 1977" (332). Consequently, many residents
of Nogales, Sonora, are not connected to the system (311). The
United States Section has pointed out that it had repeatedly asked
Mexico "for immediate and long term corrective measures, but Mexico
has provided only temporary corrective works ". Furthermore, the
equally serious problem of the limited capacity of the joint plant
remains, designed as it was to service a population of 102,000
that is presently approaching 150,000.
Douglas -Agua Prieta Sanitation Project
In the Douglas, Arizona -Agua Prieta, Sonora, area a joint
international sewage disposal plant was operated for over twenty
years.
In 1969 Agua Prieta opened its own plant and the city of
Douglas assumed the operation of the formerly joint -use facility
in 1973.
Recent growth in the two cities and depreciation and
deterioration of the present systems have again made sewage disposal
problems important priorities. However, it appears that each
community will deal with these issues on an individual level.
The Need for an International Facility
Unlike the Nogales area, the topography of this section of
the border is from north to south and thus drainage is from the
United States into Mexico. The Douglas sewage treatment plant
dumped its effluent directly into Mexico where it had been used
for several years by Mexican farmers for irrigation, but because
-51-
the sewage was improperly treated, Mexican authorities complained
that it "constituted a menace to public health" (57). The idea
of a joint sanitation project was developed in the early 1940s
"as a result of charges made by the Public Health Department
of Mexico and residents of Agua Prieta" (57).
Given the international nature of the problem, the International
Boundary Commission conducted studies concerning the feasibility of
a bi- national project and in May 1941 recommended to the governments
the construction of a joint sanitation project. The United States
appropriated the necessary funds in 1943, but work on the project
was delayed by World War II. In 1944 detailed plans for the plant,
designed to serve a total population of 16,000, were again discussed
and construction was finally begun in Douglas in 1946. Upon completion
in 1948, the City of Douglas assumed the operation and maintenance
of the plant with the assistance of one operator assigned by the
Mexican Department of Hydraulic Resources.
In the late 1940s the population of Agua Prieta was less
than 10,000 with only a small percentage of the homes sewer -connected,
while Douglas had a population of 9,000, almost all sewer -connected. But
by 1958 the facilities already had been overburdened making expansion
necessary. An expansion of the system was completed in 1961, but
by 1965 IBWC engineers recommended another enlargement of the plant
to serve a combined population of 44,000 in 1980 (24,000 in Agua
Prieta, 20,000 in Douglas). The engineer's report also called for
oxidation ponds to be constructed in Mexico. Minute 220 formalized
the acceptance of the report (154).
The City of Douglas operated the joint plant from its opening
in 1948 until 1964 at which time the IBWC assumed operational
responsibilities for the plant, with Douglas contributing to
the costs (10, 32). With the opening of Agua Prieta's own plant
in 1969 the international character of the facilities was ended (299).
In 1973 the operation of the plant was returned to the City
of Douglas, with the United States reserving the right to keep
all effluent waters in the United States if it so decided (302).
Nonetheless, at present the effluent from the Douglas plant still
flows freely across the border for use in irrigation. Whether or
not this will continue is uncertain.
For example, on the one hand
a recently prepared United States regional water quality plan
recommended that
the present disposition of plant effluent to
Mexican farmers should be continued unless
American demand for it develops.
Use for golf
course irrigation is the most likely, especially
if the course is expanded to 18 holes and a
high standard of appearance is desired (101).
-52-
On the other hand, in an application for an EPA municipal sewage
construction grant, the City of Douglas pointed out that failure
to improve the facility could result in "a continuing degradation
of the quality of effluent discharged to Mexican irrigators, and a
possible violation of the City's contractual obligation to maintain
effluent quality" (33), even though there are no specific effluent
quality requirements for discharge into Mexico. When Phelps -Dodge
Company in Douglas was pressed by the EPA in the 1970s to obtain a
discharge permit, the courts upheld the Phelps -Dodge position
that no permit was required if discharge did not flow into the
United States. Taking a more pragmatic position, a Douglas city
water department official commented that if the effluent caused
"any serious health problem in Agua Prieta it would effect Douglas
because of the interdependence of the two cities" (323).
Current Issues
In late 1979 the population of Agua Prieta is nearly 45,000
and the sewage system is no longer adequate. In June, the city's
head of Sewers and Drinking Water Department (Junta de Alcantarillado
y Agua Potable), Rogelio Martinez, reported that by now only
slightly more than one -third of the homes in Agua Prieta did
not have sewer connections.
The head of the Agua Prieta Chamber
of Commerce felt that the most serious problem facing recently
elected city officials was the extension of sewer connections
and the construction of a new collector (198). The City of Douglas,
also faced with an outmoded facility for a population of 15,000,
is improving and enlarging its plant with the help of an EPA grant.
Rather than opting for a new joint facility, both cities have
chosen to expand their individual operations. But the IBWC is still
concerned with the sewage disposal problem in the area. Although
there are provisions for payments to Mexico if any untreated
sewage is released into Mexico (290), there are no indications
that the IBWC will press for a renewed international sanitation
project to service Douglas -Agua Prieta.
Naco, Arizona -Naco, Sonora Sewage Disposal Issue
In the area of the contiguous cities of Naco, Arizona, and
Naco, Sonora, sewage disposal problems from both cities have resulted
in the possible contamination of the water supply of the city of
Bisbee, Arizona, six miles to the north.
The long- standing problem
results from the fact that Arizona's Naco has no sewer system and
that Sonora's Naco's two holding ponds located a few hundred yards
from the border overflow during periods of heavy rain. Sewage
from both communities flows via Greenbush Draw to an area near
the fields where Bisbee draws its water supply. There are fears
that as the ground becomes saturated with sewage, the water supply
will become contaminated (182).
The Naco, Sonora, lagoons, constructed
in 1965, have become inadequate by 1979 "with the increasing population
of the Mexican town" (331). The United States Section of the IBWC
-53-
has repeatedly requested Mexico to correct the problem. Some
remedial action has been taken, but the real threat of a recurring
problem persists.
Recently Naco, Arizona, received grants from the EPA and
from Four Corners Regional Commission for design of a wastewater
facility.
In August 1979 the Naco Sanitary District had a $250,000
bond issue approved by the voters to help finance construction of
a sewer system, with the balance of the $800,000 project being
provided by federal funds (355).
Heavy Rains and Naco, Sonora Pollution
In the past two years unusually heavy rains caused the Naco,
Sonora, sewage holding ponds to overflow sending waters into
In June 1977 the Arizona
Greenbush Draw and the United States.
Health Department certified that there was bacteria in the water
drawn from Greenbush Draw by the Arizona Water Company for use in
Bisbee (273). Bisbee Public Works Director Robert W. Hoppe said
"nothing substantial has been done to correct the problem" (194).
Commissioner Friedkin "secured promises from Mexican officials
that three projects would be undertaken to prevent future leaks.
Promises to use pumps to divert excess effluent onto Mexican crops
and to regrade a road to keep surface water from flowing into the
lagoons have been fulfilled." A third project, excavation of a
third lagoon, was not done and "there is nothing that the commission
can do to force compliance" (182).
Prior to the 1977 incident the IBWC formally requested consideration of a joint international sewage treatment plant for the area.
Mexico replied that they wished to handle the sewage issue internally (273).
In January 1979, there again was concern about Naco, Sonora,
sewage overflows.
The IBWC on January 6th stated that
...essentially raw sewage waters from the
Mexican border town of Naco, Sonora, population
4,000, have several times in recent years,
flowed northward across the international
boundary into the area of the well field from
which the waters are drawn for the municipality
of Bisbee, Arizona.
Its supply, is therefore,
seriously threatened from Mexican sewage (331).
Cochise County Supervisor, Judy Gignac, made known her concerns
to the IBWC and requested action. But Commissioner Friedkin's
only response was that an engineer was being sent to the site
and that as soon as his report was received, "we will know what
measures will have to be taken" (351).
-54-
History of the Problem
Bisbee has long had problems in providing an adequate water
As far back as 1904 a study pointed out
"The town of
Bisbee...is as yet unprovided with any general water system. A
portion of the water used for domestic purposes is drawn from
shallow wells in the bottom of the ravine within which the town is
built.
Such wells are open to contamination" (116). The study
suggested the possibility of digging wells near Naco. Ironically,
it is those wells that are now in danger of contamination.
supply.
:
In 1945 the IBWC U. S. Section was made aware of a "serious
condition in regard to pollution of the domestic water supply of
Bisbee, Arizona ". Cesspools and pit privies located on both
sides of the border at Naco were suspected of being the source
of contamination.
Bisbee's water supply was obtained from a well
just north of los dos Nacos, owned and operated by Arizona Edison
Company (57).
The IBWC conducted "a cursory survey" of the water and sewage
systems of Naco, Arizona, and Naco, Sonora. One hundred foot
wells serving both towns "in general did not meet commonly accepted
standards of sanitary well construction," with samples from wells
in both cities all reported to be contaminated. The IBWC concluded
that "sooner or later the groundwater in the vicinity of Naco would
be saturated with sewage, which might eventually reach the well from
which the Bisbee area obtains its water supply," and recommended
looking into "the possibility of a joint community sewer system
with a joint disposal plant" (57).
In December 1946, the United States Secretary of State suggested
to the Mexican Ambassador "the desirability of a joint investigation"
and authorized the United States Commissioner to meet with the Mexican
Commissioner.
In January 1947 the Mexican government agreed to
an investigation, and the IBWC was instructed to "study the situation
and submit a report."
Surveys were conducted in 1948 and a sewer system planned for
both towns. But by the early 1950s the IBWC concluded "that the
sanitation problem at Naco is local and one that should be handled
by the two communities. An international project does not appear
to be justified."
In March 1952 the Mexican Commissioner announced
that Naco, Sonora, was beginning the construction of its collectors.
A technical advisor's report for that same year concluded
...the cesspools and privies in the two Nacos
constituted but a remote danger to the water
supply of Bisbee, although the underground
drainages from these two towns was toward
their own wells (57).
-55-
The problems of the early 1950s remain unabated at the close
of the 1970s, the threat of sewage overflows from Naco, Sonora,
persists.
In late January 1979 a letter to President Carter
from several border state congressmen and senators asked that
border sanitation issues be discussed with Mexican President
Lopez Portillo at their February meeting. The issue was discussed
and the two presidents agreed that the IBWC should negotiate an
agreement on border sanitation (24, 120). Meanwhile, Bisbee
residents await the rainy season with the apprehension that their
water supply may again be threatened. And with the expected
opening of several new industries in Naco, Sonora, a rapid
population increase can be anticipated. If this increase occurs
and nothing done to prevent the overflows, a serious health problem
could result.
DOCUMENTATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
0001
ABRAMS, H.K.
1978
OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS ALONG THE U.S. -MEXICO BORDER.
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY AND COMMUNITY
MEDICINE.
UNPUBLISHED.
THIS PAPER IS BASICALLY CONCERNED WITH WORK- RELATED HEALTH PROBLEMS ALONG THE
U.S. -MEXICO BORDER, WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON WATER SUPPLY PROBLEMS IN
NOGALES, SONORA WHERE MANY SECTIONS HAVE NO RUNNING WATER BUT MUST RE SUPPLIED
BY TRUCK, FROM BOTH GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE CONCERNS. PARTIALLY AS A RESULT OF
THIS SITUATION THREE -FOURTHS OF THE PEOPLE IN THE AREA ARE WITHOUT WATER AND
SUFFER FROM RESPIRATORY OR GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES. THE PAN AMERICAN HEALTH
ORGANIZATION, THE U.S.- MEXICO BORDER HEALTH ASSOCIATION, AND THE U.S. BOUNDARY
AND WATER COMMISSION HAVE ESTABLISHED MANY COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES RANGING
FROM CONFERENCES TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMS
AND PROGRAMS FOR THE DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE, AND SOME LIMITED
ATTEMPTS AT DEVELOPING JOINT WATER SUPPLIES.
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION /SEWAGE DISPOSAL /WATER QUALITY /WATER SUPPLY/
PUBLIC HEALTH /HUMAN DISEASES /SOCIAL ASPECTS /POTABLE WATER /SANITARY ENGINEERING/
MONITORING /INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES/
PAN AMERICAN HFALTH ORGANIZATION /U.S.- MEXICO BORDER HEALTH ASSOCIATION/
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /NOGALES, ARIZONA -SONORA
0002
AHUJA, P.R. /KAMAT, D.L.
1967
BENEFICIAL USES OF WATERS OF INTERNATIONAL RIVERS:
PRACTICE.
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER FOR PEACE, WASHINGTON, D.C., 5 :584 -590.
SARA 469- 06458.
THEORY AND PRACTICE AGREE THAT RIVERS ARF PART OF THE RIPARIAN STATE.
TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY OF STATES EXTENDS AS MUCH TO LAND WITHIN THE RESPECTIVE
BOUNDARIES AS TO WATERS FLOWING ON THE LAND, AND PRACTICE SO FAR SHOWS THAT
STATES GENERALLY REGARD ALL LEGAL QUESTIONS CONCERNING STATE TERRITORY AS
NO GENERALLY RFCOGNIZFD RULES EXIST IN INTERNATIONAL
INTERNAL JURISDICTION.
LAW TODAY WHICH CAN DETERMINE WHAT SHOULD BE THE LEGITIMATE SHARES CF CORIPARIAN STATES IN THE BENEFICIAL USES OF INTERNATIONAL RIVERS. MOREOVER,
STATE PRACTICE IN THE PAST 50 YEARS SHOWS THERE ARE NO GENERAL RULES TO GOVERN
ALL INTERNATIONAL RIVER PROBELMS. FACH RIVER HAS ITS OWN INDIVIDUALITY. AND
INDIVIDUAL PROPLEMS MUST BE SOLVED BY TREATY.
IN THE ABSENCE 1F TREATY
LIMITATIONS, THE ONLY LIMITATION TO A STATE'S SOVEREIGN RIGHT OVER THE WATERS
OF AN INTERNATIONAL RIVER FLOWING THROUGH ITS TERRITORY IS THE GENERAL
LIMITATION AGAINST 'ABUSE OF RIGHTS'.
THE FACTS OF EACH CASE WOULD ESTABLISH
56
-57-LIABILITY, EVEN WITHOUT TREATIES GOVERNING SPECIFIC RIVER PROBLEMS, THE RIPARIA
STATES CAN COOPERATE FOR MUTUAL BENEFIT IN PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF FLOODS,
COOPERATION IN FLOOD FORECASTS AND FLOOD WARNINGS, EXCHANGE OF METEOROLOGICAL
AND RAINFALL DATA, ETC.
(VORHIS -USGS)
INTERNATIONAL LAW /RIVER BASINS /BENEFICIAL USE /RIPARIAN WATERS /WATER LAW/
BOUNDARY DISPUTES /APPROPRIATION /INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /TREATIES/
INTERNATIONAL WATERS
0003
ALBA, F.
1980
THE POPULATION OF MEXICOs
EVOLUTION AND DILEMMAS.
TRANSACTION BOOKS, RUTGERS UNIVERSITY, NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY.
200 P.
(IN PRESS)
AN ACCOUNT OF MEXICO'S POPULATION DILEMMA, A MODEL FOR THE DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS
OF POPULATION EXPLOSIONS THROUGHOUT THE THIRD WORLD. THIS AUTHOR POINTS OUT
THAT MEXICO HAS HAD AN URBAN EXPLOSION CONCURRENTLY, AND ARGUES NOT ONLY FOR
THE NEED FOR CAREFUL FAMILY PLANNING THAT DOES NOT NECESSARILY COINCIDE WITH
INHERITED SOCIAL CONVENTIONS BUT ALSO URGES NEW FORMS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT THAT WILL CHANGE FAMILY MOTIVES AND HENCE SHIFT PRIORITIES TO
GREATER SOCIAL HEALTH AND LESSER EMPHASIS ON LARGE FAMILIES. THE SOCIAL HEALTH
OF MEXICAN SOCIETY WILL BE DETERMINED BY SUCH ANALYSES OF FUTURE TRENDS,
INCLUDING BORDERLAND MIGRATION.
POPULATION / MEXICO / DEMOGRAPHY /MIGRATION /FORECASTING /SOCIAL ASPECTS
0004
ANAYA, M.
1967
MEXICO AND ITS WATER RESOURCES POLICY.
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER FOR PEACE (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 8 :682 -691.
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF MEXICAN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS FROM
THE COLONIAL PERIOD TO 1966. PROBLEMS AND CONFLICTS INHERENT IN THE PROCESSES
OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FROM A RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL EMPHASIS TO
AN URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL EMPHASIS ARE CENTRAL THEMES OF WATER USE. WATER
RESOURCES POLICIES OF THE MODERN ERA ARE TRACED TO LANGUAGE IN THE 1917
POLITICAL CONSTITUTION NATIONALIZING THE WATER SUPPLY AND THE FOLLOWING
APPLICATION THROUGH THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION COMMISSION IN 1926 WHICH UNDERTOOK
LARGE -SCALE IRRIGATION WORKS.
IN 1937 SMALL -SCALE WORKS WERE GIVEN A ROOST
THROUGH CREATION OF THE WATER RESOURCES BOARD WITHIN THE COMMISSION. THE
MEXICAN WATER TREATY OF 1944 ATTEMPTED TO RESOLVE PROBLEMS ARISING FROM
EXPLOITATION OF INTERNATIONAL WATERS, BUT THE MATTER OF QUALITY WAS NOT
ADDRESSED.
IN 1946 WITH THE CREATION OF THE HYDRAULIC RESOURCES SECRETARIAT,
ACTIVITIES OF SEVERAL FEDERAL AGENCIES WERE CONSOLIDATED, INCLUDING THE
IRRIGATION COMMISSION, THE ELECTRICITY COMMISSION (FOR CONTROL OF HYDROELECTRIC
POWER), COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC WORKS (FLOOD CONTROL AND NAVIGATION), AND
HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE (DRINKING WATER). (ULLERY -ARIZONA)
MEXICO /WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT /IRRIGATION PROGRAMS /WATER SUPPLY/
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING /WATER LAW/
WATER MANAGEMENT( APPLIED) /GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS
58
0005
ANDERSON, J.C. /KEITH, J.E.
1977
ENERGY AND THE COLORADO RIVER.
NATIONAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 17(2) :157 -168.
SWRA W77- 12836.
THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN COVERS A LARGE AND DIVERSE AREA OF THE INTERMOUNTAIN
AND SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES.
ITS DRAINAGE COVERS SEVEN STATES AND WATER
FROM THE BASIN SERVES THE NEEDS OF 15 MILLION PEOPLE IN SUPPLYING WATER FOR
CITIES, IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE, ENERGY PRODUCTION, INDUSTRY AND MINING. THE
ALLOCATION SYSTEM ON THE COLORADO RIVER OPERATES ON FOUR LEVELS: INTERNATIONAL
INTERREGIONAL, INTERSTATE AND INTRASTATE.
THE MEXICAN WATER TREATY OF 1944,
THE COLORADO PIVER COMPACT OF 1922 AND THE BOULDER CANYON PROJECT OF 1928
PROVIDE THE BASIC FRAMEWORK FOR THE FIRST THREE OF THESE RELATIONSHIPS.
THE
LEGAL PROBLEMS OF WATER USE FROM THE COLORADO RIVER ARE DISCUSSED AS ARE THE
COMPETING USERS OF THE RIVER'S WATER.
THE PROBLEMS OF WATER QUALITY AND ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT UTILIZING COLORADO RIVER WATER ARE EXAMINED. ENERGY MAY HAVE
SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS ON LOCAL AND REGIONAL WATER ALLOCATIONS AND QUALITY. UPON
WHOM THE IMPACT FALLS WILL DEPEND TO A GREAT EXTENT ON INSTITUTIONAL AND
ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS AND INCENTIVES IMPOSED, EITHER AS A RESULT OF HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OR FUTURE POLICY DIRECTIONS.
A STRONG OBJECTIVE LOOK AT THE
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND PHYSICAL PROBLEMS AS THEY CAN BE ANTICIPATED IS
RECOMMENDED WITH LESS CONCERN FOR THE SENSATIONAL ELEMENTS OF THE PLANNING
PROCESS.
(JAMAIL- ARIZONA)
COLORADO RIVER /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /WATER POLICY /WATER. ALLOCATION(POLICY)/
RIVER BASINS /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /MEXICO /BOULDER CANYON PROJECT ACT/
FEDERAL -STATF WATER RIGHTS CONFLICTS /WATER DEMAND /WATER SHORTAGE /WATER QUALITY/
WATER RIGHTS /ENERGY /LEGAL ASPECTS /HYDROELECTRIC POWER /COMPETING USES
0006
ANDERSON, K.J.
1972
A HISTORY AND INTERPRETATION OF THE WATER TREATY OF 1944.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 12(4):600 -614.
SWRA W77- 11174.
THE 1944 WATER UTILIZATION TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO WAS
THE RESULT OF OVER TWENTY YEARS OF NEGOTIATIONS.
THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL ASPECT
OF THE TREATY RELATES TO WATER QUALITY, BOTH NATIONS BEING COMMITTED BY THE
TREATY TO NUMERICALLY PRECISE QUANTITIES. SINCE THERE IS NO SPECIFIC WATER
QUALITY CLAUSE INCLUDED, THE ONLY OPPORTUNITY EITHER COUNTRY HAS FOR IMPROVING
WATER QUALITY IS THROUGH A FAVORABLE INTERPRETATION OF THE ALLEGED WATER
QUALITY PROVISIONS IN ARTICLES III, IV, X, AND XI. A LITERAL INTERPRETATION
OF THESE PROVISIONS RESULTS IN A SITUATION SO MANIFESTLY UNFAIR TO MEXICO
THAT THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE TREATY WAS SIGNED MUST BE EXAMINEC TO
nETERMINE MEXICO'S REASON FOR SIGNING.
AT THE TIME OF SIGNING THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO WAS STRAINED BECAUSE OF MEXICAN
EXPROPRIATION OF AMERICAN OIL PROPERTIES.
MEXICO WAS ALSO EXPERIENCING A
SEVERE DROUGHT.
RECAUSE OF THE DROUGHT, MEXICO WAS FORCED TO SACRIFICE WATER
AS A RESULT THE TREATY IS NOT A USEFUL
QUALITY FOR WATER QUANTITY PROVISIONS.
DEVICE IN SETTLING WATER DISPUTES BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES. TO AVOID FURTHER
DISPUTES AND TO SETTLE THE CURRENT ONES, ALTERNATIVES NEED TO BE DEVELOPED.
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /WATER QUALITY /DROUGHTS /SALINITY /TREATIES /LEGAL ASPECTS/
INTERNATIONAL LAW /GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS /MEXICO /RIPARIAN RIGHTS/
POLITICAL ASPECTS /WATER POLICY /WATER OUALITY STANDARDS /CALIFORNIA /IRRIGATION/
COLORADO RIVER BASIN /NEGOTIATIONS /WATER ALLOCATION( POLICY)
- 59 -
0007
ANONYMOUS
1974
COLORADO RIVER SALINITY:
RECLAMATION ERA 60(41:1 -7.
NEW SOLUTIONS TO AN OLD PROBLEM.
SWRA W75- 06774.
WATER QUALITY ON THE COLORADO RIVER WILL BE ENHANCED DUE TO RECENT PASSAGE
OF FEDERAL LEGISLATION AUTHORIZING A 280.6 MILLION DOLLAR PROGRAM AIMED AT
CONTROLLING THE RIVER'S SALINITY. A FORMAL PROTEST FROM MEXICO STARTED A
SERIFS OF NEGOTIATIONS AND AGREEMENTS INTENDED TO REDUCE RIVER SALINITY
AT THE BORDER AND PROVIDED BASIS FOR THE LEGISLATION. USERS IN BOTH UNITED
STATES AND MEXICO WILL BENEFIT.
IT ALSO AUTHORIZES 125 MILLION DOLLARS FOR
SALINITY CONTROL PROJECTS UPSTREAM FROM IMPERIAL DAM TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY
IN THE LOWER BASIN.
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION IS THE PRIMARY AGENCY CONSTRUCTING
FACILITIES TO CARRY OUT THE SALINITY PROGRAM.
PRESENT REGIONAL ECONOMIC LOSS
IS ESTIMATED AT 53 MILLION DOLLARS DUE TO CROP FAILURES, POOR SOIL AND OTHER
RESULTS OF HIGH SALINE CONCENTRATIONS.
ALMOST 10 MILLION TONS OF SALTS AND
OTHER MINERALS ARE PICKED UP BY THE RIVER AS IT FLOWS FROM ITS HEADWATERS TO
MEXICO.
SALINITY LEVELS RANGE FROM LESS THAN 50 PARTS PER MILLION AT HEADWATER
TO AN AVERAGE OF ABOUT 850 MILLION PARTS PER MILLION AT IMPERIAL DAM NEAR YUMA,
ARIZONA.
A LARGE DESALTING COMPLEX WILL BE BUILT NEAR YUMA PLUS FACILITIES
TO MANAGE, TREAT AND DISPOSE OF DRAINAGE RETURN FLOWS FROM THE WELLTON- MOHAWK
IRRIGATION DISTRICT, A SIGNIFICANT SALINITY SOURCE. FUNDS WILL ALSO PROVIDE
A PROTECTIVE PUMPING WELL FIELD, REPAIRS TO 49 MILES OF COACHELLA CANAL TO
REDUCE CONVEYANCE LOSSES, AND SALINITY CONTROL MEASURES AT PARADOX VALLEY UNIT,
COLORADO, GRAND VALLEY BASIN UNIT, COLORADO, CRYSTAL GEYSER UNIT, UTAH, AND
LAS VEGAS WASH UNIT, UTAH.
(SALZMAN -NORTH CAROLINA)
COLORADO RIVER BASIN /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /SALINITY /WATER MANAGEMENT(APPLIED) /
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT /COLORADO RIVER /MEXICO /WATER RESOURCES /IRRIGATION/
WATER QUALITY /COACHELLA DISTRICT, CALIFORNIA / WELLTON- MOHAWK DISTRICT, ARIZONA/
DESALINATION
000P
ARIZONA, COLORADO RIVER COMMISSION
1938
COLORADO RIVER INTERNATIONAL PROBLEM.
SAME AS AUTHOR, PHOENIX.
36 P.
A REPORT WHICH FOCUSES UPON THE INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF COLORADO RIVER WATER.
THE TREATY WITH MEXICO PROVIDES THE BULK OF THE REPORT, ALTHOUGH THERE IS
SOME DISCUSSION OF A REGIONAL APPROACH TO COLORADO RIVER DEVELOPMENT. THE
REPORT RECOMMENDS THE CREATION OF A COMMISSION COMPOSED OF ONE MEMBER FROM
FACH OF THE SEVEN BASIN STATES TO SERVE IN AN ADVISORY CAPACITY, TO SERVE AS
A CLEARING HOUSE FOR INFORMATION, TO PRESERVE AMICABLE RELATIONS AMONG MEMBER
STATES, TO UNITE IN OBTAINING APPROPRIATIONS, AND IN GENERAL TO WORK TOWARD THE
FULLEST DEVELOPMENT OF COLORADO RIVER WATERS.
COLORADO RIVER /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /ARIZONA /WATER POLICY/
CALIFORNIA /WATFR RESOURCES /REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT /INTERNATIONAL WATERS/
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT /REGIONAL ANALYSIS /INTERSTATE COMPACTS
so
0009
ARIZONA, OFFICE OF ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
1977
AMBOS NOGALES INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY PROFILE.
OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR, PHOENIX.
72 P.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE REGION INCLUDING DISCUSSIONS OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC
CHARACTERISTICS, TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION FACILITIES, AND THE
ECONOMY.
BASIC INFORMATION CONCERNING WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE IS PRESENTED.
NOGALES, ARIZONA HANDLES NOGALES, SONORA SEWERAGE THROUGH THE INTERNATIONAL
BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION, WITH AN AERATED LAGOON AT A CAPACITY CF 8.2
MILLION GALLONS.
PRESENT FLOW (1977) IS ABOUT 4.2 MILLION GALLONS PER DAY.
NOGALES, ARIZONA- SONORA /WATER SUPPLY /SEWAGE DISPOSAL /REGIONAL ANALYSIS/
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES
001k
ARIZONA, OFFICE OF ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
1977
DOUGLAS /AGUA PRIETA INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY PROSPECTUS.
OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR, PHOENIX.
74 P.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE REGION INCLUDING DISCUSSIONS OF DEMOGRAPHIC
CHARACTERISTICS, TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION FACILITIES, AND THE
ECONOMY.
BASIC INFORMATION CONCERNING WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE IS
PRESENTED.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /DOUGLAS, ARIZONA /AGUA PRIETA, SONORA /WATER SUPPLY/
REGIONAL ANALYSIS /SEWAGE DISPOSAL
0011
ARIZONA, OFFICE OF ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
1977
YUMA /SAN LUIS INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY PROSPECTUS.
OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR, PHOENIX.
77 P.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE AREA DISCUSSING THE DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS,
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION FACILITIES, AND THE ECONOMY. BASIC
INFORMATION CONCERNING WATER SUPPLY AND SEWFRAGF DISPOSAL IS PRESENTED.
YUMA, ARIZONA /SAN LUIS, SONORA /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /REGIONAL ANALYSIS/
WATFR SUPPLY /SEWAGE DISPOSAL
61
0012
ASSOCIATED PRESS
1979C
7 STATES IN WEST WARNED OF WATER SHORTAGES.
ARIZONA DAILY STAR (TUCSON), MAY 22, 1979.
THE SEVEN STATES WITHIN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN WILL FACE CRITICAL WATER
SHORTAGES WITHIN 25 YEARS, BUT GOVERNMENTS ARE LIKELY TO WORSEN THE SHORTAGES
BY FAILING TO PREPARE NOW FOR THE CRISIS, THE GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE WARNED.
THE STUDY NOTED THAT SUFFICIENT WATER EXISTS TODAY TO SERVE THE REGION'S BOOMIN
POPULATION, RAPID INDUSTRIAL GROWTH, AND FERTILE AGRICULTURAL LANDS, BUT SAID
°THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN IS IN TROUBLE.'
CITING COMMITMENTS TO MEXICO, DEMANC
OF INDIAN WATER RIGHTS, AND OVERESTIMATIONS OF AVAILABLE RIVER WATER, THE GAO
STRESSED THE NEED FOR PLANNING.
COLORADO RIVER BASIN /WATER SHORTAGE / POPULATION /URBANIZATION /INDUSTRIAL PLANTS/
WATER RIGHTS/ PLANNING /FORECASTING /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /AGRICULTURE
0013
AYER, H.W. /HOYT, P.G.
1977
INDUSTRIAL GROWTH IN THE U.S. BORDER COMMUNITIES AND ASSOCIATED WATER AND
AIR PROBLEMS:
AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 17:585 -614.
BASED ON THEIR ANALYSIS, THE AUTHORS DRAW THE FOLLOWING POLICY CONCLUSIONS:
1) POLITICAL AND RESEARCH RESOURCES DIRECTED TOWARD INDUSTRY -INDUCED AIR
AND WATER PROBLEMS SHOULD BE KEPT SMALL, 2) TRANSFERABILITY OF WATER BETWEEN
AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY SHOULD NOT BE PROHIBITED BY GOVERNMENT REGULATION,
3) UNIFORM TREATMENT STANDARDS SHOULD NOT BE IMPOSED, RATHER, A UNIFORM TAX
ON QUANTITY OF DISCHARGED WASTES IS MORE EFFICIENT, 4) SUBSIDIES FROM
GOVERNMENT TO INSTALL POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT SHOULD NOT BE MADE, 5)
ESTABLISHMENT OF AN 'AIR MARKET WHEREIN INDUSTRY CAN BID FOR THE RIGHTS TO
POLLUTE !HOULD BE CONSIDERED IN SAN DIEGO AND EL PASO, AND 6) WATER AND AIR
PROBLEMS ARE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AND POLICY SHOULD BE BASED ON EVALUATION OF
EXPECTED COSTS AND BENEFITS. THE AUTHORS CONCLUDE THAT FURTHER RESEARCH IS
NEEDED IN THE AREAS OF AIR POLLUTION IN SAN DIEGO AND EL PASO, AMOUNTS OF
POLLUTION BY TYPES OF INDUSTRY, ECONOMICS OF ESTABLISHING AN "AIR MARKET° IN
SAN DIEGO -TIJUANA AND EL PASO- JUARE7, AND THE EVALUATION OF COSTS AND BENEFITS
OF PROPOSED AIR AND WATER PROGRAMS.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /FL PASO, TEXAS /SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA /ECONOMIC IMPACT/
JUAREZ, CHIHUAHUA /TIJUANA, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /WASTE WATER(POLLUTION) /
POLLUTION ABATEMENT /COST- BENEFIT ANALYSIS /ALTERNATIVE PLANNING /DOUGLAS, ARIZONA
0014
BANCOS DE COMERCIO (M.EXICO]
1976
LA ECONOMIA DEL ESTADO DE BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE.
COLECCION DE ESTUDIOS ECONOMICOS REGIONALES, MEXICO, D.F.
62
THE GEOGRAPHY AND NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE MEXICAN STATE OF BAJA CALIFORNIA
THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER RESOURCES ON THE ECONOMY OF THE
NORTE ARE DESCRIBED.
SEWAGE DISPOSAI IN MEXICALI IS OUTLINED AND IT IS POINTED
STATE IS DISCUSSED.
OUT THAT BY 1975 HALF OF THE CITY WAS CONNECTED TO THE SEWAGE TREATMENT
FACILITIES.
BAJA CALIFORNIA N /REGIONAL ANALYSIS /ECONOMICS /WATER RESOURCES /SEWAGE DISPOSAL/
MEXICALI, PAJA CALIFORNIA N
0015
BATH, R.C.
1978
A REVIEW OF MEXICO'S WATER POLICY.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN COUNCIL ON LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, ANNUAL MEETING, 26TH,
MISSOULA, MONTANA, MAY 4 -6, 1978, PROCEEDINGS 1:18 -23.
REVIEWS MEXICAN WATER POLICY AND ITS EVENTUAL EFFECT ON GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT
BECAUSE THE SHORTAGES OCCUR WHERE THE HEAVIEST
IN THE EL PASO -JUAREZ AREA.
POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS ARE BUILDING, INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFERS ARE BEING
DISCUSSED THOUGH ALONG THE BORDER WATER SUPPLIES ARE INADEQUATE FOR SUCH
MEXICO APPEARS TO BE IN ADVANCE OF U.S. POLICIES AT THE NATIONAL
TRANSFERS.
THE AUTHOR CITES SEVERAL INSTANCES OF HOW THIS POLICY OPERATES. IN
LEVEL.
THE EL PASO -JUAREZ AREA, IN PARTICULAR, HE POINTS OUT THAT NO TRANS -BORDER
MANAGEMENT Ar,RFFMENT EXISTS, THOUGH NON -AGRICULTURAL WATER CONSUMPTION IS
ENTIRELY FROM GROUNDWATER. VAST DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CITIES EXIST IN WATER
USE, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, AND RATE STRUCTURES. A POTENTIALLY CRITICAL
WATER SHORTAGE IS RECOGNIZED BY BOTH NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS BUT THE FRAGMENTED
U.S. FEDERAL SYSTEM PRESENTS AN OBSTACLE TO ACHIEVING A COMPRF4ENSIVE
INTERNATIONAL GROUNDWATER AGREEMENT.
MEXICO /GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY /WATER UTILIZATION /GROUNDWATER RESOURCES/
URBANIZATION /EL PASO, TEXAS /JUAREZ, CHIHUAHUA /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES/
INTERNATIONAL WATERS /WATER SHORTAGE /POPULATION /INTER -BASIN TRANSFERS/
WATER SUPPLY /WATER MANAGEMENT(APPLIFD) /GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS
0016
BRADLEY, M.D. /DECOOK, K.J.
1978
GROUNDWATER OCCURRENCE AND UTILIZATION IN THE ARIZONA -SONORA BORDER REGION.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 18:29 -49.
SWRA W78- 12233.
POPULATION GROWTH AND EXPANSION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ALONG THE BORDER
HAVE INCREASED PRESSURE ON BOTH SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS. THE LACK OF
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS GOVERNING GROUNDWATER USE HAS RESULTED IN A MODERN
PARALLEL TO THE CONFLICT BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES OVER THE
AS MEXICAN PUMPING CAUSES A DRAWDOWN OF
ALLOCATION OF COLORADO RIVER WATER.
GROUNDWATER FROM THE U.S. SIDE OF THE BORDER, PROPOSALS HAVE BEEN MADE TO
INSTITUTE A PROTECTIVE AND REGULATORY PUMPING SCHEME NEAR YUMA, ARIZONA.
RATHER THAN SHORT -TERM SOLUTIONS OF THIS NATURE, ACCELERATED WATER USE REQUIRES
A LONG -PANGt STRATEGY OF WATER MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE PLANNING BASED ON THE
NOTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM, WHICH ENCOMPASSES ALL SURFAC
AND GROUNDWATERS SHARED BY MORE THAN ONE NATION.
WATER MANAGEMENT( APPLIED) /GROUNDWATER RESOURCES /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /MEXICO/
COLORADO RIVER /DRAWDOWN /PUMPING /LONG -TERM PLANNING /ARIZONA / SONORA
63
0017
BRAVO- ALVAREZ, H.
1978
THE ECOLOGY OF THE BORDER.
P. 412 -413.
IN S.R. ROSS, ED., VIEWS ACROSS THE BORDER,
UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO PRESS, ALBUQUERQUE.
456 P.
THIS COMMENT ON ARTICLES BY VILLASANA -LYON AND BUSCH (O.V.) POINTS OUT
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PROBLEMS ALONG THE BORDER THAT REQUIRE TECHNICAL
SOLUTIONS ATTAINABLE ONLY AT THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.
SUCH PROBLEMS AS WATER POLLUTION AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL COULD BE HELPED
THROUGH CIVIC GROUPS INTERESTED IN GOOD HUMAN RELATIONS BY EXERTING PRESSURE
FOR CONTROLS AND EDUCATION. THIS AUTHOR ALSO RECOMMENDS THAT MEXICO SEEK AID
IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL FROM INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES.
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION /WATER POLLUTION /SEWAGE DISPOSAL /MEXICO!
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES
0018
BROWNELL, H. /EATON, S.L.
1975
THE COLORADO RIVER SALINITY PROBLEM WITH MEXICO.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 69(2)1255- 271.SWRA W76- 05194.
SALINITY LEVELS IN THE COLORADO RIVER HAVE BEEN A CONTINUOUS SORE SPOT IN
U.S. RELATIONS WITH MEXICO, WITH THE HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM GOING BACK TO
THE 1944 UNITED STATES -MEXICO TREATY FOR UTILIZATION OF WATERS OF THE COLORADO
RIVER.
THE PRINCIPAL AREA OF DISAGREEMENT HAS BEEN THE DIFFERENCE IN QUALITY
BETWEEN THE WATER AVAILABLE TO U.S. USERS BELOW THE IMPERIAL DAM AND THE WATER
DELIVERED TO MEXICO AT THE NORTHERLY INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY. TWO EVENTS
OCCURRED IN 1961 TO BRING THE QUALITY ISSUE TO THE FORE: THE PUMPING OF HIGHLY
SALINE DRAINAGE FROM THE WELLTON- MOHAWK IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE DISTRICT OF
ARIZONA INTO THE COLORADO RIVER; AND THE REDUCTION OF EXCESS WATER RECEIVED
BY MEXICO DUE TO INTENSIFIED RIVER USE WITHIN THE U.S. A TASK FORCE FORMED
TO CONSIDER THE QUALITY PROBLEM, PROPOSED THREE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS:
1)
ELIMINATION OF THE POLLUTION SOURCE, 2) SUBSTITUTION OF IMPERIAL DAM QUALITY
WATER FOR THF WELLTON- MOHAWK DRAINAGE, AND 3) DESALINIZATION OF THE WELLTONMOHAWK SYSTEM. AN ANALYSIS OF THESE THREE PROPOSALS, AS WELL AS OTHER ISSUES
RAISED BY THE SALINITY PROBLEM IS PRESENTED TO SHOW WHY THE UNITED STATES
DECIDED UPON THE CONSTRUCTION OF A DESALINATION COMPLEX. (HOFFMAN -FLORIDA)
SALINITY /DESALINATION /COLORADO RIVER /MEXICO / WELLTON- MOHAWK DISTRICT, ARIZONA/
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /TREATIES /WATER PURIFICATION /WATER TREATMENT /DRAINAGE/
WATER QUALITY /SALINE WATER /WATER SUPPLY /WATER SOURCES /WATER POLLUTION SOURCES
WATER DEMAND /ARIZONA /DESALINATION WASTES /INTERNATIONAL LAW /IRRIGATION/
IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY /IRRIGATION WATER
0019
BUSCH, A.W.
1978
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: A BASIS FOR EQUITABLE RESOURCE ALLOCATION.
S.R. ROSS, ED., VIEWS ACROSS THF BORDER, P. 338 -359.
UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO PRESS, ALBUQUERQUE.
456 P.
IN
64
INTERNATIONAL POLLUTION PROBLEMS ARE INCREASING WITH INCREASING POPULATION
ON BOTH SIDES OF THE MEXICO -U.S. BORDER, PROBLEMS COMPLICATED BECAUSE OF THE
MULTIPLE LEVELS OF JURISDICTION:
FEDERAL, STATE, MUNICIPAL. WHILE THE
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION (IBWC) HAS OPERATED EFFECTIVELY
SINCE ITS CREATION IN 1894, IT IS HANDICAPPED BY THE DIFFERENCES IN ITS
COMPOSITION ON THE RESPECTIVE SIDES WHERE COOPERATION IS NEEDED BUT OFTEN
SUBJUGATED TO LOCAL SELF INTERESTS.
THE U.S. SECTION, FOR INSTANCE, DEALS
WITH BOTH CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE AS WELL AS MANAGEMENT, WHILE THE
MEXICAN SECTION DEALS ONLY WITH MANAGEMENT, THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND
MAINTENANCE BEING THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE MINISTRY OF HYDRAULIC RESOURCES.
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /MEXICO /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES/
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS / PLANNING / ADMINISTRATION /JURISDICTION /RESOURCE ALLOCATION
0020
CABRERA, L.
1975
USE OF THE WATERS OF THE COLORADO RIVER IN MEXICO:
COMMENTARIES.
PERTINENT TECHNICAL
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 15(1)127 -34.
THE MEXICALI, YUMA, AND IMPERIAL VALLEYS ARE GEOGRAPHICALLY PART OF A SINGLE
THE AGRICULTURALLY
VALLEY AT THE SOUTHERN END OF THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN.
USEFUL VALLEY WAS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE U.S. AND MEXICO BY THE TREATIES OF 1848
THE MEXICALI AREA WAS THE FIRST PART OF THE VALLEY TO BE IRRIGATED
AND 1853.
WITH COLORADO RIVER WATER.
COLORADO RIVER / MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA /MEXICO/
YUMA, ARIZONA /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /TREATIES /IRRIGATION DISTRICTS
0021
CAPONERA, D.A. /ALHERITIERE, D.
1978
PRINCIPLES FOR INTERNATIONAL GROUNDWATER LAW.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 18(3)1589 -819.
THESE UN OFFICERS POINT OUT THAT INTERNATIONAL GROUNDWATER RESOURCES HAVE
NOT UNDERGONE SUFFICIENT LEGAL INVESTIGATION, AND THEY SET FORTH PRINCIPLES
DERIVED FROM AN EXAMINATION OF SIX MAJOR PAST AND PRESENT LEGAL REGIMES: WATER
EQUALIZATION, CORRELATIVE RIGHTS, AND REASONABLE USE, ALL FORERUNNERS OF THE
INTERJURISDICTIONAL
INTERNATIONAL LAW DOCTRINE OF EQUITABLE. UTILIZATION.
EXPERIENCES AMONG FEDERATED STATES AND AMONG INDEPENDENT STATES ARE DRAWN FROM
THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, CANADA, YUGOSLAVIA, ARGENTINA, THE U.S., AND
GROUNDWATER DISPUTES BETWEEN JURISDICTIONS WITHIN A FEDERAL COUNTRY
INDIA.
ARE OFTEN RESOLVED THROUGH PRAGMATIC COOPERATION. INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES
OF STATES PROVIDE SOME EXAMPLES OF REGULATION BUT ARE TOO LIMITED TO PERMIT
INFERENCE OF SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE
NO SPECIFIC RULES TO BE DERIVED FROM COURT DECISIONS OR TREATIES, THE SAME
CRITERION OF EQUITABLE UTILIZKÌION ACCEPTED FOR SURFACE WATER IS ALSO VALID
FOR GROUNDWATER. NEW PRINCIPLES REGARDING GROUNDWATER SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED
AS NEW GENERAL LEGAL PRINCIPLES BUT RATHER AS INTERPRETATIVE PRINCIPLES WHICH
- 65 RECOGNIZE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER, ACKNOWLEDGING A GIVEN
HYDROLOGIC MANAGEMENT UNIT IN EACH PARTICULAR CASE. (ULLERY- ARIZONA)
INTERNATIONAL WATERS /GROUNDWATER /WATER LAW /REASONABLE USE /INTERNATIONAL LAW/
WATER RIGHTS /SURFACE -GROUNDWATER RELATIONSHIPS /EQUITABLE APPORTIONMENT/
JURISDICTION
0022
CARPENTER, E.H. / BLACKWOOD, L.G.
1977
THE POTENTIAL FOR POPULATION GROWTH IN THE U.S. COUNTIES THAT BORDER MEXICO:
EL PASO TO SAN DIEGO.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 17 :545 -569.
ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY, ORGANIZATION, AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PORTEND A GOOD
OUTLOOK FOR GROWTH, A JUDGMENT BASED ON EXPERIENCE WITH °TWIN PLANTS:, MILITARY
INSTALLATIONS, RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MINING CENTERS,
AND THE POTENTIAL FOR NUCLEAR AND SOLAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT, ALTHOUGH THE AUTHOR
CAUTION THAT THESE ARE SUBJECT TO ABRUPT CHANGE PRESENTLY UNFORESEEABLE.
BASED ON ANALYSES OF BIRTHS, DEATHS, IN- MIGRATION AND OUT -MIGRATION FOR 1950,
1960, 1970, AND 1975, A GENERALLY CONSISTENT GROWTH PATTERN EMERGES DUE
PRIMARILY TO IN- MIGRATION, ALTHOUGH NATURAL INCREASES WILL BECOME A MORE
IMPORTANT COMPONENT, AS WELL AS EMPLOYMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
CONDUCIVE TO CONTINUED POPULATION GROWTH. THE IMPACT OF PREFERENCES FOR SIZE
OF LOCALITY OF RESIDENCE IS EVIDENT IN FORECASTS FOR LARGEST GROWTH IN SMALL TO- MEDIUM PLACES CLOSE TO LARGE URBAN AREAS. SAN DIEGO WILL EXPERIENCE A SMALL
DECLINE; TUCSON, EL PASO, AND YUMA WILL LIKELY EXPERIENCE CONTINUED GROWTH.
SMALL ISOLATED COMMUNITIES WILL NOT LIKELY EXPERIENCE POPULATION GROWTH FROM
MIGRATION.
DEMOGRAPHY / POPULATION / URBANIZATION /MIGRATION /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES
0023
CLARK, R.E.
1978
INSTITUTIONAL ALTERNATIVES FOR MANAGING GROUNDWATER RESOURCES:
PROPOSAL.
NATURAL REOURCFS JOURNAL 18(1):153 -161.
NOTES FOR A
SWRA W78- 11170.
THE STATES OF ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO, CALIFORNIA AND TEXAS APE THE HEAVIEST
USERS OF GROUNDWATER IN THE UNITED STATES.
EACH OF THESE STATES HAS A DIFFEREN
SYSTEM OF GROUNDWATER LAW; NONE HAS ADEQUATE LEGISLATION FOR THE PROTECTION
AND MANAGEMENT OF DIMINISHING SUPPLIES WITHIN THE STATE AND ALONG BORDER AREAS.
THE SHORTAGE OF GROUNDWATER IN THE BOUNDARY REGION BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE
UNITED STATES INTENSIFIES THE NEED FOR JOINT MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF
THEIR SHARED GROUNDWATER RESOURCES.
THIS ARTICLE PROPOSED, WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK
OF THE MEXICO- UNITED STATES TREATY AND THE. FUNCTIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL
BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION, A REGULATORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE APPROACH TO THE
PROBLEM.
THE AUTHORS RECOMMENDED THAT WITHDRAWALS BE MEASURED AND RECORDED,
THAT FLEXIBLE ALLOCATION PROCEDURES- -SUCH AS PERMIT SYSTEMS--BE INSTITUTED,
AND THAT THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION BE VESTED WITH THE
NECESSARY ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY.
SPECIFICALLY RECOMMENDED ACTION INCLUDED;
66
A JOINT RESEARCH PROGRAM TO INVENTORY GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES AND DETAIL THE
AREAS OF AVAILABILITY AND PRESENT USES, AND 2) A GOAL OF ANNUAL REPORTS FOR
USE IN LAND USE PLANNING AND FOR INDUSTRTAL AND OTHER DEVELOPMENT.
(BRAUMBACH1)
FLORIDA)
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /WATER MANAGEMENT(APPLIED) /REGULATION/
COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING /GROUNDWATER RESOURCES /INTERNATIONAL WATERS/
GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY /MANAGEMENT /WATER QUALITY STANDARDS /WATER CONSERVATION/
GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /WATER PERMITS
0024
COLLINS, C.
1979
CARTER ASKED TO PROTEST MEXICAN SEWAGE.
TUCSON CITIZEN, JANUARY 23, 1979.
BORDER STATE CONGRESSMEN AND SENATORS HAVE ASKED PRESIDENT CARTER TO TALK TO
MEXICO'S PRESIDENT ABOUT SEWAGE FROM MEXICAN TOWNS THEY SAY IS CAUSING HEALTH
PROBLEMS IN THE U.S. CARTER, WHO WILL MEET WITH MEXICAN PRESIDENT JOSE LOPEZ
PORTILLO ON FEBRUARY 14, WAS ASKED IN A LETTER TO TALK TO THE MEXICAN PRESIDENT
ABOUT THE PROBLEMS REQUIRING AN INTERNATIONAL SOLUTION AT THE HIGHEST LEVELS.
THE NEW RIVER POLLUTION FROM MEXICALI; SEWAGE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS IN THE NOGALES,
ARIZONA -NOGALES, MEXICO TWIN CITY AREA; AND POSSIBLE POLLUTION OF BISBEE,
ARIZONA'S WATER SUPPLY BY SEWAGE FROM MEXICO ARE MENTIONED. 'IN SPITE OF
INDIVIDUAL EFFORTS WE HAVE MADE TO PERSUADE THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT TO DEAL
WITH THESE CONDITIONS, LITTLE HEADWAY HAS BEEN MADE, AND WE BELIEVE THE TIME
HAS COME FOR YOU TO DISCUSS THEM DIRECTLY WITH PRESIDENT LOPEZ PORTILLO,' THE
LETTER READ IN PART.
FRANK B. MOORE, CARTER'S TOP CONGRESSIONAL LIAISON
OFFICER, ACKNOWLFDGED THE LETTER, SAYING CARTER 'HAS ASKED ME TO SHARE YOUR
LETTER WITH SEVERAL OF HIS ADVISORS FOR DIRECT ATTENTION.' AMONG THOSE SIGNING
THE LETTER WERE SENS. DE CONCINI -D, AND GOLDWATER -R, OF ARIZONA AND CRANSTON -D
OF CALIFORNIA, AND REPS. MORRIS K. UDALI -D, ARIZONA, AND CLAIR BURGENER, RCALIFORNIA.
MEXICO /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /NOGALES, ARIZONA- SONORA /NEW RIVER/
MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /SEWAGE DISPOSAL /PUBLIC HEALTH /BISBEE, ARIZONA/
WATER PCLLUTION SOURCES /INTERNATIONAL WATERS
0025
CREWDSON, J.M.
1979
BORDER REGION IS ALMOST A COUNTRY UNTO ITSELF, NEITHER MEXICAN NOR AMERICAN.
NEW YORK TIMES, FEBRUARY 14, 1979, P.
A ?2.
IN THIS OVFRVIFW OF THE BORDER REGION. THE WRITER EMPHASIZES HIS BELIEF THAT
THE AREA IS DISSOCIATED IN SPIRIT FROM THE HEARTLANDS OF THE TWO NATIONS THE
BORDER DIVIDES, ANO CITES THE NEW SPIRIT OF COOPERATION BETWEEN THE BOUNCARY
COMMUNITIES. THE U.S. ORGANIZATION OF BORDER CITIES HAS URGED BOTH GOVERNMENTS
TO GRANT LIMITED TREATY -MAKING POWERS TO CITIES ALONG THE BORDER TO WORK OUT
MUTUAL PROBLEMS, SUCH AS A COMPREHENSIVE. HALTH AGREEMENT TO MINIMIZE POLLUTION
SOURCES IN JUAPEZ WHERE THERE IS NO SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT, IN TIJUANA,
MEXICALI, NOGALES, AND NUEVO LAREDO WHFRF PAW SEWAGE ACTUALLY LEAKS ACROSS
THE BORDER, OR IN IMPERIAL VALLEY WHERE TRACES OF SEWAGE HAVE BEEN FOUND AS
FAR NORTH OF MEXICALI AS THE SALTON SEA.
THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT, ON THE OTHER
HAND, IS CONCERNED WITH INCREASING SALINITY OF COLORADO RIVER WATER DELIVERED
TO MEXICO.
AN ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENT WAS SIGNED BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES
LAST MAY, AND THE FEBRUARY VISIT OF PRESIDENT CARTER TO MEXICO SEEMS LIKELY
TO FURTHER THE MOVEMENT TOWARD BILATERAL AGREEMENTS.
MEXICO /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /PUBLIC HEALTH /SEWAGE DISPOSAL /COLORADO RIVER/
SALINITY /JUAREZ, CHIHUAHUA /NOGALES, ARIZONA- SONORA /TIJUANA, BAJA CALIFORNIA N/
MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /U.S. ORGANIZATION OF BORDER CITIES /TREATIES/
GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS
0026
CUMMINGS, R.G.
1972
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN NORTHERN MEXICO.
RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C.
HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS, BALTIMORE.
6P P.
DISTRIBUTED BY THE JOHNS
AN EXPLORATORY EFFORT TO IDENTIFY AND PUT INTO PERSPECTIVE THE MULTIPLE
INTERRELATED SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS RELATING TO WATER RESOURCES MANAGMENT IN
ARID NORTHERN MEXICO, THE CULMINATION OF A TWO -YEAR COLLABORATIVE EFFORT TO
LAY OUT THE DIVISION ENVIRONMENT FOR THE REGION.
IN MEXICO THERE ARE NO
FORMAL PRIVATE PROPERTY RIGHTS FOR WATER, SUCH AS THE UNITED STATES' RIPARIAN
AND PRIOR APPROPRIATION DOCTRINES.
THE MEXICAN WATER RESOURCES MINISTRY
(SECRETARIA DE RECURSOS HIDRAULICOS) HAS THE LEGAL AUTHORITY Ti CONTROL USE
OF GROUND AND SURFACE WATER IF IT CHOOSES TO DO SO. IN 1964 A NEW DEPARTMENT,
THE DIRECCION DE AGUAS SUBTERRANEAS, WAS CREATED TO DEVELOP INFORMATION AND
SUGGEST POLICIES RELATING TO MEXICO'S UNDERGROUND RESERVES, BUT HAS RECEIVED
LITTLE OF THE SUPPORT NECESSARY TO BUILD AN INFORMATION RESOURCE ON WHICH
GROUNDWATER RESERVES POLICY COULD PF ESTABLISHED. THIS PAPER DOES NOT DEAL
SPECIFICALLY WITH INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGMENET.
WATER MANAGEMENT( APPLIED) /MEXICO /WATER RESOURCES /GROUNDWATER RESOURCES/
PLANNING
0027
CUMMINGS, R.G.
1974
INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFERS:
A CASE STUDY IN MEXICO.
RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C.
DISTRIPUTED BY THE JOHNS
HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS, BALTIMORE.
114 P.
SWRA W75- 10879.
THE STATE OF INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFERS IN MEXICO IS EXPLAINED WITH DETAILED
DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRENT NORTHWEST PROJECT, INCLUDING THE PROJECT'S CONCEPTUAL
STRUCTURE AND IMPLIED DIRECTIONS. A MODEL WHICH GIVES PATTERNS OF WATER
TRANSFER IS EVALUATED FOR A REPRESENTATIVE YEAR. TREATED PARAMETRICALLY FROM
OPTIMUM PUMPING LEVELS AND OPTIMAL RATES OF PUMPING IN THE COSTA DE HERMOSILLO
AREA.
RESULTS ARE APPLIED TO PROJECTIONS FOR INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFER
DEVELOPMENTS.
NET BENEFITS FROM AND COSTS OF THE WATER ARE EXAMINED IN LIGHT
OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE RURAL AND URBAN SECTORS IN THE STUDY REGION.
AN ANALYSTS OF REPRESENTATIVE YEAR TRANSFERS IS PRESENTED AND THE OPTIMUM
68
INTERTEMPORAL EXPLOITATION OF THE COSTA AQUIFER IS DISCUSSED.
ARE PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED.(MILLERARIZONA)
CONCLUSIONS
INTER -BASIN TRANSFERS /WATER TRANSFER /WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT /MEXICO/
IMPORTED WATER /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /ECONOMIC IMPACT /ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION/
MATHEMATICAL MODELS /EQUATIONS /MODEL STUDIES /URBAN SOCIOLOGY /RURAL SOCIOLOGY/
COST -BENEFIT ANALYSIS /GROUNDWATER /GROUNDWATER MINING /WATER TABLE /PUMPING/
PROJECT PLANNING /PROJECT BENEFITS /PROJECT PURPOSES /PLANNING /COSTA DE HERMOSILLC
002P
CUTTER, D.C.
1978
THE LEGACY OF THE TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO.
NEW MEXICO HISTORICAL REVIEW 53(4) :305 -315.
THE TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO (194P) TERMINATED THE U.S. -MEXICAN WAR
(1846 -1848) AND CONFIRMED U.S. TERRITORIAL CLAIMS TO TEXAS, NEW MEXICO, AND
CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH THE TREATY WAS BROUGHT ABOUT ARE BRIEFLY
CALIFORNIA.
REVIEWED TO OEMONSTRATE ITS FULL CONSTITUTIONAL LEGITIMACY, A STATUS DOUBTED
ALTHOUGH THE TREATY IS A LEGAL CORNERSTONE OF THE SOUTHWEST
BY SOME SKEPTICS.
U.S., IT WAS NOT FULLY IMPLEMENTED AND HAS CONSEQUENTLY LEFT A LEGACY OF
UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS WHICH ARE A SOURCE OF CULTURAL CONFLICT. FROM THE OUTSET
PROBLEMS WERE CREATED BY THE THEN UNIQUE SITUATION OF THE U.S. ACQUIRING AND
AMONG THE MORE IMPORTANT
ASSIMILATING A LARGE GROUP OF NON -ANGLO PEOPLE.
INITIAL PROBLEMS WERE THOSE PERTAINING TO LOCATION OF THE BOUNDARY LINE OF
THE GILA RIVER, AND MEXICAN FEARS OF U.S. INTRUSION SOUTH OF THE GILA. U.S.
DESIRES FOR A NEW ROUNDARY LINE TO ACCOMMODATE RAILROAD INTERESTS LED TO
NEGOTIATION OF THE GADSDEN TREATY IN 1853. OTHER LEGACIES OF THE TREATY, SOME
OF WHICH APE STILL PROBLEMATIC, PERTAIN TO THE TRANSIENT NATURE OF THE RIO
GRANDE BOUNDARY, LAND TITLE DISPUTES, WATER RIGHTS CONFLICT, SUBSURFACE
MINERAL RIGHTS CONFLICT, COMMUNITY PROPERTY, AND U.S. CITIZENSHIP, EACH OF
(ULLERY- ARIZONA)
WHICH IS DISCUSSED.
TREATIES /MEXICO /TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO /HISTORY /INTERNATIONAL LAW/
ROUNDARY DISPUTES / GADSDEN TREATY /ARIZONA
0029
DAY, J.C.
1975
URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT OF AN INTERNATIONAL RIVER:
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 15(31:453 -470.
THE CASE OF EL PASO-JUAREZ.
SWRA W76- 05661.
THE EXPERIENCE OF EL PASO, TEXAS AND CIUDAD JUAREZ, MEXICO, ADJACENT CITIES
DIFFICLLTIES
LOCATED AT UPSTREAM END OF THE RIO GRANDE SUGGESTS TWO PROBLEMS:
IN ARID LAND RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT AND IN UNCOORDINATED GROUNDWATER
INSTITUTIONS AND LAWS WHICH GUIDE
APPROPRIATION ON AN INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY.
WATER USF IN BOTH COUNTRIES AND DECISIONS WHICH DETERMINE DIVIDING RIVER FLOW
AND ALLOCATING SURFACE WATER RESOURCES ARE REVIEWED. DIVERGENCES INCLUDE WATER
IN TEXAS GROUNDWATER
OWNERSHIP AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR ALLOCATION AND CONTROL.
BELONGS TO INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY OWNERS FOR UNLIMITED USE, WHILE IN JUAREZ WATER
INFORMATION ON WATER SOURCES
IS OWNED AND CONTROLLED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.
AND RESERVES. PRICING AND RATES OF USE IS COMPARED FOP BOTH COUNTRIES. DEMAND
- 69 -
SCHEDULES INDICATE THAT EL PASO'S CONSUMPTION IS 3 TIMES GREATER THAN JUAREZ
WHICH HAS MUCH LESS AREA DEVOTED TO LAWNS AND GARDENS AND FEWER EVAPORATIVE
COOLERS AND SWIMMING POOLS. CHIEF SOURCE OF WATER IS FROM CONTIGUOUS
GROUNDWATER FIELDS IN THE PIO GRANDE VALLEY. SALINE WATER UNDERLIES, OVERLAPS,
AND ADJOINS FRESH WATER AQUIFERS OF THE TEXAS ARTESIAN AREA. ALL WELLS MUST
BE CASED TO AVOID CONTAMINATION BY SALT WATER INTO FRESH -WATER STOCKS. SOME
CONCLUSIONS ARE THAT THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF RESOURCE USE HAS NOT BEEN
PERCEIVED AS ALTERING WATER QUALITY OR QUANTITY; INTERNATIONAL LIAISON TO ENSURE
A RATIONAL WATER APPROPRIATION POLICY IS NEEDED; AND MUTUALLY ACCEPTABLE
STANDARDS FOR GROUNDWATER PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED
AND ENFORCED, PROBABLY BY THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION.
(SALZMAN -NORTH CAROLINA)
WATER MANAGEMENT(APPLIED) /RIO GRANDE RIVER /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /MEXICO/
RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT /COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING /RIPARIAN RIGHTS /WATER DEMAND/
WATER POLICY /AQUIFERS /INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /FEDERAL GOVERNMENT/
POTENTIAL WATER SUPPLY /LEGISLATION /INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS /GROUNDWATER/
WATER ALLOCATION(POLICY) /EL PASO, TEXAS /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES/
JUAREZ, CHIHUAHUA
0030
DAY, J.C.
1978
INTERNATIONAL AQUIFER MANAGEMENT:
THE HUECO BOLSON ON THE RIO GRANDE RIVER.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 18(1) =163 -179.
SWRA W78- 11309.
THE HUECO BOLSON IS A GROUNDWATER RESERVOIR SHARED BY THE UNITED STATES AND
MEXICO. AS DEMAND INCREASES, JOINT MANAGEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
IS NEEDED TO AVOID POTENTIAL GROUNDWATER CONFLICTS.
STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO
ESTIMATE AVAILABLE RESOURCES, PROJECTED POPULATION AND PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION
IN EACH COUNTRY.
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES LIMITING WATER APPROPRIATION TO
PRACTICAL SUSTAINED YIELDS OF LOCAL SOURCES SHOULD ENSURE THAT EACH COUNTRY
RECEIVES AN EQUITABLE AMOUNT OF GROUNDWATER BY COMPENSATING FOR MAJOR
INTERNATIONAL DRAWDOWN INDUCED BY EACH COUNTRY IN THE OTHER. FURTHER
INVESTIGATION IS NEEDED ON THE POTENTIAL TO MINE AQUIFERS DURING DRY PERIODS
AND TO REPLENISH THEM DURING WET YEARS WITHOUT IMPAIRING THE EXISTING FRESHWATER
RESOURCE BY SALINIZATION, OTHER CONTAMINANTS, OR AQUIFER SUBSIDENCE. A MAJOR
OBSTACLE TO COOPERATION APPEARS TO BE TEXAS LAWS WHICH REGARD GROUNDWATER AS
A RESOURCE BELONGING TO INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY OWNERS. THE INDIVIDUAL OWNERS ARE
ENTITLEP TO UNLIMITED PUMPING EVEN IF SUCH ACTION SHOULD DEPLETE RESERVES OR
IMPAIR WATER QUALITY.
IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT COOPERATION,
POLITICALLY FEASIBLE ALTERNATIVES TO GROUNDWATER CONTROL IN THE TEXAS PART
OF THE HUECO BOLSON MUST BE EXPLORED AND IMPLEMENTED. (BAUMBACH- FLORIDA)
EQUITABLE APPORTIONMENT /GROUNDWATER RESOURCES /MEXICO /TEXAS /POLITICAL ASPECTS/
GROUNDWATER BASINS /WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT /COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING/
COORDINATION /AQUIFER MANAGEMENT /WATER SUPPLY /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /HUECO BOLSON/
RIO GRANDE RIVER
0031
DECOOK, K.J.
1974
UNITED STATES- MEXICO WATER AGREEMENTS AND RELATED WATER USE IN MEXICALI
A SUMMARY.
VALLEY:
- 70 -
AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, ARIZONA SECTICN /ARIZONA ACADEMY OF
SCIENCE, HYDROLOGY SECTION, HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES IN ARIZONA AND THE
SOUTHWEST 4:78 -93.
SWRA W76- 02227.
A SUMMARY IS GIVEN OF INTERRELATED, TECHNICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL EVENTS
CONCERNING THE COLORADO RIVER WHICH TOOK PLACE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND
UNTIL THE
MEXICO FROM 1849 TO 1974 WITH EMPHASIS ON THE 1961 -1974 PERIOD.
TREATY OF 1944, MEXICO HAD HAD NO GUARANTEE OF A SPECIFIC ANNUAL QUANTITY OF
WATER, BUT IN THE YEARS AFTER 1945, WHEN A GUARANTEE OF 1.5 MILLION ACRE -FEET
PER YEAR WAS ESTABLISHED, MORE THAN THAT AMOUNT WAS AVAILABLE FOR USE. SALINITY
PROBLEMS AROSE, AND IN 1965 AN AGREEMENT FOR A 5 -YEAR PLAN FOR ALLEVIATING THE
TECHNICAL ANO POLITICAL DIFFICULTIES SURROUNDING THE SALINITY QUESTION WAS
IN 1973 IT WAS AGREED THAT THE UNITED STATES WOULD BUILD, WITHIN
MADE.
APPROXIMATELY 5 YEARS, A FACILITY FOR DESALTING THE SALINE DRAINAGE WATER
FULFILLMENT OF THF TECHNICAL PROVISIONS FOR THIS AGREEMENT
ENTERING MEXICO.
REQUIRES, IN ANY EVENT, THE TIMELY PROVISION OF FEDERAL FUNDS TO CONSTRUCT
THF SEVERAL STATES SHOULD RECEIVE ASSURANCE
AND OPERATE THE PHYSICAL WORKS.
THAT THEIR RIGHTS AND THOSE OF THEIR RESPECTIVE WATER USERS WILL NOT BE
IMPAIRED WITHIN THE LEGAL OPERATION OF THE AGREEMENT. (ROBINETT- ARIZONA)
COLORADO RIVER /DESALINATION /MEXICO /SALINITY /PLANNING /MEXICAN WATER TREATY/
COLORADO RIVER COMPACT /ALTERNATIVE PLANNING /WATER UTILIZATION /SALINE WATER/
WATER MANAGEMENT(APPLIED)/WATER QUALITY /WATER POLLUTION SOURCES /DRAINAGE/
IRRIGATION WATER /MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N
0032
DOUGLAS (ARIZONA) PLANNING ANO ZONING COMMISSION
1964
STREETS AND THOROUGHFARES, PUBLIC UTILITIES.
DOUGLAS PLANNING AND ZONING COMMISSION.
BASIC PLANNING STUDIES REPORT 4.
INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT IS THE HISTORY OF WATER DEVELOPMENT IN DOUGLAS. THE
PRESENT WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IS OUTLINED, AND THE SANITARY
SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED.
DOUGLAS, ARIZONA /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /SEWAGE DISPOSAL /WATER SUPPLY/
WATER DISTRIBUTION(APPLIED) /WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
0033
DOUGLAS (ARIZONA) WATER ANC SEWERS DEPARTMENT
1976
FACILITIES PLAN FOR INTERCEPTOR SEWER AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT.
YOST AND GARDNER ENGINEERS, PHOENIX, ARIZONA.
THE CITY OF DOUGLAS, A COMMUNITY OF 12.500 PERSONS SITUATED DIRECTLY ON THE
MEXICAN BORDER IN SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA, HAS A SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT NOT ONLY
INCREASINGLY EYPFNSIVE TO MAINTAIN PUT ALSO INCAPABLE OF MEETING MODERN
EFFLUENT FROM THE PLANT IS USED FOR
STANDARDS FOR SECONDARY TREATMENT.
IRRIGATION IN MEXICO. THIS PLAN PRESENTS A SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF A TREATMENT
WORKS AND INTERCEPTOR SEWER IN THE FORMAT REQUIRED PY THE ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY.
DOUGLAS, ARIZONA /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /SEWAGE TREATMENT /INTERCEPTOR SEWERS/
SFWAGE EFFLUENTS /ARIZONA /MEXICO /PLANNING /COST ANALYSIS
- 71 0034
DUNBIER, R.
1968A
THE SONORAN DESERT, ITS GEOGRAPHY, ECONOMY, AND PEOPLE.
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS, TUCSON.
426 P.
SWRA W70- 00700.
4N ECONOMIC, GEOGRAPHIC, SOCIAL, HISTORICAL, AND POLITICAL OVERVIEW OF THE
SONORAN DESERT:
THE DESERT AND DESERT LANDFORMS, CLIMATE, SOILS, VEGETATION,
WATER, SOCIAL EVOLUTION, THE MISSION PERIOD, WESTWARD CROSSINGS, DISCOVERY
AND DEVELOPMENT, WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, THE NATIVE ECONOMY, THE MEXICAN
ECONOMY, THE AMERICAN ECONOMY, POLITICAL FACTORS, AND A PATTERN OF SETTLEMENT.
CENTRAL THEMES OF THE WORK INCLUDE THE IMMUTABLE SCARCITY OF WATER, CONTRASTS
BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE U.S., AND THE ISOLATION OF THE REGION. SEE ALSO MORE
DETAILED INFORMATION, FOLLOWING, ON SPECIFIC CHAPTERS DEALING PARTICULARLY
WITH WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND POLITICAL FACTORS.
(ULLERY- ARIZONA)
SONORAN DESERT /SONORA /ARIZONA /MEXICO /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /REGIONAL ANALYSIS/
SOCIAL ASPECTS /ECONOMICS /HISTORY /POLITICAL ASPECTS /WATER SHORTAGE
0035
DUNBIER, R.
1968B
WATER.
IN DUNBIER, R., THE SONORAN DESERT, P. 73 -100.
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS, TUCSON.
426 P.
THIS CHAPTER IN THE AUTHOR'S WORK DESCRIBES THE THREE MAJOR HYDROGRAPHIC
PROVINCES OF THE SONORAN DESERT: AREAS OF INTERNAL DRAINAGE, WATERSHEDS OF
STREAMS ORIGINATING WITHIN THE DESERT WHICH FLOW OR HAVE FLOWED INTO THE
GULF OF CALIFORNIA, AND WATERSHEDS OF STREAMS ORIGINATING OUTSIDE THE SONORAN
DESERT. THE SALTON SINK IN SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA, AND THE WILLCOX BASIN IN
SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA ARE THE ONLY LARGE AREAS IN THE REGION WHERE WATER DRAINS
ALL PERMANENT STREAMS FLOWING THROUGH THE REGION ORIGINATE
TO A CENTRAL PLAYA.
OUTSIDE:
THE COLORADO, THOSE IN THE CENTRAL ARIZONA HIGHLANDS (GILA, A MAJOR
TRIBUTARY OF THE COLORADO, AND THE SALT AND VERDE RIVERS, BOTH NORTHERN
TRIBUTARIES OF THE GILA), THE YAQUI RIVER, STREAMS OF THE SIERRA MADRE SOUTH
OF THE YAQUI, AND UPLAND STREAMS BETWEEN THE GILA AND YAOUI. MAJOR FLOODING
IS MOST COMMON IN THE CENTRAL ARIZONA HIGHLANDS, SOMEWHAT CONTROLLED BY DAMS
ON THE VERDE AND SALT, BUT REMAINING A REAL THREAT TO PHOENIX. PRIOR TO THE
PRESENT CENTURY, UNDERGROUND WATER WAS LARGELY IN A DYNAMIC HYDROLOGIC BALANCE,
BUT GROUNDWATER MINING AND SURFACE DIVERSIONS BY MAN HAVE UPSET THIS BALANCE,
(ULLERY -ARIZONA)
4ND OUTFLOW NOW GREATLY EXCEEDS INFLOW.
WATER RESOURCES /SONORA /ARIZONA /GROUNDWATER MINING /SURFACE WATERS /FLOW/
WATER SHORTAGE /WATER BALANCE /WATERSHEDS(BASINS)
0036
DUNBIER, R.
1968C
WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
IN DUNRIFR, R., THE SONORAN DESERT, P. 169 -214.
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS, TUCSON.
426 P.
- 72 -
THIS CHAPTER IN THE AUTHOR'S LARGER WORK CALLS ATTENTION TO HEAVY WATER DEMANDS
THAT HAVE ENTIRELY APPROPRIATED DEPENDABLE SUPPLIES OF SURFACE WATER, COMPELLING
INCREASING RELIANCE ON GROUNDWATER.
SYSTEMATIC WELL CONSTRUCTION BEGAN AS A
REMEDIAL PRACTICE IN AREA WHERE IRRIGATION PRACTICES BROUGHT THE WATER TABLE
TO THE SURFACE AND RESULTED IN WATERLOGGED AND EXCESSIVELY SALINE SOILS.
THIS
SITUATION HAS OCCURRED MOST SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE SALT RIVER VALLEY WEST OF
PHOENIX, THE YUMA -WELLTON -MOHAWK AREA OF THE COLORADO RIVER NEAR THE
INTERNATIONAL PORDFR, AND THE IMPERIAL VALLEY IN CALIFORNIA. NEAR YUMA,
DEPOSITION OF HIGHLY SALINE WATER INTO THE RIVER THREATENS THE LIVELIHOOD OF
DOWNSTREAM IRRIGATORS IN THE MEXICALI DISTRICT. IN SCATTERED AREAS IN THE
LOWER SANTA CRUZ VALLEY, DOUGLAS AND WILLCOX BASINS IN COCHISE COUNTY, AND THE
LOWER GILA, SURFACE WATER IS UNAVAILABLE IN SUFFICIENT QUANTITIES TO MEET DEMAND
AND IS BEING SUPPLANTED BY GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENTS, WITH CONSEQUENT LOWERING
OF WATER TABLES, INCREASED SALINITY, AND LAND SUBSIDENCE. DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
IN SONORA AND SINALOA, MEXICO, ARE DESCRIBED. AS WELL AS THE COSTA DE
HERMOSILLO, THE LARGEST REGION WHERE IRRIGATION IS SUPPORTED BY GROUNDWATER
ALONE.
( ULLEPY- ARIZONA)
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT /SONORA /ARIZONA / WELLTON- MOHAWK DISTRICT, ARIZONA/
COLORADO RIVER /SALINITY /SALT RIVER VALLEY, ARIZONA /IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA/
YUMA, ARTZONA /COSTA DE HERMOSILLO
0037
DUNBIER, R.
1968D
POLITICAL FACTORS.
IN DUNBIER, R., THE SONORAN DESERT, P. 331 -366.
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS, TUCSON.
526 P.
THIS CHAPTER IN THE AUTHOR'S LARGER WORK REVIEWS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
INTERNATIONAL BORDER WITH_ ITS STRIKING CONTRASTS, ESPECIALLY ECONOMIC, MARKING
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AN UNDERDEVELOPED AGRICULTURAL NATION AND 4 DEVELOPED
CAPITALIST ONE.
HIGHLIGHTED ARE THE DEFINITION OF THE BORDER BY TREATY, EARLY
PROBLEMS OF ESTABLISHING SOVEREIGNTY, AND MEXICO'S HISTORIC SUBSERVIENCE TO
THE U.S.
THE RAPID GROWTH OF BORDER TOWNS, HOWEVER, IS SEEN AS THE MOST
APPARENT AND ENDURING EFFECT OF THE POLITICAL BOUNDARY. DIFFERENCES IN ECONOMIC
BASES OF THESE TOWNS, INTERDEPENOENCF DF SISTER CITIES, AND THE PELATICNSHIPS
OF THESE SETTLEMENTS TO THEIR RESPECTIVE NATIONS ARE DISCUSSED. DEPENDENCE
ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE, THE NEED FOR WATER, AND DISPROPORTIONATE GROWTH ARE
CITED AS THE ONLY GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO THE OTHERWISE UNIQUE
BORDER TOWNS. GIVEN THE STRIKING CONTRASTS, CHANCES FOR INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS
TO SURFACE ARE MAGNIFIED, PARTICULARLY SUCH AN ENDURING ONE AS COLORADO RIVER
WATER.
THE INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF THIS PROBLEM ARE DISCUSSED, ALONG WITH
THE ARIZONA- CALIFORNIA CONTROVERSY, AND THE CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT. (ULLERYARIZONA)
POLITICAL ASPECTS /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /SONORA /ARIZONA /COLORADO RIVER/
ECONOMICS /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /BOUNDARY DISPUTES /CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT
0038
DWORSKY, L.P.
197P
THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER -LAND -ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES AT INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY
REGIONS.
73
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 18(1)t143 -151.
SWRA W78- 11171.
THIS ARTICLE OUTLINES SOME ALTERNATIVES FOR IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER,
LAND, AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES LOCATED IN THE BOUNDARY REGION OF THE UNITED
STATES -MEXICO BORDER.
THE AUTHOR EXAMINES THE CURRENT FORCES FOR CHANGE IN
THE PHYSICAL WORLD AND CONSIDERS WHETHER EXISTING GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS,
SUCH AS THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION ARE EQUIPPED TO COPE
WITH THESE CHANGES. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO
SHOULD ESTABLISH A JOINT CENTER FOR THE COMMISSION THAT WOULD HAVE AUTHORITY
TO CENTRALIZE THE PLANNING ACTIVITIES OF THE BOUNDARY REGION AND DEVELOP A
'WATCHING PRIEF' OVER THE LAND, WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS WITHIN THAT
REGION.
THE JOINT CENTER WOULD BE VESTED WITH AUTHORITY TO ADVISE THE TWO
COUNTRIES ON COURSES OF ACTION TO BE TAKEN IN RESPONSE TO THE PROBLEMS DEVELOPED
IN THE 'WATCHING BRIEF.'
THE AUTHOR FURTHER RECOMMENDS THAT A COLABORATIVE
'SHADOW' ENTITY STAFFED BY ACADEMIC PERSONNEL BE ESTABLISHED FOR AN INITIAL
FIVE -YEAR PERIOD TO COOPERATE WITH AND FACILITATE THE ACTIVITIES OF THE JOINT
CENTER.
(ANDERSON- FLORIDA)
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /MEXICO /COORDINATION /WATER RESOURCES/
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT /COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING /ADMINISTRATION /DECISION MAKING/
MANAGEMENT /RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT /FUTURE PLANNING(PROJECTED)
0039
ENGINEERING NEWS- RECORD
1967
RIO GRANGE WATER FOR PEACE.
SAME AS AUTHOR, JULY 27, 1967, P. 33 -37.
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION ARE DISCUSSED.
DESIGNED, CONSTRUCTED, PAID FOR AND MAINTAINED IN PROPORTION TO BENEFITS
DERIVED, JOINT U.S. -MEXICO PROJECTS UNDER THE AEGIS OF THE IBWC INCLUDE DAMS,
BRIDGES, RIVER CONTROL, SANITATION AND THE APPORTIONING OF IRRIGATION WATERS.
U.S. COMMISSIONER JOSEPH F. FRIEDKIN HAS WORKED WITH THE IBWC SINCE 1934 AND
MEXICAN COMMISSIONER DAVID HERRERA JORDAN HAS HELD THAT RANK FOR TWENTY YEARS.
THE TWO SECTION HEADQUARTERS ARE LOCATED ONLY TWENTY MINUTES APART IN EL PASO
AND JUAREZ AND THE COMMISSIONERS AND THEIR BILINGUAL SECRETARIES MEET WEEKLY
AND TALK BY PHONE DAILY.
THE CHAMIZAL TREATY, RESOLVING THE BORDER DISPUTE IN
THE EL PASO /JUAREZ AREA, IS DISCUSSED.
INTERNATIONAL ROUND. AND MATER COMM. /RIO GRANDE RIVER /JUAREZ, CHIHUAHLA/
EL PASO, TEXAS /TNTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /CHAMIZAL TREATY
0040
FERNANDEZ, P.A.
1977
THE UNITED STATES -MEXICO BORDER.
UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME PRESS, NOTRE DAME, INDIANA.
A STUDY OF THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE U.S. -MEXICO BORDER REGION.
THE
AUTHOR CONTENDS THAT BY STUDYING THE HISTORY OF BORDER ECONOMIC PROCESSES,
LIGHT MAY BE SHED ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS OF THE TWO
COUTRIES, AS WELL AS THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THEM. THE
- 74 -
UNIQUENESS OF THIS BOUNDARY IS DISCUSSED. AND FACTORS LEADING TO URBANIZATION
AND RAPID GROWTH ALONG THE BORDER ARE POINTED OUT.
MEXIC1 /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /URBANIZATION /ECONOMICS
0041
FRIEDKIN, J.F.
1972
THE COLORADO RIVER:
INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS.
NATURALRESOURCES JOURNAL 12(4)t515 -519.
SWRA W77- 11172.
IN 1971 THE UNITED STATES DELIVERED 1,562,000 ACRE -FEET OF WATER FROM THE
COLORADO RIVER TO MEXICO. SIXTY -FIVE PERCENT OF THIS WATER CAME FROM THE
IMPERIAL DAM AND THE REMAINING THIRTY -FIVE PERCENT CAME FROM RETURN FLOWS TO
THE RIVEP BELOW THE DAM.
UNDER THE OPTION PROVIDED IN MINUTE 2.18, MEXICG CHOSE
TO RECEIVE NO DELIVERIES FROM THE ALL -AMERICAN CANAL. MINUTE 218 IS AN ATTEMPT
BY THE UNITFD STATES AND MEXICO TO SOLVE THE SALINITY PROBLEM OF THE COLORADO
RIVER.
THIS AGREEMENT CONSISTS OF TWO OPERATIONS WHICH SERVE TO REDUCE THE
SALINITY OF THE WATER DELIVERED TO MEXICO.
THE FIRST OPERATION IS THE PYPASSING OF A PART nF THE WELLTCN -MOHAWK DRAINAGE RETURN WATERS.
THE SECOND
OPERATION TS SELECTIVE PUMPING OF THE DRAINAGE WELLS TO MINIMIZE THE
CONCENTRATION OF SALTS IN.DELIVERIES In MEXICO. SINCE MINUTE 218 BECAME
EFFECTIVE IN 1965, THE AVERAGE ANNUAL SALINITY OF WATER DELIVERED TO MEXICO
HAS BEEN REDUCED FROM 1375 PPM TO 1245 PPM. SOME PROGRESS HAS THEREFORE BEEN
MADE TOWARD A SOLUTION TO THE SALINITY PROBLEM ALTHOUGH NEW ALTERNATIVES ARE
STILL BEING EXAMINED BY BOTH COUNTRIES.
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /COLORADO RIVER /SALINITY /GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS/
INTERNATIONAL LAW /DRAINAGE WATER /WATER QUALITY /TREATIES /CANALS /LEGAL ASPECTS/
PUMPING / DRAINAGF WELLS /WATER ALLOCATION( POLICY) /SALTS /WATER POLICY /MEXICG/
WATER POLLUTION /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /WELLTCN -MOHAWK DISTRICT, ARIZONA/
RETURN FLOW /MINUTE 21P
0042
FRIEDKIN, J.F.
1971
THE INTERNATIONAL NOGALES SANITATION PROJECT.
ARIZONA WATER AND POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION, PAPER PRESENTED (BEFORE].
(AVAILABLE FROM INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY
SCOTTSDALE, ARIZONA, MAY 1971, 12 P.
AND WATER COMMISSION, UNITED STATES SECTION, EL PASO, TEXAS)
AS EARLY AS 1933 IT WAS RECOGNIZED THAT SANITATION NEEDS OF NOGALES, ARIZONA SONORA, cnl!LD BEST BE SERVED BY AN INTERNATIONAL TREATMENT PLANT LOCATED IN
IN THE EARLY 19405, THE TWO CITIES BEGAN NEGOTIATIONS THROUGH THE
THE U.S.
IBWC ON SUCH A PROJECT, WHICH WAS COMPLFTEC AND PUT INTO OPERATION TN 19`1.
AS THE POPULATION DF THE AREA GREW, MEXICAN AUTHORITIES STUDIED THE POSSIBILITY
OF SEPARATE TREATMENT WORKS FOR EACH CITY BUT EVENTUALLY THE T40 COUNTRIES
AGREED TO IMPROVE AND ENLARGE THE JOINT FACILITY.
NOGALES, API7ONA- SONORA /SANITARY ENGINEEPTNG /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITTES/
SEWAGE DISPOSAL /INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM.
- 75 -
0043
GANTZ, D.A.
1972
UNITED STATES APPROACHES TO THE SALINITY PROBLEM ON THE COLORADO RIVER.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 12(4):496 -509.
SWRA W77- 11170.
THE 1944 WATER TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO CONCERNS THE
EQUITABLE SHARING OF THE WATERS OF THE COLORADO, TIJUANA, AND RIO GRANDE RIVERS.
THIS TREATY, WITHOUT REGARD TO WATER QUALITY, GUARANTEES MEXICO 1,500,000 ACRE FEET ANNUALLY OF WATER FROM THE COLORADO RIVE. UNTIL 1960, THE SALINITY OF
THIS WATER REMAINED STABLE. HOWEVER IN 1961. THE COMPLETION OF WELLTON- MOHAWK
PROJECT COUPLED WITH THE FACT THAT THE UNITED STATES REDUCED ITS WATER
DELIVERIES TO A LEVEL NEAR THE GUARANTEED ALLOTMENT CAUSED AN INCREASE IN
SALINITY IN THE WATER RECEIVED BY MEXICO.
THE TWO GOVERNMENTS REACHED A
TEMPORARY SOLUTION TO THIS PROBLEM WITH THE ENACTMENT OF MINUTE 218 IN 1965.
IN 1972, IN AN ATTEMPT TO REACH A PERMANENT SOLUTION, MINUTE 241 WAS ENACTED.
THIS RESOLUTION STATED THAT THE UNITED STATES WAS PREPARED TO UNDERTAKE CERTAIN
ACTIONS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF WATER GOING TO MEXICO. IN KEEPING WITH THIS
ASSURANCE THE UNITED STATES HAS BEGUN WORK ON A SALINITY CONTROL PROGRAM.
ALTHOUGH THE AUTHOR FEELS THAT UNITED STATES USE OF THE COLORADO RIVER CAN
NOT BE CHARACTERIZED AS UNREASONABLE, FROM AN INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STANDPOINT,
HE RECOGNIZES THE NEED FOR SALINITY CONTROL MEASURES.
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /COLORADO RIVER /SALINITY /EQUITABLE APPORTIONMENT/
WATER QUALITY /WATER QUALITY STANDARDS /INTERNATIONAL LAW /LEGAL ASPECTS/
REASONABLE USE /RIO GRANDE RIVER /WATER POLICY /TREATIES /MINUTE 241/
WATER ALLOCATION(POLICY) /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /IRRIGATION /MINUTE 218/
WELTTON- MOHAWK DISTRICT, ARIZONA
0044
GIANELLI, D.
1973
ARIZONOPA:
PROPOSAL TO PROVIDE WATER AND ENERGY FOR THE SOUTHWEST AND
NORTHERN MEXICO.
ARIZONA [ARIZONA REPUBLIC] (PHOENIX), MAY 6, 1973, P.
8 -13.
THE ARTICLE DESCRIBES A PROPOSAL OF JAMES MARTIN, A RETIRED CIVIL ENGINEER,
TO CREATE A 5,000 SQUARE MILE PROTECTORATE CONSISTING OF A PART OF SOUTHERN
ARIZONA AND PORTION OF NORTHERN MEXICO. USING SOLAR ENERGY THE AREA WOULD BE
USED TO PRODUCE WATER AND ENERGY FOR 200 MILLION PEOPLE. MARTIN ADMITS THAT
HE HAS NO ASSURANCES THAT EITHER THE MEXICAN OR UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTS
ARE INTERESTED IN THE IDEA. THE WATER SUPPLY NEEDS OF THE AREA ARE OUTLINED
AND PLANS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF THE HUGE PROJECT ARE DISCUSSED.
SONORA /SOLAR ENERGY /WATER SUPPLY /ARIZONA /PLANNING /GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS/
REGIONAL ANALYSIS /AREA REDEVELOPMENT /ENERGY
0045
GINDLER, B.J.
1967
INTERNATIONAL LAW, TREATIES, AND WATER QUALITY.
IN R.E. CLARK, ED.. WATERS
AND WATER RIGHTS, VOL. 3 (WATER POLLUTION AND QUALITY CONTROLS), SEC 243, P.
348 -354.
- 76 -
ALLEN SMITH, INDIANAPOLIS.
SWRA W69- 02420.
POLLUTION OF THE WATERS OF THE HIGH SEAS, OF INLAND WATERS OF THE UNITED
STATES AND OF INTERNATIONAL DRAINAGE BASINS MAY BE THE SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL
LAW, INCLUDING THE PROVISIONS OF MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL TREATIES ENTERED
INTO BY THE UNITED STATES. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS HAVE DEALT WITH POLLUTION
OF THE HIGH SEAS WITH OIL, RADIOACTIVE WASTE, AND PRODUCTS OF THE THERMONUCLEAR
OIL POLLUTION FROM VESSELS IS COVERED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
TESTING.
FOR THE PREVENTION OF THE POLLUTION OF THE SEA BY OIL, 1954. THE UNITED STATES
IS A PARTY TO THE CONVENTION AND HAS IMPLEMENTED ITS PROVISIONS BY THE OIL
POLLUTION ACT OF 1961. THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION OF THE HIGH SEAS, TO
WHICH THE UNITED STATES IS A PARTY, PROVIDES FOR THE PREVENTION OF OIL POLLUTION
AND WASTE FROM RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND THERMONUCLEAR TESTING. POLUTION
PROBLEMS WITH AN INTERNATIONAL ASPECT MAY ALSO RESULT FROM POLLUTION BY FOREIGN
NATIONS OF INLAND WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. THERE IS NOT YET ANY
MULTILATERAL CONVENTION OR TREATY RELATING TO THE POLLUTION OF WATERS OF
INTERNATIONAL BASINS, BUT THE UNITED STATES HAS INDIVIDUAL TREATIES WITH BOTH
CANADA AND MEXICO.
(WATSON- FLORIDA)
WATER QUALITY /INTERNATIONAL LAW /FEDERAL GOVERNMENT /INTERNATIONAL WATERS/
TREATIES /MEXICO /INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS /WATER POLLUTION /RADIOACTIVE WASTES/
OIL /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /COLORADO RIVER
0046
GONZALEZ VILLARREAL, F.J.
1973
MEXICAN NATIONAL WATER PLAN:
ORGANIZATION AND PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT.
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 55(5):1008 -1016.
THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES A CONCISE DESCRIPTION OF THE OBJECTIVES, ORGANIZATION,
AND METHODOLOGY OF DEVELOPING MEXICO'S NATIONAL WATER PLAN; AND THE RELATIONSHIP
OF THE PLAN TO NATIONAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND, AND PAST
IN CONCLUSION, SOME ANTICIPATED FEATURES OF MEXICO'S FUTURE
WATER POLICIES.
(ULLERY- ARIZONA)
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES ARE SUMMARIZED.
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT /MEXICO /NATIONAL WATER PLAN, MEXICO
0047
HAYTON, R.D.
1978
INSTITUTIONAL ALTERNATIVES FOR MEXICO -U.S. GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 18:201 -212.
SWPA W78- 12230.
WHILE THE PRINCIPLE OF BASIN -WIDE, INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF POTH SURFACE AND
GROUNDWATER IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED, THE LEGAL PLURALISM EXISTING IN MEXICO AND
THE UNITFn STATES PRESENTS AN OBSTACLE TO THE SECTORIAL MANAGEMENT OF SHARED
IN THE U.S., ATTEMPTS TO SOLVE INTERSTATE
RESOURCES AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL.
WATER PROBLEMS MAY PROVIDE INSTITUTIONAL MODELS WITH WHICH TO APPROACH THE TASK
OF CONSIDERING THE INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL SHARED RESOURCE
IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT INTERNATIONAL WATER RESOURCE AGREEMENTS BE
MANAGEMENT.
MODIFIED TO INCLUDE GUIDELINES FOR GROUNDWATER USE. RECOMMENDATIONS APE MADE
TO PROVOKE DISCUSSION ON THE APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL MEANS FOR HANDLING
COMMON GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES. (RUSSELL -ARIZONA)
WATER MANAGEMENT(APPLIED) /GROUNDWATER RESOURCES /GROUNDWATER BASINS/
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /MEXICO /WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT/
INSTITUTIONS /RIO GRANDE RIVER /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS/
WATER POLICY
004P
HENDERSON, T.E.
1968
MAJOR U.S. WATER PROBLEMS ALONG THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY REACH OF THE RIO
GRANDE (BRAVO).
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, SOUTHWESTERN AND ROCKY
MOUNTAIN DIVISION, COMMITTEE ON DESERT AND ARID ZONE RESEARCH, CONTRIBUTION
11 :26 -36.
SWRA W70- 08539.
SINCE THE WATER TREATY OF 1944 BETWEEN THE U.S. AND MEXICO, THE MAJOR RIO
GRANDE WATER PROBLEMS IN THE U.S. HAVE BEEN: 1) REGULATION AND USAGE, 2) WATER
QUALITY, 3) WATER SUPPLY, 4) FLOOD DAMAGE. THE RIVER FLOW IS NOW LARGELY
REGULATED BY DAMS AND THE REMAINING PROBLEMS ARE ONLY THOSE OF ADJUDICATING
TEXAS WATER RIGHTS AND IMPROVING IRRIGATION PRACTICES. IN THE AREAS OF MAJOR
USAGE, SUPPLY PROBLEMS EXIST OR ARE ANTICIPATED IN THE EL PASO, MAVERICK AND
LOWER RIO GRANDE AREAS WHERE DEMANDS ARE RAPIDLY INCREASING. THE PRINCIPLE
QUALITY PROBLEM IS SALT ACCUMULATION ON BOTH THE AMERICAN AND MEXICAN SIDES,
RESULTING FROM SHORTAGE OF WATER FOR LEACHING SALTS. ALTHOUGH EFFORTS ARE
BEING MADE, A FINAL SOLUTION WILL BF ACHIEVED ONLY BY ADDITIONAL WATER FROM
THE OUTSIDE.
WATER FROM DESALINIZATION WILL PROBABLY BE A MAJOR FACTOR SOMETIME
IN THE FUTURE.
CURRENT CONSTRUCTION PLANS, WHEN REALIZED, WILL PROBABLY
ELIMINATE FLOOD DAMAGE.
(CASEY- ARIZONA)
TEXAS /RIO GRANDE RIVER /INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /WATER SUPPLY/
WATER CONTROL /WATER QUALITY /DAMS /FLOOD CONTROL /RESERVOIRS /INTERNATIONAL WATERS/
MEXICO
0049
HERRERA JORDAN, D. /FRIEDKIN, J.F.
1967
THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION, UNITED STATES AND MEXICO.
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER FOR PEACE (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 5:192 -206.
THIS DISCUSSION OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE IBWC BY THE RESPECTIVE COMMISSIONERS
OF THE TWO COUNTRIES COVERS THE COMMISSION'S OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES, AND
PRESENTS AN OVERVIEW OF THE VARIOUS JOINT PROJECTS.
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS /PROJECTS
- 78 0050
HILL, M.
1979
THE BIG STINK OVER NEW RIVER.
CALIFORNIA JOURNAL, FEBRUARY 1979, P. 48 -49.
THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES A GOOD HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE WATER POLLUTION
PROBLEMS OF THE NEW RIVER IN IMPERIAL COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. THE VARIOUS PINATIONAL DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING THE PROBLEM IN THE 1950'S ARE PRESENTED AS
THE PROBLEM BASICALLY
WELL AS A DESCRIPTION ON THE RECENT, 1978, F,LAREUP.
STEMS FROM THE RAPID URBANIZATION OF MEXICALI, MEXICO, AND ITS INABILITY TO
CONTROL THE FLOW OF SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES INTO THE NEW RIVER. THE
POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCIES IN THE UNITED STATES, SUCH AS THE EPA, HAVE NO
JURISDICTION IN MEXICO, SO ALL ATTEMPTS TO CORRECT THE PROBLEM MUST BE
CHANNELED THROUGH THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION.
NEW RIVER / MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA/
INTERNATIONAL WATERS /URBANIZATION /SEWAGE DISPOSAL /WATER POLLUTION SOURCES/
INTERNATIONAL ROUND. AND WATER COMM.
0051
HILL, R.A.
1965
FUTURE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF COLORADO RIVER WATER.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE DIVISIO',i, JOURNAL
91(11:17 -30.
SWRA W69- 003F3.
COLORADO RIVER WATER, USED IN CALIFORNIA -ARIZONA- MEXICO, CURRENTLY CONTAINS
IT WAS PREDICTED THAT PROGRESSIVE
APPROXIMATELY 0.9 IONS OF SALT PER ACRE FOOT.
DEPLETIONS IN THF NATURAL FLOW OF THE RIVER BY UPSTREAM DEVELOPMENTS WILL HAVE
LITTLE EFFECT ON THE TOTAL SALT BURDEN. BUT A PRONOUNCED EFFECT IN THF FUTURE
IT WAS
ON THE UNIT CONCENTRATED OF SALTS IN THE RIVER WATER AVAILABLE FOR USE.
CONCLUDED THAT THE WATER SUPPLY AVAILABLE FOR USE IN THE LOWER BASIN AND IN
MEXICO WILL SHRINK DURING THE NEXT 30 YEARS FROM AN AVERAGE CF 1l,OCC,000 TO
THE CHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE WATERS
APPROXIMATELY 8,000,000 ACRE FEET PER YEAR.
OF THE RIVER WAS EXPECTED Ti) FALL FAR BELOW PRESENT ACCEPTED STANDAPOS.
(AFFLFCK- ARIZONA)
COLORADO RIVER /WATER QUALITY /SALTS /RIVER FLOW /WATER SUPPLY /WATER CHEMISTRY/
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /CONSUMPTIVE USE
0052
HOLBURT, M.B.
1975
INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS OF THE COLORADO PIVER.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 15:11-29.
THIS ARTICLE TRACES THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITE['
STATES AND MEXICO OVER THE WATER QUALITY AND WATER QUANTITY ISSUES IN THI
IT DISCUSSES THE EVENTS LEADING TO THE 1044 MEXICAN WATER
COLORAnO RIVER.
TREATY, ITS RATIFICATION, THE IMPACT i1F WFLLTON- MCHAWK ON SALINITY LEVELS,
-7g -
AND THE SEVERAL INTERIM SALINITY AGREEMENTS SIGNED BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES
AND MEXICO.
EXTENSIVE DISCUSSION IS DEVOTED TO MINUTE NO. 242, UNRESOLVED
ISSUES THEREIN, AND THE POSITIONS OF THE BASIN STATES.
COLORADO RIVER /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /INTERNATIONAL WATERS/
WATER QUALITY /COMPETING USES / WELLTON- MOHAWK DISTRICT, ARIZONA /SALINITY/
MINUTE 242
0053
HOLRURT, M.B.
1978
INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS.
IN D.F. PETERSON AND A.B. CRAWFORD, EOS., VALUES AND
CHOICES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN, P. 220 -237.
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS, TUCSON.
337 P.
WATER QUALITY WAS NOT A MAJOR PROBLEM FOR MEXICO UNTIL 1961 WHEN LOW RIVER
FLOWS AND DRAINAGE FROM THE WELLTON- MOHAWK PROJECT IN ARIZONA RESULTED IN A
SHARP INCREASE IN THE SALINITY OF COLORADO RIVER WATER RECEIVED BY MEXICO.
EARLIER RI- NATIONAL PROBLEMS HAD FOCUSSED ON WATER QUANTITY, A SOLUTION FOR
WHICH WAS ATTEMPTED THROUGH THE MEXICAN WATER TREATY OF 1944. INTERIM
NEGOTIATIONS AFTER 1961 BY WAY OF MINUTES 218, 241, AND 242 FINALLY LED TO
AGREEMENTS BY WHICH THE U.S. WOULD SUPPLY BETTER QUALITY WATER FOR WELLTONMOHAWK DRAINAGE WATER, CONSTRUCT A MAJOR DESALTING PLANT, CANAL EXTENSIONS
AND IMPROVEMENTS, AND IMPOSE CHANGES IN AGRICULTURAL AND IRRIGATION PRACTICES.
COLORADO RIVER /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /WELLTON -MOHAWK DISTRICT, ARIZONA /SALINITY/
WATER QUALITY CONTROL /IRRIGATION PRACTICES /DRAINAGE /CANALS /DESALINATION/
INTERNATIONAL ROUND. AND WATER COMM. /COLORADO RIVER BASIN SALINITY CONTROL ACT/
MINUTE 218 /MINUTE 241 /MINUTE 242
0054
HOWE, C.W.
1976
THE EFFECTS OF WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH:
FOR SUCCESS.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 16(4):939 -955.
THE CONDITIONS
SWRA W78- 05735.
SUCCESSFUL TRANSFER OF WESTERN WATER DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY TO THE THIRD WORLD
DEPENDS ON FOUR CONDITIONS ONLY RARELY PRESENT:
1) THAT WATER IS THE REAL
BOTTLENECK TO GROWTH, 2) THAT CAPITAL IS AVAILABLE, 3) THAT INSTITUTIONS EXIST
WHICH CAN MANAGE THE TECHNOLOGY, AND 4) THAT THE TECHNOLOGY FITS THE LOCAL
SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND VALUES.
SPECIFIC CASES WHERE WATER IS A BOTTLENECK ARE
DISCUSSED, ALONG WITH THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF WATER TO GROWTH IN VAPICUS
ACTIVITIES.
CASE STUDIES ARE GIVEN FOR WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN KENYA,
MEXICO, ARIZONA, THE MIDDLE EAST, THE ARKANSAS RIVER, UGANDA, AND GHANA.
IT IS
CONCLUDED THAT 1) THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF WATER SERVICES WILL CHANGE WITH
GROWTH, 2) WATER DEVELOPMENT HAS THE MOST IMPACT IN EARLY STAGES OF GROWTH
DUE TO THE IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE, 3) PROVISION OF ALL RECUISITE
COMPLEMENTARY INPUTS CAN RESULT IN HIGH PRODUCTIVITY AND GROWTH EFFECTS, 4)
IRRIGATION IS A NECESSARY BUT NOT SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR AGRICULTURAL GROWTH
IN ARID AND SEMIARID AREAS, 5) IN MIXED ECONOMICS PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT
RESPONSE TO PUBLIC WATER PROJECT INVESTMENT IS A CRITICAL FACTOR IN DETERMINING
- 80 TOTAL SOCIAL RETURNS, AND 6) THE AVAILABILITY OF LOW -COST HYDROELECTRIC POWER
IS A STRONG ATTRACTION TO THE POWER- INTENSIVE METALLURGICAL AND CHEMICAL
(LYNCH -WISCONSIN)
INDUSTRIES.
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT /WATER MANAGEMFNT(APPLIED) /WATER SUPPLY /MEXICC/
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT /ARIZONA /DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
0055
HUNDLEY, N.
1966
DIVIDING THE WATERS:
AND MEXICO.
A CENTURY OF CONTROVERSY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, LOS ANGELES AND BERKELEY.
266 P.
THIS BOOK PEALS BASICALLY WITH PROBLEMS OF THREE SHARED RIVER BASINS CN THE
THE RIO GRANDE, THE COLORADO, AND THE TIJUANA.
UNITED STATES -MEXICO BORDER:
HUNDLEY PRESENTS A DETAILED ACCOUNT OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF WATER
SINCE THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WAS THE ONLY AGENCY THAT
RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT.
COULD DEAL WITH MEXICO, IT ASSUMED COMPLETE CONTROL IN THE REGULATION OF WATER
THE VARIOUS WESTERN STATES WERE CONCERNED THAT
BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES.
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WAS GIVING THEIR WATER TO MEXICO. MEXICO'S OPPOSITION
THF NEGOTIATIONS LEADING TC AND
TO THE BOULDER CANYON PROJECT IS EXPLAINED.
THE PROVISIONS OF THE MEXICAN WATER TREATY OE 1944 ARE DISCUSSED.
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /TREATIES /MEXICO /COLORADO RIVER /COMPETING, USES/
COLORADO RIVER BASIN /INTERNATIONAL BOUND. ANO WATER COMM. /RIO GRANDE
RIVER/
INTERNATIONAL WATERS /TIJUANA, RAJA CALIFORNIA N /BOULDER CANYON PROJECT ACT
0056
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION (UNITED STATES AND MEXICO)
1q72
EMERGENCY DELIVERY OF COLORADO RIVER WATER TO TIJUANA, BAJA CALIFORNIA,
DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT.
MEXICO VIA FACILITIES IN CALIFORNIA.
SAME AS AUTHOR.
AVAILABLE NTIS AS PB -700 C43 -D.
25 P.
SWRA W73- 01291.
TO AMELIORATE A CRITICAL WATER SHORTAGE EXPECTED TO OCCUR IN TiiE SUMMER CF
1072, NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE MEXICAN AND UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTS WERE
UNDERTAKEN TO SUPPLY TIJUANA, MEXICO, WITH WATER FROM THE COLORADO RIVER AT
EXISTING AMERICAN FACILITIES AND NEW FACILITIES T`)
PARKER (COLORADO) DAM.
BE CONSTRUCTED BY MEXICO WILL BE UTILIZED FOR STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF
THE DELIVERY PERIOD COVERS A
UP TO 20,600 ACRE -FEET OF WATER PER YEAR.
FIVE YFAP PERIOD AND NEW PUMPING AND PIPELINE FACILITIES APE PLANNED FOR A
THESE FACILITIES INCLUDE 24 -INCH MAIN LINE, A 10C ACRE TWO -PHASE PROGRAM.
FOOT RESERVOIR, 2 PUMPING STATIONS, ANO A 30 ACRE -FOOT LINE[' DISTRIBUTION
THF RENEFICIAL ENVIRONMENTAL TMPACT FROM THE PROJECT IS THE
RESERVIIP.
ELIMINATION OF THE POTENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARD POSED BY TIJ'JANA'S INADEQUATE
ADVERSE EFFECTS INCLUDE THE DESTRUCTION CF VEGETATIVE COVFR
WATER SUPPLY.
WHICH PROVIDES SOME WILDLIFE HABITAT, AND A SLIGHT INCREASE IN THE TOTAL
Nfl ALTERNATIVES TO THE
DISSOLVED MINERAL CONTENT OF THE COLORADO RIVER.
EMERGENCY ALLOCATION OF A PORTION OF MEXICO'S TREATY WATFPS WERE CONSICEFED
IN VIEW OF THF CRITICAL WATER SHORTAGE WHICH PRESENTLY EXISTS IN TIJUANA.
- 81 -
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS /MEXICO /RESERVOIRS /DAMS /WATER QUALITY /SEWAGE TREATMENT/
WATER STORAGE /WATER SUPPLY /COLORADO RIVER /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /WATER SHORTAGE/
WATER MANAGEMENT(APPLIED) /WATER TRANSFER /TIJUANA, BAJA CALIFORNIA N/
WATER CONVEYANCE /PUBLIC HEALTH /INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM.
0057
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION (UNITED STATES AND MEXICO)
1954
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION,
UNITED FTATES AND MEXICO.
SAME AS AUTHOR, EL PASO, TEXAS.
A LISTING AND SHORT EXPLANATION OF VARIOUS IBWC PROJECTS, INCLUDING DISCUSSIONS
OF THE CALEXICO -MEXICALI SANITATION PROJECT, NOGALES FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT,
NOGALES SANITATION PROJECT, NACO SANITATION PROJECT, AND THE DOUGLAS -AGUA PRIETA
SANITATION PROJECT.
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /NACO, SONORA/
MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /DOUGLAS, ARIZONA /AGUA PRIETA, SONORA /PROJECTS/
CALEXICO, CALIFORNIA /NOGALES, ARIZONA -SONORA /FLOOD CONTROL /SANITARY ENGINEERING
005P
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION (UNITED STATES AND MEXICO)
1973
TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS APPLICABLE TO THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER
COMMISSION, UNITED STATES AND MEXICO.
SAME AS AUTHOR, EL PASO, TEXAS.
60 P.
A COMPILATION OF VARIOUS TREATIES BETWEEN THE U.S. AND MEXICO RELATING TO
WATER AND BOUNDARY ISSUES, INCLUDING THE TREATY OF GUADALUPE- HILDAGO, GADSDEN
TREATY, TREATIES OF 1882, 1884, 1889, 1905, 1906, 1933, THE MEXICAN WATER
TREATY OF 1944, AND THE CONVENTIONS OF 1963 AND 1970.
TREATIES /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /BOUNDARY DISPUTES /INTERNATIONAL WATERS/
TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO /GADSDEN TREATY /INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM./
INTERNATIONAL LAW
0059
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION (UNITED STATES AND MEXICO)
1975
LIST OF 249 MINUTES OF THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION AND THE
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION, UNITED STATES AND MEXICO.
SAME AS AUTHOR, EL PASO, TEXAS.
28 P.
- 82 -
A LISTING OF THE VARIOUS MINUTES OF THE COMMISSION BETWEEN 1922 ANC 1975,
WITH A SHORT EXPLANATION OF EACH.
BOUNDARY DISPUTES /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /HISTORY /INTERNATIONAL LAW/
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM.
0060
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION (UNITED STATES AND MEXICO)
1976
FLOW OF THE COLORADO RIVER AND OTHER WESTERN BOUNDARY STREAMS AND RELATED
DATA.
SAME AS AUTHOR /U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WESTERN WATER BULLETIN 1976.
95 P.
THIS PUBLICATION IS BASICALLY CONCERNED WITH HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS lF THE
COLORADO RIVER, TIJUANA, ALAMO AND NEW RIVERS. CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA, WATER
FLOW, AND WATFR QUALITY CONDITIONS ARE PRESENTED. RAINFALL DATA FOR THE
THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION HAS PUBLISHED
REGION IS ALSO LISTED.
THE WESTERN WATER BULLETIN ON A PERIODIC BASIS SINCE THE EARLY 1960S.
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /COLORADO RIVER /TIJUANA RIVER /FLOk/
SANTA CRUZ RIVER /SAN PEDRO RIVER /WHITEWATER DRAW /WATER QUALITY /WATER SUPPLY/
HYDROLOGIC DATA /STREAMFLOW /NEW RIVER /ALAMO RIVER /INTERNATIONAL WATERS/
WEATHER DATA
0061
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION (UNITED STATES AND MEXICO),
UNITED STATES SECTION
1975
UNITED STATES SECTION MANUAL.
PROCEDURES.
1:
ORGANIZATION, LAWS ANC TREATIES, ANC
SAME AS AUTHOR, EL PASO, TEXAS.
THE LAWS, APPROPRIATION ACTS AND TREATIES, AND CONVENTIONS CONCERNING THE
IT IS BASICALLY CONCERNED WITH
OPERATION CF THE COMMISSION ARE PRESENTED.
LEGISLATION SINCE 1924, ALTHOUGH PRIOR GOVERNING LEGISLATION IS MENTIONEC.
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /TQFATIES /WATER LAW /INTERNATIONAL LAM/
LEGISLATION
0062
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION (UNITED STATES AND MEXICO)
1898
REPORT ... UPON THE SURVEY AND RE- MAKING OF THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE LNIIFD
PARTS I AND II.
STATES AND MEXICO WEST OF THE RIO GRANDE, 1891 TO 1896.
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D.C.
3 VOLS.
83
THIS JOURNAL OF THE COMMISSION'S SURVEY INCLUDES A DESCRIPTION OF THE LOW
RAINFALL AND LACK OF SURFACE WATER IN THE REGION. IT POINTS OUT THAT WITH THE
EXCEPTIONS OF BISBEE, SANTA CRUZ (MEXICO), NOGALES, YUMA, AND SAN DIEGO, THERE
WERE LESS THAN 100 PERMANENT INHABITANTS ON THE BORDER BETWEEN EL PASO AND THE
PACIFIC OCEAN. ALTHOUGH THE SOIL IN MANY PLACES IS VERY FERTILE, YET THE
GREAT SCARCITY OF WATER RENDERS IT IMPOSSIBLE FOR THE INHABITANTS TO CARRY ON
AGRICULTURE EXCEPT TO A VERY LIMITED EXTENT.'
ONE SECTION MISTAKENLY DESCRIBES
THE BOUNDARY AS BEING EXACTLY ON THE WATERSHEDS THAT DIVIDE 'THE WATERS FLOWING
NORTH INTO THE UNITED STATES FROM THOSE FLOWING SOUTH INTO MEXICO.' THERE IS
USEFUL MATERIAL IN THE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE NEW RIVER AND SALTON RIVER
(PRESUMABLY THE ALAMO).
BOUNDARY DISPUTES /HISTORY /SURVEYS /SURFACE WATERS /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES/
NEW RIVER /REGIONAL ANALYSIS /DEMOGRAPHY /POPULATION /WATER SHORTAGE /ALAMO RIVER/
SONORA /CHIHUAHUA /BAJA CALIFORNIA N /ARIZONA /INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM./
CALIFORNIA
0063
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION (UNITED STATES AND MEXICO)
1932
FLOOD CONTROL AT NOGALES, ARIZONA -MEXICO; LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY OF STATE
TO SENATOR CARL HAYDEN, FROM ARIZONA, TRANSMITTING A REPORT SUBMITTED BY L.M.
LAWSON, AMERICAN COMMISSIONER...IN REGARD TO THE POSSIBLE CONSTRUCTION OF WORKS
FOR FLOOD CONTROL IN THE VICINITY OF NOGALES, ARIZONA, AND NOGALES, MEXICO.
U.S. SENATE, 72D CONG., 1ST SESS., DOCUMENT 44.
WASHINGTON, D.C.
18 P.
THE REPORT SHOWS THE NECESSITY FOR FLOOD CONTROL MEASURES IN THE VICINITY OF
NOGALES, ARIZONA AND NOGALES, MEXICO; THAT THE CONSTRUCTION OF WORKS TO PROTECT
THE TWO CITIES IS FEASIBLE; AND THAT THE PROBLEM IS INTERNATIONAL IN ITS SCOPE
IN THAT PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS SHOW THAT EFFECTIVE SOLUTION INVOLVES FLOOD
CONTROL IN BOTH COUNTRIES.
THE FLOOD DANGERS ARE POINTED OUT.
IN 1932 THE
POPULATIONS OF NOGALES, ARIZONA AND MEXICO, WERE 7,000 AND 15,000 RESPECTIVELY.
IT IS ALSO POINTED OUT THAT MUNICIPAL AND CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS IN BOTH CITIES
HAVE BEEN INTFRFSTED AND ACTIVE IN BRINGING THE FACTS OF THE SITUATION TO THE
ATTENTION OF THE COMMISSIONERS.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /FLOOD CONTROL /NOGALES, ARIZONA -SONORA/
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION(UNITED STATES AND MEXICO)
0064
INTERNATIONAL POUNDARY COMMISSION (UNITED STATES AND MEXICO), 1882 -1896
1889
LINEA DIVISORA ENTRE MEXICO Y LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS.
UNITED STATES AND MEXICO.
IN BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE
SAME AS AUTHOR, WASHINGTON, D.C.
THIS BOOK OF DETAILED BOUNDARY MAPS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO
COVERS THE BOUNDARY FROM THE PACIFIC TO THE END OF THE RIO GRANDE IN TEXAS.
IT IS USEFUL TO SEF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE BORDER REGIONS AND THEIR CRAINAGE
BASINS.
THE NEW RIVER NEAR THE PRESENT DAY TOWN OF MEXICALI IS LISTED AS
'USUALLY DRY'.
THE SONOYTA RIVER NEAR OUITOBAOUITA TOUCHES THE BORDER, BUT
IS ENTIRELY ON THE MEXICAN SIDE, ALTHOUGH THERE IS SOME DRAINAGE FROM THE
84
UNITED STATES. THE SANTA CRUZ BEGINS IN THE U.S. IN THE SAN RAFAEL VALLEY, RUNS
INTO MEXICO FOR A FEW MILES THEN COMES BACK INTO THE U.S. JUST EAST OF NOGALES.
THE RIO PEDRO RIVER BEGINS IN MEXICO RUNNING INTO THE UNITED STATES.
THE
DRAINAGE IN THE UNITED STATES NEAR DOUGLAS, ARIZONA RUNS INTO THE YAQUI RIVER
IN MEXICO.
INTERNATIONAL ROUND. AND WATER COMM. /MAPS /WATERSHEDS(BASINS) /DRAINAGE AREA/
NEW RIVER /MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /YAQUI RIVER /SONOYTA RIVER/
SANTA CRUZ RIVER /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /DOUGLAS, ARIZONA
0065
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION (UNITED STATES AND ME.XICO), UNITED STATES
SECTION
1936
FINAL REPORT, FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT, NOGALES, ARIZONA, JULY 31, 1936.
SAME AS AUTHOR.
THE NOGALES FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT, A JOINT VENTURE OF THE UNITED STATES ANC
MEXICAN GOVERNMENTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE BORDER CITIES OF NOGALES, ARIZONA
AND NOGALES, SONORA, IS DISCUSSED.
THESE COMMUNITIES HAD BEEN SURJECT TC
HAZARDS DUE TO TORRENTIAL RAINSTORMS AND THERE WAS A NEED FOR SOME PROTECTIVE
PROGRAM.
THE PLAN HAS ITS ORIGIN IN A JOINT REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL
BOUNDARY COMMISSION OF 1932. AS THE MEXICAN TOWN LIES AT A HIGHER ELEVATION
THAN THE UNITED STATES TOWN, THE NATURAL DRAINAGE IS IN TO THE UNITED STATES
AND THE COOPERATION OF THE MEXICAN AUTHORITIES WAS FSSENTIAI TAT ANY FLOOD
CONTROL EFFORT.
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /FLOOD CONTROL /NOGALES, ARIZONA- SONORA/
DRAINAGE /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /STORMS /URBAN DRAINAGE /STORM RUNOFF
0066
JAMAIL, M.N./MCCAIN, J.R./ILLEPY, S.J.
1978
FEDER4L -STAF WATER USE RELATIONS IN THE AMERICAN WEST:
TO FUTURE VOUILTRRTUM.
AN EVOLUTIONARY GUIDE
UNIVERSITY [E AoTZONA, TUCSON, OFFICE OF ARID LANDS STUDIES, AQID LANDS
AVAILABLE NTIS AS PR -286 304.
155 P.
RESOURCE INFORMATION PAPER 11.
SWRA .7P- 11579.
FEDERAL -STATE RELATIONS IN THE FIELD OE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN THE
A
COLORADO RIVER BASIN ARE EXAMINED THROUGH A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.
FRAMEWORK IS SET OUT IN WHICH WATER POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN THE STATES OF THE
COLORADO RIVER BASIN (ARIZONA, COLORADO, WYOMING. CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, UTAH,
AND NEW MEXICO) CAN BE EXPLAINED. DISTRIBUTIVE, REDISTRIBUTIVE, AND REGULATORY
POLITICS ARE DEFINED AS THE THREE ARENAS IN WHICH WATER POLICY DISCUSSIONS
AFTER THIS MODEL IS EXPLAINED, DEVELOPMENT OF WATER PROJECTS AND
TAKE PLACE.
BEGINNING WITH THE RECLAMATION ACT OF 19G2,
POLICIES IN THE BASIN IS EXPLORED.
DEFINED AS THE BASIS OF FEDERAL WATER POLICY.
THE AUTHORS DISCUSS THE CDLORADC
RIVER COMPACT, THF BOULDER CANYON PROJECT AND THE CCLOPAOO RIVER BASIN SALINITY
CONTROL ACT.
THF 1977 CARTER ADMINISTRATION'S PROPOSAL TO TAKE WATER POLITICS
- 85 OUT OF THE DISTRIBUTIVE ARENA IS EXAMINED AND THE AUTHORS CONCLUDE THAT THE
ADMINISTRATION YIELDED ON MOST OF ITS PROPOSED REFORMS TO AVOID A REPETITION
OF THE 1977 CONFRONTATION WITH THE CONGRESS, AND BECAUSE WESTERN STATES'
GOVERNORS WERE UNITED IN THE FACE OF POSSIBLE FEDERAL ENCROACHMENT. THEY POINT
OUT THAT ALTHOUGH THE DISTRIBUTIVE ARENA IS THE ONE MOST BENEFICIAL TO THE
STATES, THE LATTER MUST RECOGNIZE THEIR DEPENDENCE ON FEDERAL FINANCIAL
RESOURCES.
COLORADO RIVER /FEDERAL -STATE WATER RIGHTS CONFLICTS /POLITICAL ASPECTS/
POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS /COLORADO RIVER COMPACT /MEXICAN WATER TREATY/
ROULDER CANYON PROJECT ACT /STATE JURISDICTION /FEDERAL JURISDICTION /WATER RIGHTS/
RESERVATION DOCTRINE /COST REPAYMENT /REGULATORY POLITICS /DISTRIBUTIVE POLITICS!
CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT /COLORADO RIVER BASIN SALINITY CONTROL ACT/
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
0067
JOHNSON, H.T.
1972
THE MEXICAN WATER TREATY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO COLORADO RIVER WATER SUPPLIES.
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD 118:E8317- E8319.
SWRA W73- 02529.
THE 1944 MEXICAN WATER TREATY COVERS THE WATERS OF THE COLORADO, RIO GRANDE
AND TIJUANA RIVERS.
THE TREATY SPECIFIES THE QUANTITY OF WATER EACH NATION
WILL RECEIVE FROM THESE RIVERS, HOWEVER, IT MAKES NO SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO
WATER QUALITY. BETWEEN 1945 AND 1961 NO PROBLEMS AROSE WITH RESPECT TO WATER
QUALITY:
PUT IN 1961 THE WELLTON -MOHAWK PROJECT OPERATIONS RETURNED DRAINAGE
WATER INTO THE COLORADO RIVER WITH HIGH SALINITY. FURTHERMORE, BEGINNING IN
1961 THERE WAS A REDUCTION IN THE AMOUNT OF DILUTION WATER RELEASED INTO THE
COLORADO RIVER. CONSEQUENTLY THERE WAS A SHARP INCREASE IN THE SALINITY OF
THE WATER DELIVERED TO MEXICO, WHICH RESULTED IN STRENUOUS OBJECTIONS FROM
MEXICO.
BEGINNING IN 1970 NEGOTIATIONS HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED BETWEEN MEXICO AND
THE UNITED STATES SEEKING AN EQUIVALENT SALT BALANCE. SALT BALANCE IN AN
IRRIGATION SYSTEM MEANS THE AMOUNT OF SALT RETURNED IN DRAINAGE WATERS IS
EQUAL TO THE AMOUNT OF SALT IN THE WATER APPLIED TO THE LAND. THIS CONTROVERSY
IS STILL OUTSTANDING AS NEGOTIATIONS CONTINUE.
MEXICO'S POSITION IS THAT IT
SHOULD RECEIVE THE SAME QUALITY OF WATER AS THAT AT IMPERIAL DAM. ARRIVING
AT A PERMANENT SOLUTION ON THIS ISSUE POSES A FORMIDABLE TASK FOR THE NIXON
ADMINISTRATION IN THE COMING MONTHS.
(BRACKINS -FLORIDA)
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /SALINE WATER /SALT BALANCE /TREATIES / COLORADO RIVER/
IRRIGATION EFFECTS /IRRIGATION PRACTICES /WATER QUALITY CONTROL /MEXICO/
COLORADO RIVER BASIN /SALINITY /IRRIGATION SYSTEMS /WATER UTILIZATION/
WATER POLLUTION SOURCES /WATER SUPPLY /WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT /WATER DEMAND/
LEGAL ASPECTS
0068
JOINT UNITED STATES -MEXICO INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY STUDY TEAM
1968
NUCLEAR POWER AND WATER DESALTING PLANTS FOR SOUTHWEST U.S. AND NORTHWEST
MEXICO.
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY.
154 P.
SWRA W69- 05208.
- 86 THE FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS OF COMBINED DESALINATION AND NUCLEAR POWERPLANTS
FOR SOUTHWEST U.S. AND NORTHWEST MEXICO, STUDIED BY A JOINT -U.S. MEXICO
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY TEAM ARE SUMMARIZED. LARGE, DUAL -PURPOSE
DESALTING AND POWERPLANTS ARE TECHNICALLY FEASIBLE AND ECONOMICALLY ATTRACTIVE
FOR SATISFYING THE LONG -TERM WATER AND POWER REQUIREMENTS OF THE LOWER COLORADC
RIVER BASIN. AN EXPERIMENTAL FARM IS SUGGESTED AS THE NEXT STUDY PROJECT.
THE MOST PROMISING LOCATIONS FOR AN EXPERIMENTAL DESALTING AND FARM FACILITY
WITH CAPACITIES OF 1 BCD AND 2,000 NWE ARE ON THE BORDER EAST OF SAN LUIS RIO
COLORADO OR NEAR EL GOLFO DE SANTA CLARA. THE REGIONAL WATER DEFICIT IS
PROJECTED TO INCREASE FROM ABOUT 1,300 MGD IN 1980 TO 2,500 MOD IN 1995 EVEN
IF NO NEW AGRICULTURE IS DEVELOPED. THE COST OF THE FIRST STUDY STAGE,
INCLUDING THE COST OF WATER AND POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM, IS ESTIMATED TO BE
FROM 850,000 MILLION DOLLARS TO ABOUT 1,000 MILLION DOLLARS. WATER COSTS WOULC
VARY FROM ABOUT 15 1/2 TO 33 CENTS PER 1,000 GAL FOR THE LEAST -COST LOCATION,
ELECTRICITY COSTS WOULC RANGE
AND FROM 17 -40 CENTS FOR THE MOST COST LOCATION.
FROM 1.8 TO 3.1 MILLS PER KWH. (KNAPP -USGS)
DESALINATION /NUCLEAR POWERPLANTS /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /MEXICO /PILOT PLANTS/
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS /INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION /INTERNATIONAL WATERS/
WATER SHORTAGE /WATER DEMAND /ECONOMICS /IRRIGATION WATER /ARIZONA /CALIFORNIA/
WATER DISTRIBUTION(APPLIED)
0069
LADMAN, J.R.
1975
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEXICALI REGIONAL ECONOMY:
PROPELLED GROWTH.
AN EXAMPLE OF EXPORT
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, TEMPE, BUREAU OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH.
140 P.
AN EXAMINATION OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEXICALI AND SAN LUIS
RIO COLORADO COUNTIES SINCE THE SECOND WORLD WAR, USING THE METHOD OF ECONOMIC
BASE ANALYSIS. COVERED ARE AN EXPLANATION OF THE THEORY OF ECONOMIC BASF
ANALYSIS, A DESCRIPTION OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE REGION, A PRESENTATION OF A BASE STUDY SHOWING ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE REGION IN 1972, A REVIEW OF THE DECADE -BY- DECADE EVOLUTION OF THF
THE STUDY SHOWS THE 1960S AND 19705 TO BE
REGION'S ECONOMY, AND A SUMMARY.
PERIODS OF SIGNIFICANT DEPARTURE FROM PREVIOUS TIMES IN TERMS OF PRODUCTION
PATTERNS AND PUBLIC POLICY. DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION'S ECONOMY IS SHOWN TO
BE CLEARLY A CASE OF EXPORT -PROPELLED GROWTH STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY THE
FACTORS OF THF NATURAL RESOURCE BASE, GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION, CONTIGUOUSNESS
TO THE U.S., AND PUBLIC POLICY.
MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /REGIONAL ANALYSIS /DEMOGRAPHY /ECONOMICS /EXPORT/
SAN LUIS, SONORA
0070
LESCH, G.H.
1978
ARIZONA WELLS TO HELP SUPPLY WATER TO MEXICO.
JOHNSON DRILLERS JOURNAL, MARCH -APRIL, P. 1 -3.
SWRA W78- 10088.
- 87 IN A TREATY WITH MEXICO, THE U.S. AGREED TO SUPPLY WATER OF A SPECIFIED
QUANTITY AND QUALITY FROM THE COLORADO RIVER. WATER IN THE COLORADO RIVER
BECOMES PROGRESSIVELY MORE MINERALIZED AS IT MOVES DOWNSTREAM. RETURN -FLOW
SEEPAGE FROM IRRIGATION PICKS UP MINERAL SALTS FROM THE SOIL.
IN ORDER TO MEET
THE TERMS OF THE TREATY, A DESALTING PLANT TO TREAT 109 MGPD IS THE KEY FACTOR.
HOWEVER, OPERATION OF THIS PLANT CANNOT START BEFORE 1981.
A SECOND FACTOR
IS THE CONSTRUCTION OF 30 OR MORE HIGH CAPACITY WELLS LOCATED JUST NORTH OF
THE BORDER IN ARIZONA WHICH WILL PUMP 160 ACRE FEET PER YEAR INTO THE COLORADO
RIVER.
THE RESULTS OF STEP DRAWDOWN TESTS FOR THE FIRST FOUR WELLS WERE LESS
THAN EXPECTED. A FIFTH WELL WAS DRILLED USING A REVERT' DRILLING FLUID.
THIS REDUCED THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF THE MUD PUMP AND INCREASED THE SPECIFIC
CAPACITY OF THE WELL. (PURDIN -NWWA)
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /COLORADO RIVER /DESALINATION /WATER WELLS /SPECIFIC CAPACITY/
DRILLING FLUIDS /ARIZONA /MEXICO
0071
LOPEZ ZAMORA, E.
1977
THE WATER, THE LAND:
OF MEXICO).
THE PEOPLE OF MEXICO (EL AGUA, LA TIERRA:
LOS HOMBRES
FONDO DE CULTURA ECONOMICA, MEXICO, D.F.
THIS BOOK IS BASICALLY CONCERNED WITH THE PROBLEMS OF WATER SUPPLY IN
MEXICO IN GENERAL ALTHOUGH THERE IS AN EXTENSIVE SECTION DEALING WITH JOINT
THE SALINITY PROBLEM OF COLORADO RIVER
UNITED STATES -MEXICO WATER PROBLEMS.
WATER USED FOR IRRIGATION IN THE MEXICALI VALLEY IS DISCUSSED. THE AUTHOR
FEELS THAT THE SALINE WATERS COMING TO MEXICO FROM ARIZONA ARE DESTROYING
THOUSANDS OF ACRES EACH YEAR AND POSE A THREAT THE CONTINUATION OF AGRICULTURE
IN THE VALLEY. BECAUSE THE WATER PROVIDED TO MEXICO THROUGH THE 1944 TREATY
IS NOT ADEQUATE TO IRRIGATE THE ENTIRE VALLEY, IT IS NECESSARY TO PUMP
GROUNDWATER FOR THIS PURPOSE. THE DANGER OF OVERDRAFTS IS DISCUSSED AS WELL
AS THE DANGERS OF SALT WATER INTRUSION WHICH CAN RESULT FROM HEAVY PUMPING IN
AN AREA BELOW SEA LEVEL.
INTERNATIONAL WATERS /COLORADO RIVER /MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /SALINITY/
WATER SUPPLY /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /OVERDRAFT /GROUNDWATER MINING /IRRIGATION WATER/
SALINE WATER INTRUSION
0072
MANGIN, F.
1977
SONORA --ON THE FRONTIER OF OPPORTUNITY:
AN INTRODUCTION TO ARIZONA'S SISTER
STATE.
ARIZONA OFFICE OF ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT, PHOENIX.
41 P.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE NORTHWEST MEXICAN STATE OF SONORA DESIGNED TO PROVIDE
BASIC INFORMATION ON ITS HISTORY, ECONOMY, PEOPLE, AND INFRASTRUCTURE. THE
POPULATIONS OF SONORA'S 69 MUNICIPIOS AND COMMUNITY PROFILES FOR ARIZONA'S
BORDER CITIES ARE INCLUDED.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /SONORA /ARIZONA /REGIONAL ANALYSIS /POPULATION
0073
MARTIN, W.E.
1975
ECONOMIC MAGNITUDES AND ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVES IN LOWER BASIN USE OF COLORADO
RIVER WATER.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 15(1)1229 -239.
SWRA W76- 05811.
ALTERNATIVES ARE PROPOSED TO A 115 MILLION DOLLAR PROJECT TO INCLUDE A WATER
DESALTING PLANT TO REDUCE THE SALINITY OF WATER DELIVERED TO MEXICO FROM THE
LOWER COLORADO RIVER AS IRRIGATION DRAINAGE RETURN FLOW. MUCH OF THE SALINITY
CONCENTRATION IS GENERATED BY ABOUT 27,000 ACRES OF CROPLAND, USING ABOUT
THE MESA
336,000 ACRE -FEET OF WTER ON THE MESA YUMA COUNTY, ARIZONA.
SPECIALIZES IN CITRUS PRODUCTION WHERE NET RETURNS MAY REACH 300 TO 400 DOLLARS
PER ACRE.
TO OVERCOME THE FARMERS' RESISTANCE TO INVESTMENT IN SUBSTITUTING
SPRINKLER OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION FOR THE PRESENT FLOOD IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN ORDER
TO REDUCE THE RETURN FLOWS, SEVERAL INCENTIVES ARE PROPOSED. THE REDUCED
REVENUES TO THE FARMERS' COOPERATIVE IRRIGATION DISTRICT BECAUSE OF LESS WATER
SOLD COULD BE COMPENSATED THROUGH THE SALE OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO RUN THE
ANOTHER
SPRINKLERS, WHICH WOULD GENERATE A SAVING OF 9.00 DOLLARS PER ACRE.
ALTERNATIVE WOULD BE TO PAY THE FARMERS 114 DOLLARS PER ACRE PER YEAR FOR THE
IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE ANNUAL COST OF DESALTING THE DRAIN
NEXT 50 YEARS.
WATER FROM THESE FARMS COULD BUY OUT THE FARMS THEMSELVES IN FROM 2 TO 9 YEARS.
THE YEARLY COST OF DESALTING THE DRAIN WATER WOULD EQUAL THE ONE- -TIME COST
OF INVESTMENT IN SPRINKLER OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN 2 TO 3 YEARS.
(AUEN- WISCONSIN)
COLORADO RIVER /DESALINATION /ALTERNATIVE PLANNING /COST -BENEFIT ANALYSIS /MEXICO/
TREATIES /ARIZONA /IRRIGATION DISTRICTS /RETURN FLOW /WATER CONSERVATION /SALINITY/
IRRIGATION PRACTICES /SPRINKLER IRRIGATION /FLOOD IRRIGATION /DRAINAGE
0074
MAUGHAN, W.O.
1978
PHYSICAL SETTING (COLORADO RIVER BASIN). IN D.F. PETERSON AND A.R. CRAWFORD,
VALUES AND CHOICES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN, P. 9 -17.
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS, TUCSON.
SWRA W79- 02733.
THE CLIMATE OF THIS GREAT RIVER BASIN, DRAINING NEARLY A QUARTER OF A MILLION
SQUARE MILES, FROM WYOMING TO MEXICO, IS ARID TO SEMIARID, WITH PRECIPITATION
RANGING FROM MORE THAN 50 INCHES IN THE HIGHER NORTHERN MOUNTAINSDOWN TO LESS
THE GEOLOGY OF THE RASIN ACCOUNTS FOR
THAN 4 INCHES IN THE SOUTHERN DESERT.
ITS TREMENDOUS SALT DEPOSITS, MANY OF WHICH ARE EXPOSED TO EROSION OR TO
CONTACT WITH PERCOLATING WATERS, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO THE SALT LOAD OF THE
RIVER ITSELF. IT IS NOW GENERALLY ACKNOWLEDGED THAT FOR ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES
THE WATER SUPPLY OF THE RIVER IS COMPLETELY DEPLETED, SINCE ONLY MINOR
WHILE
QUANTITIES OF ESSENTIALLY UNUSABLE WATER REACH THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA.
THE BASIN HAS BEEN EFFECTIVELY CONVERTED INTO AN IMMENSE CONTINENTAL RESOURCE
FOR MAN'S USE, INCREASING ATTENTION TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF THIS USE IS NOW
UNLESS GREAT CARE IS TAKEN, THE SALINITY PROBLEM WILL BE AMPLIFIEC
BEING PAID.
BY ACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH UNTAPPING THE GREAT ENERGY RESOURCES OF THE UPPER
BASIN, ESPECIALLY IF MASS DEVELOPMENT OF OIL SHALE AND COAL RESERVES OCCURS.
ANY LONG RANGE SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS OF THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN LIES OUTSICE
THE CONTROL OF ANY ONE OF THE SEVERAL STATES THROUGH WHICH IT FLOWS, AND BASIN WIDE PLANNING MUST BE INITIATED BY ONE MEANS OR ANOTHER.
(PAYLORE -ARIZONA)
RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT /COLORADO RIVER RASIN /SALINE WATER /WATER QUALITY/
WATER UTILIZATION /COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING /WATER MANAGEMENT(APPIIED)I
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
89
0075
MCWILLIAMS, C.
1978
BLURRING THE DEMARCATION LINE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
LOS ANGELES TIMES, SEPTEMBER 10, 197B, PT. 5, P. 3.
THE ARTICLE IS CONCERNED WITH THE INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF MEXICAN CULTURE
IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE NEED TO RETHINK OUR IMMIGRATION POLICY TOWARD
MEXICO.
°BORDERS ARE NO LONGER THE IMPENETRABLE BARRIERS WE ONCE THOUGHT
THEM TO BE.
IT MAY EVEN BE TO OUR ADVANTAGE TO REDEFINE THEM.°
HE POINTS
OUT HOW BORDER COMMUNITIES HAVE BECOME DEPENDENT UPON EACH OTHER.
'FROM
BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS TO SAN YSIDRO, CALIFORNIA, BORDERLAND INTERDEPENDENCY HAS
INCREASED.
IN FACT, THE EXPANSION OF MODERN TIJUANA WITH AN ESTIMATED
POPULATION OF 850,000 AND THE GREATER SAN DIEGO SPREAD WITH 800,000 POPULATION
COMBINE TO MAKE ONE OF THE LARGEST URBAN COMPLEXES ON THE WEST COAST.
IT IS
TIME TO BLUR THE RIGID DEMARACATION LINE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES
AND TO BEGIN TO TREAT THE BORDER LAND COMPLEX AS THE UNIT IT REALLY IS.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /TIJUANA, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /URBANIZATION /PLANNING/
GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS /REGIONAL ANALYSIS /AREA REDEVELOPMENT
0076
MITCHELL, R.D.
1979
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION CONCERNING ELIMINATION OF NON -CONFORMING USE OF
LAND IN RESIDENTIAL ZONE.
IMPERIAL COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT, EL CENTRO, CALIFORNIA.
24 P.
THIS REPORT PROVIDES A DETAILED ACCOUNT OF THE HISTORY OF A COMMERCIAL WELL
LOCATED IN OCOTILLO, CALIFORNIA BY WHICH WATER IS PUMPED AND DELIVERED BY TRUCK
TO MEXICALI, MEXICO.
THE DOCUMENT PROVIDES A WEALTH OF DETAILED EVIDENCE IN
SUPPORT OF THE POSITION OF IMPERIAL COUNTY THAT THE COMMERCIAL EXPORT OPERATION
OUGHT TO CEASE PURSUANT TO COUNTY ZONING REGULATIONS. THE PURPOSE OF THE
REPORT IS TO RECOMMEND ESTABLISHMENT OF A DATE BY WHICH THE OPERATION MUST
TERMINATE.
MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA /IMPORTED WATER
0077
MOORE, C.V. /SNYDER, J.H.
1974
MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, WATER RESOURCES CENTER, REPORT 29.
19 P.
RECENT RESEARCH ON THE ECONOMICS OF SALINE WATER MANAGEMENT WAS SURVEYED AND
PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS SUMMARIZED. SALINITY STUDIES IN THE COLORADO BASIN,
IMPERIAL VALLEY, ORANGE COUNTY (CALIFORNIA), AND SALTON SEA WERE EXAMINED TO
DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURE nN QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF SALINE WATER,
INCREASING IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY, AND SALINITY IN URBAN AND RECREATIONAL USES,
AS WELL AV INTERNATIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF SALINITY AND COST- SHARING IN
93
SALINITY IN A RIVER BASIN TENDS TO INCREASE FROM THE HEADSALINITY CONTROL.
THE SALINE WATERS OF THE COLORADO RIVER POSE MAJOR
WATERS TO THE MOUTH.
MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS IN THE REGIONS STUDIED, AND ARE ALSO IMPORTANT IN RELATIONS
WITH MEXICO. TOTAL WATER WITHDRAWALS EXCEED ANNUAL REPLENISHMENTS, AND TOTAL
DISSOLVED SALINITY IN THE LOWER REACHES OF THE RIVER ARE NEAR OR BEYOND
THRESHOLD USES. ESTIMATED ECONOMIC LOSSES TO DOMESTIC USERS ARE ABOUT 16
MILLION DOLLARS AND ARE PROJECTED TO INCREASE TO A POSSIBLE LEVEL OF ABOLT 28
MILLION DOLLARS BY 1980.
SALINE WATER /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA /SALTON SEA/
AGRICULTURE /IRRIGATION EFFECTS /LEGAL ASPECTS /IRRIGATION WATER /WATER QUALITY/
ECONOMIC IMPACT /MEXICAN WATER TREATY
0078
MUMME, S.P.
1979
U.S. MEXICO WATER RESOURCE RELATIONS:
PROSPECTS FOR COOPERATION.
THE GROUNDWATER PROBLEM AND THE
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, TUCSON, DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE.
(UNPUBLISHED)
99 P.
RAPID POPULATION GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ON BOTH SIDES OF THE U.S. MEXICO BORDER HAVE STRAINED SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES, HERETOFORE THE FOCUS OF
WATER RESOURCES RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES, AND ATTENTION IS TURNING
TO EXPLOITATION OF GROUNDWATER TO MEET DEMAND. CONTEMPORARY INSTITUTIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS, HOWEVER, ARE INADEQUATE TO SOLVE THE EMERGING PROBLEMS OF WATER
SCARCITY, AQUIFERS BISECTED BY THE BORDER, A DEARTH OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES AND
PRECEDENTS GOVERNING SHARED GROUNDWATER RESOURCES, AND A LACK OF APPRECIATION
MAJOR
FOR THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIPS IMPLICIT IN THE GENERAL SITUATION.
FACTORS RELATING TO POLITICAL AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONS, AND THE POWER TO REGULATE
SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF SHARED WATERSHEDS ON AN INTEGRATED BASIS
ARE ANALYZED WITH THE CONCLUSION REACHED THAT GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS ARE AN
INAPPROPRIATE MEANS FOR ATTEMPTING NEEDED CHANGES IN INSTITUTIONAL
RELATIONSHIPS.
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /WATER SHORTAGE /REGULATION/
LEGAL ASPECTS /POLITICAL ASPECTS /INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS /MEXICO/
GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS
0079
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES -NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, WASHINGTON, D.C.
1968
WATER AND CHOICE IN THE COLORADO BASIN:
THE SETTING.
CHAPTER 2:
MANAGEMENT.
SAME AS AUTHOR, PUBLICATION 1689:5 -31.
AN EXAMPLE OF ALTERNATIVES IN WATER
SWRA W69- 06087.
THIS SECTION OF THIS PUBLICATION DESCRIBES ARIDITY OF THE BASIN, ITS
AGRICULTURAL USE, THE RIVER'S FLOW AND SEDIMENT, RANGE OF ECOLOGICAL ZONES
THROUGH WHICH THE RIVER PASSES, THE GRAND CANYON, POPULATION GROWTH IN THE
AREA, ECONOMIC GROWTH, MINERAL RESERVES, WATER QUALITY PROBLEM (MAINLY ONE OF
SALINITY), AND FALLING GROUNDWATER LEVELS. THESE CHARACTERISTICS RESTRICT
LEGAL CONTROL OF THE AREA IS OLTLINFD,
ALTERNATIVES FOR ALLOCATION OF WATFR.
91
AND CONTROVERSIES LIMITING ALTERNATIVES ARE DISCUSSED. AMONG THE LEGAL ASPECTS
COVERED ARE THE COLORADO RIVER COMPACT, ALLOCATIONS AMONG STATES, THE MEXICAN
TREATY OBLIGATION, THE SUPREME COURT CASE OF ARIZONA V. CALIFORNIA, THE
CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT, THE PACIFIC SOUTHWEST WATER PLAN, THE LOWER COLORADO
RIVER BASIN PROJECT, AND THE CONTROVERSY OVER PROPOSALS FOR IMPORTATION OF
WATER FROM THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.
COLORADO RIVER /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /FEDERAL JURISDICTION /STATE JURISDICTION/
PRIOR APPROPRIATION /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /COLORADO RIVER COMPACT /SALINITY/
GRAND CANYON /GROUNDWATER /DRAWDOWN /LEGAL ASPECTS /CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT/
PACIFIC SOUTHWEST WATER PLAN /LOWER COLORADO RIVER BASIN PROJECT /WATER TRANSFER/
WATER MANAGEMENT(APPLIED)
0080
OLMSTED, F.H. /LOELTZ, O.J. /IRELAN, B.
1973
GEOHYDROLOGY OF THE YUMA AREA, ARIZONA AND CALIFORNIA.
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, PROFESSIONAL PAPER 486 -H.
227 P.
SWRA W75- 02487.
THE YUMA AREA, ARIZONA WHICH INCLUDES THE UPSTRAM PART OF THE COLORADO RIVER
DELTA WITHIN THE UNITED STATES, IS ONE OF THE DRIEST DESERT REGIONS OF NORTH
AMERICA.
ABOUT TWO- THIRDS TO THREE -FOURTHS OF THE TOTAL OF MORE THAN 5 MILLION
ACRE -FEET OF COLORADO RIVER WATER IMPORTED FOR IRRIGATION FROM 1922 THROUGH
1966 WENT INTO GROUNDWATER. DRAINAGE WELLS WERE INSTALLED IN ORDER TO
ALLEVIATE DRAINAGE PROBLEMS AGGRAVATED BY THE GROWTH OF THE GROUNDWATER MOUND.
THE EARTH MATERIALS OF THE YUMA AREA RANGE FROM DENSE CRYSTALLINE ROCKS TO
UNCONSOLIDATED ALLUVIUM AND WINDBLOWN SAND. STRUCTURALLY, THE YUMA AREA IS
CHARACTERIZED BY NORTH- NORTHWEST- TRENDING MOUNTAINS SEPARATED BY BROADER BASINS
FILLED WITH CENOZOIC DEPOSITS POSSIBLY AS MUCH AS 16,000 FEET THICK. THE
UPPER, PRINCIPAL PART OF THE ALLUVIAL GROUNDWATER RESERVOIR IS SUBDIVIDED INTO
THREE ZONES, TWO OF WHICH CROSS STRATIGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES. IN ASCENDING ORDER,
THESE ZONES ARE 1) THE WEDGE ZONE (LOWER, MAJOR PART OF THE OLDER ALLUVIUM),
2) THE COARSEGRAVEL ZONE (UPPERMOST GRAVEL STRATA OF THE OLDER ALLUVIUM),
AND 3) THE UPPER, FINE -GRAINED ZONE. EXCEPT IN TWO SMALL AREAS THE WATER
CONTAINS LESS THAN 1,800 MG /LITER DISSOLVED SOLIDS.
TRANSMISSIVITY OF THE
WEDGE ZONE GENERALLY INCREASES IN A SOUTHWESTWARD DIRECTION FROM ZERO ALONG
THE THIN EAST AND NORTH MARGINS TO MORE THAN 500,000 GPD PER FOOT WHERE THE
WEDGE ZONE IS MORE THAN 2,000 FEET THICK.
TRANSMISSIVITY VALUES FOR THE COARSE GRAVEL ZONE RANGE FROM ZERO TO ABOUT 1,000,000 GPD PER FOOT. THE COLORADO
RIVER LOST WATER TO GROUNDWATER UNTIL THE EARLY 194005 AT WHICH TIME THE
CHANNEL NEAR YUMA WAS DEEPENED 5 FEET OR MORE BY EROSION, AND GROUNDWATER
LEVELS ROSE AS A RESULT OF IRRIGATION AND LEAKAGE FROM THE ALL -AMERICAN CANAL.
(KNAPP-USGS)
HYDROGEOLOGY /ARIZONA /SURFACE- GROUNDWATEP RELATIONSHIPS /GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT/
RETURN FLOW /IRRIGATION WATER /DATA COLLECTIONS /HYDROLOGIC DATA /MEXICO/
COLORADO RIVER /WATER QUALITY /WATER CHEMISTRY /MODEL STUDIES /CALIFORNIA/
YUMA, ARIZONA /ALL -AMERICAN CANAL
0081
OYARZABAL- TAMAPGO, F. /YOUNG, R.A.
1978
INTERNATIONAL EXTERNAL DISECONOMIES*
IN MEXICO.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 18:77 -89.
THE COLORADO RIVER SALINITY PROBLEM
SWRA W78- 12231.
SALINE DRAINAGE WATER RELEASED FROM AN IRRIGATION DISTRICT IN THE UNITED
STATES REDUCED PRODUCTIVITY AND INCOME FOR FARMERS USING COLORADO RIVER WATER
IN THIS PAPER LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODELS WERE ISED
FOR IRRIGATION IN MEXICO.
TO QUANTIFY THE EXTENT OF ECONOMIC DAMAGE CAUSED TO PRODUCERS FROM DEGRADED
THE ESTIMATED
WATER QUALITY AFTER THE 1973 SALINITY AGREEMENTS WERE SIGNED.
EXTERNAL COST, ABOUT 160 MILLION PESOS AT 1975 PRICES, INDICATES THAT
MAINTENANCE OF LOW SALT DISCHARGES IS WARRANTED. HOWEVER, ALTERNATIVES TO THE
PROPOSED DESALTING PLANT, SUCH AS DIRECT COMPENSATION TO MEXICAN INTERESTS
OR CONTINUING TO BYPASS MOHAWK-WELLTON DRAINAGE WATERS, MAY RE THE MOST
(RUSSELL- ARIZONA)
ECONOMICAL.
SALINE WATER /IRRIGATION WATER /MODEL STUDIES /ECONOMIC IMPACT /COLORADO RIVER/
LINEAR PROGRAMMING /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /DESALINATION PLANTS /WATER QUALITY/
ALTERNATIVE PLANNING /MEXICO /WELLTON -MOHAWK DISTRICT, ARIZONA
0082
PALACIOS VELEZ, 0. /ESCAMILLA, M. /REYES, A.
1978
THE SALT BALANCE OF THE MEXICALI, B.C. IRRIGATION DISTRICT (EL BALANCE DE
SALES DEL DISTRITO DE RIEGO DE MEXICALI, B.C.).
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 18 *49 67.
SWRA W78- 12226.
THE FLUCTUATION OF SALT LEVELS IN THE MEXICALI IRRIGATION DISTRICT HAS BEEN
UNDER INVESTIGATION SINCE 1970 IN COOPERATION WITH TECHNICIANS FROM THE
SAMPLES HAVE BEEN TAKEN FROM MORE THAN 50 POINTS
SECRETARY OF WATER RESOURCES.
AT WHICH WATER ENTERS OR LEAVES THE AREA THROUGH CANALS AND DRAINS, AS WELL
AS FROM 40 PUMPING WELLS CONSIDERED TO BE REPRESENTATIVE OF OVER 700 SUCH
WELLS IN THE AREA. DATA HAVE BEEN COMPILED CONCERNING THE DAILY, MONTHLY, AND
IN ADDITION, YEARLY SOIL
YEARLY FLUCTUATIONS IN THE WATER'S SALT CONTENT.
SAMPLING IS CARRIED OUT TO PERMIT EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF SALINITY
FLUCTUATIONS IN INCOMING AND OUTGOING WATERS. (RUSSELL -ARIZONA)
SALINITY /SALINE WATER /SALINE SOILS /IRRIGATION WATER /INTERNATIONAL WATERS/
MEXICO /COLORADO RIVER /SAMPLING /WELLS /MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N/
IRRIGATION DISTRICTS
0083
PATTEN, E.P., JR.
1977
ANALOG SIMULATION OF THE GROUND -WATER SYSTEM, YUMA, ARIZONA.
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, PROFESSIONAL PAPER 486 -I.
10 P.
AN ELECTRIC ANALOG MODEL WAS USED TO SIMULATE THE GROUNDWATER SYSTEM OF THE
YUMA AREA, ARIZONA, AND TO PREDICT THE MAGNITUDE OF SOUTHWESTERLY F OW OF
AK EVALUATION
GROUNDWATER ACROSS THE LIMITROPHE SECTION OF THE COLORADO RIVER.
OF ALTERNATIVE GROUNDWATER RECOVERY PLANS INDICATED THAT THERE WOULD BE LITTLE
EFFECT ON THE FLOW ACROSS THE LIMITROPHE SECTION BUT A SUBSTANTIAL DECREASE
(WOODARD -USGS)
IN FLOW ACROSS THE ARIZONA -SONORA INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY.
ANALOG MODELS /ARIZONA /MEXICO /INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /AQUIFERS/
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES /PUMPING /WATER UTILIZATION /IRRIGATION /WATER SUPPLY/
WATER DEMAND /PROJECTIONS /GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY /YUMA, ARIZONA /COLORADO PIVER/
SONORA
93
0084
PRICE, J.
1973
TIJUANA:
URBANIZATION IN A BORDER CULTURE.
UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME PRESS, NOTRE DAME, INDIANA.
195 P.
THE PROCESSES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT AS INFLUENCED BY THE CONTEXT OF MEXICAN
BORDER CULTURE ARE PRESENTED, WITH THE FOCUS PRIMARILY ON TIJUANA, BUT WITH
A MORE GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE WHOLE U.S. -MEXICO BORDER AS WELL.
NORTHERN
MEXICO IS ONE OF THE FASTEST GROWING REGIONS IN THE WORLD TODAY, WITH HIGHER
WAGE SCALES AND PROXIMITY TO THE U.S. AMONG REASONS FOR MIGRATION. FORMAL
AND INFORMAL COOPERATIVE EFFORTS BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES ARE DISCUSSED.
TIJUANA, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /URBANIZATION
0085
PUSEY, A.
1977
RIO GRANDE WATER DISPUTE LOOMS:
PROBLEM FOR U.S., MEXICO.
TIMES HERALD (DALLAS, TEXAS), DECEMBER 27, 1977.
THE REGION ALONG THE UNITED STATES -MEXICO BORDER WILL BE THE SCENE OF BINATIONAL WATER PROBLEMS IN THE FUTURE.
IT IS POINTED OUT THAT THE UNITED
STATES AND MEXICO HAVE NO COMPREHENSIVE WATER AGREEMENT; EACH PROBLEM HAS BEEN
ATTACKED ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS.
A 1906 WATER TREATY BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES
COVERS SOME OF THE PROBLEMS OF JOINT WATER USE BY THE TWO COUNTRIES.
THE
PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY ARE MANAGED BY THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER
COMMISSION, A JOINT U.S.- MEXICAN AGENCY WHOSE GOVERNMENTAL REPRESENTATIVES
BEAR AMBASSADORIAL STATUS.
IN MEXICO THE MINISTRY OF HYDRAULIC RESOURCES
SHARES AUTHORITY WITH THE MEXICAN SECTION OF THE IBWC. IN MARCH, 1977, THE
EXICO -U.S. TRANSBOUNDARY RESOURCES GROUP, AN AD HOC COMMITTEE OF 37 MEXICAN
AND AMERICAN SCIENTISTS, FORMALLY RECOGNIZED GROUNDWATER AS A FUTURE SOURCE
OF TENSION BETWEEN THE COUNTRIES AND RECOMMENDED A REOPENING OF THE 1906 TREATY
TO INCLUDE ALLOCATION OF GROUNDWATER.
DIFFICULTIES WITH SHARED GROUNDWATER
RESOURCES ARE PROJECTED IN SOME STUDIES IN AT LEAST FIVE AREAS ALONG THE
ARIZONA -SONORA BORDER.
IN ARIZONA, THE PAPAGO INDIANS COMPLAINED THAT PUMPING
BY MEXICAN FARMERS WAS DEPLETING THEIR WATER SUPPLY. THIS HAS REPORTEDLY
CEASED.
AN ADDITIONAL PROBLEM NOT COVERED IN THE TREATY IS POLLUTION. IBWC
COMMISSIONER JOSEPH FRIEDKIN ADMITS THAT POLLUTION DOES POSE SOME PROBLEMS
AND COMMENTED THAT THERE ARE SCIENTISTS ON POTH SIDES OF THE BORDER STUDYING
THE SITUATION, BUT AS YET NEITHER SIDE HAS ASKED FOR A REOPENING OF THE TREATY.
RIO GRANDE RIVER /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM./
TREATIES /GROUNDWATER RESOURCES /WATER ALLOCATION (POLICY) /ARIZONA / SONORA/
MEXICO -U.S. TRANSBOUNDARY RESOURCES GROUP /BOUNDARY DISPUTES /WATER RESOURCES
0086
THIS NUMBER DELETED FOR DUPLICATION
94
0087
REMPEL, W.C.
1978
WATER SALES BITTERLY FOUGHT.
LOS ANGELES TIMES, NOVEMBER 5, 1978.
WATER FROM THE YUHA DESERT IN CALIFORNIA IS BEING SOLD AT THE RATE OF 1.5
MEXICALI CITIZENS
MILLION GALLONS A WEEK TO THE MEXICAN CITY OF MEXICALI.
CLAIM THAT THE WATER IS ESSENTIAL IN THAT ABOUT HALF OF THE RESIDENTS OF
MEXICALI HAVE NO PIPED IN TAP WATER AND MOST WHO DO MUST BOIL IT BEFORE
DRINKING.
THE OWNER OF THE WELLS WHICH PRODUCE THE WATER, DONALD C. MCDOUGAL,
CLAIMS THAT OPPOSITION TO THE WATER SALES IS DUE TO ANTI -MEXICAN PREJUDICE.
BECAUSE WATER IS SCARCE IMPERIAL COUNTY HAS THROUGH LEGAL ACTION TRIED TO
PREVENT THE SALES. MCDOUGAL LOST IN STATE COURTS AND ALSO LOST AN APPEAL TO
THE U.S. SUPREME COURT. LAST YEAR, IN A FEDERAL COURT IN SAN DIEGO LIFTED THE
STATE COURT- ORDERED RESTRICTIONS ON MCDOUGAL'S WATER SALES TO MEXICO ON GROUNDS
THE SUIT WAS BROUGHT BY MEXICALI WATER
THEY VIOLATED U.S. COMMERCE LAWS.
THE ARTICLE ALSO DETAILS THE RECENT HISTORY OF WATER SUPPLY PROBLEMS
MERCHANTS.
IN MEXICALI AND THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE U.S. OVER WATER IN THE
AREA.
WATER SUPPLY /WATER POLLUTION /MEXICO /COLORADO RIVER /MEXICALI, RAJA CALIFORNIA N/
IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES/
WATER SHORTAGE /YUHA DESERT, CALIFORNIA
0088
REYNOLDS, S.E.
1972
THE WATER QUALITY PROBLEM OF THE COLORADO RIVER.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 12(41 :480 -486.
INCREASED SALINITY OF COLORADO RIVER WATER IS AN UNAVOIDABLE CONSEQUENCE OF
THE USE OF THE RIVER SINCE RETURN FLOW CONTAINS HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF
MEXICO, A DOWNSTREAM USER, RECEIVES WATER OF
SALTS THAN BEFORE DIVERSION.
IRRIGATORS
LOWER QUALITY, A FACTOR NOT DEALT WITH IN THE MEXICAN WATER TREATY.
IN THE WELLTON- MOHAWK AND IMPERIAL AND COACHELLA AREAS HAVE BEEN FORCED TO
UNDERTAKE DRAINAGE WORKS FOR THEIR SYSTEMS WHICH EXACERBATES THE SALINITY
AT THE COLORADO RIVER ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE, FEBRUARY
PROBLEM DOWNSTREAM.
1972, THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION RECOMMENDED A PROGRAM THAT INCLUDED PLUGGING
OF WELLS DISCHARGING SALINE WATERS, CONTROL OF BRINE SPRINGS, IMPROVED
IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT, VEGETATION MANAGEMENT AND CHANNELIZATION TO REDUCE
WATER LOSS, DESALINIZATION, AND WEATHER MODIFICATIONS. ESTIMATES OF COSTS,
REDUCTION OF SALT CONCENTRATION AT IMPERIAL DAM WERE PRESENTED TO
THEIR
REPRESENTATIVES FROM SEVEN COLORADO RIVER BASIN STATES IN ATTENDANCE.
APPROVAL AND THAT OF THE EPA CALLED FOR ACCELERATION OF THE BUREAU'S SALINITY
CONTROL PROGRAM, SUPPORTED BY THE U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT AS WELL.
COLORADO RIVER /SALINITY /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /WELTTON- MOHAWK DISTRICT, ARIZONA/
IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA /WATER POLLUTION CONTROL /WATER QUALITY CONTROL/
DESALINATION / COACHELLA DISTRICT, CALIFORNIA
0089
RHINEHART, J.F.
1977
COLORADO RIVER BASIN SALINITY CONTROL PROJECT, TITLE I.
ARIZONA WATER RESOURCES PROJECT INFORMATION, PROJECT BULLETIN 16.
4 P.
SWRA W77- 09931.
BACKGROUND AND GENERAL INFORMATION ARE PRESENTED ON TITLE I OF THE COLORADO
RIVER BASIN SALINITY CONTROL ACT WHICH INVOLVES THREE MAJOR PROJECTS, THE
CENTRAL ONE BEING CONSTRUCTION OF A 100 MILLION GALLON- PER -DAY DESALTING PLANT
AT YUMA, ARIZONA.
THE PROBLEMS OF WATER QUALITY HAVE BEEN ESPECIALLY ACUTE FOR
MEXICO WHICH HAS RECEIVED WATER OF INCREASING SALINITY IN DIVERTING PROCEDURES
ALLOWED BY A 1944 TREATY WITH THE UNITED STATES.
THE REASONS FOR INCREASED SALT
CONCENTRATION ARE EXPLAINED, ALONG WITH REMEDIES PROVIDED IN TREATY AGREEMENTS
SINCE 1965.
TITLE I OF THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN SALINITY CONTROL ACT AUTHORIZED
A DESALTING COMPLEX TO REDUCE SALINITY OF THE WELLTON- MOHAWK DRAINAGE, A NEW
CONCRETE -LINED CANAL OR LINING OF THE EXISTING CANAL TO REPLACE THE FIRST 49
MILES OF THE COACHELLA CANAL, AND A PROTECTIVE AND REGULATORY GROUNDWATER
PUMPING PROGRAM FOR THE SOUTH YUMA MESA AND SOUTHWESTERN YUMA VALLEY. THE
PROPOSED DESALTING PLANT WILL BE THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD, WITH MEMBRANE TYPE
DESALTING UNITS (EITHER A REVERSE OSMOSIS OR ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS) USED.
PLANT DESIGN AND USES ARE DISCUSSED, ALONG WITH PRELIMINARY TESTS TO DETERMINE
WAYS OF INCREASING IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY.
THE GROUNDWATER PUMPING PROGRAM WILL
PRODUCE A YEARLY NET WATER SAVINGS OF ABOUT 125,000 ACRE -FEET, WHILE THE
DESALTING COMPLEX WILL SALVAGE 123,000 ACRE-FEET. (JAHNS- ARIZONA)
SALINE WATER /WATER QUALITY CONTROL /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /DESALINATION /ARIZONA/
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /TREATIES /DRAINAGE WATER /CANALS /CANAL LININGS/
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT /WATER MANAGEMENT(APPLIED) /GROUNDWATER RESOURCES/
ELECTRODIALYSIS /REVERSE OSMOSIS /IRRIGATION EFFECTS /IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY/
PUMPING /WELLTON- MOHAWK DISTRICT, ARIZONA
0090
RIOS, F.S.
1978
NINGUNA INDUSTRIA DE EU CONTAMINARA LA ZONA FRONTERIZA: LUCEY (NO INDUSTRY
FROM THE U.S. WILL CONTAMINATE THE BORDER AREA:
LUCEY).
EXCELSIOR (MEXICO, D.F.), JULY 5, 1978.
THE U.S. AMBASSADOR TO MEXICO, PATRICK J. LUCEY SAYS THAT NO U.S. INDUSTRIES
LOCATED IN MEXICO ON THE BORDER WITH THE U.S. WILL CONTAMINATE THE AIR OR WATER.
HE SAID THAT THE HEAD OF THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WAS IN MEXICO
RECENTLY TO DISCUSS WITH MEXICAN OFFICIALS A COMMON POSITION TOWARD THE PROBLEM.
'THE CONTAMINATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE DOES NOT RECOGNIZE POLITICAL BOUNDARIES.
THE TWO SIDES OF THE BORDER DEPEND ONE ON THE OTHER, IN THAT IF THE MEXICAN
SIDE IS POLLUTED, THE NORTH AMERICAN SIDE IS ALSO ENDANGERED,' SAID LUCEY IN
RESPONDING TO AN ARTICLE THAT APPEARED IN THE MEXICAN PRESS ACCUSING U.S.
INDUSTRIES THAT COULD NOT MEET POLLUTION OR HEALTH STANDARDS IN THE UNITED
STATES OF MOVING TO THE MEXICAN BORDER.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /AIR POLLUTION /WATER POLLUTION /INDUSTRIAL PLANTS/
GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS /PUBLIC HEALTH
0091
ROGERS, R.M.
1964
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES- MEXICAN NEGOTIATIONS RELATIVE TO THE COLORADO
RIVER.
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, TUCSON (M.A. THESIS).
230 P.
THE PURPOSE OF THIS THESIS IS TO PROVIDE AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO
NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO CONCERNING THE DISTRIBUTION
THE
OF COLORADO RIVER WATER. THE HISTORY IS TREATED IN TERMS OF SIX ERAS:
YEARS PRIOR TO 1907 WHEN NAVIGABILITY AND BOUNDARY DEFINITION WERE THE
PRINCIPAL ISSUES; THE PERIOD OF EARLY NEGOTIATIONS CONCERNING IRRIGATION AND
FLOOD PROTECTION OF 1908 -1913; THE PERIOD OF 1920 -1930 DURING WHICH VARIOUS
SCHEMES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE RIVER WERE ADVANCED; THE ERA OF PROJECT
CONSTRUCTION AND POLITICAL COMPROMISES BETWEEN 1931 AND 1943; THE. YEARS OF
1943 -1945 ENCOMPASSING THE NEGOTIATION AND FINALIZATION OF A WATER TREATY
BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES; AND THE PERIOD 1946 -1964 WHICH SAW THE EMERGENCE
APPENDICES INCLUDE DEFINITIONS OF
AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SALINITY ISSUE.
(ULLERY -ARIZONA)
TECHNICAL TERMS AND THE TEXTS OF SEVERAL WATER AGREEMENTS.
COLORADO RIVER /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /HISTORY /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /SALINITY/
FLOOD PROTECTION /IRRIGATION WATER /WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT /POLITICAL ASPECTS
0092
ROMAR, M.
1922
A HISTORY OF CALEXICO.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, QUARTERLY 12(2):26 -6F.
THE AREA NEAR CALEXICO, CALIFORNIA, IS IN THE EXTREMELY ARID IMPERIAL VALLEY,
WITH LITTLE ANNUAL RAINFALL BUT IRRIGABLE SOIL FROM 1000 -FOOT SILT DEPOSITS
AS EARLY AS 1889, THOUGHT WAS GIVEN TO IRRIGATION
FROM THE COLORADO RIVER.
PROJECTS IN NORTHERN MEXICO FROM COLORADO RIVER WATER. BY 1900 CALEXICO WAS
LAID OUT BY THE IMPERIAL LAND COMPANY, AN OUTGROWTH OF THE RECLAMATION OF THE
COLORADO RIVER DESERT, ITS LOCATION PLANNED FOR THE U.S. SIDE OF THE
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY, AND ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE NEW RIVER. INITIALLY,
WATER FOR THE NEW COMMUNITY WAS BROUGHT FROM INDIAN WELLS IN BARRELS. BY 1404
MEXICALI, ACROSS THE BORDER IN MEXICO, WAS FOUNDED. IN 1905 COLORADO RIVER
FLOODS THREATENED BOTH SETTLEMENTS, DURING WHICH TIME THE ENTIRE COLCRADC
STREAMFLOW WAS DIVERTED DOWN THE NEW RIVER'S CHANNEL.
CALEXICO, CALIFORNIA /IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA /HISTORY /FLOODS /NEW RIVEP/
MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES/
COLORADO RIVER
0093
ROMERO -ALVAREZ, H.
1975
HEALTH WITHOUT BOUNDARIES:
UNITED STATES -MEXICO PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION.
UNITED STATES- MEXICQPUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION, MEXICO, D.F.
167 P.
A HISTORY OF THE ASSOCIATION FORMED TO DEAL WITH BINATIONAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
OCCURRING ALONG THE U.S. MEXICO BORDER, INCLUDING A SECTION ON ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION. THE NOGALES AND DOUGLAS BINATIONAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL PLANTS ARE
DISCUSSED.
ATTENTION IS CALLED TO WATER RATES IN TIJUANA, THE HIGHEST IN
MEXICO, BUT PROGRESSIVE, IN ACCORDANCE WITH TRADITIONAL MEXICAN PRACTICE, WITH
LARGER CONSUMERS PAYING MORE PER UNIT OF VOLUME, A CRITERIA THAT DIFFERS
RADICALLY FROM THAT EMPLOYED IN THE U.S.
U.S. -MEXICO BORDER HEALTH ASSOCIATION /ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION /SEWAGE DISPOSAL/
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS /PUBLIC HEALTH /WATER RATES / TIJUANA, BAJA CALIFORNIA N/
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /NOGALES, ARIZONA -SONORA /AGUA PRIETA, SONORA/
DOUGLAS, ARIZONA
0094
ROSS, S.R.
ED.
1978
VIEWS ACROSS THE BORDER:
THE UNÍTED STATES AND MEXICO.
UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO PRESS, ALBUQUERQUE.
456 P.
THE ISSUES EXAMINED IN THIS BOOK OF READINGS ILLUSTRATE THE COMPLEXITY OF
THE BORDER BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
THE ARTICLES ARE CONCERNED
WITH THE POLITICS, CULTURE, ECONOMIES AND SOCIETIES OF THE BORDER AS WELL AS
FOCUSING ON PROBLEMS OF MIGRANTS, HEALTH AND ECOLOGY. IT IS POINTED OUT THAT
THOUGH BORDER PROBLEMS ARE EVIDENT TO THOSE WHO LIVE CLOSE TO BOTH SIDES OF
THE LINE, THEY HAVE RECEIVED LITTLE NATIONAL ATTENTION. FURTHER, ALTHOUGH
THE PROBLEMS ARE A SOURCE OF IRRITATION, ONLY OCCASIONALLY HAVE THEY THREATENED
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES. RECENT DECADES HAVE BEEN MARKED LESS BY
QUARRELS AND THREATS AND MORE BY THE SOLUTION OF LONG- STANDING AND ANNOYING
DISPUTES.
THE SOLUTION TO THE COLORADO RIVER SALINITY PROBLEM IS DISCUSSED.
MEXICANS TEND TO REGARD AMERICAN CONCERNS WITH ECOLOGY AS THE LATEST FAD IN
A RICH COUNTRY SEEKING DISTRACTION FROM THE REAL PROBLEMS SUCH AS NUTRITION,
HOUSING AND PUBLIC HEALTH.
THIS HAS MAJOR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOLVING OF
WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS. IT IS POINTED OUT POLLUTION PROBLEMS ON THE BORDER
ARE OFTEN BI- NATIONAL.
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /COLORADO RIVER /SALINITY/
DEMOGRAPHY /POLLUTANT IDENTIFICATION
0095
SEPULVEDA, C.
1974
COLORADO RIVER MANAGEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL LAW.
IN A.B. CRAWFORD AND O.F.
PETERSON, EDS., ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN, P. 59 -66.
UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS, LOGAN.
313 P.
SWRA W75- 07530.
THE 1944 WATER TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO MOVED INTERNATIONAL
RIVER LAW FROM A CONCERN WITH NAVIGATION AND BOUNDARIES TOWARD ESTABLISHING
A CONTRACTUAL BASIS BETWEEN NATIONS FOR WATER DELIVERY. HOWEVER, THE TREATY
FAILED TO FORESEE LARGE MEXICAN DEVELOPMENTS ON THE LOWER COLORADO AND MAY
HAVE SET THE LEVEL OF MEXICAN WATER USE TOO LOW.
BY EXAMINING THE HANDLING
OF THE SALINITY ISSUE BY THE BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION SINCE 1961, ONE
CAN SEE THE EVOLUTION OF NEW FACETS OF INTERNATIONAL RIVER LAW. IN 1961,
98
DISCHARGE FROM ARIZONA'S WELLTON -MOHAWK AREA CAUSED VAST DAMAGE TO DOWNSTREAM
MEXICAN FARMERS. MEXICAN PROTEST ON THE BASIS OF THE 1944 TREATY MET AMERICAN
TECHNICAL EXPERTS AGREED THAT AMERICAN HANDLING OF THE DISCHARGE
EVASIONS.
IN 1965 THE UNITED STATES AGREED TO CHANNEL WELLTONHAD NOT BEEN CORRECT.
MOHAWK DISCHARGE TO THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA. THIS LOWERED BOTH THE SALINITY
AND AMOUNT OF MEXICAN WATER. A NEW AGREEMENT IN 1972 SETTLED BOTH THE QUALITY
THUS THE LEGAL POINT WAS MADE THAT DOWNSTREAM
AND AMOUNT OF WATER DUE MEXICO.
(BOWDEN- ARIZONA)
USERS HAVE THE SAME WATER QUALITY RIGHTS AS UPSTREAM USERS.
COLORADO RIVER /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM./
MEXICO /ARIZONA /CALIFORNIA /SALINITY /WATER LAW /INTERNATIONAL WATERS
0096
SEPULVEDA, C.
1976
LA FRONTERA NORTE DE MEXICO:
EDITORIAL PORRUA, MEXICO, D.F.
HISTORIA, CONFLICTOS, 1762 -1975.
171 P.
A HISTORY OF BORDER RELATIONS BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES WITH
MAJOR EMPHASIS IS ON WATER PROBLEMS INVOLVING
EMPHASIS ON WATER PROBLEMS.
THE RIO GRANDE AND THE COLORADO RIVER ALTHOUGH THERE IS A RATHER EXTENSIVE
DISCUSSION OF THE STRUGGLE OF APPORTIONING THE INTERNATIONAL WATERS PETWEEN
IN 1924 THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZED THE COUNCIL OF
THE TWO COUNTRIES.
INTERNATIONAL WATERS WHICH BECAME IN 1928, THE INTERNATIONAL WATER COMMISSION
THERE IS A SHORT DISCUSSION OF
BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES.
HISTORY /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /MEXICO /RIO GRANDE RIVER /COLORADO RIVER/
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM.
0097
SEPULVEDA, C.
1978
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE SOLUTION OF SURFACE WATER PROBLEMS BETWEEN MEXICO AND
THE UNITED STATES (INSTITUCIONES PARA LA SOLUCION DE PROBLEMAS DE AGUAS DE
SUPERFICIE ENTRE MEXICO Y LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS).
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 18:131 -141.
SWRA W78- 12234.
WHILE THE 1944 TREATY BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES WAS GENERALLY A
GOOD ONE, THERE REMAIN SEVERAL IMPRECISE AND POTENTIALLY PROBELMATICAL POINTS.
ONF OF THESE IS THE CONCEPT OF 'EXTRAORDINARY DROUGHT' AND THAT OF 'SERIOUS
IN THE CASE OF EXTRAORDINARY DROUGHT,
ACCIDENT TO THE U.S. IRRIGATION SYSTEM.'
THE 1944 TREATY SPECIFIED THAT THE U.S. COULD REDUCE THE QUANTITY OF WATER
SENT TO MEXICO IN THE SAME PROPORTION THAT WATER TO AMERICAN USERS IS REDUCED.
HOWEVER, IT IS NOT SPECIFIED WHETHER THE DROUGHT MUST BE SUFFERED BY THE ENTIRE
BASIN OR ONLY PART OF IT IN ORDER TO QUALIFY AS AN 'EXTRAORDINARY DROUGHT';
NOR WAS THE INTENSITY OF DURATION OF THE DROUGHT DEFINED. IF DIFFICULT
SITUATIONS SHOULD ARISE AS A RESULT OF THIS IMPRECISION, THE ARBITRATING
CAPACITY OF EXISTING INSTITUTIONS WOULD RE PUT TO THE TEST. WHILE THE
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION MIGHT PROVIDE VOLUNTARY ARBITRATINt'
BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES, ITS PRIMARY FUNCTION IS TO OFFER AND EVALUATE
TECHNICAL DATA RATHER THAN TO RESOLVE LEGAL DISPUTES. ALTHERNATIVES INCLUDE
99
INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATON AND ADJUDICATION BY THE UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL
COURT OF JUSTICE.
WEAKNESSES WITH BOTH OF THESE LEAD TO THE CONCLUSION THAT
DIPLOMACY CARRIED OUT THROUGH THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION
MIGHT RE THE BEST MEANS OF SETTLING CONFLICTS ARISING FROM IMPRECISION IN THE
TREATY.
(RUSSELL -ARIZONA)
LEGAL ASPECTS /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /MEXICO /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /DROUGHTS/
INTERNATIONAL ROUND. AND WATER COMM. /BOUNDARY DISPUTES /JUDICIAL DECISIONS/
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS /TREATIES /WATER LAW
0098
SEPULVEDA, C.
1972
MEXICAN -AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS:
PERSPECTIVES.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 12(4)2487 -495.
PROSPECTS AND
SWRA W77- 11169.
TWO TREATIES PRESENTLY GOVERN THE CONTROL OF INTERNATIONAL WATERS BETWEEN THE
UNITED STATES AND MEXICO. NEITHER OF THESE TREATIES MAKES ANY SPECIFIC
REFERENCE TO WATER QUALITY, ALTHOUGH THE 1944 TREATY INDICATES THAT WATER
SUITABLE FOR BENEFICIAL USE WILL BE PROVIDED. BECAUSE OF THIS OMISSION, IN
1961 A DISPUTE AROSE OVER THE QUALITY OF THE WATERS OF THE COLORADO RIVER
BEING DELIVERED TO MEXICO.
AS A TRANSITORY SOLUTION, THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY
AND WATER COMMISSION ENACTED MINUTE 218 WHICH REQUIRED THE UNITED STATES TO
BUILD A THIRTEEN MILE DRAINAGE CANAL.
THIS CANAL DIVERTS POLLUTED WATER
ORIGINATING IN THE WELLTON -MOHAWK PROJECT INTO THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA THUS
PREVENTING IT FROM REACHING THE MORELOS DAM IN MEXICO. ALTHOUGH MINUTE 218
HAS BEEN SATISFACTORILY USED FOR MORE THAN FIVE YEARS, IT ALSO FAILS TO MENTION
THE QUALITY OF WATER TURNED OVER TO MEXICO. TO AVOID DISPUTES THE TWO COUNTRIES
NEED TO REACH A FORMAL AGREEMENT WHICH WILL DETERMINE ACCEPTABLE WATER QUALITY
STANDARD!.
IT IS SUGGESTED BY THE AUTHOR THAT THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND
WATER COMMISSION COULD SERVE AS THE APPROPRIATE BODY FOR MAKING AND IMPLEMENTING
SUCH WATER QUALITY DECISIONS UNDER THE TREATY.
INTERNATIONAL WATERS /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /COLORADO RIVER /SALINITY /DRAINAGE/
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS /INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /WATER QUALITY/
CANALS /WATER POLLUTION /POLLUTANT IDENTIFICATION /MINUTE 218
0099
SKOGERROE, (.V. /WALKER, W.R.
1975
SALINITY POLICY FOR COLORADO RIVER BASIN.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, HYDRAULICS DIVISION, JOURNAL 101(8)1
1067 -1075.
SWRA W76- 00553.
SALT CONCENTRATION AND PICKUP BY WATER, FLOWING IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN,
CREATES PROBLEMS FOR AREAS IN THE LOWER BASIN. THE WATER QUALITY GOAL FOR
THE COLORADO RIVER OF MAINTAINING SALINITY CONCENTRATIONS IN THE LOWER STEM
AT OR BELOW PRESENT LEVELS (NONDEGRADATION SALINITY POLICY) HAS CONSIDERABLE
MERIT, BECAUSE SPECIFIC CONTRACTS AND TREATIES GUARANTEE WATER QUANTITIES TO
STATES IN THE BASIN AND TO MEXICO.
THE NONDEGRADATION SALINITY POLICY SHOULD
BE APPLIED TO EACH STATE, NOT BY SETTING NUMERICAL STANDARDS, RUT BY OFFSETTING
- 100 -
SALINITY DETRIMENTS RESULTING FROM EACH NEW DEVELOPMENT WITH SALINITY CONTROL
MEASURES THAT WILL MAINTAIN A NET SALT LEAVING STATE BOUNDARIES. SALINITY
DETRIMENTS FROM ONE WATER -USE SECTOR (E.G., COAL STRIP MINING OR OIL SHALE
DEVELOPMENT) COULD BE MITIGATED BY INVESTING IN SALINITY CONTROL MEASURES IN
ANOTHER WATER -USE SECTOR (E.G., IMPROVEMENTS IN EXISTING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS).
A FLEXIBLE STATE POLICY WILL RESULT IN IMPROVED WATER MANAGEMENT THAT WILL
(LARDNER -ISWS)
FACILITATE WATER DEVELOPMENT.
SALINITY /WATER MANAGEMENT(APPLIED) /WATER POLICY /WATER QUALITY CONTROL/
COLORADO RIVER BASIN /RETURN FLOW /STRIP MINES /IRRIGATION /STATE GOVERNMENTS/
COLORADO RIVER COMPACT /MEXICAN WATER TREATY
0100
SOBARLO, A.
1972
SALINITY IN THE COLORADOS
OF 1944.
AN INTERPRETATION OF THE MEXICAN -AMERICAN TREATY
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 12(4)5510 -514.
SWRA W77- 11171.
THE 1944 WATER TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO DOES NOT SPECIFY
THE QUALITY OF WATER TO BE DELIVERED TO MEXICO. ARTICLE 3 STATES PREFERENCE
USES FOR THE WATER WITH TOP PRIORITIES BEING GIVEN TO DOMESTIC, MUNICIPAL, AND
THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES CALLS FOR A
AGRICULTURAL USES.
TREATY TO BE INTERPRETED IN GOOD FAITH IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE OBJECT AND PURPOSE
OF THE TREATY. THIS WOULD MAKE IRRELEVANT THE EXCLUSION OF A SPECIFIC WATER
QUALITY CLAUSE AND WOULD DEEM THE TREATY VIOLATED IF THE BENEFICIAL USES
ESTABLISHED BY ARTICLE 3 WERE UNATTAINABLE. THE AUTHOR CONTENDS THAT THE
INTRODUCTION OF HIGHLY SALINE DRAINAGE WATER FROM THE WELLTON- MOHAWK PROJECT
INTO THE COLORADO RIVER VIOLATES THE VIENNA CONVENTION BECAUSE IT IS
FURTHERMORE,
UNREASONABLE TO REFER TO SUCH WATERS AS A SOURCE OF THE RIVER.
THE CONTAMINATION CAUSED BY THIS WATER ADVERSELY AFFECTS THE BENEFICIAL USES
APPLYING INTERNATIONAL LAW STANDARDS, THE AUTHOR FEFLS THAT
OF ARTICLE 3.
THE UNITED STATES IS OBLIGATED BY THE TREATY TO DELIVER WATER FROM THE COLORADO
IN ADDITION, THE UNITED STATES SHOULD RE
RIVER IN ITS NATURAL CONDITION.
RESPONSIBLE FOR DAMAGES TO CROPS CAUSED 9Y THE SALINITY.
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /COLORADO RIVER /BENEFICIAL USE /SALINITY /TREATIES/
DRAINAGE WATER /WATER QUALITY /CONSUMPTIVE USE /INTERNATIONAL LAW /LEGAL ASPECTS/
WATER POLLUTION /WATER POLICY /MUNICIPAL WATER /REASONABLE USE /CROPS/
WATER ALLOCATION (POLICY) /WELLTON- MOHAWK DISTRICT, ARIZONA
0101
SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA GOVERNMENTS ORGANIZATION
1978
DRAFT 208 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN.
SAME AS AUTHOR, BISBEE, ARIZONA.
197 P.(PROCESSED)
A REPORT OF WATER QUALITY PLANNING IN SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA, INCLUDING THE
THE NACO, AMBOS NOGALES, AND
BORDER COUNTIES OF COCHISE AND SANTA CRUZ.
WATER SUPPLY
DOUGLAS -AGUA PRIETA SEWAGE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS ARE DISCUSSED.
IT IS CONCLUDED THAT FUTURE LAND USE IN THE
PROBLEMS ARE ALSO DETAILED.
REGION IS ENTIRELY DEPENDENT UPON THE AVAILABILITY OF WATER. COCHISE AND
SANTA CRUZ COUNTIES ARE DESIGNATED AS CRITICAL GROUNDWATER AREAS.
PROJECTIONS UP TO THE YEAR 2000 ARE GIVEN.
POPULATION
ARIZONA /NACO, SONORA / NOGALES, ARIZONA -SONORA /DOUGLAS, ARIZONA /WATER SUPPLY/
AGUA PRIETA, SONORA /SEWAGE DISPOSAL /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /POPULATION/
FORECASTING /GROUNDWATER RESOURCES /SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA GOVERNMENTS ORGANIZATION
0102
STEINER, W.E.
1971
POLITICS AND THE COLORADO RIVER.
AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, ARIZONA SECTION /ARIZONA ACADEMY OF
SCIENCE, HYDROLOGY SECTION, HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES IN ARIZONA AND
THE SOUTHWEST 1:405 -418.
SWRA W72- 13915.
THE COLORACO RIVER IS THE ONLY MAJOR STREAM IN THE U.S. WHOSE WATER SUPPLY
IS FULLY UTILIZED, A DISTINCTION THAT HAS BROUGHT THE COLORADO MORE THAN ITS
SHARE OF CONTROVERSY, WITHIN STATES, BETWEEN STATES, AND BETWEEN NATIONS.
THE COLORADO RIVER COMPACT, WHOSE PURPOSE WAS TO APPORTION THE WATERS BETWEEN
THE UPPER AND LOWER BASINS EQUITABLY AND TO PROVIDE PROTECTION FOR THE UPPER
BASIN THROUGH WATER RESERVATION, WAS RATIFIED IN 1923 BY ALL STATES EXCEPT
THE HISTORY OF CONTROVERSIES AND
ARIZONA WHICH DID NOT RATIFY IT UNTIL 1944.
NEGOTIATION CONCERNING THE COMPACT ARE OUTLINED THROUGH THE SUPREME COURT
DECISION OF 1964. UNFORTUNATELY THE COURT DID NOT ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH
PRIORITIES IN THE EVENT OF SHORTAGE. THE ANNUAL DELIVERY OF 1.5 MAF TO MEXICO
AS ESTABLISHED BY THE 1944 MEXICAN WATER TREATY COMPLICATES THE PROBLEM BY
ALLOCATING TWICE AS MUCH COLORADO RIVER WATER AS WAS THEN BEING USED, BASED
ON THE ARGUMENT THAT THE TREATY REPRESENTED A TRADEOFF BY GIVING MEXICO LESS
WATER FROM THE RIO GRANDE IN EXCHANGE FOR MORE FROM THE OVERBURDENED COLORADO.
COLORADO RIVER /POLITICAL ASPECTS /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /INTER -BASIN TRANSFERS/
MFXIC4N WATER TREATY /WATER SHORTAGE /MEXICO /COLORADO RIVER COMPACT
0103
STODDARD, E.R.
1978A
SELECTED IMPACTS OF MEXICAN MIGRATION ON THE U.S. -MEXICAN BORDER.
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, EL PASO, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY.
(UNPUBLISHED)
MOST t1.S.- MEXICO BORDER CITIES SHARE COMMON RESOURCES AND SUFFER COMMON
SHORTAGES, EXACERBATED BY RAPID POPULATION INCREASES SUCH AS THAT IN MEXICALI
WHERE THE POPULATION DOUBLED EVERY FOUR YEARS FROM 1940 -1960. SUCH IMMENSE
GROWTH IS UNMANAGEABLE WHEN IT OCCURS SO RAPIDLY, BUT PROGNOSTICATIONS ARE
THAT IT WILL CONTINUE UNABATED THROUGHOUT THE REST OF THIS CENTURY. THE
BINATIONAL WATER AND AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS ENGENDERED CALL FOR A NEW POLICY
THAT RECOGNIZES THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF SUCH BORDER CITIES, ONE THAT RECOGNIZES
THAT ACTIONS TAKEN ON EITHER SIDE AFFECT BOTH, AND THAT IRRESPONSIBLE ACTION
THIS AUTHOR RECOMMENDS INFORMAL
BY EITHER THREATENS THE FUTURE OF BOTH.
NETWORKS TO BYPASS INTRANSIGENT FEDERAL STATUES AND WORK TO SOLVE PROBLEMS
SUCH AS WATER POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL ON A LOCAL LEVEL. HE CITES SUCH
REGIONAL AGENCIES AS THE SOUTHWEST BORDER REGIONAL COMMISSION AS AN EXAMPLE
OF HOW SUCH ARRANGEMENTS MIGHT BE NEGOTIATED.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /MIGRATION /BOUNDARY DISPUTES /FLOOD CONTROL/
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS / MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /WATER POLLUTION/
PROJECT PLANNING /POPULATION /SOUTHWEST ()ORDER REGIONAL COMMISSION
0104
- 102 -
STODDARD, E.R.
19788
FUNCTIONAL ALTERNATIVES TO BI- NATIONAL BORDER DEVELOPMENT MODELS:
OF THE U.S. -MEXICO REGION.
THE CASE
AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, PAPER PRESENTED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, SAN
11 P.
FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, SEPTEMBER 1978.
SOLUTIONS TO U.S. -MEXICO BORDER PROBLEMS USUALLY HAVE BEGUN WITH THE
TRADITIONAL NOTION OF NATIONAL STRUCTURES JUXTAPOSED ALONG A COMMON BOUNDARY.
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLICY ARE SEEN AS VEHICLES THROUGH WHICH PROBLEMS MAY
BE AMELIORATED. THIS PAPER SUGGESTS, HOWEVER, THAT BECAUSE OF TECHNOLOGICAL,
POPULATION, AND POWER CHANGES DURING THIS CENTURY, THIS STRUCTURAL APPROACH
TO BORDER CONDITIONS IS OBSOLETE. BECAUSE THE BORDERLANDS CONSTITUTE A UNIQUE
AREA WITH CHARACTERISTICS AND NEEDS AT VARIANCE WITH THOSE OF BOTH THE U.S.
AND MEXICO, IT IS PROPOSED THAT THE BEST SOLUTION TO COMMON PROBLEMS WOULD
BE A REGIONAL STRUCTURE, BSED ON FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS NOW OPERATIVE, WHICH
WOULD BE EMPOWERED TO MAKE BINATIONAL AGREEMENTS FOR GIVEN BORDER JURISDICTIONS.
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS /INTERNATIONAL LAW /REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT /PLANNING/
BOUNDARY DISPUTES /MEXICO
0105
TABOR, C.C.
1974
IN AGRICULTURAL AND
WELLTON- MOHAWK DRAINAGE AND THE MEXICAN SALT PROBLEM.
DRAINAGE,
SELECTED
PAPERS FROM THE
URBAN CONSIDERATIONS IN IRRIGATION AND
IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE DIVISION SPECIALTY CONFERENCE, FT. COLLINS, COLORADO,
APRIL 22 24, 1973, P. 285 -309.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, NEW YORK.
SWRA W75- 10783.
THE WELLTON- MOHAWK DIVISION OF THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION'S GILA PROJECT
STRADDLES THE GILA RIVER IN SOUTHWESTERN ARIZONA. THE PROJECT WAS AUTHORIZED
BY CONGRESS AFTER WORLD WAR II AND FIRST DELIVERED WATER FROM IMPERIAL DAM
IT WAS DECIDED AT THE TIME OF CONSTRUCTION
ON THE COLORADO RIVER IN 1952.
OF THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM THAT THE DRAINAGE WORKS SHOULD BF DELAYED UNTIL THERE
LATER, A SYSTEM OF PUMPED DRAINAGE WAS CONSTRUCTED WHICH
WAS AN ACTUAL NEED.
THE DRAINAGE
KEEPS THE GROUNDWATER MOSTLY BELOW THE ROOT ZONE OF THE CROPS.
CHANNEL
OF
THE
GILA
RIVER
AND THENCE
WATER WAS ALLOWED TO FLOW INTO THE OLD
SOON
THE FIRST EFLUENT CAME OUT OF THIS CHANNEL IN 1961.
INTO THE COLORADO.
INTERESTS
THAT
THE
SALT
LEVEL
OF
COLORADO
AFTER, OBJECTIONS WERE MADE BY MEXICAN
PARTS
RIVER WATER DELIVERED TO MEXICO AT MORELOS DAM HAS BEEN 3000 AND 4000
PER MILLION DUE TO DRAINAGE FROM THE WELLTON -MOHAWK IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
DISTRICT, THAT THOUSANDS OF ACRES OF FARM LAND IN THE MEXICALI VALLEY HAVE
GONE OUT OF PRODUCTION DUE TO THIS HIGH SALINE WATER, AND THAT LACK OF DRAINAGE
IN MEXICALI VALLEY HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH THE PROBLEM. IT WAS ARGUED IN THIS
PAPER THAT THE SALT LEVELS ARE MUCH LESS THAN CLAIMED. THE DECREASE IN COTTON
PRODUCTION ON MEXICAN FARMS WAS ASCRIBED LARGELY TO THE ARRIVAL OF THE PINK
MEXICO HAS RECENTLY
BOLLWORM AND TO WATER -LOGGED FIELDS DUF TO POOR DRAINAGE.
BEGUN A REHABILITATION PROGRAM OF CANAL LINING AND DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENTS WHICH
ALSO, THERE ARE PLANNED REVISIONS IN
SHOULD HELP THE SITUATION CONSIDERABLY.
THE U.S. SYSTEM WHICH SHOULD IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF THE COLORADO RIVER WATER.
(SIMS -ISMS)
IRRIGATION /DRAINAGE /WATER QUALITY /ARIZONA /MEXICO /COLORADO RIVER /SALINITY/
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /WATER REUSE /GROUNDWATER /SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE /RIVER SYSTEMS/
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS /WATER POLICY /POLITICAL ASPECTS /DRAINAGE PROGRAMS/
WELLTON- MOHAWK DISTRICT, ARIZONA / MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /SAN LUIS, SONORA/
GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS
0106
- 103 -
TERAN, J.H.
1967
MEXICO AND ITS HYDRAULIC RESOURCES POLICY.
MEXICO, MINISTERIO DE RECURSOS HYDRAULICOS.
63 P.
THE OFFICIAL MEXICAN GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION, IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH, OUTLINING
THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN MEXICO'S DEVELOPMENT, REVIEWING THE HISTORY OF WATER
USE IN MEXICO AND ITS GOALS WITH RESPECT TO INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF SHARED
WATER RESOURCES WITH THE U.S.
IT POINTS OUT THAT THE INTERNATIONAL WATER
TREATY DID NOT DEAL WITH THE PROBLEM OF CONTAMINATION OF INTERNATIONAL WATERS.
MEXICO /INTERNATIONAL LAW /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT/
WATER POLICY /WATER UTILIZATION /WATER POLLUTION
0107
TILDEN, W.
1975
THE POLITICS OF SALT:
TREATY OF 1944.
BACKGROUND AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE MEXICAN- AMERICAN
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, TUCSON, INSTITUTE OF GOVERNMENT RESEARCH, PRELIMINARY
REPORT. 123 P.
SWRA W7711097.
UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE SALINE COLORADO RIVER WATER SUPPLIED TO
MEXICO BY THE UNITED STATES FOR AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION ARE DISCUSSED. THE
1944 WATER TREATY BETWEEN THESE TWO COUNTRIES ALLOCATED 1.5 MILLION ACRE -FEET
OF WATER TO MEXICO, BUT ONLY MUCH LATER DID THE U.S. AGREE TO ACCEPT
RESPONSIBILITY FOR WATER QUALITY. LEGAL ANALYSIS DEALS WITH THE VARIOUS
ALLOCATIONS OF COLORADO RIVER WATER MADE BY TREATY AND STATUTE. THE LEGAL
PRINCIPLES ADOPTED BY GOVERNMENTS CONCERNING USE OF INTERNATIONAL RIVERS INCLUDE
ABSOLUTE TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY, ABSOLUTE TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY, COMMUNITY
IN WATERS, OR RESTRICTED TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY AND INTEGRITY. IN THE CASE
OF THE 1944 TREATY, THE U.S. BASICALLY INTERPRETED ITS OBLIGATIONS ACCORDING
TO THE FIRST PRINCIPLE WHILE MEXICO ADOPTED THE TERMS OF THE FOURTH PRINCIPLE.
THE IMPRECISE LANGUAGE OF THE TREATY HAD MUCH TO DO WITH WATER QUALITY DISPUTES
IN LATER YEARS.
AS THE U.S. POLITICAL CLIMATE CHANGED, RESOLUTION OF THE
DISPUTE WAS POSSIBLE; BY 1973, THE BROWNELL COMMISSION, APPOINTED BY PRESIDENT
NIXON, SUBMITTED RECOMMENDATIONS TO BOTH GOVERNMENTS TO FACILITATE SUCH
RESOLUTION.
GAME THEORY, AS DISCUSSED BY HARSANYI, PIKER AND SCHELLING, IS
USED TO ANALYZE THE CHANGE IN U.S. POLICY.
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /COLORADO RIVER /WATER LAW /POLITICAL ASPECTS /LEGISLATION/
INTERNATIONAL WATERS /INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /SALINE WATER/
WATER QUALITY /INTERNATIONAL LAW /GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS
0108
TIMM, C.A.
1936
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATURE AND WORK OF THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY
COMMISSION, UNITED STATES AND MEXICO.
SOUTHWESTERN SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY 17:1 -27.
- 104 -
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES CONCERNING WATER RESOURCES OF THE
RIO GRANDE AND COLORADO RIVERS AS THEY RELATE TO MEXICO -U.S. INTERNATIONAL
AFFAIRS.
A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF THE COMMISSION
IS INCLUDED.
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION(UNITED STATES AND MEXICO)/
GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /WATER RESOURCES/
RIO GRANDE RIVER /COLORADO RIVER
0109
U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, DENVER, COLORADO, LOWER COLORADO REGION
1978
STATUS REPORT, JANUARY 1978.
SAME AS AUTHOR.
112 P.
SWRA W79- 00092.
AS A RESULT OF DECREASED NATURAL RUNOFF AND INCREASED AMOUNTS OF SALINE
GROUNDWATER DERIVED FROM THE GILA PROJECT, THE SALINITY OF THE COLORADO RIVER
TO COMPLY
WATER REACHING THE MEXICAN BORDER INCREASED TO 1500 P/M IN 1962.
WITH THE MEXICAN WATER TREATY STANDARD OF 800 P /M, THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
WAS AUTHORIZED TO BUILD A DESALINATION PLANT NEAR YUMA, ARIZONA, CAPABLE OF
PRODUCING 97,000 ACRE FEET OF WATER. HOWEVER, THE HIGHLY SALINE REJECT STREAM
FROM THIS PLANT WOULD SUBTRACT 42,000 ACRE FEET OF WATER WHICH MUST SOMEHOW
RATHER THAN
BE REPLACED TO SUPPLY THE AMOUNT OF WATER PROMISED TO MEXICO.
FURTHER DIMINISH ALREADY MINIMAL WATER SUPPLIES IN THE SOUTHWEST, CONGRESS
AUTHORIZED A STUDY TO IDENTIFY FEASIBLE METHODS TO REPLACE THE REJECT STREAM
THE FINDINGS OF AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM WHICH EXAMINED 11 POSSIBLE
WATER.
METHODS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL /ENVIRONMENTAL,
AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS ARE SUMMARIZED. OF THESE 11 METHODS, 7 ARE
THESE ARE:
CONSIDERED FEASIBLE ALTERNATIVES AND WILL BE STUDIED FURTHER.
LINING A REACH OF THE ALL -AMERICAN CANAL TO SALVAGE SEEPAGE; DESALTING SEA
WATER FROM THE PACIFIC NEAR LOS ANGELES; ADDING A DESALTING PLANT TN THE
IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA; EXTRACTING GEOTHERMAL FLUID FROM THE GROUND AND
DESALTING IT USING HEAT AND PRESSURE OF THE FLUID ITSELF FOR POWER; EXTRACTING
GROUNDWATER NEAR YUMA; PUMPING GROUNDWATER SEEPAGE FLOWING SOUTHWARD FROM THE
ALL AMERICAN CANAL; INCREASING RECOVERY RATE OF THE YUMA PLANT FROM 70 PERCENT
TO 90 PERCENT. FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF THESE ALTERNATIVES AS WELL AS THE FCUP
REJECTED PLANS ARE SUPPLIED, INCLUDING MAPS, SITE PLANS, POTENTIAL YIELDS,
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EACH ARE DISC'1SSED AND
AND COST RATES.
(MAJTENYI -IPA)
COMPARED.
DESALINATION /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /PUMPING /SALINE WATER/
WATER REUSE /CANAL LININGS /GROUNDWATER MINING /WATER QUALITY STANDARDS/
WATER RESOURCES /MEXICO /GILA PROJECT /SALINE SOILS /INTERNATIONAL WATERS/
ALL -AMERICAN CANAL /WATER QUALITY /WATER DEMAND /IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA/
SALINITY
0110
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE / ARIZONA WATER
COMMISSION
1977
SANTA CRUZ -SAN PEDRO RIVER BASIN, ARIZONA.
INVENTORY.
SAME AS AUTHOR.
2 VOLS.
MAIN REPORT AND RESOURCE
- 105 -
THESE DOCUMENTS WERE PREPARED PURSUANT TO SECTION 6 OF THE WATERSHED
PROTECTION AND FLOOD PREVENTION ACT (PUBLIC LAW 566, 83RD CONGRESS, 68 STAT.
66, AS AMENDED AND SUPPLEMENTED).
INFORMATION ABOUT THE WATER AND RELATED
LAND RESOURCES OF THE AREA IS PRESENTED, PROBLEMS AND NEEDS ARE OUTLINED, FUTURE
CONDITIONS PROJECTED, AND ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT PLANS PRESENTED. THE MAIN
REPORT COVERS PROBLEMS AND OBJECTIVES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PREFERENCES, RESOURCE BASE AND EXISTING PROGRAMS, PRESENT AND FUTURE WITHOUT
CONDITION, NEEDS, ALTERNATIVE PLANS, OPPORTUNITIES FOR USDA PROGRAMS,
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT, AND COORDINATION AND PROGRAMS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT.
THE RESOURCE INVENTORY VOLUME COVERS RESOURCE AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY,
SOCIOECONOMIC SITUATION, PRESENT LAND AND WATER USE, WATER AND RELATED LAND RESOURCE
PROBLEMS AND NEEDS, AND EXISTING WATER AND RELATED LAND RESOURCE PROJECTS AND
PROGRAMS.
(ULLERY- ARIZONA)
SANTA CRUZ PIVER /SAN PEDRO RIVER /RIVER BASINS /WATER RESOURCES /ARIZONA /PLANNING/
REGIONAL ANALYSIS /LAND USE /WATER UTILIZATION
0111
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE
1979
JOINT STATEMENT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES, THE UNDER
SECRETARY FOR HEALTH SECRETARIO DE SALUBRIDAD Y ASISTENCIA UNITED STATES OF
MEXICO AND THE PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU.
SAN DIEGO, APRIL 9, 197Q.
THE PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCIES OF MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES AND THE PAN AMERICAN
HEALTH ORGANIZATION IN RECOGNITION OF THE FACT THAT DISEASE DOES NOT ABIDE
BY POLITICAL BOUNDARIES COMMIT THEMSELVES TO THE EXPANSION ANO DEVELOPMENT OF
JOINT HEALTH ACTIVITIES ALONG THE BORDER CONCENTRATING ON FOUR MAJOR AREAS:
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL, HEALTH SERVICES DELIVERY, ENVIRONMENTAL
SANITATION, AND HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT, PLANNING ANO EVALUATION.
PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU /U.S. SURGEON GENERAL /DISEASES /PUBLIC HEALTH/
MEXICO SECRETARIA DE SALUBRIDAD Y ASISTENCIA /ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION/
U.S.- MEXICO BORDER HEALTH ASSOCIATION
0112
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
1979
AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNITED MEXICAN STATES
FOR COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT.
SAME AS AUTHOR, MEXICO, D.F., FEBRUARY 16, 1979.
THIS AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE SECRETARY OF U.S. HUD AND THE SECRETARY FOR MEXICO'S
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND PUBLIC WORKS ESTABLISHED A JOINT STEERING COMMITTEE TO
FORM JOINT WORKING GROUPS WITH THE CONSULTATION OF STATE, MUNICIPAL, AND LOCAL
AUTHORITIES.
THE JOINT PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS INCLUDE:
AN EXCHANGE OF
INFORMATION RELATED TO BORDER URBAN PROGRAMS; JOINT MEETINGS AND SEMINARS;
JOINT RESEARCH AND STUDY, AND AN EXCHANGE OF EXPERT VISITS. THE AGREEMENT
PROVIDES THAT ALL PARTICIPANTS MUST BEAR THE COSTS OF PARTICIPATION.
URBANIZATION /HOUSING /GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES/
MEXICO
- 106 -
0113
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
1973
POSSIBLE OPTIONS FOR REDUCING THE SALINITY OF THE COLORADO RIVER WATERS
FLOWING TO MEXICO (FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT).
SAME AS AUTHOR, WASHINGTON, D.C.
320 P.
AVAILABLE NTIS AS EIS- NM -73- 1516 -F.
SWRA W75- 07782.
SUMMARIZED ARE THE ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF A VARIETY OF PROPOSED
MEANS OF FURTHER REDUCING THE SALINITY OF THE COLORADO RIVER WATERS BEING
DELIVERED TO MEXICO PURSUANT TO THE 1944 U.S.- MEXICAN TREATY FOR UTILIZATION
THE
OF WATERS OF THE COLORADO AND TIJUANA RIVERS AND OF THE RIO GRANDE.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS VARY WIDELY, DEPENDING UPON THE VARIOUS OPTIONS
THE PREDICTED ADVERSE EFFECTS ARE PRIMARILY TRANSITORY AND THOSE
CONSIDERED.
NORMALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF HEAVY
MODERATE AMOUNTS OF DESERT, VEGETATION, FARM LANDS
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT.
AND WILDLIFE WOULD BE DESTROYED IN THE COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION ALONG THE RIGHT
ALL OF THE DESALTING OPTIONS HAVE THE INHERENT ADVANTAGE OF CONSERVING
OF WAY.
SCARCE WATER RESOURCES IN THE AREA, PUT NECESSITATE THE TAKING OF MEASURES
TO DISPOSE OF THE WASTE BRINE THAT IS INEVITABLY PRODUCED IN THE PROCESS.
A FAVORED POSSIBILITY IS TO TRANSPORT THE BRINE ALONG A 53 MILE CONCRETE LAND
ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED INCLUDE NINE
DRAIN TO THE SANTA CLARA SLOUGH.
DIFFERENT DESALTING PROJECTS, RELINING CANALS TO SALVAGF WATER PRESENTLY BEING
LOST THROUGH SEEPAGE, USING WEATHER MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES TO AUGMENT AVAILABLE
WATER RESOURCES, OR PLACING A MORATORIUM ON ALL FUTURE FEDERALLY SUPPORTED
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN THE COLORADO BASIN. (GAGLIARDI- FLORIDA)
SALINITY /COLORADO RIVER /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /DESALINATION /RIO GRANDE RIVER/
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS /DESERTS /FARMS /SALINF WATER /WEATHER MODIFICATION'/
BRINE DISPOSAL /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /SEEPAGE /CANAL LININGS /MEXICO/
WILDLIFE /DESALINATION WASTES /WATER RESOURCES /TIJUANA RIVER
0114
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
1979
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING ON SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION
BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND MEXICO.
SAME AS AUTHOR, MEXICO CITY, FEBRUARY 16, 1979.
AMONG THE AREAS OF COOPERATION RELATED TO WATER USE IS THAT PERTAINING TO
THE AGREEMENT PROVIDES FOR THE U.S.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON NEW CROPS.
TO SEND A TEAM TO MEXICO TO DISCUSS A PROGRAM TO INTEGRATED PROJECTS REGARDING
NEW CROPS; FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF JOINT PROJECTS BY MEXICAN INSTITUTIONS
AND THE CENTER FOR ARID AND TROPICAL NEW CROP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ARIZONA;
FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF A COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM CONCERNING AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION; AND ESTABLISHMENT OF A RESEARCH PROJECT CONCERNING USE OF SALINE
THE AGREEMENT ALSO MAKES REFERENCE TO COOPERATION ON
WATER FOR AGRICULTURE.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY AND ENERGY RESOURCES.
MEXICO /WATER UTILIZATION /SALINE WATER /CROPS /RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT/
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS /PROJECT PLANNING
- 107 0115
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1978
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE SUBSECRETARIAT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPROVEMENT OF MEXICO AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY OF THE UNITED
STATES FOR COOPERATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS AND TRANSBOUNDARY PROBLEMS.
MEXICO, D.F., JUNE 6, 1978.
THIS 13 -POINT MEMORANDUM RECOGNIZES THAT MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES SHARE
MANY ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO LARGE AND EXPANDING URBAN POPULATIONS,
SUBSTANTIAL INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, AND A COMMON BORDER. THE TWO FEDERAL LEVEL
AGENCIES AGREE TO COOPERATE ON A NUMBER OF EFFORTS TO RESOLVE ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS OF MUTUAL CONCERN. THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
PROGRAMS DIRECTED TOWARD SPECIFIC POLLUTION PROBLEMS AFFECTING EITHER OR BOTH
COUNTRIES ALONG THE BORDER AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EARLY WARNING SYSTEM TO
ALERT THE TWO GOVERNMENTS TO POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IS OUTLINED.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /INTERNATIONAL LAW /ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION/
URBANIZATION /POLLUTION ABATEMENT /INDUSTRIAL PLANTS /GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS
0116
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
1904
DESCRIPTION OF THE BISBEE QUADRANGLE.
STATES, BISPFE FOLIO, ARIZONA.
IN GEOLOGICAL ATLAS OF THE UNITED
SAME AS AUTHOR.
THIS ARTICLE IS BASICALLY CONCERNED WITH THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN THE
ARFA NEAP BISBEE, ARIZONA.
THERE IS A SECTION ABOUT WATER SUPPLY.
IT IS
POINTED OUT THAT 'THE TOWN OF BISREE...IS AS YET UNPROVIDED WITH ANY GENERAL
WATER SYSTEM.
A PORTION OF THE WATER USED FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES IS DRAWN FROM
SHALLOW WELLS IN THE BOTTOM OF THE RAVINE WITHIN WHICH THE TOWN IS BUILT.
SUCH WELLS ARE OPEN TO CONTAMINATION.'
THE. USE OF SAN PEDRO RIVER WATER FOR
USE IN MINING AND THE DIGGING OF WELLS NEAR NACO FOR USE IN BISBEE IS ALSO
DISCUSSED.
BISBEE, ARIZONA /WATER SUPPLY /SAN PEDRO RIVER /NACO, SONORA /GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS
0117
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 81ST CONC., 20 SESS., COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN
AFFAIRS, SUBCOMMITTEE ON SOUTHWESTERN BORDER PROJECTS
1950
HEARINGS...ON H.R. 6031, CALEXICO SANITATION PROJECT; H.R. 6304, IMPLEMENTATION
OF WATER -USE TREATY WITH MEXICO; H.R. 7691, DOUGLAS -AGUA PRIETA SANITATION
PROJECT, JUNE 28 AND JULY 13, 1950.
SAME AS AUTHOR.
32 P.
CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS ON BINATIONAL SANITATION PROJECTS AT CALEXICO -MEXICALI
AND DOUGLAS -AGUA PRIETA. COMPLICATIONS OF CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF SEWAGE
- 108 -
TREATMENT FACILITIES SERVING THE TWO COUNTRIES IS DISCUSSED, WITH MUCH OF THE
FOCUS ON COST SHARING BETWEEN THE U.S. AND MEXICO. THE PROBLEM OF POLLUTION
OF THE NEW RIVER FROM MEXICALI SOURCES AT CALEXICO IS PRESENTED.
MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /CALEXICO, CALIFORNIA /DOUGLAS, ARIZONA /MEXICO/
AGUA PRIETA, SONORA /WATER POLLUTION SOURCES /SANITARY ENGINEERING /NEW RIVER/
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION /COST SHARING /WATER UTILIZATION /TREATIES/
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES
0118
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 93D CONG., 2D SESS.
1974
A BILL TO AUTHORIZE PROVISIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER
COMMISSION, H.R. 12834.
SAME AS AUTHOR, WASHINGTON, D.C.
6 P.
SWRA W74- 10737.
THIS BILL WOULD AUTHORIZE MEASURES NECESSARY TO CARRY OUT PROVISIONS OF THE
IBWC, CONCLUDED PURSUANT TO THE MEXICAN WATER TREATY OF 1944, DEALING WITH
IT AUTHORIZES CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND
SALINITY OF THE COLORADO RIVER.
MAINTENANCE OF A DESALTING COMPLEX, INCLUDING A BY -PASS DRAIN FOR THE DISCHARGE
APPROPRIATE FEDERAL AGENCIES MUST ALSO
OF REJECT STREAM FROM THE PLANT.
ACCELERATE COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS WITH THE WELLTON- MOHAWK IRRIGATION
AND DRAINAGE DISTRICT, TO REDUCE SALINE DRAINAGE FLOWS BY IMPROVING IRRIGATION
EFFICIENCY. THE SECRETARY OF STATE, IN CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER FEDERAL
OFFICIALS AND DEPARTMENTS, IS AUTHORIZED TO ACQUIRE LANDS DEEMED NECESSARY TO
IMPLEMENT THE ACT, WHICH MAY BE CITED AS THE 'INTERNATIONAL SALINITY CONTROL
PROJECT, COLORADO RIVER.'
(RITCHIE -FLORIDA)
COLORADO RIVER /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM./
DESALINATIDN /DRAINAGE / WELLTON- MOHAWK DISTRICT, ARIZONA /RETURN FLOW /TREATIES/
IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY/ SALINITY / LEGISLATION /MEXICO /INTERNATIONAL WATERS/
INTERNATIONAL SALINITY CONTROL PROJECT /PROJECTS
0119
U.S. OFFICE !7F SALINE WATER, WASHINGTON, D.C.
1974
1973 -1974 SALINE WATER CONVERSION, SUMMARY REPORT.
SAME AS AUTHOR, WASHINGTON, D.C.
AVAILABLE SUPT. DOCUMENTS.
64 P.
SWRA
W76- 12343.
NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO TO RESOLVE THE SALINITY
PROBLEMS OF THE COLORADO RIVER AT THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY HAVE RESULTED
IN AN AGREEMENT CALLING FOR DELIVERY OF WATER AT MORELOS DAM (WHERE MOST OF
MEXICO'S IRRIGATION WATER IS DIVERTED FROM THE COLORADO), WHICH DOES NOT EXCEEC
IN SALINITY BY MORE THAN 115 + OR - 30 PARTS PER MILLION THE WATER WHICH
ARRIVES AT THE IMPERIAL DAM FROM THE COLORADO RIVER. THE MAIN ITEM IN THE
PROPOSED SOLUTION IS THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST DESALTING PLANT,
WHICH WILL TREAT THE RETURN FLOWS FROM THE WELLTON -MOHAWK IRRIGATION AND
DRAINAGE DISTRICT. THE OFFICE OF SALINE WATER (OSW) ESTABLISHED A SMALL TEST
FACILITY NEAR YUMA, ARIZONA, ON THE BANKS OF THE WELLTON- MOHAWK DRAIN. SEVEN
MANUFACTURERS OF BRACKISH WATER DESALTING EQUIPMENT, AT THEIR OWN EXPENSE,
HAVE LOCATED PILOT PLANTS AT THE SITE. OSW IS ALSO CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTAL
- 109 -
DEVELOPMENT WORK AT THE ROSWELL, NEW MEXICO, BRACKISH WATER TEST FACILITY.
AT PRESENT, MAJOR EMPHASIS IS BEING PLACED ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEMBRANE
PROCESSES FOR SEA WATER, ON THE FREEZING PROCESSES, AND ON OTHER NEW PROCESSES
THAT ARE EMERGING FROM BASIC RESEARCH EFFORTS. THE WORK AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS
OF OSW'S RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN THE PAST YEAR ARE SUMMARIZED.
(ROBINSON -ISWS)
SALINE WATER /RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT /DESALINATION /FREEZING /MEMBRANE PROCESSES/
MEXICAN WATER TREATY /COLORADO RIVER /PILOT PLANTS /FEDERAL GOVERNMENT /DIALYSIS/
REVERSE OSMOSIS /ION EXCHANGE /BRACKISH WATER /SEA WATER /RESEARCH FACILITIES/
PROJECTS /ON -SITE INVESTIGATIONS /WELLTON- MOHAWK DISTRICT, ARIZONA
0120
U.S. WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D.C.
1979
JOINT COMMUNIQUE:
PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER, U.S., AND PRESIDENT JOSE LOPEZ
PORTILLO, MEXICO, FEBRUARY 16, 1979.
SAME AS AUTHOR.
12 P.
THIS STATEMENT WAS ISSUED AFTER THE MEETING BETWEEN THE TWO PRESIDENTS. THE
THIRD TO THE LAST PARAGRAPH DISCUSSES BI- NATIONAL WATER ISSUES.
'BOTH LEADERS
REAFFIRMED THE IMPORTANCE OF HAVING GOOD QUALITY AND ABUNDANT WATER FOR THE
HEALTH AND WELL -BEING OF CITIZENS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE BORDER.
THEY INSTRUCTEC
THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER COMMISSION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EXISTING
AGREEMENTS TO MAKE IMMEDIATE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER PROGRESS TOWARD A
PERMANENT SOLUTION TO THE SANITATION OF WATERS ALONG THE BORDER.
INTERNATIONAL WATERS /WATER SUPPLY /WATER QUALITY /INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES/
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS /PUBLIC HEALTH
0121
UTTON, A.E.
ED.
1973
POLLUTION AND INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES:
U.S.- MEXICAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS.
UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO PRESS, ALBUQUERQUE.
135 P.
ORIGINALLY ISSUED AS A NUMBER OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL. THIS
COMPILATION OF ARTICLES BY EXPERTS ON INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLLUTION LAWS
FROM BOTH MEXICO AND THE U.S. TAKES UP THE PROBLEMS OF THE COLORADO RIVER AND
OTHER PROBLEMS SUCH AS AIR QUALITY TN THE EL PASO -JUAREZ AREA AND POLLUTION
CAUSED BY INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ALONG THE U.S. -MEXICAN BORDER.
WARNING THAT
THE QUALITY OF THE WATER AND AIR WE SHARE WILL DETERIORATE AS THE BORDERLANDS
FACE EXPANDED POPULATIONS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION, THEY URGE INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION TO DEVELOP INSTITUTIONS THAT WILL FOCUS ON THE BEST USES OF NATURAL
RESOURCES RATHER THAN ON ARTIFICIAL POLITICAL BOUNDARIES WHICH ARE OFTEN THE
PRODUCTS OF HISTORICAL ACCIDENT.
COLORADO RIVER /MEXICAN WATER TREATY /WATER QUALITY /SALINITY /AIR POLLUTION/
WATER POLLUTION /LEGAL ASPECTS /ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS /INSTITUTIONS /ARIZONA/
RIO GRANDE VALLEY /SONORA /WEATHER MODIFICATION /EL PASO, TEXAS / JUAREZ, CHIHUAHUA/
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES
0122
UTTON, A.E.
1976
SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASINS.
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER LAW AND ADMINISTRATION, 1976, CARACAS,
VENEZUELA, PROCEEDINGS, P. 914 -928. SWRA W77- 07250.
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE CONCERNING WATER USE OF CO- RIPARIANS HAS NOT FOLLOWED
THE THEORY OF ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY, BUT HAS ADHERED TO THE PRINCIPLES OF
UNDER THE LATTER THEORY, A STATE MAY MAKE
LIMITED TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY.
USE OF WATER FLOWING THROUGH ITS TERRITORY AS LONG AS THE USE DOES NOT
CURRENTLY, INTERNATIONAL
INTERFERE WITH THE REASONABLE USE BY CORIPARIANS.
WATER POLICY IS BASED ON TREATIES, THE HELSINKI RULES, NATIONAL JUDICIAL
DECISIONS, AND THE EQUITABLE UTILIZATION DOCTRINE. IN PLACE OF THESE, AN
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION THAT USES PERSUASION, RATHER THAN COERCION, TO
FORMULATE WATER POLICY SHOULD BE DEVELOPED. A SUGGESTED DESIGN IS A
HIERARCHICAL TWO -TIER APPROACH IN WHICH THE COMMISSION ACTS AS A CATALYST
BY ACQUIRING INFORMATION, FORMULATING POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS, AND DISSEMINATING
THE COMMISSION WOULD FOCUS ON POLICY PLANNING
BOTH TO THE CO -BASIN STATES.
AND REVIEW, AND WOULD MAINTAIN AN ONGOING OVERVIEW OF THE ACTIVITIES OF ALL
THE COMMISSION WOULD NEED TO BE SUPPORTED BY A SCIENTIFIC
BASIN STATES.
COMPONENT THAT WOULD SUPPLY UNBIASED DATA. POLICY EXECUTION AND REGULATION
OF THE RESOURCES WOULD REMAIN IN THE HANDS OF THE CO -BASIN STATES UNDER THIS
THE COMMISSION MUST MAXIMIZE THE POLITICAL RESPONSE BY THE STATES IN
PLAN.
CARRYING OUT COORDINATE BASIN POLICIES. (PETRUFF- FLORIDA)
INTERNATIONAL BOUND. AND WATER COMM. /RIPARIAN RIGHTS /RIVER BASINS/
INTERNATIONAL LAW /WATER RIGHTS /JUDICIAL DECISIONS /TREATIES /WATER POLICY/
RIPARIAN WATERS /LEGAL ASPECTS /_ATER LAW /RELATIVE RIGHTS /COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING/
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS /POLITICAL ASPECTS
0123
UTTON, A.E.
1978
INTERNATIONAL GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT:
THE CASE OF THE U.S.- MEXICAN FRONTIER.
NEBRASKA LAW REVIEW 57(3)1633 -664.
THE PRESENT INADEQUACY OF LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS PERTAINING TO THE MANAGEMENT
OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES AT THE U.S. -MEXICO BORDER HAS PRODUCED A SITUATION
ENCOURAGING RESOURCE WASTE. THIS ARTICLE SUGGESTS POSSIBLE LEGAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR CORRECTING WHAT THE AUTHOR PERCEIVES TO BE A
CHAOTIC SITUATION. FOUR MAJOR MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES ARE EVALUATED ACCORDING
TO CRITERIA OF SECURITY, FLEXIBILITY, CONFLICT AVOIDANCE, AND THE PUBLIC
INTEREST. THE ARTICLE CONCLUDES WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE FOLLOWING GENERAL
THE
CONSIDERATIONS FOR INSTITUTING A NEW APPROACH TO GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT:
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER, THE CONCEPT OF 'SAFE YIELD,'
FLOW VERSUS STOCK RESOURCES, FLEXIBILITY, PRELIMINARY ACTIONS, AND ENFORCEMENT.
INTERNATIONAL WATERS /GROUNDWATER RESOURCES /WATER LAW /SAFE YIELD /FLEXIBILITY/
WATER MANAGEMENT (APPLIED) /SURFACE -GROUNDWATER RELATIONSHIPS /MEXICO
0124
VELA SALGADO, E.H.
1975
PRINCIPAL ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM OF SALINITY OF THE COLORADO RIVER.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL 15(11:129 -133.
SWRA W76- 05821.
THE INCREASED SALINITY OF THE COLORADO RIVER WATER DELIVERED TO THE MEXICALI
VALLEY, MEXICO HAS ADVERSELY AFFECTED CROP PRODUCTION, CAUSING GREAT ECONOMIC
LOSSES; IT HAS RAISED PRODUCTION COSTS, AND INCREASED RESEARCH EXPENDITURES
TO DEVELOP SALINITY RESISTANT CROPS, CULMINATING IN PERMANENT REPERCUSSIONS
ON REGIONAL LAPOR SOURCES AND PUBLIC SERVICES. EFFORTS MADE BY THE UNITED
STATES TO REDUCE THE SALINITY CONTENT OF WATER DELIVERED TO MEXICO HAVE BEEN
INEFFECTIVE AND PURSUANT TO MINUTE 243 TO THE TREATY OF 1944, SIGNED IN 1973,
A DESALINATION PLANT WILL BE BUILT BY THE U.S. TOGETHER WITH AN EXTENSION OF
THE CANAL THAT DRAINS SALT WATER FROM THE MORELOS DAM TO THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA.
THE U.S. IS EXPECTED TO PREVENT THIS DRAINAGE WATER FROM CONTAINING RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS OR OTHER POLLUTANTS.
THE U.S. IS ALSO COMMITTED TO SUPPORT MEXICAN
EFFORTS TO OBTAIN APPROPRIATE FINANCING, ON FAVORABLE TERMS, FOR THE IMPROVEMENT
AND REHABILITATION OF THE MEXICALI VALLEY AND TO GIVE 'NON- REIMBURSABLE'
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE. MEXICO IS ABANDONING ITS RIGHT TO CLAIM IDENIFICATIDN
DUE FOR PAST DAMAGES AND APPEARS TO BE RESIGNED TO ACCEPTING THE PROMISE OF
LOANS AND NONPAYABLE ASSISTANCE BUT FEARS ARE EXPRESSED THAT THE DRAINAGE CANAL
WILL CONTAMINATE THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA. THE U.S. LAGGING EFFORTS TC ALLEVIATE
THE PROBLEM ARE CRITICIZED.
(AUEN- WISCONSIN)
COLORADO RIVER /MEXICO/ SALINITY /TREATIES /ARIZONA /ECONOMIC IMPACT /COMPENSATION/
IRRIGATION EFFECTS /WATER LAW /INTERNATIONAL LAW /WATER POLLUTION CONTROL/
DRAINAGE / MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /MINUTE 243
0125
VILLASANA-LYON, J.A.
1978
ECOLOGY OF THE BORDER REGION.
IN S.R. ROSS, ED., VIEWS ACROSS THE BORDER,
P. 333 -337.
UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO PRESS, ALBUQUERQUE.
456 P.
OBSTACLES TO AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE U.S. AND MEXICO OVER BORDER POLLUTION ARISE
FROM RECOGNITION THAT ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN MEXICO LACK PRIORITY BECAUSE THEY
ARE OFTEN SEEN AS BY- PRODUCTS OF ESSENTIAL INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT.
IN ADDITION,
LIMITED RESOURCES OF THE LESS -DEVELOPED COUNTRY PREVENT IT FROM DEALING
ADEQUATELY WITH SUCH ISSUES. THIS AUTHOR CALLS FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDIES TC
PROVIDE POLICY MAKERS WITH NECESSARY TECHNICAL INFORMATION ON SOIL EROSION,
IMPROPER LAND USE, SUBSTANDARD HOUSING, INADEQUATE AGRICULTURAL METHODS,
SALINITY, WATER AND FOOD POLLUTION- -ALL ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS SEEN AS BEING
SOLVED OR PREVENTED ONLY BY DEVELOPMENT.
THE COMISION DE ESTUDIOS DEL
TERRITORIO NACIONAL (CETENAL) HAS CONDUCTED STUDIES AND NOW HAS INFORMATION
AVAILABLE THAT SHOULD FACILITATE INVESTIGATION OF MANY BORDER ECOLOGICAL
PROBLEMS, SINCE THE LACK OF COMMON OBJECTIVES BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES IN
THIS AREA IS SEEN PY THIS AUTHOR AS THE MAIN STUMBLING BLOCK TO THEIR SOLUTION.
ECOLOGY /MEXICO /COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING /REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT /WATER POLLUTION/
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /COMISION DE FSTUDIOS DEL TERRITORIO NACIONAL/
SALINITY /POLLUTANT IDENTIFICATION
B2
0126
WAGNER, J.R.
1975
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR REDUCING CONFLICT OVER WATER QUALITY IN
INTERNATIONAL RIVERS.
AVAILABLE NTIS AS PB244 821.
48 P.
SWRA W75-11242.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS COPING WITH THE PROBLEM OF WATER QUALITY IN
INTERNATIONAL RIVERS WERE EXAMINED. FINDINGS ARE RESTRICTED TO THE EVIDENCE
AVAILABLE AND ARE TENTATIVE ONLY.
BOTH THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY AND WATER
COMMISSION(UNITED STATES -MEXICO) AND THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION
(UNITED STATES -CANADA) ARE ADEQUATELY MEETING TECHNICAL PROBLEMS OF QUALITY
CONTROL IN THEIR RESPECTIVE JURISDICTIONS. POLITICAL ASPECTS OF WATER POLICY,
HOWEVER, CAUSED DELAYS IN SOLVING THE SALINITY PROBLEM ON THE COLORADO RIVER
AND THE DOWNSTREAM BENEFITS ISSUE ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER. THESE PROBLEMS WERE
BEYOND THE JURISDICTION OF THE IBWC AND THE IJC AND NECESSITATED ACTION AT
HIGHER, POLICY- MAKING, LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT.
INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION /INTERNATIONAL ROUND. AND WATER COMM. /SALINITY/
WATER POLICY /POLITICAL ASPECTS /ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES /CANADA /LEGISLATION/
INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS /QUALITY CONTROL /INTERNATIONAL WATERS /WATER QUALITY/
MEXICO /COLORADO RIVER /COLUMBIA RIVER
0127
WARREN, G.L.
1979
BORDER OUTLOOK DEPENDS ON WHO'S LOOKING.
SAN DIEGO UNION, APRIL 1, 1979.
'PERHAPS ONE OF THE GREATEST CONTRIBUTORS TO THE PROBLEMS BETWEEN THE UNITED
STATES AND MEXICO IS THE VARIOUS WAYS IN WHICH CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES
VIEW MEXICO.' BORDER PATROL OFFICIALS, TRAVELERS, INVESTORS, AND ACADEMICS
ALL HAVE DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS OF WHAT MEXICO IS. U.S. NEWSPAPERS CARRY STOPIES
ABOUT REPORTS OF CORRUPTION IN THE VARIOUS LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT IN BAJA
CALIFORNIA, YET EXPECT OUR OFFICIALS TO COOPERATE WITH MEXICAN MUNICIPAL, STATE
AND FEDERAL OFFICIALS TO ATTEMPT TO OVERCOME SOME OF OUR MUTUAL PROBLEMS.
PROFESSOR RICHARD FAGAN OF STANFORD SAYS 'THE BORDER BETWEEN US IS NOTHING MOPE
THAN A JURIDICAL CONCEPT WHICH OBSCURES RATHER THAN CLARIFIES REALITY'.
HE
ADDED THAT THE CONTRASTS OF WEALTH AND POVERTY, CULTURAL MIXING, RACIAL
TENSIONS, FIERCE NATIONALISMS AND INCREASINGLY INTERPENETRATED ECONOMIES POINT
TO THE NEED TO LOOK CLOSER AT BORDERLANDS PROBLEMS.
MEXICO /BOUNDARY DISPUTES /BAJA CALIFORNIA N /SOCIAL ASPECTS /POPULATION /ECONOMICS/
GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS /SOCIAL VALUES
012.8
WEST, J.P.
1978
INFORMAL POLICY MAKING ALONG THE ARIZONA- MEXICO INTERNATIONAL BORDE.
ARIZONA REVIEW 27(2):1 -8.
THE AUTHOR CONDUCTED A SERIES OF INTERVIEWS WITH PUBLIC OFFICIALS IN NOGALES,
ARIZONA, NOGALES, SONORA, AUGA PRIETA, SONORA, AND DOUGLAS, ARIZONA. ONE
SECTION OF THE INTERVIEW ASKED THE PUBLIC OFFICIALS TO NAME THE FIVE MOST
IMPORTANT PROBLEMS FACING THEIR COMMUNITY.
IN NOGALES, SONORA, MEXICO 84
PERCENT OF THE OFFICIALS NAMED WATER, WHILE IN NOGALES, ARIZONA, 50 PERCENT
IDENTIFIED WATER AS A MAJOR PROBLEM.
IN AUGA PRIETA, MEXICO 36 PERCENT NAMED
WATER, WHILE IN DOUGLAS ONLY 20 PERCENT LISTED WATER.
IN NOGALES, SONORA,
THERE WAS SUPPORT FOR CONTINUATION OF JOINT SEWAGE DISPOSAL EFFORTS.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES /NOGALES, ARIZONA -SONORA /DOUGLAS, ARIZONA/
AGUA PRIETA, SONORA /SEWAGE DISPOSAL /WATER SUPPLY
0129
WILLIAMS, C. /ZACK, A.
1977
A LOW -SALT DIET FOR THE COLORADO RIVER.
SOIL CONSERVATION 42(11):13 -17.
SWRA W78- 10013.
AS PART OF THE COLORADO RIVER PASIN SALINITY CONTROL PROGRAM, THE SOIL
CONSERVATION SERVICE IS CONDUCTING AN ON -FARM IRRIGATION PROJECT DESIGNED TO
REDUCE SALTY RETURN FLOWS BY INCREASING IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY ON FARMLAND
IN THE WELLTON -MOHAWK AREA OF WESTERN ARIZONA.
LOCAL FARMERS SIGN CONTRACTS
TO DEVELOP AND APPLY CONSERVATION PLANS THAT INCLUDE PRACTICES SUCH AS DRIP
IRRIGATION, ANO PRECISE LAND LEVELLING AS WELL AS AN ENLARGEMENT AND CONCRETE
LINING OF IRRIGATION DITCHES.
THE PROJECT IS EVALUATED BY COMPARING THE
AMOUNT OF WATER USED ON EACH FARM BEFORE IMPROVEMENTS ARF MADE TO THAT USED
AFTERWARDS.
AS OF THE END OF JUNE, 1977, IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY HAD INCREASED
TO 85 PERCENT ON 865 ACRES OF ALFALFA; TO 97 PERCENT ON 748 ACRES OF COTTON;
AND TO 67 PERCENT ON 1,004 ACRFS OF WHEAT.
(RUSSELL- ARIZONA)
IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY /IRRIGATION DESIGN /IRRIGATION PRACTICES /RETURN FLOW/
IRRIGATION PROGRAMS /SALINITY /FEDERAL GOVERNMENT /MEXICO /DRIP IRRIGATION/
COLORADO RIVER /ARIZONA /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /WATER QUALITY CONTROL
0130
YATES, P. /MARSHALL, M.
1974
THE LOWER COLORADO RIVER:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
ARIZONA WESTERN COLLEGE PRESS, YUMA.
153 P.
SWRA W75- 10453.
A COMPREHENSIVE GATHERING OF OVER 1400 ENTRIES, SOME ANNOTATED, ARRANGED BY
TOPICS:
INDIANS OF THE LOWER COLORADO RIVER, EARLY EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT,
THE MILITARY, STEAM NAVIGATION, THE COLORADO DELTA, MEXICO AND THE COLORADO
RIVER, THE POLITICS OF WATER, RECLAMATION; CITIES, TOWNS, AND PLACES; MINING,
AND GENERAL.
AUTHOR AND SUBJECT INDEXES.
COLORADO RIVER /BIBLIOGRAPHIES /CALIFORNIA /ARIZONA /MINING /SOCIAL ASPECTS/
POLITICAL ASPECTS /MILITARY ASPECTS /ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT /EXPLORATION /SETTLEMENTS/
COLORADO DELTA /MEXICO /WATER RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT /IRRIGATION /RECLAMATION/
NATURAL RESOURCES /COLORADO RIVER BASIN /LAND USE /TRANSPORTATION
KEYWORD INDEX
(Numbers refer to numberd items in the preceding bibliography, not to page numbers)
C019
ADMINISTRATION
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES
C012
AGRICULTURE
AGLA PRIETA, SONORA
0093 0101 0117 0128
C090
AIR POLLUTION
C060
ALAMO RIVER
ALL -AMERICAN CANAL
ALTERNATIVE PLANNING
0073 0081
C083
ANALOG MCCELS
C002
APPROPRIATION
AQUIFER MANAGEMENT
0029 C083
AQUIFERS
AREA REDEVELOPMENT
OGC8 C016
ARIZONA
CC33 0C34 0035 C036
0054 0062 0068 C070
008C 0083 0085 C089
0105 0110 0121 0124
BAJA CALIFORNIA N
CULORADC CELTA
COLORADO PIVER
0016 CC18
0037 0041
CC53 0055
0070 0071
C082 0083
0094 0095
0105 0107
0121 0124
COLORADO RIVER
0007 0008
0045 0052
0077 0079
C1C9 C113
COLOkADC RIVER
CC38
0126
0077
0010 0057
0121
0062
0080 0109
0013 0031
0030
0044
0018
0037
0072
0095
0129
0075
0028
0044
0073
0101
0130
ACT
C130
C005
CO25
C045
C060
C079
CC88
C098
C113
C129
CCO7
0031
002G
0051
0043
0066
0056
CC80
0073
0067
CC91
0100
0096
£118
0108
0130
0126
CCC5
BASIN
0012 CO20 0034
0055 C067 CC68
C089 0095
v.,
C129 C130
BASIN SALINITY
0053 C066
0008
0036
0052
0067
6081
C092
0102
0119
COC6
G043
0074
0099
CONTROL
0031
COLORADO RIVER COMPACT
CC66 0079 0099 C102
C126
COLUMBIA RIVER
CCMISICN CE ESTUCICS CEL TERPITORIC
NACIONAL
C125
0124
COMPENSATION
COOS 0052 0055
COMPETING USES
0004
COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING
0023 0029 0030 C038 0074 0122
0C14 0062
0125
C127
C051 £1£0
CONSUMPTIVE USE
0030 CC38
COORDINATION
C033
COST ANALYSIS
C066
COST REPAYMENT
C117
COST SHARING
0013
COST- BENEFIT ANALYSIS
0027 0073
CC27 CC36
COSTA DE FERMOSILLC
0100 0114
CRCPS
C002 0100
BENEFICIAL USE
0130
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
CO24 0116
BISBEE, ARIZONA
BOULDER CANYON PRCJECT ACT
0005 0055 0066
0002 0028
BOUNDARY LISPUTES
0037 0058 0059 C062 C085 C097
0103 0104 0127
C119
BRACKISH WATER
C113
BRINE DISPOSAL
CC48 0056
CC80
DATA COLLECTIONS
C038
DECISION MAKING
0003 CO22 C062 0069
DEMOGRAPFY
DAMS
CALEXICCs CALIFORNIA
0057 0092
0117
0006 0008 LC62 0068
CALIFORNIA
CC8C 0095 013C
0126
CANADA
C089 0109 0113
CANAL LININGS
0041 C053 0089 0098
CANALS
0037
CENTRAL ARIZONA PRCJECT
0066 0079
0039
CHAMIZAL TREATY
0062
CHIHUAHUA
COACHELLA DISTRICT, CALIFORNIA
0007 0088
CC94
CCC7
DESALINATION
0053 CC68 007C C073
C089 0109 C113 0118
DESALINATION PLANTS
DESALINATION WASTES
0113
DESERTS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
0114
DIALYSIS
0111
DISEASES
- 114 -
CC18 0031
C089
0119
CCb1
0C13 0113
CC54
u5
DISTRIBUTIVE POLITICS
DOUGLAS, ARIZONA
0032 0033 0057 C064
0117 0128
DRAINAGE
0018 C031
0073
0098 C105
DRAINAGE AREA
C064
DRAINAGE PROGRAMS
DRAINAGE WATER
0041
DRAINAGE WELLS
C041
DRAWDCWN
0016 C079
DRILLING FLUIDS
C070
DRIP IRRIGATION
C129
DROUGHTS
0006 C097
ECCLOGY
C125
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ECCNCMIC IMPACT
C013
0081 0124
ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION
ECONOMICS
0014 C034
0068 0069 0127
EL PASO, TEXAS
C013
CC39 0121
ELECTRCDIALYSIS
C089
ENERGY
0005 C044
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
0056 0113 0121
ENVIRCNMENTAL SANITATICN
C017 CC93 0111 (115
EGLATICNS
0027
EGLITABLE APPORTICNMENT
0030 0043
EXPLORATION
C130
EXPORT
C069
0066
0010 0013
0093 0101
0053 0065
0118 0124
0105
0089 0100
GACSDEN TREATY
CC28 CC58
GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS
0116
GILA PRCJECT
C1C9
GOVERNMENTAL INTERRELATIONS
C004 0006 0015 CO23 0025
0044 0047 0075 C078 0090
0107 0108 0112 0115 0120
GRAND CANYON
C679
GRCUNDWATER
CO21 0027
0079 0105
GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY
CC23 0083
GROUNDWATER BASINS
003C
GROUNDWATER MINING
0027
C071 0109
GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT
0080
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
0016 0023 0026 C030 0047
0083 0085 C089 0101 0123
0041
0105
0127
0029
0015
0047
0035
0015
0078
0054 0130
CO27 0077
0027
0037 0040
C015 0029
0019
HISTORY
0028
0091 CC92 0096
HOLSING
C112
HUECO BOLSCN
HUMAN DISEASES
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
HYCPOGECLCGY
HYDROLCGIC CATA
C034 C059 0062
C030
CCC1
CC05
C080
C060 0080
0001
0117
0021
IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA
CC2C CC36 OCSC CC76 CC77 C087
008E CC92 0109
IMPORTED WATER
CC27 CC76
INDUSTRIAL PLANTS
0012 0090
0115
FARMS
0029 0038
INSTITUTICNAL CONSTRAINTS
CO29
CC76 C126
INSTITUTICNS
C047 0121
0066 0079
INTER -BASIN TRANSFERS
0027 0102
0113
FECERAL GOVERNMENT
C045 C119 0129
FECERAL JIRISDICTICN
FECERAL -STATE WATER RIGHTS CONFLICTS
0005 O066
FLEXIBILITY
C123
FLOOD CONTROL
0048 0057 0063
0065 C103
FLOOD IRRIGATION
0073
FLCCD PRLTFCTICN
0091
FLOODS
0092
FLOW
0035 0060
FORECASTING
C003 0012 0101
FREFZING
0119
FUTURE PLANNING(PROJECTED)
0038
0015
INTERCEPTOR SEWERS
CC33
INTERNATIONAL RCUNC. AND WATER COMM.
0001 0002 CGC9 C019 CC23 0029
0038 CC39 0042 C047 O(48 0049
CC5C CC53 0055 C056 CC57 CC58
0059 CC60 0461 C062 6064 0065
0083 O085 0095 C096 0C97 0098
G107 0118 0120 0122 0126
INTERNATICNAL BOUNCARY COMMISSION
(UNITEC STATES AND MEXICO)
0063 0108
0001
INTERNATICNAL COMMISSIONS
CC45 CC49 C068 C093 0097 0098
0103 0104 0114 C122
- 116 INTERNATICNAL COMMUNITIES
0001
0009 0010 0011 C013 0015 0017
C019 CC22 0024 CC25 0029 0032
0033 0C37 0039 C040 0042 0057
0062 0063 C065 C072 0075 0084
0087 0090 0092 C093 0094 0101
C1C3 0112 0115 C117 012C 0121
0125 0128
INTERNATICNAL JCINT COMMISSION
0068 C126
INTERNATICNAL LAW
CCO2 0006
CC18 0021 0028 C041 0043 0045
0058 0059 00E1 C100 0104 0106
0107 0115 0122 0124
INTERNATIONAL SALINITY CONTROL PRCJECT
0118
INTERNATICNAL WATERS
0008 0C12 0015 CC16
CC24 CC29 CC3C CC41
0048 0050 0052 C053
CC59 0060 00E4 C068
C081 0082 0085 C087
0095 CC96 CC97 CC98
01C7 0108 01C9 C118
0124 012E
INTERSTATE COMPACTS
ION EXCHANGE
C119
0006 C007
IFRIGATICN
CC83 0C99 0105 C130
IRRIGATICN DESIGN
IRRIGATICN CISTRICTS
CCO2
0021
CC45
0055
0071
C091
C102
0120
0004
0023
0047
0058
0078
0092
0106
0123
CCO8
0018 0043
0129
0020 0073
0082
IRRIGATICN EFFECTS
0089 0124
IRRIGATICN EFFICIENCY
C089 0118 0129
IRRIGATICN PRACTICES
0073
0067 0077
0018
0053 0067
0129
IRRIGATICN PROGRAMS
IFRIGATICN SYSTEMS
IRRIGATICN MATER
COE8 0071 0077 CC80
CCC4
0067
CC18
0081
0129
0105
0031
0082
MANAGEMENT
MAPS
CC23 CC3E
0064
MATHEMATICAL MODELS
CC?7
MEMBRANE PROCESSES
0119
MEXICALI, BAJA CALIFORNIA N
0014 0020 0024 0025 0031 0050
C057 CC64 00E9 CC71 CC76 C092
0087 0092 0103 C105 u117 0124
MEXICAN WATER TREATY
CCC4 0005
CCC6 0007 0008 0018 0023 002.7
CC31 ÚC37 0041 CC43 C045 0051
0052 0055 C056 0058 CC66 0367
CC7C CC71 CC77 CC79
C08P
0089 0091 0094 C097 CC98 0099
C1CC C102 0105 C1C7 0109 0113
0118 0119 0121
MEXICO
CCC3 CCC4 CCC5 COOS
CCO7 0015 0016 C017 0018 0019
CC2C CC24 0025 CC26 CC27 CO2 8
0029 003u 6031 C033 0(34 003E
CC4C 0041 0045 CC4b CC47 0048
0054 CC55 0056 C067 C068 007C
C073 0078 0080 C081 CC82 0083
0087 0095 0096 0097 0102 0104
0105 0106 C1C9 C112 C113 0114
0117 0118 0123 C124 0125 012.6
C127 C129 C13C
MEXICC SECRETARIA CE SALUBRIDAC Y
ASISTENCIA
C111
MEXICC -U.S. TRANSBCLNUAPY PESCUkCES
GRCUP
CCC5
MIGRATICN
CCC3 CO22 C1C3
MILITARY ASPECTS
0130
MINING
013C
MINUTE 218
0041 CC43 CC53 0008
MINUTE 241
0043 C053
MINUTE 242
0052 0053
MINUTE 243
0124
MCCEL STLCIES
CO27 OC80 0061
MONITORING
OCC1
MUNICIPAL WATER
C100
CC91
CC13 C015
JUAPEZ, CHIHUAHUA
CO25 0C29 0039 C121
0C97 0122
JUGICIAL CECISIONS
C019 0021
JURISDICTICN
O11C
LAND USE
LEGAL ASPECTS
0043 0067 0077
CC97 0100 0121
LEGISLATION
011E C126
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
LONG -TERM PLANNING
C130
CCC5 CCC6 C041
0078 0079
C122
CO29 0061 0107
0061
0016
LOWER COLCPACO RIVEP BASIN PROJECT
0079
NACO, SONORA
CC57 C1C1 C116
NATIONAL WATER PLAN, MEXICC
C046
NATURAL PESOUFCES
NFGOTIATICNS
CCC6
NEW RIVEP
0024 C050
C064 CC92 0117
NOGALES, ARIZONA -SCNCPA
CCC9 CC24 CC25 C042
0065 0093 0101 C128
NUCLEAR FCWERPLANIS
0045
ON -SITE INVESTIGATICNS
OVERDRAFT
0071
0130
0060 0062
0011
0057 C061
CC6
OIL
C119
117
PACIFIC SOUTHWEST WATER PLAN
CC79
PAN AMERICAN HEALTH CRGANIZATION
0001
0074
RIVER BASINS
PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU
C111
PILOT PLANTS
C068 0119
PLANNING
0012 C019 0026
CC31 0033 0044 C075 0104
POLITICAL ASPECTS
0006
CC34 CC37 CC66 C078 0091
0105 0107 0122 0126 0130
POLITICAL CCNSTRAINTS
POLLUTANT IDENTIFICATION
0098 0125
POLLUTICN ABATEMENT
0013
PCPULATICN
00C3 C012 0015
00E2 0072 0101 C1C3 0127
POTABLE WATER
CCC1
POTENTIAL WATER SUPPLY
PRIOR APPRCPRIATICN
0079
PPCJECT BENEFITS
0027
PRCJECT PLANNING
0027
0114
PRCJECT PURPOSES
CC27
PRCJECTICNS
C083
PRIJECTS
CC49 C057 0118
PUBLIC HEALTH
C001 0024
CC56 CC90 0093 0111 0120
PUMPING
0016 0027 0C41
CC89 C1C9
C121
RIO GRANCE VALLEY
RIPARIAN RIGHTS
C006 0029 0122
C002 0122
RIPARIAN WATERS
0029
RIVER BASIN DEVELCPMENT
CCC2 CCC5 0110
0122
0027
0110
0030
0102
RIVER FLCW
0051
RIVER SYSTEMS
0105
RURAL SCCICLOGY
CO27
0066
0094
0115
0022
0029
0103
0119
0025
0083
SAFE YIELC
0123
C082 0109
SALINE SCILS
C018 0031
SALINE WATER
0074 0077 0081 CC82 0089
C1C9 0113 C114 C119
SALINE WATER INTRUSICN
OCC6 CCC7 0018
SALINITY
0031 OC36 0041 C043 C052
CC67 CC71 CC73 CC79 CC82
0088 0C91 0094 C095 0098
01GC C105 01C9 C113 0118
0124 0125 0126 0129
CC67
SALT BALANCE
SALT RIVER VALLEY, ARIZONA
0067
0107
0071
0025
0053
0099
0121
0036
SALTCN SEA
0077
CC41 CC51
SALTS
0082
SAMPLING
SAN DIEGO, CALIFCRNIA
SAN LUIS, SONORA
0013
0011 0069
0105
QUALITY CCNTROL
SAN PECRC RIVER
C060 0110 0116
0001 0042
SANITARY ENGINEERING
0057 0117
CC6C C064
SANTA CRUZ RIVER
C126
RACICACTIVE WASTES
REASONABLE LSE
CO21
RECLAMATICN
C130
REGIONAL ANALYSIS
001c GC11 0C14 C034
CC69 CC72 CC75 C110
REGICNAL CEVELCPMENT
C1C4 C125
REGULATICN
GC23 C078
REGULATCRY PULITICS
RELATIVE RIGHTS
C122
RESEARCH ANC DEVELCFMENT
0G45
0C43 0100
CC08 0009
0044 0062
CCO8 0074
CC66
0114
C119
RESEARCH FACILITIES
RESERVATION DOCTRINE
RESERVCIRS
CC48 C056
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
RESOURCES CEVELOPMENT
RETURN FLOW
C041
C099 C118 0129
REVERSI CSMCSIS
C089
PIC GRANCE RIVER
0039 CC43 0047 0048
CC9E C108 0113
C11Q
0066
G019
0038
0073 0080
0119
0029 0030
0055 0085
0110
0119
SEA WATER
0113
SEEPAGE
C130
SETTLEMENTS
CO01 0009 0010
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
0011 0014 0017 CO24 0025 0032
0C42 CC50 C093 C1C1 C128
GC33
SEWAGE EFFLUENTS
CC33 0056
SEWAGE TREATMENT
C001 0003 0034
SOCIAL ASPECTS
C127 C130
0127
SOCIAL VALUES
ZC44
SOLAR ENERGY
0016 C034 0035 0036
SONORA
0037 CC44 00E2 C072 CC83 0085
0121
CC34
SONfRAN CESERT
C064
SONOYTA PIVEk
SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA GCVERNMENTS
C101
ORGANIZATION
SOUTHWEST BORDER REGIONAL COMMISSION
0103
0070
SPECIFIC CAPACITY
0073
SPRINKLER IRR1GATICN
0099
STATE GCVERNMENTS
0066 0079
STATE JURISDICTICN
118
STCRM RUNOFF
STORMS
0065
STREAMFLCW
006C
STRIP MINES
SUBSURFACE GRAINAGE
SURFACE WATERS
SURFACE -GROUNDWATER
0021 0080 0123
SURVEYS
0062
C065
C099
0105
C035 0062
RELATIONSHIPS
TEXAS
0030 0048
TIJUANA RIVER
0060 0113
TIJUANA, BAJA CALIFORNIA N
0013 0025 0055 C056 0075 0084
C093
TRANSPORTATION
TREATIES
CCC2
002` 0028 0041
C058 0061 0067
0097 0100 0117
TREATY CF GLADALUPE
0028 0058
C130
C006 0018
C043 0045
CC73 CCBS
C118 0122
HIDALGC
0020
0055
0089
0124
U.S. ORGANIZATION OF BORDER CITIES
0025
0111
U.S. SURGECN GENERAL
U.S. -MEXICO BORDER HEALTH ASSOCIATION
C001 0093 0111
C065
URBAN DRAINAGE
CO27
URBAN SOCICLOGY
C012 0015 0022
URBANIZATICN
004C 0050 0075 C084 0112 0115
WASTE WATER(POLLUTICN)
WATER ALLCCATICN(PCLICY)
0006 0029 0041 C043 0085
CC35
WATER BALANCE
C051 0080
WATER CHEMISTRY
CC23
WATER CCNSERVATICN
C048
WATER CONTROL
0056
WATER CONVEYANCE
0005 0029
WATER DEMAND
CC68 0083 0109
WATER DISTRIBUTIGN(APPLIEC)
CC32 CC68
0002 C004 0021
WATER LAW
0095 0097 0107 C122 0123
WATER MANAGEMENT(APPLIED)
CCC7 CC15 C016 CO23 0026
0031 CC47 0054 C056 0074
0089 0099 0123
WATER PERMITS
CO23
WATER POLICY
C005 0006
0029 0041 0043 C047 0099
0105 C106 0122 C126
0013
0005
0100
0073
0067
0061
0124
WATER PCLLUTION
CC17 0041 0045
CC87 CC9C 0098 0100 0103 0106
0121 C125
WATER PCLLUTION CCNTRCL
0088
0124
WATER POLLUTION SCLRCES
0024
0031 0050 0067 0117
WATER POLLUTION SCLRCES WATER DEMANC
0018
WATER PURIFICATION
CC18
WATER CUALITY
C001 0005 0006
C0C7 CC18 0031 C041 CC43 0045
0048 0051 0052 0056 0060 0074
CC77 0080 0081
CC98 0100
0105 0107 0109 C120 0121 0126
WATER QUALITY CCNTRCL
0053
0067 0088 0089 0099 0129
WATER QUALITY STANCARDS
0006
0023 0043 01C9
WATER RATES
C093
WATER RESCURCES
C007 0008 0014
CC26 0035 0038 C085 0108 0109
011C 0113
WATER RESCURCES DEVELOPMENT
0004 0007 GOCE CO27 CC30 C032
CC36 CC46 CC47 CC54 CC66 0089
0091 0106 0130
WATER REUSE
C1C5 0109
WATER RIGHTS
0005 0012 0021
0066 0122
WATER SHCFTAGE
COG5 001? 0015
0034 CC35 0056 C062 0068 0078
0087 0102
WATER SOURCES
C018
WATER STORAGE
0056
WATER SUPPLY
0001 0004 0009
0010 0011 0015 0018 0030 003?
C044 0C48 C051 CC54 CO56 0060
0067 0071 0063 0087 C1C1 C116
C12C C128
WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT
0067
WATER TABLE
CO27
WATER TRANSFER
CC27 C056 0079
WATER TREATMENT
0018
WATER UTILIZATION
0015 0031
0067 CC74 0063 0106 0110 0114
0117
WATER WELLS
CC7C
WATERSHECS(BASINS)
0C35 0064
WEATHER CATA
0060
WEATHER MCDIFICAIICN
0113 0121
WELLS
0082
WELLTCN- MCHAWK DISTRICT, íkIZCN4
CCC7 CC18 0036 C041 CC43 0052
0053 0081
C088 0089 0100
0105 0118 0119
WHITEWATEF DRAW
C060
WILDLIFE
0112
0004
0029
0079
0008
0100
YACUI RIVER
CCE4
YUI-A DESERT, CALIFORNIA
00P7
YUMA, ARIZCNA
0011 0C20 0U36
008C 0083
AUTHOR INDEX
(Numbers refer to numbered items in the preceding bibliography, not to page numbers)
ABRAMS, H.K.
CCC1
AHLJA, P.R.
COC2
ALBA, F.
0003
CO21
ALHERITIERE, D.
ANAYA, M.
OCC4
ANCERSON, J.C.
CCC5
ANDERSON, K.J.
C006
ANCNYMCUS
0007
ARIZONA WATER CCMMISSICN
0110
ARIZONA, COLORADO RIVER COMMISSION
0008
ARIZONA, CFFICE OF ECONOMIC PLANNING
AND DEVELOPMENT
0009
001L OC11
ASSOCIATEC PRESS
CC12
AYER, H.W.
0013
BANCOS DE CCMERCIC (
0014
BATH, R.C.
0015
BLACKWCCC, L.G.
BPADLEY, M.C.
BRAVO- ALVAREZ, H.
BRCWNELL, H.
BUSCH, A.W.
CABRERA, L.
CAPONERA, C.A.
CARPENTER, E.N.
CLARK, R.E.
COLLINS, C.
CREWDSCN, J.M.
CUMMINGS, P.G.
CUTTER, C.C.
EATON, S.C.
CC18
ENGINEERING NEWS -RECCRD
ESCAMILLA, M.
C082
FERNANDEZ, R.A.
FRIEDKIN, J.F.
0039
C040
C041 OC42 0049
GANTZ, C.A.
CC43
GIANELLL, D.
CC44
GINDLER, B.J.
C045
GONZALEZ VILLARREAL, F.J.
0046
MEXICO]
CC22
C016
C017
CC18
C019
CO20
CO21
CC22
CC23
CO24
CO25
CO26 CO27
CO28
HkYTON, R.D.
HENDERSCN, T.E.
HERRERA JCRCAN, D.
HILL, M.
0050
HILL, R.A.
0051
HCLBURT, M.8.
HOWE, C.W.
0054
HLYT, P.C.
0013
HUNDLEY, N.
C047
C048
0049
C052 0053
C055
INTERNATICNAL BOUNDARY AND WATER
CCMMISSICN (UNITED STATES ANC
MEXICO)
CC56 0057 0058
C058 OC60
INTERNATICNAL BOUNDARY AND WATER
CCMMISSICN (LNITED STATES AND
MEXICO), UNITED STATES SECTION
0061
DAY, J.C.
0C29 C030
DECLOK, K.J.
C016 0C31
DFLGLAS (ARIZONA) PLANNING AND ZONING
CCMMISSICN
0032
DCLGLAS (ARIZONA) WATER AND SEWERS
C033
DEPARTMENT
C034 0035 0036
CUNBIER, R.
0C37
CC38
DWCPSKY, L.P.
INTERNATICNAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION
(UNITEC STATES ANC MEXICC)
00E2 CC63
INTERNATICNAL BOUNCARY COMMISSION
(LNITED STATES AND MEXICC), 18E21896
OC64
INTERNATICNAL BOUNCARY COMMISSION
(UNITEC STATES ANC MEXICO),
UNITED STATES SECTION
0065
IRELAN, P.
COBC
120
JAPAIL, M.H.
C066
JOHNSON, H.T.
CC67
JOINT UNITED STATES -MEXICO INTER NATICNAL ATCMIC ENERGY AGENCY
STUDY TEAM
C068
KAMAT, D.L.
KEITH, J.E.
C002
C005
LADMAN, J.R.
LESCH, G.M.
LCELTZ, C.J.
LOPEZ IAMCRA, E.
C069
C070
C080
SKOGERBCE, G.V.
CC99
SNYDER, J.H.
C077
SOBARZC, A.
C1C0
SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA GUVEFNMENTS
ORGANIZATION
C101
STEINER, 6.E.
C102
STCDDARD, E.R.
C1C3 C1C4
TABOR, C.C.
TERAN, J.F.
TILDEN, k.
TIMM, C.A.
C105
C1C6
01G7
O10E
U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATICN, DENVER,
COLCFADO, LCkEF COLOFACO PEGICN
0071
C109
U.S. DEPARTMENT CF AGRICULTURE, SCII
CCNSERVATION SERVICE
0072
MANGIN, F.
MARSHALL, M.
C130
C073
MARTIN, W.E.
C074
MAUGHAN, W.C.
CC66
MCCAIN, J.R.
0075
MCWILLIAMS, C.
C076
MITCHELL, R.D.
C077
MOCRE, C.V.
MUMME, S.P.
C078
011c
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF FEALTH, EDUCATICN
0111
AND kELFARE
U.S. DEPARTMENT Cf FCUSING ANC URBAN
C11?
DEVELOPMENT
0113
U.S. DEPARTMENT Uf STATE
0114
U.S. ENVIFCNMENTAL FFCIECTICN AGENCY
0115
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES -NATIONAL
RESEARCH COUNCIL, WASHINGTON,
D.C.
C079
C116
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURtEY
U.S. HCUSE CF REPRESENTATIVES, 131ST
CCNG., 20 SESS., COMMITTEE CN
FOREIGN AFFAIRS, SUBCOMMITTEE
CN SCUTHWESTERN BORDER PROJECTS
0117
C080
OLMSTED, F.H.
CYARZABAL-TAMARGC, F.
0081
U.S. HCUSE CF REPFES£NTATlVES, 93C
0118
CONC.+ 20 SESS.
U.S. CFFICE OF SALINE WATER, WASHINCTIN
D.C.
0119
U.S. WHITE hOUSE, WASHINGTGN, D.C.
0082
CC83
PALACICS VELEZ, C.
PATTEN, E.P., JR.
0084
PRICE, J.
0085
PUSEY, A.
REMPEL, W.C.
0082
REYES, A.
REYNOLDS, S.E.
RHINEHART, J.F.
0C9C
RICS, F.S.
ROGERS, R.M.
0092
ROMAR, M.
ROMERC-ALVAREZ, H.
0094
RQSS, S.R.
SEPULVECA, C.
012C
ULLERY, S.J.
UTTUN, A.E.
CC66
0121 C122 C1 ?3
0124
0125
VELA SALCACC, E.F.
VILLASANA -LYON, J.A.
C087
C088
C089
C091
0093
WAGNER, J.R.
WALKER, W.R.
WARREN, G.L.
WEST, J.P.
WILLIAMS, C.
C126
CCy9
C127
0128
C129
YATES, R.
YULNG, P.A.
C13C
ZACK, A.
0129
CCt?1
C095 CC96 0097
CC98
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
131.
Arizona, Department of Health Services (1977) Arizona
A report
surface water quality assessment for 1976.
prepared for the US /EPA.
132.
- -- ---
(1978)
for 1977.
58 p.
Arizona surface water quality assessment
42 p.
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133
International ground -water
(1978)
Bradley, M. D. /Emel, J. L.
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hydrology, management and law. University of Arizona,
20 p.
Processed.
Tucson, Department of Hydrology.
134.
The utilization of the Colorado River.
Brown, R. M.
(1927)
Geographical Review 17(3):453 -466.
135.
California, State Assembly (1963) Assembly joint proposed
resolution [regarding New River sanitation problems],
March 12, 1963.
136.
Reports
California, State Department of Fish and Game (1978)
of Salton Sea pollution from Mexico exaggerated. Today's
News from Fish and Game, Long Beach, August 28, 1978.
137.
California, State Department of Water Resources (1964)
damage to canals and pipelines in California.
138.
California, Water Quality Control Board, Colorado River Basin
Pollution of New River in Imperial Valley,
Region (1975)
California, resulting from waste discharges by the City
Sacramento, California, September 1975.
of Mexicali, Mexico.
139.
--- - --
Earthquake
Pollution of the New River and Alamo River from
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(1978)
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140.
La nueva reglamentación mexicana para
(1979)
Campos Vidal, J.
el control de la contaminación de fuentes fijas (New Mexican
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Mexico Border Health Association, Annual meeting, 37th,
San Diego, California, April 1979.
141.
Evaluating and projecting the impact
(1976)
Clark, K. N. et al
of large -scale copper mining operations in southern Arizona
A multidisciplinary team field study,
and northern Mexico.
observations and analysis, submitted to the AID 211(d)
Management Committee, [University of Arizona], June 1976.
147 p.
-121-
-122-
142.
Conflicts in water transfer
Cluff, C. B. /DeCook, K. J.
(1974)
from irrigation to municipal use in semiarid environments.
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143.
The Ocotillo water tragedy. High
Danielson, T.
(1979)
Sierra [Sierra Club, San Diego Chapter], March 1979.
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120 p.
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146.
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(1978)
Foster, K. E. /Haney, Jr., R. A.
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River salinity: A summary of the U. S. obligation.
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Greenberg, M. H.
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149.
The historical, legal, and hydrological
Harmon, J. E.
(1978)
aspects of the water problem in the Ocotillo Basin.
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Processed.
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150.
[A consultant's review of proposed
Huntley, D.
(1978)
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2 p.
Processed.
151.
International Boundary and Water Commission (1958) Minute 206:
Joint operation and maintenance of the Nogales International
Sanitation project, January 13, 1958.
152.
- -- ---
153.
- -- - --
Border town.
Pacific Historical
Bureaucracy and development: A Mexican
(1970)
158 p.
Heath, Lexington, Massachusetts.
Minute 216: Operation and maintenance of the
(1964)
international plant for treatment of Agua Prieta, Sonora,
and Douglas, Arizona, sewage, March 18, 1964.
Recommendations on the Colorado
Minute 218:
(1965)
River salinity problem, March 22, 1965.
-123-
Minute 220: Improvement and expansion of
(1965)
the international plant for the treatment of Douglas,
Arizona, and Agua Prieta, Sonora, sewage, July 16, 1965.
154.
- -- - --
155.
- -- - --
156.
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157.
- -- - --
158.
Impact of the US /EPA safe drinking
(1978)
Jeffrey, E. A.
U. S.- Mexico Border
water act along the U. S.- Mexico border.
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159.
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160.
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(1979)
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Annual meeting, 37th, San Diego, California, April 1979.
161.
Settlement agreement: Addendum...
McDougal, Jr., D. C.
(1979)
by and between the County of Imperial and Donald C. McDougal,
dated 1- 17 -79, [and] Letter of transmittal to James E. Harmon,
County Counsel, Imperial County, El Centro, California,
January 26, 1979.
162.
Presencia de substancias tóxicas
Melendez Vargas, S.
(1979)
en las descargas fronterizas de aguas residuales industriales
(Presence of toxic substances in border industrial wastewater discharges). U. S.- Mexico Border Health Association,
Annual meeting, 37th, San Diego, California, April 1979.
163.
Statement presented to the
Ocotillo Water League (1978)
Imperial County Board of Supervisors, December 26,
Minute 227: Enlargement of the international
(1967)
facilities for the treatment of Nogales, Arizona, and
Nogales, Sonora sewage, September 5, 1967.
Recommendations to improve immediately
Minute 241:
the quality of Colorado River waters going to Mexico,
July 14, 1972.
Minute 242: Permanent and definitive solution
(1973)
to the international problem of the salinity of the Colorado
River, August 30, 1973.
1978.
3 p.
164.
Economic impact of saline irrigation
(1976)
Oyarzabal- Tamargo, F.
Colorado State University,
water: Mexicali Valley, Mexico.
194 p.
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165.
Indian and Spanish water -control on
(1968)
Ressler, J. G.
Journal of the West
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-124-
166.
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Who cares who governs? An historical
(1974)
analysis of local governing elites in Mexicali, Mexico.
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189 p.
167.
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(1974)
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17 p.
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291 p.
170.
U. S.- Mexico Mixed Commission on Scientific and Technical
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D. C., June 7 -8, 1979.
171.
U. S.- Mexico Treaty
Utilization of waters of Colorado
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Treaty Series 994; 9 Bevans 1166 -1192.
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Documents
(1972)
Mexico. Joint communique of President Nixon and President
Echeverria following their meetings of June 15 and 16.
June 17, 1972.
173.
Water Problems and issues affecting
(197 -?)
Utton, A. E.
Policy options and alternatives.
United States -Mexico relations:
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, School of Law,
26 p.
Natural Resources Center.
174.
Wilson, A. W.
(1961)
Urbanization of the arid lands.
Arizona
Review 10(3):7 -9.
175.
Vector mosquito studies of the
(1979)
Alamo and New Rivers entering Imperial Valley from Baja
U. S.- Mexico Border Health Association,
California.
Annual meeting, 37th, San Diego, California, April 1979.
Work, T. H. /Jozan, M.
REFERENCES TO PRESS REPORTS*
Arizona Daily Star (Tucson)
April 28, 1975:
Border cities confront water shortages
177.
August 8, 1977:
178.
October 13, 1977:
179.
October 14, 1977:
Committee says water is key to
Cochise's future, p. B -1
State testing Nogales water after
6 area illness reports
Flood damage: $3 million [David L.
November 17, 1977:
Border unit official predicts
176.
[Alex Dreshler]
Teibel], p. A -1
180.
181.
182.
June 7, 1978:
January 10, 1979:
183.
February 26, 1979:
184.
185.
186.
April 13, 1979:
May 9, 1979:
June 10, 1979:
187.
July 15, 1979:
fund rise, p. B -1
Sewage imperils Nogales, p. B -8
Sonora's sewage seeps across line
[Howard Fischer]
San Pedro watershed focus of state
letters [Howard Fischer]
Desalting costs spiral for Colorado
Desert claiming its dues [editorial]
Colorado desalinization: A costly
apology [James E. Walters], p. H
Pollution in San Pedro is small
miners' living [Howard Fischer]
-1
Arizona Daily Wildcat (University of Arizona, Tucson)
188.
February 2, 1979:
Control over water management
increases [J. Knetzger]
Arizona Republic (Phoenix)
189.
March 21, 1979:
Water engineer favors boosting
desalting funds [Earl Zarbin],
190.
May 9, 1979:
Study urges task force on Colorado
Basin problem [Ben Cole], p. A -1
p. B -6
*Items in this section are arranged first alphabetically by newspaper,
then chronologically by date. By -line attribution, if any, is given
in brackets (] following headline.
-125-
-126-
REFERENCES TO PRESS REPORTS (CONTINUED)
Bisbee Daily Review
191.
January 2, 1979:
San Pedro pollution stopped but
official says future unclear
192.
January 3, 1979:
193.
January 4, 1979:
Pollution killing the San Pedro
[G. Oldfather, editorial]
San Pedro is polluted again
194.
January 9, 1979:
[G. Oldfather]
[G. Oldfather]
Pollution, police cars dominate
first session [O. M. Frandsen]
Calexico Chronicle
195.
February 22, 1979:
New River [editorial], p. 2
Daily Herald Dispatch (Sierra Vista, Arizona)
196.
January 15, 1979:
Mexico says it has stopped San Pedro
River pollution [G. Oldfather]
January 18, 1962:
State water board chief puts Castro
into Mexican water bid
Denver Post
197.
El Imparcial (Hermosillo, Sonora)
198.
June 3, 1979:
199.
June 8, 1979:
Necesitarán más lineas de drenaje
en A. Prieta
Inician el embovedado del arroyo de
'Los Nogales'
[G. L. Orduño]
El Paso Times
200.
September 5, 1948:
Members of Boundary Commission packed
six - shooters in 1859 -53
[Bob Chapman]
-127REFERENCES TO PRESS REPORTS (CONTINUED)
Imperial Valley Press
(El Centro, California)
8, 1962:
201.
March
202.
203.
October 25, 1978:
November 14, 1978:
204.
December
14, 1978:
205.
December
14, 1978:
206.
207.
208.
December 27, 1978:
January 10, 1979:
January 11, 1979:
209.
January
12, 1979:
210.
211.
January
January
12, 1979:
17, 1979:
212.
213.
January
January
18, 1979:
24, 1979:
214.
215.
January
January
24, 1979:
25, 1979:
216.
217.
January 31, 1979:
February 21, 1979:
218.
1979:
Mexico's obligation to her farmers
[editorial]
Action asked on New River [J. Livernois]
State, County post warning signs for
New River hazard [L. Neumeier]
Words fly in push for River action
[J. Livernois]
Governor of Baja assures repair of
Mexicali plant by 1979, p. 1
I. V. delays support for cement plant
Ocotillo opposition kills cement plant
Cement plant pullout costs; reversal
eyed [Susan Gilley], p. A -1,3
Board hits counsel on cement report
[Susan Gilley]
County to attempt reviving TXI plant
Offer might solve Ocotillo problems
[Susan Giller], p. A -1,2
River board urges Carter intervention
Scarce tactic? [Luis M. Legaspi],
p. A-12
IID enters cement plan issue, p. A -3
TXI may rejuvenate plan for cement
plant [Susan Gilley]
Settlement nixed on McDougal Well
County eyes closing of well [Susan
Giller]
February 21,
Carter, Mexico chief lay river
solution groundwork
Los Angeles Times
219.
March 17,
220.
July
221.
November
222.
January
1963:
26, 1978:
14, 1978:
25, 1979:
River row makes Reds flood Baja
California [Ruben Salazar]
Broken Mexicali sewers pollute
river, U. S. says
Officials cite pollution in river
flow from Mexico
Brown unit asks overhaul of water
laws [W. B. Rood], p. I -3, 28
-128-
REFERENCES TO PRESS REPORTS (CONTINUED)
New York Times
223.
November 20, 1978:
California fights river's flow of
Mexican wastes [G. Hill]
Phoenix Gazette
224.
July 9, 1962:
Two River's salinity linked by official
San Diego Union
225.
December 13, 1978:
Mexico vow to stop river pollution
226.
January 17, 1979:
A fluid controversy [Paul Krueger]
told.
Tucson Citizen
227.
December 18, 1978:
228.
229.
January 10, 1979:
April 6, 1979:
230.
April 10, 1979:
231.
232.
May 16, 1979:
May 24, 1979:
Water pollution ignores border,
Californians find
Mexican sewage threatens Bisbee
San Pedro's problem not over yet
[Bill Quimby]
U. S., Mexico to cooperate on
health problems
Desalting plant revived, p. A -22
Pollution solution is sought
Wall Street Journal
233.
June 21, 1979:
Plans to hold down Colorado River's
salt content and avoid irking
Mexico are hit by rising costs
[James M. Perry], p. 38
Washington Post
234.
June 24, 1962:
235.
December 11, 1978:
President to urge a large Mexican role
in alliance [Dan Kurzman]
A sewer from Mexico
New River:
[J. W. Stein]
REFERENCES TO FILES*
Arizona Bureau of Water Quality Control (ABWQC)
236.
June 30, 1976:
237.
238.
February 15, 1978:
March 8, 1978:
239.
March 13, 1978:
240.
March 21, 1978:
241.
March 21, 1978:
242.
March 23, 1978:
243.
March 24, 1978:
244.
March 28, 1978:
245.
March 29, 1978:
Arizona Department of Health Services,
Water quality standards for
surface waters
Trip report by Robert L. Munari
Letter from Virginia C. Bealer
(Huachuca Audubon Society,
Sierra Vista, Arizona), to
Ron Miller (Chief ABWQC)
Letter from R. Bruce Scott (Assistant
Director, Division of Environmental
Health Services, Arizona Department
of Health Services), to J. F.
Friedkin (Commissioner, U. S.
section, IBWC)
Letter from William H. Shafer, Jr.
(Assistant Chief, Technical
Services and Support, ABWQC),
to Guy Smith (St. David Irrigation
District)
Letter from Ned L. Rathbun (Water
Quality Analyst, Arizona Game
and Fish Department), to Ron
Miller (Director, Division of
Environmental Health Services,
Arizona Department of Health
Services)
Letter from J. F. Friedkin (Commissioner,
U. S. Section, IBWC), to R. Bruce
Scott (Assistant Director, Arizona
Department of Health Services)
Letter from Lyndon R. Hammon (ABWQC),
to Osborn Linguist (IBWC)
Letter from Ronald L. Miller ( ABWQC)
and John E. Lindeman (Arizona
Department of Environmental
Health Services), to Guy Smith
(St. David Irrigation District)
Letter from ABWQC to Virginia C.
Bealer (Huachuca Audubon Society,
Sierra Vista, Arizona)
*Items in this section are arranged alphabetically by source of files,
then chronologically by date.
-129-
-130-
REFERENCES TO FILES (CONTINUED)
246.
April 3, 1978:
247.
April 4, 1978:
248.
April 27, 1978:
249.
May 3, 1978:
Letter from Ted Williams (Deputy
Director, Arizona Department
of Health Services), to [Arizona]
Governor Bruce Babbitt
Inter -office memorandum, Arizona
Department of Health Services,
from Meade A. Stirland (Manager,
Monitoring Section)
Letter from Ned L. Rathbun (Water
Quality Analyst, Arizona Game
and Fish Department), to
William Shafer (ABWQC)
San Pedro pollution summary, December
1977 -May 1978:
250.
May 9, 1978:
Inter -office
memorandum, Arizona Department
of Health Services, from
Meade A. Stirland (Manager,
Monitoring Section)
Letter from J. F. Friedkin (Commissioner,
U. S. Section, IBWC), to R. Bruce
Scott (Assistant Director, Division
of Environmental Health Services,
Arizona Department of Health
Services)
251.
May 11, 1978:
252.
August 11, 1978:
253.
December 29, 1978:
254.
February 7, 1979:
Southeastern Arizona Government
Organization, San Pedro River-a brief summary of pollution and
abatement activities since
January 1978
Letter from J. F. Friedkin (Commissioner,
U. S. section, IBWC), to T. Bruce
Scott (Assistant Director, Division
of Environmental Health Services,
Arizona Department of Health
Services)
Memorandum re Recurring discharge
from Cananea, Mexico, from John
E. Lindeman (Manager, Southern
Regional Office, Environmental
Health Services), to File (S. P.
Rv.) [through] William H. Shafer,
Jr. (Manager, Field Services
Section, ABWQC)
Letter from John Lindeman (Manager,
Southern Regional Office,
Department of Environmental
Health Services), to Osborn H.
Linguist (U. S. Section, IBWC)
-131-
REFERENCES TO FILES (CONTINUED)
Cottrell, Dr. Lee (Dir., Imperial County Health Department, El Centro, Ca.)
255.
July 3, 1978:
256.
July 5, 1978:
257.
July 14, 1978:
258.
July 24, 1978:
259.
August 11, 1978:
260.
September 13, 1978:
261.
October 23, 1978:
262.
November 1, 1978:
263.
November 11, 1978:
264.
November 15, 1978:
265.
November 15, 1978:
Letter [from] Governor Brown,
California, to U. S. Secretary
of State Cyrus Vance
Letter from Senator Alan Cranston,
California, to U. S. Secretary
of State Cyrus Vance
Letter from Beverlee A. Myers
(Director, State Department
of Health Services, California),
to J. F. Friedkin (Commissioner,
U. S. Section, IBWC)
Letter from Douglas J. Bennet, Jr.
(Assistant Secretary for Congressional Relations, U. S. Department
of State), to Senator Alan
Cranston, California
Letter from J. F. Friedkin (Commissioner,
U. S. Section, IBWC), to Beverlee
A. Myers (Director, State
Department of Health Services,
California)
Letter from Dr. Lee Cottrell to
Beverlee A. Myers (Director,
State Department of Health
Services, California)
Letter from Guy Martin (Assistant
Secretary, Land and Water
Resources, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency), to James Bucher
(Board of Supervisors, Imperial
County, California)
Letter from Douglas J. Bennet, Jr.
(Assistant Secretary for Congressional Relations, U. S. Department
of State), to Senator S. I.
Hayakawa, California
Letter from Dr. Lee Cottrell to Arthur
Swajian (Executive Officer,
California SWQCB, Region 7)
Letter from J. F. Friedkin (Commissioner, U. S. Section, IBWC), to
D. W. Maughan (Vice- Chairman,
California SWRCB)
Minutes, Meeting of California Water
Quality Control Board, Colorado
River Basin Region
-132-
REFERENCES TO FILES (CONTINUED)
266.
December 8, 1978:
267.
December 13, 1978:
268.
January 25, 1979:
269.
January 25, 1979:
270.
February 13, 1979:
271.
February 14, 1979:
272:
July 5,
1978:
Memorandum, Dr. Lee Cottrell,
Saint Louis encephalitis case
Minutes, Special meeting of the CWQCB,
Region 7
Internal Memo to Paul R. Bonderson
(Coordinator, Regional Boards,
California State Water Quality
Control Board), from Arthur
Swajian (Executive Officer,
California SWQCB, Region 7):
Summary of primary water quality
concerns and issues in Region 7
Letter from Congressman Claire W.
Burgener, California, to President
Jimmy Carter
Memorandum from John M. Gaston (Chief,
Sanitary Engineering Section,
California State Health Department),
to David P. Spath (Sanitary
Engineering Section, California
State Health Department)
Letter from Timothy R. Patterson
(Deputy Attorney General,
California), to Dr. Lee Cottrell
Letter from Senator Alan Cranston,
California, to U. S. Secretary
of State Cyrus Vance
Gignac, Judith (Board of Supervisors, Cochise County [Bisbee], Arizona)
273.
August 4, 1977:
274.
April 10, 1978:
275.
February 1, 1979:
276.
February 8, 1979:
277.
February 19, 1979:
278.
February 19, 1979:
Minutes [re] Bisbee regional wastewater
meeting, Bisbee City Council
Letter from Judith Gignac to J. F.
Friedkin (Commissioner, U. S.
Section, IBWC)
Letter from Judith Gignac to Senator
Barry Goldwater, Arizona
Letter from Senator Barry Goldwater,
Arizona, to Judith Gignac
Handwritten report from J. F. Friedkin
concerning recent visit to
Cananea Mine
Letter from Jerome J. Pratt (Wildlife
Management Consultant, Sierra Vista,
Arizona), to Gary LaMonica
(President, Arizona Wildlife
Federation)
-133-
REFERENCES TO FILES (CONTINUED)
279.
February 26, 1979:
280.
March 3, 1979:
281.
282.
March 16, 1979:
March 26, 1979:
283.
April 7, 1979:
284.
May 24, 1979:
Udall, Stewart Lee: Papers.
Collections, Box 164
Letter from Robert A. Jantzen
(Director, Arizona Game and
Fish Department), to [Arizona]
Governor Bruce Babbitt
Minutes, Board of Directors, Arizona
Wildlife Federation, Phoenix
Letter from Ken Hanks to Judith Gignac
Letter from Jerome J. Pratt (Secretary Treasurer, Huachuca Conservation
Council, Sierra Vista, Arizona),
to Judith Gignac
Resolution No. 79 -02, Southeastern
Arizona Governments Organization
Letter from R. Bruce Scott (Assistant
Director, Arizona Department of
Health Services), to Gary L.
Gideon (President, Southern
Arizona Wildlife Callers)
In University of Arizona Library, Special
Memorandum from Morton Pomeranz to
Stewart Udall (Secretary of the
Interior) [folder #1]
Memorandum from T. R. Martin and
J. F. Friedkin (IBWC), to S. Udall
285.
March 13, 1962:
286.
July 20 ( ?), 1962:
287.
August 20 ( ?), 1962:
Letter from Dean Rusk (U. S. Secretary
of State) to Stewart Udall
288.
September 27, 1962:
Telegram from Mann (Mexico City), to
U. S. Department of State ( ?)
289.
January 8, 1963:
290.
February 21, 1964:
Letter from Robert M. Sayre (Officer
in Charge, Mexican Affairs,
U. S. Department of State), to
Orren Beaty, Jr. (Assistant to
the Secretary, U. S. Department
of the Interior) [folder #3]
Memorandum of conversation ( ?), U. S.
Department of State [folder #5]
[folder #2]
[folder #2]
[folder #2]
-134-
REFERENCES TO FILES (CONTINUED)
Vandertulip, John J. /McNealy, Delbert D.:
Texas at El Paso Library
291.
February 14, 1945:
292.
December 30, 1957:
293.
March 18, 1964:
294.
June 9, 1965:
295.
August 1973:
296.
November 26, 1975:
March 18, 1971:
In University of
Memorandum of understanding: Agreement
between the U. S. Department of
State and the U. S. Department of
the Interior ( "as to functions and
jurisdictions of agencies of the
United States in relation to the
Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and
the Rio Grande below Fort Quitman,
Texas, under Water Treaty signed
at Washington, February 3, 1944 ")
Friedkin, J. F. and Bustamante, J. C.:
Joint report of the principal
engineers concerning operations
and maintenance of the Nogales
International Sanitation Project
Walker, W. E. and Sanchez G, Norberto:
Joint report of the principal
engineers on the operation and
maintenance of Douglas, Arizona Agua Prieta, Sonora International
Sewage Treatment Plant
Walker, W. E. and Sanchez G, Norberto:
Joint report of the principal
engineers concerning the need to
improve and expand the International
Plant for the Treatment of Douglas,
Arizona -Agua Prieta, Sonora Sewage
International Boundary and Water
Commission, U. S. Section, laws
applicable to
Jurisdictions and functions of the
International Boundary and Water
Commission.
Processed
Water Department, City of Douglas, Arizona:
297.
Papers.
Files, May 1979
Memorandum of meeting [of] International
Boundary and Water Commission with
City of Douglas and Arizona State
Health Department officials
-135-
REFERENCES TO FILES (CONTINUED)
298.
August 3, 1971:
299.
July 14, 1972:
300.
October 21, 1972:
301.
January 18, 1973:
302.
April 9, 1973:
Letter from Joseph E. Ohr (Division
of Water Pollution Control,
Arizona State Department of
Health), to Delbert McNealy
(Principal Engineer, IBWC)
Letter from J. F. Friedkin (Commissioner,
U. S. Section, IBWC), to Paul H.
Huber, Jr. (Mayer, City of
Douglas, Arizona)
Letter from J. F. Friedkin (Commissioner,
U. S. Section, IBWC), to Paul H.
Huber, Jr., (Mayor, City of
Douglas, Arizona)
Letter from Frank Fullerton (Special
Legal Assistant, IBWC), to Paul
H. Huber, Jr. (Mayor, City of
Douglas, Arizona)
Douglas City Council, Resolution No. 589
INTERVIEWS
303.
Boatright, Reed, Administrative Assistant to Congressman
Claire Burgener (California)
Washington, D. C., March 14, 1979
304.
Bucher, James, Board of Supervisors, Imperial County
El Centro, California, February 22, 1979
305.
Bustamante, Joaquin, Commissioner, Mexico Section IBWC
(Comisión Internacional de Limites y Aguas)
Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico, April 25, 1979
306.
Call, Frank, Executive Director, Organization of U. S.
Border Cities and Counties
El Paso, Texas, April 24, 1979
307.
Castro Reyes, Ing. Alfonso, IBWC, Mexico Section, Mexicali Office
Mexicali, Baja California N, Mexico, February 22, 1979
308.
Clinton, Michael, Senior Staff Assistant for Special Projects,
Policy Planning Staff, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation
Washington, D. C., March 13, 1979
309.
Cottrell, Dr. Lee, Director, Imperial County Health Office
El Centro, California, February 27, 1979 [by telephone]
310.
Eller, ClYde, Enforcement Division, Region IX, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
San Francisco, February 1979 [by telephone]
311.
Friedkin, Joseph, Commissioner, U. S. Section IBWC
El Paso, Texas, April 26, 1979
312.
Gignac, Judith, Board of Supervisors, Cochise County, Arizona
Bisbee, Arizona, May 30, 1979
313.
Harmon, James, San Diego State University at Calexico, California
Calexico, California, February 23, 1979
314.
Kleveno, Conrad, Office of International Affairs, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency
315.
Legaspi, Louis, Board of Supervisors, Imperial County
Calexico, California, February 23, 1979
316.
Lomeli, Ing. Cecilio, Jefe de Programa Hidráulico, Secretaria
de Recursos Hidráulicos, Section 14
Mexicali, Baja California N, Mexico, February 22, 1979
-137-
INTERVIEWS (CONTINUED)
317.
Martin, T. R., Office of Mexican Affairs, U. S. Department
of State
Washington, D. C., March 12, 14, 1979
318.
McClure, John, Imperial County Administrative Office
El Centro, California, February 22, 1979
319.
Navía Tomás, Sanitary Bureau, Pan American Health Organization
El Paso, Texas, April 24, 1979
320.
Reed, H., West Texas Council of Governments
E1 Paso, Texas, April 24, 1979
321.
Renison, John, General Manager, Calexico Chamber of Commerce
Calexico, California, February 22, 1979
322.
Russek, Robert, Administrator, Compañía Minera de Cananea
Cananea, Sonora, Mexico, May 30, 1979
323.
Scott, Teresa, Office Manager, City Water Department
Douglas, Arizona, May 23, 1979
324.
Stoddard, Elwyn, Department of Sociology, University of
Texas at El Paso
El Paso, Texas, April 25, 1979
325.
Union de Pequeños Mineros y Gambusinos
Cananea, Sonora, Mexico, May 31, 1979
326.
Velimirovic, Dr. Boris, Pan American Health Organization
El Paso, Texas, April 24, 1979
327.
Ybarra, Bob, Secretary, IBWC
El Paso, Texas, April 23, 1979
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES IN ALL CATEGORIES*
328.
Mexico: Educating Yankees
Latin American Political Report 12(8):57 -58.
February 23, 1979
329.
Gottlieb, Bob /Wolt, Irene
(1977)
Thinking big: The story
of the Los Angeles Times, its publishers and their
influence on Southern California.
G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
603 p.
330.
International Boundary and Water Commission, International
pollution problem San Pedro River, draft statement.
January 6, 1979
331.
- -- - -- International sanitation problem Naco, Sonora, draft
statement.
January 6, 1979
332.
- -- - -- International sanitation problem Nogales, Sonora Nogales, Arizona, draft statement, January 6, 1979
333.
John Carollo Engineers (1972)
Ambos Nogales International
Solid Wastes Disposal Project, Phoenix, Arizona
334.
Williams, Edward /Seligson, Mitchell
(1980)
Study on the
border industrialization program [for the U. S. Department
of Labor].
University of Arizona, Department of Political
Science.
(forthcoming)
335.
U. S. Statutes at Large, 81st Congress, 2d session, Chapter 948
(1952)
Public Law 786, September 13, 1950: American Mexican Treaty of 1950.
U. S. Government Printing Office
336.
U. S. Statutes at Large, 83rd Congress, 1st session, Chapter 150
(1953)
Public Law 150, July 27, 1953: To authorize an
agreement between the United States and Mexico for the
joint operation and maintenance by the International
Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico,
of the Nogales sanitation project and for other purposes.
U. S. Government Printing Office
337.
El Paso Herald -Post, November 13, 1978:
of border relations [J. Burchell]
Officials view status
*These additional 29 citations, which actually should appear in any
one of several of the preceding categories covering items #131 -327,
were identified after the supplementary lists were prepared for printing.
They are included here in random order, although the sequence of
numbering, from #328 -356, is maintained to correspond to the number
by which each is cited in the text.
- 138-
-139
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES IN ALL CATEGORIES (CONTINUED)
Ocotillo Water League
338.
Calexico Chronicle, January 11, 1979:
opposes proposed cement plant
339.
Arizona Daily Star, March 9, 1978:
killing wildlife
340.
- -- - -- July 1, 1978:
341.
U. S. Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization
Service (1979) Border city study, preliminary draft
342.
Enciclopedia de México
343.
Arizona Daily Star, April 1, 1978:
ended by Mexican mine
344.
Ephemeral flow and water quality
(1978)
Keith, Susan J.
problems: A case study of the San Pedro River in
Southeastern Arizona. Hydrology and Water Resources
in Arizona and the Southwest 8:97 -100.
345.
Copper: The anatomy of an industry.
(1975)
Prain, R. L.
Mining Journal Books, Ltd., London. 298 p.
346.
Arizona Daily Star, January 14, 1978: U. S. studies San Pedro
area as possible wildlife preserve
347.
- -- - -- July 24, 1978:
348.
- -- - -- October 9, 1978:
349.
- -- - -- December 29, 1978:
San Pedro pollution is
Indians sue all major water users
along San Pedro for prior rights
(1971),
vol. 5
Pollution of San Pedro
Refuge waiting on money
Budget cuts dim chances for refuge
Pollution of San Pedro by flood
to last 2 weeks
350.
Maughan, Don, letter to President Jimmy Carter, January 31, 1979
Sewage flow may be
351.
Bisbee Daily Review, January 8, 1979:
threat to water [G. Oldfather]
352.
Arizona Daily Star, May 24, 1979:
Mexico asked
353.
New York Times, August 20, 1979: A foul river, a helpless
Imperial Valley [John M. Crewdson]
354.
Columbia Broadcasting System, January 19, 1979: Mexico California river pollution problems [David Dow]. Television
News Index and Abstracts, January 1979, p. 107
355.
Arizona Daily Star, August 2, 1979:
system, 101 -6
Probe of pollution from
Naco voters OK sewer
ADDITIONAL PUBLICATIONS ON ARID LANDS
Office of Arid Lands Studies
Seventy -Five Years of Arid Lands Research at the
University of Arizona. A Selective Bibliography,
1891 -1965
Arid Lands Abstracts, no. 3 (1972)
no. 8 (1976)
Jojoba and Its Uses, An International Conference, 1972
Arid Lands Resource Information Papers.
no. 13 (1978)
no. 1 (1972)
An International Conference on the Utilization of
Guayule, 1975
Application of Technology in Developing Countries (1977)
Desertification: A World Bibliography (1976)
Desertification: Process, Problems, Perspectives (1976)
Arid Lands Newsletter, no. 1, 1975 - to date
Jojoba Happenings, no. I, 1972 - to date
(calendar year subscriptions $10)
University of Arizona Press (* OALS authors):
*Deserts of the World
*Arid Lands in Perspective
*Food, Fiber and the Arid Lands
Coastal Deserts, Their Natural and Human Environments
Polar Deserts and Modern Man
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