No Scientific endeavor is possible without certain guiding concepts and related
literature. A number of reviews could be made in the area of cooperation and dairy
cooperatives in particular. As the review of literature is the base for any study a separate
chapter has been devoted for the said purpose. The concepts related to the subject of inquiry
and review of various literatures on dairy cooperatives has been presented in this chapter.
2.1 CONCEPTS
2.1.1
PERFORMANCE
It is the pertinence of an agency or authority in acquiring resources economically and
using those resources efficiently (input-output) and effectively (output-outcome) in achieving
performance targets.
2.1.2
EVALUATION
It is a systematic analytical assessment addressing important outputs of a progress or
policy and its value, and seeking relativity and usability of findings.
2.1.3
MILK
Milk may be defined as the whole, fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the
complete milking of one or more healthy milch animals, excluding that obtained within 15
days before or 5 days after calving or such periods as may be necessary to render the milk
practically colostrums-free, and containing the minimum prescribed percentages of milk fat
and milk solid-not-fat.1
18
2.1.4
MILK CONSTITUENTS
The major constituents of milk are: water, fat, protein, lactose, ash or mineral matter.
The minor constituents are: phospholipids, sterols, vitamins, enzymes, pigments etc. The true
constituents of milk are milk, fat, casein, lactose.2 A detailed picture of constituents of milk
has been presented in Figure 2.1.
19
2.1.5
COMPOSITION OF MILK
The detailed composition of milk is presented in Table 2.1.
TABLE 2.1
DETAILED COMPOSITION OF MILK
Constituents or group of constituents
Approx.concentration
(Weight per litre of milk)
Water
860 to 880 g
Lipids in Emulsion Phase
Milk fat (a mixture of mixed triglycerides)
30 to 50 g
Phospholipids (lecithins, cephalins, sphingomyelins, etc.)
0.30 g
Sterols
0.10 g
Carotenoids
Vitamins A,D, E and K
Proteins in Colloidal Dispersion
Casein (α, ,  fractions)
25g
-lactoglobulin(s)
3g
-lactalbumin
0.7g
Albumin, pseudoglobulin, etc.
Enzymes(catalase, peroxidase, phosphatases,
amylases,lipases,proteases,etc.)
Dissolved materials
Carbohydrates
Lactose ( and )
45 to 50g
Glucose
50 mg
Inorganic and Organic Ions and Salt
Calcium *
1.25 g
Phosphate (as PO4)
2.10 g
Citrates* (as citric acid)
2.00 g
Chloride
1.00 g
Sodium, potassium, magnesium, etc.
Water-soluble Vitamins
Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, panto-thenic acid, biotin,
folic acid, vitamin B12 etc.
Ascorbic acid
Nitrogenous Materials (not Proteins or Vitamins)
Ammonia, amino-acids, urea, creatine or creatinine, uric acid, etc.
Gases (milk exposed to air)
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.
Trace Elements
Those usually present are copper, iron, etc.
*Partly in colloidal dispersion.
Source : Sukumare De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, New Delhi: Oxford university press, 2006, p.12.
20
2.1.6
STERILIZED MILK
Sterilized milk may be defined as milk which has been heated to a temperature of
100C or above for such lengths of time that it remains fit for human consumption for at least
7 days at room temperatures. Commercially sterilized milk is rarely sterile in the strict
bacteriological sense. This is because the requirements for complete sterility conflict with the
consumer’s preference for normal colour and flavour in the sterilized product. The sporeforming bacteria in raw milk, which are highly heat-resistant, survive the sterilization
temperature-time employed in the dairy and ultimately lead to the deterioration of sterilized
milk.3
2.1.7
HOMOGENIZED MILK
According to the United States Public Health Service, homogenized milk is milk
which has been treated in such a manner as to insure breakup of the fat globules to such an
extent that after 48 hours quiescent storage no visible cream separation occurs on the milk;
and the fat percentage of the milk in the top 100 ml of milk in a quart bottle, or of
proportionate volumes in containers of other sizes, does not differ by more than 10 per cent of
itself from the fat percentage of the remaining milk as determined after thorough mixing.
Homogenization refers to the process of forcing the milk through a homogenizer with the
object of sub-dividing the fat globules.4
2.1.8
SOFT-CURD MILK
Soft-curd milk is milk that forms a soft curd when coagulated with rennet or pepsin
under standardized procedure. Soft-curd milk has a Curd Tension (CT) of less than 25g.5
21
2.1.9
FLAVOURED MILKS
Flavoured milks are milks to which some flavours have been added. When the ‘milk’
is used, the product should contain a milk fat percentage at least equal to the minimum legal
requirement for market milk. But when the fat level is lower (1-2 per cent), the term ‘drink’ is
used.6
2.1.10 VITAMINIZED /IRRADIATED/FORTIFIED MILK
Vitaminized milk is milk to which one or more vitamins are added. Irradiated milk is
milk in which the vitamin D content has been increased by exposure to ultra-violet rays.
Addition of vitamins (and minerals) to milk is called fortification, and such milk is called
fortified milk.7
2.1.11 FERMENTED MILK
Fermented milks refer to those milks which have been made by employing selected
micro-organisms to develop the characteristic flavour and / or body and texture. Fermentation
has been defined as the metabolic process in which chemical changes are brought about on an
organic substratum, whether protein, carbohydrate, or fat, through the action of enzymes
liberated by specific living micro-organisms. In dairying, the most important fermentation is
the lactic acid fermentation or souring of milk.8
2.1.12 STANDARDIZED MILK
This is milk who’s fat and/or solids-not-fat content have been adjusted to a certain predetermined level. The standardization can be done by partially skimming the fat in the milk
22
with a cream separator, or by admixture with fresh or reconstituted skim milk in proper
proportions.9
Under the PFA Rules (1976), the Standardized Milk for liquid consumption should
contain a minimum of 4.5 per cent fat and 8.5 per cent solids-not–fat (SNF) throughout the
country.10
2.1.13 TONED MILK
Toned Milk (also called Single Toned Milk) refers to milk obtained by the addition of
water and skim milk powder to whole milk. In practice, whole buffalo milk is admixed with
reconstituted spray dried skim milk for its production.11
Under the PFA Rules (1976), toned milk should contain a minimum of 3.0 per cent fat
and 8.5 per cent solids-not-fat (SNF) throughout the country.
2.1.14 DOUBLE TONED MILK
Same as Toned Milk, except that under the PFA Rules (1976), Double Toned Milk
should contain a minimum of 1.5 per cent fat and 9.0 per cent solids-not-fat (SNF) throughout
India.12
2.1.15 SOLID (BUT) NOT FAT (SNF)
The protein, sugar and ash or salts of milk are termed, as ‘solid-Not-Fat’ (S.N.F)
Buffalo milk has more S.N.F than cow milk.
23
2.1.16 CREAM
Cream may be defined as:
i) that portion of milk which is rich is milk fat, or
ii) that portion of milk into which has been gathered and which contains a large portion of
milk fat, or
iii) when milk fat is concentrated into a fraction of the original milk, that portion is known as
cream.13
2.1.17 BUTTER
Butter may be defined as a fat concentrate which is obtained by churning cream,
gathering the fat into a compact mass and then working it.14
2.1.18 ICE CREAM
Ice cream may be defined as a frozen dairy product made by suitable blending and
processing of cream and other milk products, together with sugar and flavour, with or without
stabilizer or colour, and with the incorporation of air during the freezing process.15
2.1.19 CHEESE
Cheese has been defined as a product made from the curd obtained from milk by
coagulating the casein with the help of rennet or similar enzymes in the presence of lactic acid
produced by added or adventitious micro-organisms, from which part of the moisture has
been removed by cutting, cooking and/or pressing, which has been shaped in a mould, and
then ripened by holding it for some time at suitable temperatures and humidities.16
24
2.1.20 CONDENSED MILK
Condensed milks are the products obtained by evaporating part of the water of whole
milk, or fully or partly skimmed milk, with or without the addition of sugar.17
2.1.21 DRIED MILK
Dried milk or milk powder is the product obtained by the removal of water from milk
by heat or other suitable means, to produce a solid containing 5 per cent or less moisture.
Whole milk, defatted milk or skim milk may be used for drying. The dried product obtained
from whole milk is called Dried Whole Milk or Whole Milk Powder (WMP); and that from
skim milk is known as Dried Skim Milk or Skim Milk Powder (SMP) or Non-Fat Dry Milk
(NFDM).18
2.1.22 DAIRY BY - PRODUCTS
A dairy by-product may be defined as a product of commercial value produced during
the manufacture of a main product. The by-products of the Indian dairy industry are given in
Table 2.2
25
TABLE 2.2
BY-PRODUCTS OF THE INDIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY
Main product
By-products
Cream
Skim milk
Butter
Buttermilk
Ghee
Lassi
Ghee Residue
Chhana /Paneer
Cheese
Casein
Whey
Source : Sukumare De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, Oxford university press, New Delhi.
2.1.23 STANDARDIZATION
Standardization of milk refers to the adjustment, i.e. raising or lowering, of the fat
and/or solids-not-fat percentages of milk to a desired value, so as to conform to the legal or
other requirements prescribed.19
2.1.24 PASTEURIZATION
The term pasteurization, as applied to market milk today, refers to the process of
heating every particle of milk to at least 63C (145F) for 30 minutes, or 72C (161F) for 15
seconds (or to any temperature-time combination which is equally efficient), in approved and
properly operated equipment. After pasteurization, the milk is immediately cooled to 5C
(41F) or below. Pasteurization is done to render milk safe for human consumption by
destruction of cent per cent pathogenic micro-organisms and to improve the quality of milk by
destruction of almost all spoilage organisms (85 to 99 per cent).20
26
2.1.25 DISTRIBUTION OF MILK
Milk is normally distributed in its fluid form; be it by street vendors or organizations
like cooperatives. One advantage of cooperative is that it can adopt improved technologies
and fast transportation so that the milk market base is widened for it.
Fluid milk is distributed in sealed cans, sachets, bottles or through vending machines
and also through as aseptic packaging i.e., milk is sterilized and filled in aseptic paper
packages and are distributed to the consumers who can preserve them for several days like
grocery items without the help of refrigeration facilities.
Sale of fluid milk through Cooperatives compared to other ordinary vendors can be
done scientifically and more hygienically. Agents deliver at door steps and also sell it through
booths.
The Cooperatives makes commission payments to agents depending upon the quantity
of sales made by them.
2.1.26 ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
It is a method of deposition of semen in the female reproductive tract of animals by
artificial means. The frozen semen is preserved in the liquid nitrogen containers, kept in the
societies. The secretary or the tester of the society is trained to carry out the artificial
insemination of animals.
2.1.27 SOCIETY
Milk Producers’ Cooperative Societies are referred to as societies/MPCS. Unless
otherwise specified, society refers to Milk Producers’ Cooperative Society alone.
27
2.1.28 UNION
All the Milk Producers’ Cooperative Societies in the district form a District Level
Milk Producers’ Cooperative Union. Thanjavur District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union
Limited is referred to as union/TDCMPU Limited in the study.
2.1.29 FEDERATION
All the District Level Milk Producers’ Cooperative Unions are affiliated to State Level
Milk Producers’ Cooperative Federation. The Tamil Nadu Cooperative Milk Producers’
Federation Limited (TCMPF) is referred to as Federation in the study.
2.1.30 NATIONAL DAIRY DEVELOPMENT BOARD (NDDB)
National Dairy Development Board, Anand, Gujarat is the implementing agency of the
scheme operation flood of the Government of India. Dr. V. Kurien is the man behind the
success of this organization. Now it is headed by Dr. Amrita Patel.
2.1.31 INDIAN DAIRY CORPORATION (IDC)
National Dairy Development Board is the implementing agency for the dairy
development schemes. Indian Dairy Corporation is in-charge of financing the schemes. Since
the existence of 2 agencies affected the efficient functioning of the programme, in 1987, IDC
has been merged with NDDB. Now all the activities are carried out by NDDB only.
28
2.2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Mahak Malik (1989)21 made an economic evaluation of organized milk procurement
in Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation. Milk procurement is described as the
life-line of a dairy plant. It also points out that proper utilization of the installed capacities of
the dairy plants for processing milk and manufacturing various milk products are heavily
dependent on the total quantity of milk procured by it. Moreover, it is said that the dairy
plants found it very difficult to utilize the given capacity during lean season. The study
concluded that there was a plenty of scope for the milk collected per society and per member
by effectively linking the milk procurement programme of the union with the volume of milk
procured by each member.
Kamalaveni (1990)22 has analyzed the utilization pattern of the members of the Erode
District Milk Producers’ Cooperative Societies. For the purpose of the study, utilization index
was calculated. Personal factors like age, caste, sex etc., and institutional factors like
knowledge of one’s own society, member satisfaction, and democratic participation were
analyzed. The study concludes that, if the milk producers fail to use the societies as an outlet
for selling milk, the very purpose of forming the MPCS gets jeopardized. The study stresses
the need for the expulsion of a member supplying milk to the private traders.
Animesh Banerjee (1996) 23 in his article “Indian Dairying : An Overview” traces the
growth of the industry from by gone ages to its present model of Co-operative structure and
suggests a collaborative pattern between the Co-operatives and investment oriented private
sector to reap the benefits of modern technology.
29
K.Rajendran and R.Prabaharan (1998) 24 has made a study on the present scenario of
milk production in India. It was said that today, milk is India’s second-most important
agricultural commodity in terms of value of its output, ranking next to paddy and much above
wheat. For increasing the production further emphasis should be placed on bio-technological
aspects of cattle production, so as to ensure a better mix of low and high-yielding milch
animals.
J.T.Dorge et al (1998)25 analyzed the marketable surplus of milk in Konkan region and
Western Maharastra. They made an attempt to estimate the cost of marketing of milk in the
area of study. They identified that the Cooperatives were the major buyers of milk. The
difference in natural topography was found to cause variation in the average cost of marketing
of milk between the two regions.
V.P.S.Arora et al (1998)26 have made a temporal analysis on the role of cooperatives
in milk marketing at North-west Uttarpradesh. The following conclusions were emerged from
the findings of the study: i) In spite of the increase in gap between marketed and marketable
surplus of milk, there exists potential to increase the milk supply; ii) Annual milk production
and price of milk may be used as policy instruments to increase milk supply; iii) Overall, Cooperatives are playing very important role in the procurement, processing and distribution of
milk, however, popularity of Village Dairy Cooperatives among small milk producer is to be
enhanced; iv) Milk price received by sample milk producers vary according to the milk
agency to whom sold and also among category of milk producers buffalo milk fetches higher
30
price than cow milk. V) Village Dairy Cooperatives pay higher price for milk than other
agencies and average price of milk decreases with size of dairy farming.
M.K. Radhakrishnan, (1998)27 undertook a study to evaluate the performance of dairy
cooperatives in Erode District of Tamilnadu. The study has been conducted in the dry block
of Perundurai and one wet block of Gobichettipalayam of Erode District selecting 300 sample
respondents. Field survey technique and personal interview methods have been adopted to
collect relevant information. The study points out that the procurement of the union is
severely affected due to the presence of private traders in large numbers, seasonality in milk
production and dissatisfaction over the procurement price of the milk sold by the union.
Delayed payments to the producers, payment of heavy interest on borrowing, delay in
receiving payments for milk products from federation, non-payment of dividend to the inputs
are identified as the major problems of the union. Low capacity utilization, lack of
commercial outlook, low return on investment, political nomination, political interference and
absence of elected board are the other factors responsible for the poor performance of the
Erode Union.
Amit Kumar Saha (1999)28 made a Cost and Returns Analysis of milk union at Orissa
for the year 94-95. The Union’s source of income was identified to be sale of milk to the
dairy, the penalties paid by the societies for deviation from standards, in terms of Fat/SNF
percentage in raw milk. Besides this the extension activities to promote socio-economic
development enable the union to earn commission. The net profit or loss of union was
determined by deducting cost form total receipts. The cost was determined component-wise
31
under two main categories namely variable & fixed costs for toned and double toned milk.
The study revealed that the average procurement cost during 1994-95 was Rs.1.07 per litre
with major share being the average transportation cost. The cost of manufacturing per litre of
toned and double toned milk was almost the same at Rs.6.73 and Rs.6.66 respectively.
However, with selling price of toned and double toned milk set at Rs.8.60 and Rs.7.60
respectively, the dairy earned an average margin of Rs.1.87 per litre of toned milk and
Rs.0.94 per litre of double toned milk.
V.Kurien (1999)29 identified the factors responsible for the success of dairy industry as
i) Technology, ii) Quality, iii) Infrastructure, iv) Right investment and v) Relationship with
agriculture . He has said that the success of Indian dairy industry is because dairying has been
potentially remunerative to the producers. He suggested that i) the factor advantage of India
has to be converted to competitive advantage; ii) world–class standards has to be maintained;
iii) the Government should have no role in financing of the development of the industry and
all enterprises big and small should be self reliant; iv) industry to be self–regulated; v) official
pricing policy to protect the interest of milk producers and vi) timely and accurate information
about happenings to be provided.
C.Pitchai (1999)30 undertook a study on the distribution of milk and milk products by
cooperatives in Tamil Nadu. The study result says that the increase and decrease in milk
procurement is due to monsoon. He has compared four unions to analyse the cost aspect of
milk. The production and sales cost was found to be less in Salem union and high in Erode
union. All unions were found to supply milk to the Federation at a cost lower than the selling
32
cost. The transportation cost was identified as the major cost component in the overall milk
distribution cost. The‘t’ test revealed that the average monthly expenditure on milk and milk
products has been significantly different across income groups in the same town but not
significantly different between the same income groups across towns.
A.K.Kakkappan (1999)31 undertook a study on milk industry economy in Trichy
District with the intention to know the present condition of milk industry in the district. An
attempt was made to analyze the marketing operations of dairy industry in general at a macro
level and Tiruchirappalli cooperative dairy in particular for an in depth study at micro level.
The study revealed certain gaps and the researcher suggested measures to bridge these gaps
with the view to increasing the efficient marketing management of milk scenario of the dairy
industry.
Ahmed Anjum shakeel et al (2000)32 evaluated the performance of Gulbarga
Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union using various parameters viz., dairy cooperative societies,
milk procured, milk sold, total membership, share capital, members and non-members
supplying milk and technical services provided by the union. The study revealed that
registered DCS increased with a compound growth rate of 5.28 per cent per annum, whereas,
growth in defunct DCS was 31.06 per cent per annum. It was said that the technical services
provided by the study union were inadequate.
P.A.Koli (2000)33
in his article titled ‘Can milk co-operatives sustain in 21st
century?’ said ‘Yes’ after making a empirical study on the growth performance of Kolhapur
33
District Co-operative Milk Union. It was stated that devoted leadership along with disciplined
working of staff, Co-operation of the state government and NDDB and members’ response to
the union have cumulatively contributed to the progress and prosperity of the union. He
stressed on the fact that milk cooperatives in order to have a sustainable development should
not depend upon Government help and assistance for a long time.
Jagdish Kumar et al (2000)34, made an economic analysis of production and disposal
pattern of milk in Haryana. The study revealed that cow milk production constituted about
one fourth of the total milk production and the milk production per household increased with
the increase in the number of milch animals. About 80 percent of marketed surplus of milk
was sold through local milk vendors and remaining quantity was sold through cooperative
milk producers’ societies. Majority of the milk producers were facing problems like lack of
good quality feeds and their high prices, lack of finance, lack of veterinary services and lack
of insemination facilities. Major problems encountered in disposal of milk were: inadequate
facilities in cooperative societies, delayed payment, risk of payment and lower prices paid per
unit of milk through milk vendors.
Brajesh Jha (2000)35 made an attempt to learn the out comings of globalizing the dairy
sector. The study found that replacement of non-tariff barriers with an import tariff of 40
percent will be sufficient to protect the domestic dairy sector. The study also found that
Indian milk products are not competitive in the world market, though milk price in India is
one of the lowest in the world which calls for improving efficiency in processing of milk and
milk products in the country.
34
Shantanu Kumar and Uma Sha (2000)36 analyzed the differential status of
dairying in India. For the purpose of the study he divided the entire country into four regions:
i) Northern Region ii) Western and Central Region iii) Southern Region and
iv) Eastern
Region. He identified that the Eastern Region though having enough bovine resources is
lagging very much behind other regions and there is more scope for improvement in this
region. Bovine density, cattle-buffalo ratio, cross breed population, number of cooperative
societies, producer member per society and milk procured per day per society were found to
be the important decisive indicators responsible for imbalance in dairy development in
different regions.
N.R.Lalwani and A.K.Koshta (2000)37 made a Decomposition analysis of milk yield
in members and non-members of milk producers’ cooperative societies at Raipur district of
Chattisgarh. The study revealed that concentrates, labourers and capital flow are the main
contributing factors to the milk production function irrespective of the members and nonmembers of MPCS and seasons. Decomposition analysis revealed that yield of milch cattle
was more in the members of MPCS even though it was providing same level of inputs
because of proper care and management of milch animals by MPCS.
Rajendra Singh et al (2000)38 assessed the reasons for increase in milk production in
India. Average production per lactating and per milch animal during a year proved beyond
doubt that, high rate of acceleration in milk production in the country was achieved basically
due to enhancement in productivity of cows and buffaloes and was not merely due to increase
in number of these animals.
35
Kamal Vatta and Sanjay Kumar (2000)39 made a linear programming analysis of the
potential of dairy enterprise on Punjab farms using multi-stage random sampling with the
objective to: i) find the change in cropping pattern caused by dairy enterprise and ii) estimate
the additional income and employment opportunities generated by dairy enterprise on various
farms. It was found that dairy enterprise has influenced the cropping pattern of farms
significantly. The increase in income and labour use, due to dairy enterprise, was also
observed on all the farms. Dairying also generated additional employment opportunities for
casual labour on big farms. Irrespective of size of farms dairy enterprise caused reduction in
additional cash requirements on all farms due to the regular flow of income throughout the
year.
B.C. Katre and Sittaram Prasad (2000)40 in their article exhaustively presented the
importance of raw milk. According to them, it is the quality, which enhances the value of
milk. The improved quality of milk and milk products can attract customers and capture a
huge market share by winning over competitors. They stressed on the fact that production of
quality milk is possible through better planning, better management, better personnel skill
development etc. They have discussed various internationally accepted systems of quality
management.
R.Masilamani (2000)41 evaluated the performance of Salem District Cooperative Milk
Producers’ Union Limited by analyzing 12 years data from 1986-87 to 1997-98 obtained from
the records of the union. The primary data was collected from 8 regions viz., Attur, Salem,
Mettur, Vazhapadi, Sankari, Kahipuram, Namakkal and Velur cooperative societies. 240
36
members of the societies and 120 non members were interviewed. The study results showed
that the estimated cost in the regions varies slightly. Labour cost was found to dominate the
total cost in all regions. The ANOVA results revealed that there was no significant variation
between regions and between groups (members and non-members).
Shiv Kumar Gupta (2001)42 analyzed how the financial interventions can reduce the
impact of WTO on Indian Dairy and suggested that the Indian dairy industry should advocate
the imposition of tariff equivalent to the difference between the world and domestic prices of
dairy products with some premium on it. It was stated that since countries like New Zealand
and Australia, which produce dairy products without subsidy have imposed 10-20 per cent
tariff on SMP imports, India also have to minimize production costs to protect the Indian
dairy industry.
S.Suriyamurthy (2001)43 has identified the following Milk marketing strategies: i)
adherence to regulatory standards of quality will ensure consumers confidence and
satisfaction, ii) to exercise generally a uniform strategy for quality control which should
begin at the milk production itself, iii) organized sector replacing the traditional vendors
trade, iv) customized batch processing, v) competitiveness, vi) develop intermediary business
for milk procurement and intermediate chilling, vii) handling of each area of production,
procurement, processing and marketing by specialist viii) promoting dairy equipment
manufacture ix) future dairy products should promise to be healthier, safer, fresher, tastier,
more convenient and offer more value to consumers, x) single cooperative brand to be
promoted in India, xi) generating value-added products and make these available in wide
37
range of package size, xii) new markets to be explored and tackled, xiii) effective solutions
to be found for the sharp seasonal and cyclic fluctuation in milk production that makes the
market for liquid milk & products a volatile one, xiv) necessary safe guards to be made in the
new policies of liberalization and GATT, xv) cooperatives should develop expertise in
managing the politics-legal environment.
N.Goswami et al (2001)44, developed a least cost combination of feeds and fodders for
dairy units in Meghalaya. Cattle breeding farm at Rungkhon where cross breed and local cows
are maintained was selected for the study. For each breed/type maintained in the dairy unit an
individual milch animal was selected, who’s per day milk yield was nearest to the average
milk yield per day during lactation period. Linear programming technique was used to work
out least–cost combination of feeds and fodders under the specified nutrient restrictions,
which were estimated from the actual feeding of milch animals.
Agro–Economic Research Centre, Bhagalpur University (2001)45 under took a study
on the production and utilization pattern of milk at the rural producers’ level across regions.
The study was undertaken by Waltair, Bhagalpur, Vallabhvidhyanagar, Delhi and Viswa–
Bharti AER, Centre for Andra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Punjab and West Bengal states with
the following objectives: i) to estimate the milk production, retention, conversion of milk into
ghee, white butter, Khoa/mawa , curd etc across seasons (lean and flush) ii) to study the
relative returns from milk conversion vis-a-vis sale of milk in liquid form and iii) to study the
existing marketing channels adopted by the producers for disposal of milk products. It was
38
suggested that a need base change to cooperative laws has to be made and a conducive
environment of confidence, wisdom, energy and strength of the producer has to be created.
Co-ophorizon (2001)46 stated the report of United States Agricultural Department
USDA. In its report the USDA has said that the exports of dairy products are expected to rise
to 10000 tonnes compared to 4500 tonnes in 2000. This will be helped by the enforcement of
International Quality Standards for Indian milk products by designating the Export Inspection
Council to monitor the quality. It stated that the improved fodder availability, higher farm
gate prices and the dairy processing industry are supporting higher production.
D.B.Madlapure et al (2002)47 evaluated the performance of dairy cooperatives in
Konkan Region (M.S). Twenty dairy Co-operative societies were selected randomly and their
working, financial and operational efficiency were assessed. Majority of the members of the
cooperative societies were found to be cultivators. Share capital and borrowings were found
to be more in the working capital. Effort has been made to find out the relationship between
total turn-over, average working capital and average rate of turn-over of the dairy societies.
Average total turn-over was found to increase with the increase in average working capital.
Multiple regression analysis revealed that as membership, share capital and working capital
increased, milk collection was also found to increase.
Prabahakar Sharma and Joglekar (2002)48 made an opinion survey of consumer
perceptions towards marketing of milk in Rajahmundry and concluded that a well–conceived
39
and organized network of dairy co-operatives right from village level would be essential for
the speedy growth of dairy production in the country.
R.Mallikarjuna Reddy and S.Subramanyam (2002)49 analyzed the factors affecting
productivity gap in dairy farming. The study focused on the management of dairy animals by
the farmers at the village level and organized dairy farms. It was found that the milk
production in farm bred animals is higher than in farmer-bred animals. The decomposition of
the yield gap into its contributory factors reveals that sound management practices and better
feeding are factors responsible for the yield gap between farm-bred and farmer-bred cows.
The economic analysis reveals that income from farm-bred animals is higher, despite higher
maintenance cost, than the income from farmer-bred animals.
Centre for Management of Agriculture, IIM, Ahmedbad (2002)50 has conducted a
Research on the performance and competitiveness of Indian Dairy Industry with the following
objectives: i) performance of the Indian dairy industry in terms of production, consumption
and trade during the last 50 years and its future prospects ii) level of efficiency in milk
production and processing sectors and factors that affect the efficiency at farm–and firm–
levels iii) International competitiveness of Indian Dairy industry iv) Impact of the WTO on
dairy sector. The study gave a model based approach for efficiency analysis of milk
production and processing sectors. Parametric stochastic frontier production and nonparametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) method were used to measure efficiency status
of
dairy
sector.
Regression
models
were
estimated
to
identify
drivers
of
competitiveness/efficiency. Indian milk processing sector was found to be competitive and
40
efficient and the hypothesis that Indian milk cooperatives are less efficient than their private
sector counter parts was rejected. It was concluded that, Indian dairy industry is highly
competitive but must be protected from distorted and unfair trade competition in a liberalizing
economy environment. Indian Dairy Industry and the Government should take some positive
and concrete steps to increase the productivity level and improve quality of dairy products
confirming to international standards to tap the potential in the world market.
D.Narayana (2002)51 made a study on Dairying at Malabar by collecting data through
a survey of milk society farmers and non-milk society farmers. The data were used to discern
patterns in livelihood and resource profile, socio-economic and work status of milk society
farmers and non milk society farmers. He has stated that Malabar has witnessed rapid growth
in milk production during the last decade compared to South Kerala. The milk society farmers
are found to be relatively better educated, own more land, assets and cattle. The milk society
farmers did not hail from all economic levels of population as well as caste. It was observed
that SC/ST are relatively absent among milk society farmers. The housewives were found to
spend many hours on agricultural activities and dairying.
R.Kiresur (2002)52 in his study on the Economics of milk production in Karnataka
analyzed the composition of dairy animals, input-output relationship and costs and returns
profiles in milk production in Sameerwadi sugar factory operational area of Northern
Karnataka during the year 1999-2000. Net returns and benefit-cost ratio were maximum in
the case of crossbred cows compared to indigenous cows and buffaloes, particularly on small
and medium farms than on large farms. Cost of feeds and labour accounted for the major
41
share not only in the variable costs but also in total cost. Concentrate was the major cost
component in the variable cost followed by labour and dry fodder. Farmer category wise
analysis revealed that milk yield obtained by small farmers was higher than that obtained by
the medium and large farmers.
D.S.Prasad (2003)53 assessed the resource returns and resource use efficiency of
buffalo milk production in Ranga Reddy District of Andra Pradesh using Cobb-Doughlas
production function. Three sets of equations were chosen to know the effect of inputs on milk
production. Equation was used to know the effect of feeds on given milk yield. Equation was
fitted to ascertain the effect of the nutrients on milk yield. Equation specified the effect of
feeds and their rate of conversion into nutrients so as to assess the contribution of each of the
factors on milk yield. Dummy variable technique was applied to assess milk production
efficiency of graded and murrah buffaloes, over the local buffaloes in the study region.
The Tribune (2003)54 stated that the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and
Co-operative Resources International (CRI) USA, have signed a consulting agreement calling
CRI to evaluate the existing systems of providing animal breeding and advisory services by
the dairy cooperatives in India to dairy farmers and give recommendations to modernize the
system with a view to achieving higher and faster progress in increasing productivity of cattle
and buffaloes in the country.
B.Subburaj et al (2003)55 made an evaluation of the appropriateness of management
strategies to cooperatives and concluded that the general management strategies have to be
42
appropriately redesigned when they are applied to cooperatives. It was said that before
designing appropriate strategies for cooperative enterprises issues affecting the organizational
climate viz., mission for cooperatives, state intervention, law for cooperatives, structural
soundness and viability, identity crisis and puppet play has to be addressed. It was stressed
that unless a conducive organization climate is created harnessing the benefits of management
strategies will be of no use to cooperatives.
Business standard (2003)56 stated that the National Dairy Development Board would
be strengthening its cooperative, launching effective disease management programme,
managing quality issues and building national information systems as a prelude to setting up
an effective milk grid. As part of the attempt to raise quality standards, NDDB also has
launched the clean milk production programme that has been adopted by 126 milk unions
covering about 10,000 village dairy cooperative societies.
B.Ganesh kumar (2003)57 undertook a study to measure the technological change in
dairy farming in Tamil Nadu with the view to formulate some guidelines for increasing the
growth of milk production. By decomposition analysis it was found that the adoption of cross
bred cows in the place of indigenous cows or buffaloes led to higher per day milk yield and a
sizeable total percentage gain in milk yield.
M.Sivasubramanian (2003)58 in his study on per capita milk consumption among
consumers using purposive sampling method collected data from 300 respondents in Chennai
& Chidambaram and analyzed the relationship between milk consumption, income and
43
education It was found that the per capita consumption of milk was more in Chennai than
Chidambaram. Irrespective of the region, income level and education was found to have a
significant impact on milk consumption as it was found to be more in higher income and
higher educational groups. He stressed on the fact that Total Quality Management is of vital
importance and it depends on proper education, suitable training and in-service training from
time to time in accordance with the changing scenario.
R.Saravanakumar and G.Manimegalai (2003)59 in their paper titled, ‘Traditional Milk
foods in India’, stated that there are more than 146 traditional milk base products produced in
India and in terms of annual value, the production of traditional milk products exceeds
Rs.20000 crores, excluding the value of ghee. It was stated that the production of all the
traditional products fall in one of the basic steps of heat coagulation, acid coagulation,
condensing or fermentation.
P.A.Koli (2003)60 has made a case study on the role of cooperatives in reduction of
poverty with reference to Warana Milk Cooperative union, Maharashtra, and identified that
the farmers are getting regular income, subsidized cattle feed, artificial insemination, cattlehealth services, subsidy for construction of dairy building, milco tester and training on
scientific feeding and breeding which ensures income and employment in rural areas. He
stressed on the fact that it was the input services rendered by the union that has assured the
flow of quality milk and not the high price paid by the union. He concluded that the success of
Warana milk cooperative union is due to its dynamic leadership, and due to the fact that the
cooperative principle have been put in use in their real sense.
44
Co-ophorizon (2003)61 , in its news titled ‘All village Cooperatives making profit’
stated that the minister for dairy development thanked the Tamil Nadu Cooperative milk
producers Federation for the effective measures taken by it as all 7000 village milk
Cooperative societies and 15 out of 17 district Cooperative union’s in the state of Tamil Nadu
are making profit.
He said that, the district unions, which earlier delayed payment of
procurement dues to farmers owing to a financial crunch, were now prompt in making the
payment.
Agricultural Economics Unit, an institute of economic growth (2003)62 made an
analysis of the Indian dairy in the emerging trade order. It was said that, though growth
performance of dairy at aggregate level indicates satisfactory growth and desired changes in
the sources of milk production in favour of cross bred cattle; a disaggregate analysis of dairy
development presents wide disparity across states. The impact of import on the domestic
prices of milk was evaluated and was found that existing price in the wholesale markets are
significantly higher than the international reference price. It was suggested to reorient the
existing domestic policies in order to overcome problems of domestic front like, low milk
yield compared to other countries, high cost of processing, poor quality of milk and milk
products and significant regional disparity in dairy development.
Petar Bosnic (2003)63 in his article ‘world production and quality of cow’s milk’ has
stated that the world milk production in 2000 was 568.480 thousands of tonnes, of all types of
milk, of which 484.895 thousands tonnes are cow’s milk with a total of 85.30 per cent of the
45
world milk production. Buffalo’s milk production is on the second place with 61.913
thousands of tonnes (10.89 per cent) production capacity on the three continents (Europe,
North America and Asia) 81.82 per cent of total cow’s milk production is located. He stated
that as regards long term development, until 2030, changes on herd management (outdoor and
indoor exposure) between continents will occur. In 2030, the world milk production was
forecast to increase by 64 per cent, with cow’s milk production of 765.9 million tonnes. He
concluded that milk quality, with regard to milk fat and protein content, in developed
countries is above an average value. Due to milk characteristics as agro-food product, milk
and dairy products manufacture and transportation are in detail regulated with existing quality
standards.
S. Suriyamurthi and S. Ramachandran (2003)64 have analyzed the problems and
prospects of cooperative milk producers union in Tamil Nadu. The authors opined that
organizing an industry on cooperative basis has been accepted as an effective method of dairy
development. The private operators were offering a better price for milk to divert milk from
cooperatives to private collection centers which may result in destabilization of dairy
cooperatives. This may in the long run put milk producers in the tehsil to suffer exploitation in
the hands of private operators. The cooperatives have to mend the cooperative laws and adopt
model act to ensure that cooperatives compete with the private sector in a level playing
ground as much as commercial organization.
V.Kurien (2004)65 chairman of the National Cooperative Dairy Federation of India
Limited has stated that, the farmer’s sense of ownership of the cooperative and its brands have
46
been the single biggest ingredient in their unique success against all odds. He has opposed the
move to convert dairy cooperatives into public sector units, since the NDDB is a Government
Body and such action would be detrimental to the autonomy of the cooperatives. He has
stated that the funds of NDDB meant for development of the dairy Cooperatives are being
diverted to the subsidiary and joint venture companies to promote NDDB’s commercial
interests.
Hari Krishna Dwivedi (2004)66 analyzed the empowerment of women at Icchamati
milk union, where all the members are women. It was found that these women members
enjoyed political and social acceptability. The challenges of the union being i) value addition
and diversification of activities ii) capacity building and iii) social and political interference. It
was suggested that the activities of the cooperative societies have to be diversified into other
animal and agri-allied activities to provide them opportunities for alternative earnings.
Intensive training and awareness program is suggested to sufficiently equip the women
members with skill, technical and managerial expertise for managing their own affairs as the
growth of the union very much depends on the women managers.
P.Paramashivaiah and S.Arvind Kulkarni (2004)67 under took a case study to know the
consumer attitude towards pasteurized milk in rural areas of Gulbarga district. Price was
identified to be a big hindrance in the purchase by non users of pasteurized milk. They
suggested that the suppliers of pasteurized milk should introduce smaller packs (say 250ml) in
rural areas and lower the price of best quality milk i.e., full cream milk, in order to make it
more affordable for the poor rural consumers.
47
G.P.Dang et al (2004)68 analyzed the problems and future prospects of Indian Dairy
Industry. Lack of use of scientific practices in milching, inadequate availability of fodder in
all seasons, non-availability of veterinary health services and shortage of quality dairy animals
were said to be reasons for low milk yield. It was said that India has the potential to become
one of the leading players in milk and milk products due to its location advantage of being
situated amidst major milk deficit countries in Asia and Africa.
The financial Express (2004)69 stated that Mr. Adrie Zwanenberg, Global Head, Rabo
Bank, said that India was not just a huge market, but also had the potential to become the
dairy hub of Asia. Mr. Zwanenberg sees opportunities for Indian dairy industry in the
skimmed milk segment and ethnic products.
I.Satya Sundaram (2004)70 made a study on the dairy industry and stressed that India
have to move from quantity to quality. He has suggested that the dairy industry must adopt
internationally recognized quality assurance systems such as HACCP, GMP and ISO, to
enable the country to boost exports to developed countries at competitive prices. Also, it was
suggested that India must develop new products and expand the market for traditional ones in
categories like sweets, desserts, fruit and milk blended products, cheese and health drinks.
V.Kurien (2004)71 in his article ‘Dairying and rural development’ has stated that the
contribution of dairying in the vast field of animal husbandry has been most significant, in
terms of employment as well as income generation. Cooperative dairying has a profound
impact on socio-economic development of rural areas. He has suggested that the control over
48
the management of cooperatives should remain in the hands of genuine stake holders – the
farmers. Only then can the dairy cooperatives continue to play their vital role of creating a
socio-economic revolution in India.
R.S.Khanna (2004)72 in his article titled ‘Corporate Social Responsibility - The Amul
way’ says that the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation hires and trains people to
take advantage over its competitors. It has developed in-house modules for training and
competence building to improve and upgrade their knowledge, communication skills to
understand the customer, be responsive to customer requirements, and communicate clearly
for trouble shooting of problems. The staff has job satisfaction and they are recognized for
their contribution.
The Economic times (2004)73 stated the projections based on a 1984-2003 FAO study.
It has shown India virtually doubling its 2003 milk production – growing at 4 - 4.5 per cent
annually – to 168.01 million tonnes by 2020. But before this happen the dairy association of
India wanted certain issues to be sorted. There has been a need for integrated food legislation.
On the tax front, this sector demands that, the total incidence of tax imposed by VAT should
not exceed its current level of 4 per cent as there is a proposal to hike this to 12 per cent on all
packaged products. The dairy industry has demanded that the Government should renegotiate
import duties under WTO.
B.Subburaj et al (2004)74 analyzed the factors influencing the performance of dairy
cooperative farmers and their involvement in managing the affairs of the dairy cooperative
49
societies. It was suggested that educated young persons should come forward to carry out
dairy business activities and the district cooperative unions should intensify their education
and training programmes as the low level of education of members and non-members was
found to hamper the growth and development of dairy cooperative sector. The participation of
the members in the management of dairy cooperatives was found to be very low which was
not a good indicator of growth and hence dairy cooperative organizations must motivate and
encourage its members to actively take part in the management.
V.Selvarani (2004)75 made a comparative analysis of cooperative milk producers’
union in Tiruchirappalli district and Coimbatore district. It was found that the consumer of
both the unions preferred to buy Aavin milk over other brands because of its assured quality
and easy availability. Majority of the consumers of both the unions found the price to be
reasonable and were satisfied with the quality of milk. The administrative and selling and
distribution and rural milk collection expenses were found to be higher in Coimbatore district
cooperative milk producers’ union. It was concluded that the efficient functioning of the dairy
industry depends on the quantum of milk procurement and minimizing overhead charges of
the dairy unit. The dairy industry, through its reasonable pricing policy allowing an agreeable
margin of profit to the producers and also bringing milk within the reach of the economically
weaker sections, should pave path for the advent of much cherished ‘white revolution’ in the
country.
M.V.Rama Prasad (2005)76 in his article ‘Dairy industry – Milking the milk’ has
opined that, as India is located amidst major milk deficit countries in Asia and Africa it can
50
easily become a leading exporter of milk and milk products provided it improves the quality
and productivity of milk. Also he stated that, since, the average per capita consumption of
milk in India is only 214 gms/day as against the world average of 303 gms/day there is lot of
scope for the development of the dairy industry in the country.
V.Kubendran and T.Vanniyarajan (2005)77 made a comparative analysis of rural and
urban consumers on milk consumption. The impact of socio-economic profile of the
consumers namely income status, occupational position, educational level, sex, age and region
was analyzed using purposive sampling method. It was found that consumers of milk in rural
areas fall behind the consumers in urban areas. The urban consumers were found to prefer
branded milk especially Aavin milk whereas the rural consumer preferred mostly unbranded
milks. It was hence suggested to discriminate the marketing strategies to position the product
in the two different markets.
Marjan Janzekovic and Crotmir Rozman (2006)78 undertook a case study on the milk
quality and feasibility analysis to loose housing dairy cows. The aim of the study was
technological and economical analysis of free range cow breeding. The model total costs
enterprise was developed for evaluation of economic feasibility of loose housing dairy cows
in comparison with tied cow breeding system. Computer supported calculation enabled
estimation of the most important economic parameters viz., net return, total cost and
coefficient of economics. Results of the study showed that (at observed input parameters)
loose housing system is economically feasible if there is a minimum of 41 dairy cows with an
51
average milk production of 8610 Kg per cow. It was also established that cows need
approximately 6 months to fully adapt to the housing system.
G.Chandrasekar (2006)79 in his article titled ‘Milk output poised to top 100 million
tonnes’ has stated that output growth of milk in India is seen driven by increasing demand for
value-added milk products on consumer side and extensive dairy development programmes
on the supply side. He has pointed out that though India is the largest producer of milk, the
level of integration of the country’s dairy sector with the global economy is relatively low.
The present study aims to find the status of dairy industry in India and cooperative
dairying in Thanjavur. Analyzing the performance of the Thanjavur District Cooperative Milk
Producers’ Union the zenith of cooperative dairying in the region, an attempt has been made
to evaluate the contribution of the union towards the economic development of the region.
52
END NOTE
1
Sukumar De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006, p.2.
2
Ibid., p. 9.
3
H.L. Russell, Outlines of Dairy Bacteriology, 1907, http://gutenberg.org, Accessed on
November 22, 2005.
4
Sukumar De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006,
p.93.
5
Ibid., p. 96.
6
R.K.Yadav and S.S. Acharya, Production and Marketing of Milk and Milk Products in
India, New Delhi: Mital Publications, 1982, p.83.
7
Sukumar De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006,
p.93.
8
Ibid., p. 101.
9
H.L. Russell, Op. cit:
10
Sukumar De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006,
p.111.
11
K.S. Rangappa, Indian Dairy Products, Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1974, p.89.
12
Sukumar De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006,
p.116.
13
Ibid., p.117.
14
Ibid., p.143.
15
Ibid., p. 183.
16
Ibid., p.224.
17
Ibid., p.269.
18
Ibid., p.311.
19
H.L. Russell, Op. cit:
53
20
Sukumar De, Outlines of Dairy Technology, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006,
p.56.
21
Mahak Malik, “Economic evaluation of organized milk procurement in Haryana Dairy
Development Co-operative Federation”, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Karnal: National Dairy
Research Institute, 1989.
22
Kamalaveni, “Milk Producers’ Co-operative in Erode District: A study on utilization by
members”, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Coimbatore: Bharathiar University, 1990.
23
Animesh Banerjee, “Indian Dairying: An Overview”, Productivity, Vol.36, No.4, Jan–
March 1996, p. 525-532.
24
K.Rajendran and R.Prabaharan, “Present Scenario of Milk Production in India”, Financing
Agriculture, Oct-Dec 1998, Vol.XXX No.4, p. 11-17.
25
J.T. Dorge, S.N.Tileker and S.K.Nawale, “Marketable Surplus of Milk in Konkan Region
and Western Maharashtra”, Indian Co-operative Review, July 1998, p. 52-58.
26
V.P.S Arora, T.S.Bhogal and P.G.Biswas, “Milk marketing in North-West Uttar Pradesh
and the Role Cooperatives: A Temporal Analysis”, Indian Co-operatives Review, July 1998,
p. 70-77.
27
M.K.Radhakrishnan, A study on the performance of dairy Co-operatives in Erode District
of Tamilnadu, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Coimbatore: Bharathiyar University, 1998.
28
Amit Kumar Saha, “Cost and Returns Analysis of a Milk Union”, Indian Co-operative
Review, April 1999, p. 328-338.
29
V.Kurien, “Indian Dairy – Self Reliance and Beyond”, Financing Agriculture, July – Sept
and Oct - Dec.1999, Vol XXXI No.3 & 4, p.59-61.
30
C.Pitchai, “A Study on the distribution of milk and milk products by cooperatives in
Tamilnadu”, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Chidambaram: Annamalai University, 1999.
31
A.K.Kakkappan, “A study of milk industry economy in Trichy district, Tamilnadu”,
Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Tiruchirappalli: Bharathidasan University, 1999.
32
Ahmed Anjum Shakeel, H.A.Sadathali Khan and L.B.Kunnal, “Performance of Gulbarga
Co-operative Milk Producers’ Union”, Indian Cooperative Review, January 2000, p.197-204.
33
P.A. Koli, “Can Milk Co-Operatives Sustain in 21st century?”, Indian Co-operative Review,
July 2000, p. 38- 47.
54
34
Jagdish Kumar, D.P.Malik and M.S.Luhach, “An economic analysis of production and
disposal pattern of milk in Haryana”, Agricultural Marketing, July-Sep 2000, p. 27-29.
35
Brajesh Jha, “Towards Globalising Indian Dairy Sector”, Agricultural situation in India,
September 2000, p. 325-331.
36
Shantanu Kumar and Uma Sha, “Differential status of Dairying in India: Probable Reasons
and Potential Interventions”, Agricultural situation in India, September 2000, p.333-336.
37
N.R. Lalwani and A.K.Koshta, “Decomposition Analysis of Milk yield in members and
non-members of Milk Producers’ Cooperative Societies”, Indian Cooperative Review,
Oct.2000, p. 104-113.
38
Rajendra Singh, Shiv Prasad and Krishnan Lal, “Assessment of reasons for increase in milk
production in India”, Agricultural situation in India, November-2000, p. 429-439.
39
Kamal Vatta and Sanjay Kumar, “Potential of dairy enterprise on Punjab farms: a linear
programming analysis”, Agricultural situation in India, Dec. 2000, p. 501-505.
40
B.C. Katre and Sitarram Prasad, “Up keeping quality of Raw Milk: Milk production and
procurement”, Indian Dairy Man, 2000, Vol. 52, No.7, p. 33-44.
41
R.Masilamani, “A Study on the performance efficiency of the Salem District Cooperative
Milk Producers’ Union Limited (Salem District) Tamil Nadu”, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis,
Chennai: Madras University, 2000.
42
Shiv Kumar Gupta, “How the financial interventions can reduce the impact of WTO on
Indian Dairy”, Financing Agriculture, April-June 2001, p. 25-28.
43
S.Suriya Murthi, “Milk Marketing Strategies”, Indian Journal of Marketing, May-June
2001, p. 24-25.
44
S.N.Goswami, C.Rajkhowa and B.P.S.Yadav, “Least cost combination of feeds and fodders
for the dairy unit in Meghalaya”, Agricultural Situation in India, June 2001, p.95-99.
45
Agro Economic Research Centre, Bhagalpur University, “Production and Utilisation
Pattern of Milk at the Rural Producers’ level: An Analysis across the states”, Agricultural
situation in India , June 2001,p.101-105.
46
News letter, “Milk production may rise to 83 million tones in 2002”, Co-ophorizon, Vol.1
No. 23, Dec.15, 2001, p.1.
47
D.B.Madlapure, J.M.Talathi, H.K.Path and S.S.Wadkar, “Performance of dairy
cooperatives in Konkan region (M.S)”, Indian Co-operative Review, April 2002,p.253-264.
55
48
Prabahar Sharma and Joglekar, “Marketing of Milk, An opinion survey of consumer
Perceptions, Rajahmundry, A.P”, Indian Journal of Marketing, April, 2002, Vol. XXXII, No
3-4 , p.10-27.
49
R.Mallikarjuna Reddy and S.Subramanyam, “Factors affecting productivity gap in dairy
farming”, Agricultural Situation in India, April 2002, p. 3-8.
50
Centre for management of Agriculture, IIM, Ahmedabad, “Performance and
Competitiveness of Indian dairy industry”, Agricultural situation in India, June 2002, p.121125.
51
D.Narayana, “Dairying in Malabar: A venture of the landowning based on women’s work”,
Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 57, No.4, Oct – Dec 2002, p.698-713.
52
V.R.Kiresur, “Economics of milk production in Karnataka”, Agricultural situation in India,
Nov.2002, p.463-470.
53
D.S.Prasad, “Buffalo milk production function for the Semi-Arid Tract (Ranga Reddy
Distric) of Andhra Pradesh”, Indian Co-operative Review, January 2003, p. 166-184.
54
The Tribune , 8 February, 2003, “NDDB-MILKFED signs MoU with US concern”, Coophorizon, Vol.3, No.3, February 15, 2003, p. 1.
55
B.Subburaj, K.Ravichandran and Samuel Kakuko Lopoyetum, “Appropriate management
strategies: Are they myth to cooperatives”, The Co-operator, Feb 2003, p. 338-340.
56
Business Standard, 10 march, 2003, “NDDB Gears up for Quality Milk”, Co-ophorizon,
Vol.3, No.5, March 15, 2003, p. 1.
57
B.Ganesh kumar, “Technological change in Dairy Farming: A case study of Tamil Nadu”,
Productivity, Vol.44, No.l, April – June 2003, p. 97-104.
58
M.Sivasubramanian, “A study on per capita milk consumption among consumers”, Indian
Cooperative Review, Vol.40, No.4, April 2003, p. 256-265.
59
R.Saravanakumar and G.Manimegalai, “Traditional Milk foods in India”, Kisan world, July
2003, p. 20-21.
60
P.A.Koli, “Cooperative and Reduction of Poverty: A Case study of Warana milk
cooperative union”, Indian Cooperative Review, Oct 2003, p. 121-132.
61
Anonymous, “All village Cooperatives making profit”, Co-ophorizon, Vol.3, No. 22,
Nov.30, 2003, p.3.
56
62
Agricultural Economics Unit, Institute of Economic Growth, University Enclave, Delhi,
“Indian Dairy in the Emerging Trade order”, Agricultural Situation in India, Dec. 2003,
p.593-597.
63
Peter Bosnic, “World production and quality of cow’s milk”, Crotia: Mljekarstvo/ Dairy,
Vol.53, No.1, 2003, p. 37-50.
64
S. Suriyamurthi,and S. Ramachandran, “Problems and prospects of cooperative milk
producer’s union in Tamil Nadu”, Indian Journal of Marketing, Vol XXXIII No.6, June 2003,
p. 14-15.
65
V.Kurien, “Dairy cooperatives: Some issues”, The Co-operator, January 2004, p.282-283.
66
Hari Krishna Dwivedi, “Empowering women: A case study of Icchamati milk union”,
Indian Cooperative Review, January 2004, Vol. 41 No.3, p. 149-159
67
P.Paramashivaiah and S.Arvind Kulkarni, “Consumer attitude towards pasteurized milk: A
case study”, Southern Economist, Feb 1, 2004, p. 21-23.
68
G.P.Dang, KM.Neeta Sapra and KM.Gursharan Kaur, “Indian Dairy Industry - changing
Scenario - Its problems and future prospects”, Agricultural situation in India, Feb 2004,
p.712-714.
69
The Financial Express, Feb 20, 2004, “India seen drawing more dairy cooperatives”, Coophorizon, Vol.4, No.4 Feb 29, 2004, p.1.
70
I. Satya Sundaram, “Dairy industry: Focus on Quality”, Facts for you, April 2004, p.15-17.
71
V.Kurien, “Dairying and Rural Development”, Yojana, August 2004, p.17-21.
72
R.S.Khanna, “Corporate Social Responsibility - The Amul way”, The Co-operator,
Sep.2004, p.94-95.
73
The Economic Times, New Delhi, Sep.29, 2004, “Dairy sector readies for organized
revolution”, Co-ophorizon, Vol.3 No.20, Sep.30, 2004, p. 3
74
B.Subburaj, Samuel Kakuko Lopoyetum and R. Karunakaran, “Influence of demographic
dynamics and socio-economic dimensions of members of dairy cooperative societies in
Dindugal District: An empirical study”, Indian Cooperative Review, Oct 2004, p. 99-120.
75
V. Selvarani, “A study and comparative analysis of cooperative milk producers’ union in
Tiruchirappalli and Coimbatore district”, Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Tiruchirappalli:
Bharathidasan University, 2004.
57
76
M.V.Rama Prasad, “Dairy industry – Milking the milk”, Facts for you, February 2005,
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