Due January 4, 2016
❑ Lab report
❑ Read section 10.1 and answer the questions.
Define:
Cell division ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Chromosome ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Cell cycle ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Interphase ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Mitosis ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Cytokinesis ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. How do most of your cells reproduce?
____________________________________________________________________
2. How many chromosomes do people have? _______________________________
3. Fill (with labels and pictures) in the boxes of what happens to DNA in the nucleus:
Chromosomes are
loosely coiled
strands of DNA and
Protein
DNA
_____________
Two copies of
original
_____________
4. What are the three stages of a cell’s life?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Which is the longest? __________________________________________________
6. What are the four phases that mitosis is divided into?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
7. What is the result of the cell cycle?
___________________________________________________________________
8. Copy the cell cycle on page 199 with all the labels:
❑ Print and read the lab; you will write a complete lab report for this lab
❑ Bring your book to class and your notebook.
❑ The semester exam will be open notebook so it is imperative that you keep up with
your notes from class.
Name _________________________
Observing Mitosis Lab
Background:
In a growing plant root, the cells at the tip of the root are constantly dividing to allow the root to
grow. Because each cell divides independently of the others, a root tip contains cells at different
stages of the cell cycle. This makes a root tip an excellent tissue to study the stages of cell
division.
Materials:
microscope prepared slides of onion (allium) root tips
Procedure:
1. Get one microscope for your lab group and carry it to your lab desk with two hands.
Make sure that the low power objective is in position and that the diaphragm is open to
the widest setting.
2. Obtain a prepared slide of an onion root tip (there will be three root tips on a slide).
Hold the slide up to the light to see the pointed ends of the root sections. This is the root
tip where the cells were actively dividing. (The root tips were freshly sliced into thin
sections, then preserved when the slide was prepared.)
3. Place the slide on the microscope stage with the root tips pointing away from you.
Using the low-power objective to find a root tip, and focus it with the coarse adjust until it
is clearly visible. Just above the root “cap” is a region that contains many new small
cells. The larger cells of this region were in the process of dividing when the slide was
made. These are the cells that you will be observing. Center the image, then switch to
high power.
4. Observe the box-like cells that are arranged in rows. The chromosomes of the cells
have been stained to make them easily visible. Select one cell whose chromosomes are
clearly visible. (If you need to change the focus when using high
power, remember to only use the fine adjust!)
5. Sketch the cell that you selected in the box on the right.
6. Look around at the cells again. Select four other cells whose
internal appearances are different from each other and the first
one that you sketched. Sketch them in the boxes below.
7. As you look at the cells of the root tip, you may notice that some cells seem to be
empty inside (there is no dark nucleus or visible chromosomes). This is because these
cells are three dimensional, but we are looking at just thin slices of them. (If you slice a
hard boiled egg at random, would you definitely see the yolk in your slice? No.) We
want to continue to look at the cells, but we will ignore any where we cannot see the
genetic material (dark areas).
8. Use the data table to record the number of cells that you see in each of the stages.
The easiest way to do this is for one person to look through the microscope, going along
each row of cells. For each cell, say out loud what stage the cell appears to be in.
Another student can make tally marks for each stage.
Stage of cell cycle
number of cells in stage:
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Analysis & Conclusions:
1. What stage were the majority of the cells in?
2. What percentage of the cells were in each stage? Interphase
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
3. What evidence shows that mitosis is a continuous process, not a series of separate
events?
4. The onion plant began as a single cell. That cell had X number of chromosomes.
(The exact number does not matter, we will just call that number “X”.) How many
chromosomes are in each of the cells that you observed? (Give the answer in terms of
X.) How do you know?
5. If this onion would reproduce sexually, it would need to produce sperm and/or eggs
by the process of meiosis. After meiosis, how many chromosomes would be in each sex
cell (in terms of X)?
6. If this onion would complete the process of sexual reproduction (fertilizing an egg
cell), how many chromosomes would be in the zygotes that are produced (in terms of
X)?
Due January 11
❑ Complete your lab report. Look over your notes from class.
❑ Complete the 10.1 section quiz- you may use your notes, but not your book.
❑ Read section 10.2 and answer the questions
Define:
Reproduction ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Asexual reproduction ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Sexual reproduction ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
sex cells ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Meiosis______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Diploid ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Haploid ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Fertilization ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Zygote - _______________________________________________________________
Embryo ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Cell differentiation ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. Name two organisms that reproduce with asexual reproduction.
____________________________________________________________________
2. Human sex cells contain ___________ chromosome; the male sex cells are called
_______________ and the female called _______________________
3. Recreate the chart on page 204 on a separate sheet of paper.
4. At the end of meiosis how many new sex cells are formed? ____________________
5. How many chromosomes are in a human haploid set? ____________
6. When fertilization occurs and a zygote forms; how many human chromosomes would
that zygote have? __________ this is the diploid set.
7. By what process does the zygote divide and grow? __________________________
8. What do we call the earliest stage of development of an organism?
___________________________________________________________________
9. Why is cell differentiation so important?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
10.After cell differentiation is complete, can most cells become and function as other
cells? (can your skin cells act as nerve cells) ______________
❑ Complete the chapter 10 assessment (omit the math and writing skills section); we
will go over this in class. You will get a completion grade; do not turn it in.
❑ Study and know the cell cycle for mitosis and meiosis.
❑ Print and read the lab. This is a complicated modeling lab; this video will help you
visualize what you will be doing:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGVBAHAsjJM
Meiosis Model Lab
Instructions
Throughout this activity, you will be completing a simulation of the process of meiosis.
Do each successive task in order, making the requested drawings in your journal (with
color), and answer the questions after the drawings. Letters are things you need to do
on the table. Numbers are things that need to be done in your journal. Each Illustration
of the pop-beads requires that you draw each bead individually. Cell membranes in your
journal are to be drawn using the petri dish as a template. You will need to label the
following things in each drawing if they are present: homologous chromosome 1,
homologous chromosome 2, sister chromatids cell membrane, spindle fibers, centrioles,
nucleus and centromeres.
Meiosis I
Interphase:
A.
Construct 1 strand of 10 pop-beads that is all one color. This represents a
segment of DNA from the mother that codes for specific traits. B.
Using another color, construct another strand that again has 10 pop-beads. This
represents a segment of DNA from the father that codes for the same traits as
the first strand. They are the same length and code for the same traits. However,
they may code for different versions (alleles) of those traits. (Ex: black fur versus
brown fur.) C.
Construct a third strand using a color different from the previous 2 strands but
this one should only have 6 pop-beads. This represents a segment of DNA from
the mother that codes for specific traits. These traits are different from the first
strand, evidenced by the different length. D.
E.
th
Now using a 4 color create another strand that is again 6 beads long. This
represents a segment of DNA from the father that codes for the same traits as
the previous 6 bead strand. They are the same length and code for the same
traits. However, they may code for different versions (alleles) of those traits. (Ex:
long tail versus short tail.) * You should now have 4 strands, each that is a different color, 2 strands should
be 10 beads long and the other 2 should be 6 beads long. Draw a circle with a pencil on your paper and place the DNA in the center of the
circle which represents the nucleus. Draw another large circle around that to
represent the cell membrane F.
DNA replication occurs during S phase, producing a duplicate of the DNA.
Construct identical stands to the ones you made previously, representing the
identical sister chromatids that are created during the S- phase. G.
Chromosomes are made by two identical strands of DNA condensing around
proteins, called histones, and being held together by a centromere. Each half of
the duplicated chromosome is called a chromatid. Join the identical chromatids at
the centromere to form a pair of sister chromatids. The centromere is made from
a pipe cleaner. You will need to add the centromere pipe cleaner above the
middle of the strands. Repeat for all 4 of the chromosomes. 1. Draw a picture of the cell with chromosomes mixed together in the nucleus. Doing
this represents the cell after S-phase of Interphase. In reality the strands would not be
visible. The drawing should include each pop bead and color. Don’t forget to label.
Interphase (Post S-phase)
Prophase I
A.
The nucleus is dissolving. Remove sections of the nucleus from your cell on your
paper, making it dotted. The centrioles and small spindle fibers should appear off
to the side. B.
In prophase I, homologous chromosomes (chromosomes with the same lengths
& genes) move close together and pair up along their entire length. A tetrad
(group of 4 chromatids) is formed. Form tetrads and entwine the homologous
pairs. C.
Simulate crossing over by removing a few pop-beads from one area of one of the
chromosomes and replacing it with the corresponding pop-beads of the other
homologous chromosome. Do this for all pairs of homologous chromosomes. At
the end of this step, all of the sister chromatids should look different.
2.Draw a picture of the cell in prophase I with the homologous pairs lined up next to
each other after having undergone crossing over. In reality the homologous pairs
would still be entangled. The drawing should include each pop bead and color.
Don’t forget to label. 3.
Why doesn’t crossing over happen during mitosis? Metaphase
A. In this phase the chromosomes are pulled by the spindle fibers until they line up
along the imaginary metaphase plate. Disentangle your chromosomes, and align the
homologous chromosome pairs side by side at the metaphase plate. The long
homologous pair should be together and the short pair should be together. Draw two
centrioles at either end of the cell and spindle fibers should be connected to the
chromosomes at the centromere.
4. Draw a picture of the chromosomes in metaphase. Drawing should include each pop
bead and color. Don’t forget to label.
Anaphase I
A.
The homologous chromosomes are separated and drawn towards the centrioles
on opposite sides of the cell by the spindle fibers. One long and one short
chromosome pair should be found on each side. B.
Move the chromosomes by the centromeres; noting how the chromosome arms
trail the centromere as movement occurs creating an arc with the edges curled
towards the center of the cell. 5. Draw a picture of anaphase. Drawing should include each pop bead, color and labels.
Telophase I / Cytokinesis I
During meiosis I, cell division occurs resulting in two daughter cells still containing
paired chromatids.
A.
During Telophase I the nucleus begins to regrow and the spindle fiber retract and
the centrioles move out of the way. Cytokinesis begins during Telophase.
Cytokinesis consists of the original cell breaking into two new cells. B.
Create two cellular membranes by erasing the original circle and drawing two
circles around the newly paired chromosomes. You will draw this on your paper during the lab but do not draw this in your journal as it
will look very similar to Prophase II.
6. The sister chromatids of the daughter cell may be different from the sister chromatids
in the parent cell. Why?
__________________________________________________________
Meiosis II
Prophase II
The chromosomes move toward the center of the daughter cells. Centrioles move to the
opposite ends of the cell.
A. Place the chromosomes in the center of each daughter cell. Then make the nucleus
a dotted line to show that it is disappearing.
7.
Draw a picture of Prophase II. Drawing should include each pop bead, color and
labels. Prophase II 8.
What occurs in prophase I that doesn’t happen in prophase II of meiosis? __________________________________________________________
Metaphase II
All of the chromosomes line up, single file, in the center of the cell.
A. Center the chromosomes along an imaginary line across the center of the cell.
9. Draw a picture of metaphase II. Drawing should include each pop bead, color and
labels.
Daughter Cell 1: Metaphase II Daughter Cell 2: Metaphase II
Anaphase II
The chromosomes of each paired strand separate at the centromere and are drawn to
opposite poles of the cell.
A.
The centromere is broken and the chromosomes are separated. The individual
chromosomes are drawn towards opposite sides of the cell by the spindle fibers.
Break the centromeres leaving the individual chromosomes next to each other in
the center of the cell. B.
Separate each chromosome, moving them towards the centrioles by pulling only
the remaining piece of centromere. Move the chromosome by the centromeres;
noting how the chromosome arms trail the centromere as movement occurs
creating an arc with the edges curled towards the center of the cell. C.
Repeat this procedure for both daughter cells. 10. Draw a picture of anaphase II. Drawing should include each pop bead and color.
Daughter Cell 1: Anaphase II Daughter Cell 2: Anaphase II
Telophase II / Cytokinesis II
Cell division is completed and four daughter cells are formed. Each contains half of the
chromosome number of the original parent cell. A nuclear membrane forms around each
cell’s chromosomes and the daughter cells finish dividing. Here we are skipping the
telophase step and showing you the final results of Telophase II and Cytokinesis II.
A. Erase the original 2 circles and draw four circles to represent each of the new cells.
Then draw a circle around each of the chromosome sets inside the new cells to
represent the nucleus of the each cell. The centrioles and spindle fibers will not be in
this illustration. There should be one long and one short chromosome in each of the
new cells.
11. Draw a picture of the cells after telophase II & cytokinesis II. Drawing should include
each pop bead, color, and labels.
Daughter Cell 1 Daughter Cell 2
Daughter Cell 3 Daughter Cell 4
12. It would have been much easier to simulate mitosis. Give two ways the process of
meiosis differs from mitosis.
______________________________________________________________________
13. What is the general name of cells produced by mitosis? AND Produced by meiosis?
______________________________________________________________________
14. In what step of meiosis is there a reduction in the chromosome number?
______________________________________________________________________
15. Differentiate between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids.
______________________________________________________________________
16. Differentiate between haploid and diploid.
______________________________________________________________________
Due January 18
❑ Complete your lab report. Look over your notes from class.
❑ Take the 10.2 Section Quiz (you may use your notes- not your book)
❑ Study and take the chapter 10 test
❑ Read section 11.1, take notes and answer the following:
Define:
Trait - ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Heredity - _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Genetics - ____________________________________________________________
True-breeding plant - ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
cross-pollination - _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Gene - ________________________________________________________________
Alleles - _______________________________________________________________
Dominant allele - ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
recessive allele - ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Phenotype - ___________________________________________________________
Genotype - ____________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. Who is the “father of genetics”?______________________________________
2. What did he use for his experiments? _________________________________
3. What trait did he use in his experiments? ______________________________
4. What did he cross first - what two colors? _____________________________ what
color was the first generation of flowers? ______________________________
5. What color showed up in the second generation of flowers? _______________
6. What did Mendel prove with his experiment? (page 218 second paragraph)
_________________________________________________________________
7. Copy the words down at the bottom of page 218.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
8. In working with genetics what type of letter do you use for the dominant alleles?
__________________________________ and for the recessive? _______________
❑ Read section 11.2 and answer the following:
Define
Punnet square - ______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Probability - ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. Read the Basic Laws of how traits are passed again.
2. Draw and label figure 11.9
3. Copy the Punnett square (figure 11.10)
4. Probability can be expressed as a fraction or a percent - you need to know how to
calculate both. Convert these fractions to percents: 2/5; 1/4; 2/10; 1/2. Convert these
percents to fractions 75%, 30%, 25%, 60%
❑ Print and read the lab. Be prepared for the lab in class.
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_edu/waldron/pdf/DragonGenetics2Protocol.pdf
Due January 25
❑ Complete your lab report. Look over your notes from class - complete your notebook
❑ Complete the quiz for chapter 11.1.
❑ Complete the quiz for 11.2.
❑ Read section 11.3, take notes and answer the following:
❑ Define:
Incomplete dominance - __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Co-dominance - ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Polygenic traits - ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. A male has ______ and ______ chromosome in his cells; a female has _____
chromosomes in her cells.
2. During meiosis the sex chromosome pairs separate. Females always produce eggs
with a ______ egg, while males produce sperms with either ____ or ______.
3. Explain incomplete dominance in regard with the flowers. Notice how different letters
are used.
4. Explain co dominance.
❑ Complete the chapter assessment on pages 233 - 235 (omit the math and writing
skills); we will go over this in class - do not turn it in.
❑ Print and read the lab. Review graphing if needed.
Genetics:
Phenylthiocarbamide says WHAT? A Genetics Lab That Applies to You!
A student discovery lab into an invisible, TASTEABLE trait passed from
generation to generation
A Genetics Lab That Applies To You!
Have you ever wondered why your hair is so straight? How you got your
cute freckles or your beautiful brown eyes? You get those traits from your
parents! But did you know that some traits CAN’T be seen? In this lab,
you’ll determine if you have a trait that can be TASTED! Then, trace it
through your family to determine if your parents have the same trait you do.
Objective: To determine if you are a Taster or Non-Taster and then apply
that information to predicting the possible genotypes and phenotypes for
your parents.
Hypothesis: Hypothesize as to whether you think you will be a Taster or
a Non-Taster.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Here’s What You’ll Need to Conduct This Experiment:
One Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) paper test strip
Background:
Phenylthiocarbamide is a chemical that is used to test for a genetic trait.
PTC paper determines if someone is a Taster (can taste PTC) or a Nontaster (cannot taste PTC). The trait for tasting and not tasting is passed in
the DNA from parent to child.
What You Do:
1. Remove food items from your mouth
2. Place the piece of PTC testing paper on your tongue and close your
mouth.
3. Describe what the paper tastes like:
_____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
4. Based on your results from #3, are you a Taster or a Non-taster?
_______________________
Data and Observations:
1. How many students in the class tasted PTC? ____________________
2. How many students in the class could not taste PTC?
_________________
3. On a sheet of graph paper: create a bar graph of the class results for the
PTC test.
a. Create a title for your graph
b. On the x-axis you will put the two categories: Tasters & Non-tasters.
c. On the y-axis you will put the number of students.
d. Make sure that your scale spans the length of the graph so you use as
much of it as possible.
The Results: What Happened?
4. Based on the graph above, do you think that PTC tasting is dominant or
recessive for your class? Explain your answer.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
5. To complete a Punnett square for PTC tasting, what letters should we
use to represent Tasters and Non-tasters?
a. Taster:_______
b. Non-taster:_______
6. Complete a Punnett square for a cross between two parents who are
both heterozygous for tasting PTC.
What is the genotype for Parent #1? _______ What is the genotype for
Parent #2? _______
Answer the following questions using the results from the Punnett square
above
7. What are the possible genotypes for their children?
____________________________________________________________
8. What is the ratio of genotypes for their children?
____________________________________________________________
9. What are the possible phenotypes for their children?
____________________________________________________________
10.What is the ratio of phenotypes for their children?
____________________________________________________________
11.What is YOUR phenotype?
____________________________________________________________
12. What is YOUR genotype? (Note: If you are a taster, you cannot
determine your exact genotype so you must use “T !” to indicate that the
second allele is unknown.)
____________________________________________________________
13. Given your genotype from #12, what genotypes are possible for your
parents? List all combinations. Ex: TT x tt
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
14. Given the genotypes in #13, what phenotypes are possible for your
parents? List all combinations. Ex: Taster x Taster
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
15. If you are a Taster, do both of your parents have to be Tasters? Explain
using the answers you provided in questions 13 and 14.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
16. If you are a Non-taster, is it possible that both of your parents could be
Tasters? Explain using the answers you provided in questions 13 and 14.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
17. Partner up with a student in the classroom. Pretend that you have
offspring with your partner and complete the following using your genotype
given in #12 above:
List all of your possible crosses Ex: Tt (you) x Tt (partner)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
18. List all of the possible phenotypes of your OFFSPRING given the
crosses from #17 above. Draw your own Punnett Squares below.
The next two pages are extra credit: Due February 1
❏ Complete your lab report
❏ Complete the quiz on 11.3
❏ Complete the test on chapter 11
❏ Read section 12.1
❏Define:
DNA replication - ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Base sequence - ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Protein synthesis - _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Mutation - ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Genetic disorder - ______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. What does DNA look like? ____________________________________________
2. What do we call its shape? ____________________________________________
3. What are the four bases found on the ‘rungs’ of DNA? _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. List the base pairs. ____________________________________________________
5. What do genes control? _______________________________________________
6. What does the order of base pairs along a gene tell a cell what to make? _________
____________________________________________________________________
7. How many different amino acids are there? _________________
8. Where does protein synthesis take place? ______________________________
9. How is RNA different from DNA? ________________________________________
10. What are two different reasons that mutations occur? _______________________
____________________________________________________________________
11. What happens when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21? _______________
_____________________________________________________________________
❏ Read section 12.2
❏ Define:
Selective breeding - _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Genetic engineering - ___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
DNA fingerprinting ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Genome - _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Mitochondrial DNA - _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. How did Native American use selective breeding to produce maize with the most
corn? ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Explain how genetic engineering has helped food supply. _____________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. DNA is unique to you. Explain how DNA fingerprinting is useful in identifying people.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4. Where else is DNA found, besides the nucleus? _____________________________
5. From whom is all that DNA inherited? _________________________________
Due February 8:
❏ Write a lab report for the DNA extraction lab.
❏ Take the quiz for sections 12.1 and 12.2 (one quiz for two sections); you may use your
notes but not your book.
❏ Take the test; you may use one 3 by 5 card as your ‘cheat sheet’
❏ Read section 15.1 (we skipped a unit)
❏ Define
systematics - __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
evolutionary tree - ______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. Who was Carolus Linnaeus and what contribution did he make to the study of living
things? ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. How are systematics and taxonomy similar? ________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. How are cladograms different from a dichotomous key?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. Study the kingdoms and characteristics that define them. Use page 309 to help.
Due February 15
❏ Take the online quiz for 15.1
❏ Read section 15.2
❏ Define:
Algae - _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Fungi - _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Hyphae - _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
spore - _______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. What led to the diversity of life as we know it? _______________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. How do prokaryotic cells reproduce? ______________________________________
3. When does asexual reproduction allow for genetic variation? _____________
4. What must be present for natural selection to occur? _________________________
5. How many species of algae have been classified? __________________
6. Explain how alternation of generations works. ______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Draw the diagram to help explain it:
7. What is one main importance difference between fungus and plants? ____________
_____________________________________________________________________
8. What are all fungus made up of? _______________ Describe their cell wall.
____________________________________________________________________
9. How do fungus get their food?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
10. Copy the diagram 15.9
11. What is a spore? How do fungi reproduce using spores?
___________________________________________________________________
12. Explain sexual reproduction in fungi.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
There is no test for chapter 15!
❏Read section 16. 1
Define:
Cuticle - _______________________________________________________________
Vascular tissue - ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Non vascular plants - ____________________________________________________
Vascular plants - ________________________________________________________
Rhizoids - _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Seed - ________________________________________________________________
Gymnosperms - ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Angiosperms - _________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Cotyledon - ___________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. List the three common characteristics all plants share:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. How are plants classified? ______________________________________________
3. How are vascular plants further divided? ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. What are the similarities between green algae and plants? _____________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. How do cells in nonvascular plants obtain water? ____________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6. List three seedless vascular plants. _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Copy the diagram on the bottom of page 326 that details the fern’s life cycle.
8. When does a seed form? _____________________________________________
9. Copy figure 16.7
10. List three gymnosperms. ______________________________________________
11. What are the two types of angiosperms? __________________ _______________
12. What are the four difference between monocots and dicots?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
❏ Print and read the lab before class.
Name_______________________ Date _____________
Mushroom Dissection Lab
Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to acquaint students with various
parts of a typical fungus while practicing observation skills.
CAUTION: Although the mushrooms used in this lab are intended for
food, DO NOT EAT OR TASTE THE MUSHROOMS USED IN THE
LAB.
Background: Fungi are critical parts of most ecosystems and an
important part of the diet of many students (and teachers). Mushrooms
in the genus Agaricus are raised commercially and sold in most grocery
stores. The mushroom is actually the fruiting body or reproductive
structure of a fungus. In this lab activity students will locate and identify
the principle parts of the typical mushroom and study them with both
dissecting and compound light microscopes.
Materials:
Mushroom, Forceps, Microscope slide and cover slip, Water ,Paper
towels, Microscope, Eye Dropper
Procedure:
1. Get a mushroom from your teacher and place it on the paper towels in
front of you.
Examine it closely. On a sheet of paper draw a diagram of your
mushroom, labeling the cap, stem and gills. If the gills are not visible,
remove the tissue
called a veil) protecting them gently with your forceps. Be careful not to
touch the gills with the forceps.
2.Grasp
the cap firmly with one hand and the stem with the other hand.
Gently wiggle and/or twist the stem until it breaks away from the cap. 3.Pinch the stem between your fingers until it breaks into two or more
long pieces. Gently pull the pieces apart. The thin, hairlike filaments you
will see where you split the stem are the hyphae. Place the stem section
under the dissecting microscope and examine the hyphae. What do they
look like? Describe them and draw them. 4. Place the stem pieces on a corner of your paper towel and turn your
attention to the cap. Look at the underside of the cap to study the gills.
Each gill is lined with thousands of small structures called basidia.
Using your forceps, gently remove one gill from the cap. You will get
better results if you GENTLY grasp the gill near where it attaches to the
cap. Try to avoid touching the free edge, the one along the bottom of the
gill, with your forceps. The basidia you want to see under the
microscope are fragile and easily damaged if you aren't careful. Ask
your teacher for assistance if you are having trouble removing a gill.
5.Place
the gill on a microscope slide and use the standard procedure for
preparing a wet mount. 6. Place the slide on the microscope and examine the gill under low
power. Look at the edge of the gill that was not attached to the
mushroom and look for the little finger-like projections. Switch the
microscope to high power. Look at the finger- like projections under
high power. These are the basidia. If your mushroom is mature the
basidia may have spores attached to them. Notice how tiny the basidia
and the spores are. If you are having difficulty finding either basidia or
spores, ask your instructor for assistance. 7. After completing your observations, clean off your slide and cover
slip and place them as directed by your instructor. Wrap the mushroom
pieces in your paper towel and dispose of them in the appropriate trash
container. Return the microscope to the proper locations. Questions to consider:
1. Fungi reproduce by spores. How are spores structurally different
from seeds?
2. How are spores dispersed?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of reproducing by spores?
Due February 22
❏ Complete a lab report (remember all the parts: title, background, purpose, hypothesis,
materials, procedure, data, conclusion)
❏ Take the quiz for section 15.2
❏ Take the quiz for section 16.1
❏ Read section 16.2
❏ Define:
Xylem - _______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Phloem - ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Epidermis - ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Stomata - _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Tropism - ______________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. What two things make up the shoot system? ________________________________
2. What are the two types of vascular tissue? _________________________________
3. What are the 2 main functions of the root? To collect ______________ and water
from the __________ and to __________________________
4. How do root hairs benefit the plant? _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Draw and label the cross section of the figure in 16.11
6. What do plants use to take in water? _____________________________
7. Copy the bold part about stems on page 332.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
8. Draw and label the cross section of the dicot stem and the monocot stem:
9. Describe a herbaceous stem. ____________________________________________
10. What is the main function of leaves?
______________________________________________________________________
11.The structure of leaves is related to their _______________________.
12. Draw and label the diagram 16.
13.What do guard cells do?
________________________________________________
14.What are the two forces by which water moves?
_____________________________ and
___________________________________________ circle the stronger force.
15.Why does capillary action occur?
_________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
16. Explain how transpiration works.
_________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________1
17. Why do some plants turn to face the light?
____________________________________________________________________
18.List three ways that plants respond to stimuli.
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Prepare:
Read in The Illustrated Guide to Home Biology Experiments pages 285 - 291
(Observing stem structures and Observing leaf structure).. Please bring in colored
pencils so that your drawings are accurate.
And read the following:
Steps for Observing Stem Structures
1. Place a prepared lied of dicot stem on the microscope stage and observe.
2. Draw what you see and label pith, vascular bundles, cortex, and epidermal layer.
3. Note the arrangement of vascular bundles in a ring toward the other edge of the
pith; this is typical characteristic of a dicot stem.
4. Center a vascular bundle in the field of view, and change to higher magnification to
oversee the details. Note that the vascular bundle comprises a group of larger, thickwalled xylem cells surrounding the smaller, thin walled phloem cells.
5. Place a prepared slide of a monocot stem on the microscope stage and repeat the
steps above, making careful notes on the characteristics that differ.
Steps for Observing Leaf Structures
1. Gather a collection of leaves both from dicot and monocot species.
2. Using your naked eye and the magnifying glass examine the structural features of
each leaf. Be sure to note the top and bottom of surfaces. Your drawings should be
accurate and detailed. Notice the vascular system arrangement, the size, pattern, an
density of the stomata. Label the monocot and dicot leaves (remembering that
monocot leaves are typically narrow and and have parallel venation while dicot
leaves are broader and branching venation.
3. Examine prepared slide of monocot and dicot leaves. For each note and identify the
following: cuticle, epidermal cells, mesophyll cells, air space, vascular bundles and
their sheaths, and stomata and their guard cells. For your dicot specimen identify
spongy mesophyll cells and palisade mesophyll cells. Note differences between the
two.
4. Make a wet mount slide of a leaf sample: cut two small piece of the leaf and place
one upright on the slide, the other down on the slide. You may use a coverslip to
keep the leaf from curling up on the edges.
5. Record your observations from your leaf.
Due March 1
❏ Complete the lab report. (this will include all your sketches, make sure they are neat
and labeled)
❏ Take the quiz for section 16.2.
Read Section 16.3
Define:
Flower - _______________________________________________________________
Pollination _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Stamen - ______________________________________________________________
Pollen - _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Pistil - _______________________________________________________________
Stigma - ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Ovary - ______________________________________________________________
Ovule - _______________________________________________________________
Fruit - ________________________________________________________________
Germination - __________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. How do flowering plants reproduce? By ______________________________
2. To what purpose do flowers serve to the plant? ______________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Draw and label the parts of a flower:
4. How are the flower parts usually arranged? _________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Why are the petals sometimes colorful? ____________________________________
6. Draw and label figure 16.21
7. Into what does each ovule develop?_______________
8. Why does a seed go dormant? ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
❏ Complete the chapter assessment (just the sections we usually complete); we will
review the answers in class - do not turn it in.
❏ The following steps will prepare you for the lab:
❏ If you have flowers in your yard, please bring one.
❏ Watch:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbEj5Hy3NHE
❏ Extra background and preparation:
http://extension.illinois.edu/gpe/case4/c4facts1a.html
❏ Read the procedure for the lab:
A good way to learn about the reproductive parts of a plant is by dissecting a flower.
Lilies, irises, or any flower with large parts work well for this project. Use flowers from
your yard or check with a local florist for free discarded flowers. You will need a scalpel
or sharp knife to cut through the flower parts, and a magnifying glass to view pollen
and other small parts of the flower. (Adult supervision recommended.)
Start by identifying each main outside part of the flower. Beneath the petals, there
should be smooth, leaf-like projections called sepals. The male part of the flower is
called the stamen; there are usually multiple stamens on each flower. The long stalk of
the stamen is called the filament. At the top of the filament is the anther, which holds
pollen. The female part of the flower is called the pistil. At the top of the pistil is the
stigma, which collects pollen and carries it down though its hollow body, called the style,
to the ovary, where the pollen fertilizes the flower's eggs. Some flowers have all male or
all female parts (melons and pumpkins for example), and are called imperfect. Most
flowers are perfect: they have both male and female flowers.
1
The first step in this dissection is to remove the sepals and petals, by pulling
them down toward the stem. If you have a microscope, look at the tip of the petal
on a low magnification. If you don't have a microscope, use your magnifying
glass to examine the petal. What is the petal's texture like?
2
Next, remove the flower's stamens; break or cut them off of the stem. Examine
the pollen with your magnifying glass or microscope. Can you see what shape
each pollen grain is? Make a drawing of the pollen.
3
As you dissect the flower, you should be able to identify the plant as either a
monocot or a dicot. Almost all grasses are monocots, as are irises, lilies, and
some other flowering plants. Monocots have petals in multiples of three and
usually have parallel veins in their leaves. Most woody and common flowering
plants are dicots. They have petals in multiples of four or five and have branched
veins in their leaves.
4
After you have finished with the pollen, remove all parts except the pistil so that it
remains alone on the stem. Carefully cut the pistil in half lengthwise, making sure
that your fingers are out of the way. Use your magnifying glass to look at the
inside of it. You should be able to see that the style is a long, hollow tube that
carries pollen from the stigma to the ovary. You might be able to see tiny eggs, or
ovules, in the pistil's ovary.
If there are any buds or half-opened flowers that were on the same stalk as your flower,
pull them open and identify any of the parts that you can find. Do any look different than
on the opened flower?
Due March 8
❏ Write a formal lab report. Your data should include several sketches. Make sure your
conclusion includes vocabulary
❏ Take the chapter 16 test
Read Section 17.1
Define:
Invertebrate - _________________________________________________________
Muscle tissue - ________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Nervous tissue - _______________________________________________________
Asymmetrical - ________________________________________________________
Radial symmetry - _____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Bilateral symmetry - ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Skeletal system - _____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Nerve - _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Nervous system - _____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Reproductive system - _________________________________________________
Hermaphrodite - ______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. What are the two main groups of the Kingdom Animal? ________________________
And __________________________________
2. What percentage of all animals are invertebrates? _________
3. List the seven characteristics that all animals share:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. What is a gut? ________________________________________________________
5. What is a body cavity? _________________________________________________
6. List the organ systems: ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
❑ watch:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9HHS1uPFSo
Please note how much time is spent on the external observation. You will want to
become very familiar with the earthworm’s digestive system.
❑ Download, print, and read the lab carefully.
http://www.shellyssciencespot.com/Worksheets/Animals/Invertebrates/
EarthwormDissectionLab.pdf
Students who have not prepared for the lab will NOT be allowed to participate. You
MUST be prepared; you MUST act mature. We will be working with sharp instruments
which can cause injuries. Any student who misbehaves will NOT be allowed to complete
the lab. You get one chance. I strongly suggest you practice knife skills at home.
Due March 15
❑ Finish your lab. You do need to write a formal lab report for the earthworm dissection.
We went over in class how to do this. Use your lab notes and instructions to help
guide you. Include illustrations or pictures. Your conclusion should not include your
opinions on whether the lab was gross or really cool; it should showcase what you
learned. There was a lot to learn in this lab - digestive system, external anatomy,
circulatory system, etc…
❑ Take the quiz for section 17.1
❑ Read section 17.2
1. How are sponges different from other animals? ______________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. How do sponges reproduce? ____________________________________________
3. What is included in the phylum cnidarians? _________________________________
4. Do cnidarians have a radial symmetry?______ do they have a body cavity? _______
5. Copy the bold part from the paragraph on page 360: _________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6. What is the simplest animal that has bilateral symmetry? ______________________
7. What is the simplest animal that has a complete gut that runs from mouth to anus?
__________________________(is this the earthworm) ________________
8. What makes annelids unique? _______________________________________
9. Why are earthworms important? __________________________________________
10. List three animals that are part of the Phylum Mollusca? ______________________
______________________________________________________________________
11. Typically, the body of a mollusk has ______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
12. Draw and label a mollusk:
13. Where is the mollusk’s mouth located? ___________________________________
14. List the attributes of the arthropods (in bold on page 363) ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
15. List the three distinct regions of an arthropod. ___________________
_____________
____________________
16. What types of eyes do arthropods have? ____________________________
17. List a typical life cycle that happens during metamorphosis.
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
18. Copy the part in bold about Echinoderms on page 364.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
19. Explain the water vascular system of Echinoderms.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
20. Complete this chart:
Phylum
Porifera
Cnidaria
Flatworm
Roundworm
Annelid
Mollusk
Arthropod
Echinoderm
Symmetry
Body Cavity
Examples
❑ Download, print and READ the lab: https://d3jc3ahdjad7x7.cloudfront.net/
zXlNNbpi2Rg0WpD0LLkW5Zyep2Wc58weXTQRJL9aerRbGXW0.pdf
❑ Go to this site and become familiar with the lab:http://www.biologycorner.com/
worksheets/squid_virtual.html
Students who are NOT prepared will NOT be allowed to participate in the lab. You
learned a lot last week about how to behave in a dissection lab. There is NO room for
immature behavior. Students who break rules will NOT be allowed to participate.
Due March 22
❑ Complete a formal lab report. Include pictures and drawings from the lab. Use the lab
instructions to guide your thinking. Your lab report must include: title, background,
purpose, materials, (no hypothesis - this is not an experiment), procedure, data
(pictures or drawings), and conclusion.
❑ Take the quiz on section 17.2
❑ Read section 17.3
Define:
1. Notochord - _________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Vertebrae - __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Epithelial tissue - _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4.Connective tissue - ___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Ectotherms - _________________________________________________________
6. Endotherms - ________________________________________________________
7. Lateral line system - ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
8. Gills - _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Lung - ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
10. Amniotic egg -_______________________________________________________
11. Mammary glands -____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
12. Placenta - __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
13. Cornea - ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
14. Retina - ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
15. Optic nerve - ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. List the classes of vertebrates. ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. What do the vertebrate protect? __________________________________________
3. What are your ears made of? ____________________________________________
4. What is the purpose of the skeletal system? ________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. What are the two body cavities that vertebrates have? ________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. What are the four types of tissues that vertebrates have? _____________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. What is the difference between ectotherms and endotherms? __________________
_____________________________________________________________________
8. What is the difference between external and internal fertilization? _______________
_____________________________________________________________________
9. What are the three classes of fish? _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
10. List three adaptations of fish. ___________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
11. Write the bold part on page 371 describing amphibians. _____________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
12. Describe the eggs of an amphibian. ____________________________________
13. Describe the life cycle of a frog. _______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
14. Write the bold part on page 372 describing reptiles. ________________________
____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
15. What are the most important adaptations for birds? _________________________
______________________________________________________________________
16. What makes mammals unique? _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
17. What is the cerebrum responsible for in the brain? __________________________
18. What is the cerebellum responsible for in the brain? _________________________
❑ Our lab tomorrow is to identify the four different types of tissue types. Study page 368 to
prepare for the lab. Read and examine the tissue samples from the Illustrated Guide to Home
Biology Experiments:https://books.google.com/books?
id=dn0gsTgsMYwC&pg=PA336&lpg=PA336&dq=observing+four+tissue
+types&source=bl&ots=5DdzH4t_CI&sig=M_vCekkKuTT5rtAKk4xmnGF_FPg&hl=en&sa=X&
ved=0ahUKEwjdsqHEvffKAhWJdx4KHcwZAmQQ6AEISzAI#v=onepage&q=observing
%20four%20tissue%20types&f=false
Due March 29
❑ Write a formal lab report; use pictures you drew from the lab for the data. Your completed lab
MUST include examples of the four tissue types.
❑ Take the chapter 17 test; this covers a great deal of information - STUDY. (there is a study
guide on the website)
❑ Read 18.1
❑ Define:
Circulatory system - _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
valve - ________________________________________________________________
Arteries - ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Capillaries - ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Veins - ________________________________________________________________
Blood - _______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Plasma - ______________________________________________________________
Red blood cells - ________________________________________________________
White blood cells - ______________________________________________________
Blood pressure - _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Respiration - __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Respiratory system - ____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Alveoli - ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. What does each cell need? __________________________________________
2. What is the waste they get rid of? _____________________________________
3. What makes up the circulatory system? ______________ ______________________ and
_____________________________
4. What is your heart made of? ______________________________________
5. What is a contraction? _____________________________________________
6. How many chambers are in the heart? ______
7. From what side does the blood enter? _____________
8. Where does the blood go then? __________________
9. It comes back to the heart to the ______ side and then goes to the ____________.
10.List the three types of blood vessels. ____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
11. How much blood is in your body? _______________________________________
12. What is the main function of blood? __________________________________ and
__________________________________________________ it also
___________________________________________________________________
13. What percent of your blood is plasma? ________________
14. What percent is red blood cells? ________ and white? ____________
15. White blood cells are part of your __________________ system.
16. What is your largest blood vessel? ___________________________
17. What generates blood pressure? ________________________________
18. Draw the diagram showing the bronchiole, alveoli, and capillary.
19. Study the figure 18.5 - you need to understand this.
❑ Visit this website and study:http://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/circulatory/
heart/heart_dissection.html
❑ Download, print, and read the lab (we will complete the entire lab in one day)http://
www2.mbusd.org/staff/pware/labs/SheepHeartDissection.pdf
Any student who is NOT prepared will NOT participate in the dissection.
Due April 12
Spring Break April 3 - 7
This work should be completed March 30, March 31, April 11
Extra Credit: Complete a formal lab report on the sheep’s heart dissection. Use your drawings for
the data along with measurements you took.
**You have a project due on May 3. Please download the project information guide on the
website. **
❑ Read section 18.2
❑ Define:
Integumentary system - __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Sweat glands - _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Endocrine system - ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Hormone - _____________________________________________________________
Pancreas - ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Feedback control system - ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Digestive system - ______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Excretory system - ______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Testes - ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Ovaries - _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. What is your body’s largest organ?___________________________
2. List three functions of the integumentary system. ____________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Draw and label the cross section of the skin:
4. Which gland is called the “master gland” and why? ___________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. What does epinephrine do? _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ what is
more commonly called? ________________________________________________
6. What does the pancreas release? _______________________________________
7. Explain the Feedback Control System. ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
8. Learn the path of the digestive system:
9. What does the male reproductive system produce? ________________________
10.What do the ovaries produce? _______
Prepare:
_______________ and _______________
The Respiratory System: Name:
_____________________
Don’t Hold Your Breath – Lung Capacity Lab
Objective: To compare the amount of air taken in during various breathing
exercises.
Background: Lung Capacity is the amount of air contained within the lungs during
various breathing activities. It can be measured in several ways:
•
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY is the amount of air in the lungs after a very
deep inhalation. This would include vital and residual capacities. •
RESIDUAL LUNG CAPACITY is any air left in the lungs after a deep
exhalation. Even after you breathe out everything in your lungs, there is
still some air in there! •
VITAL LUNG CAPACITY is the amount of air you can forcibly exhale in
a single breath. So after inhaling as much air as possible, vital capacity
would be measured by blowing it all out until you can blow no more. •
TIDAL LUNG CAPACITY is the amount of air you breathe normally. This
is not a deep breath, but the type of breathing you would do if you were
reading a book or washing the dishes. Here’s What You’ll Need to Conduct This Experiment: Ruler, Balloon, String
What You Do:
Stretch out your balloon
1. Measure your Tidal Capacity.
a. In order to do this, take a normal breath in. Place the balloon to your lips
and exhale a normal breath into the balloon. DO NOT force air into the balloon.
b. Pinch the open end of the balloon and place the ballon on the table.
Holding the balloon measure the diameter of the balloon with the string or ruler.
c. Record your information in the chart below. Release the air and complete
steps 1 - four more times.
2. Measure you Vital Capacity (BIG BREATH IN & OUT)
a. In order to do this, take a BIG breath in. Place the balloon to your lips and
exhale as much as possible.
b. repeat the steps (b and c) from above.
Tidal Capacity
Ballon Diameter
(cm)
Tidal Capacity
Volume of air (cc)
Vital Capacity
Balloon Diameter
(cm)
Vital Capacity
Volume of Air (cc)
1
2
3
4
5
Average
The Results: What Happened?
Calculating your lung capacity:
Use the following formula to calculate your lung volume for each of the
measurements in your chart on the previous page. Place your answers in the chart
under “Volume of Air”.
TOTAL LUNG VOLUME =
(balloon diameter)3 𝝅
6
Answer the following questions
1.
What is meant by the term “lung capacity”? 2.
How did your tidal and vital lung capacity differ? Explain why might you
see that difference? 3.
Compare your data to other members of your class. What are some reasons
you might see differences? 4.
How might an athlete’s vital lung capacity compare to a non-athlete? 5.
How could a habit like cigarette smoking affect your lung capacity? 6.
Give an example of surroundings that might affect your lung capacity in a
positive way. 7.
Give an example of surroundings that might affect your lung capacity in a
negative way. Due April 19
❑Complete a formal lab report. Your data should be in the forms of a table and a graph.
❑ Project
❑Take the chapter 18 test. (there is not a quiz for 18.2)
❑ Read Section 19.1
❑Define:
Axial skeleton - _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Appendicular skeleton - __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Periosteum - ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Compact bone - ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Cancellous bone - ______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
❑ Bone marrow - ________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
❑ Joint - _______________________________________________________________
❑ Hinge joint - __________________________________________________________
❑ Ball and socket joint - __________________________________________________
Ligament - ___________________________________________________________
Muscular system - ______________________________________________________
Tendon - ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Flexor - _______________________________________________________________
Extensor - _____________________________________________________________
1.
How many bones does a baby have? ____________ what happens to these bones? ________________________ how many bones does an adult have? __________
2.
What are the four functions of the skeletal system? ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. Draw and label the cross section of the bone on page 410. 4.
List the types of joints mentioned in this chapter and a brief description of each.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________ 5.
What do ligaments join? _______________ 6.
What are the other two types of muscle tissue? ______________________________ And ________________________________
7. What is the major function of the skeletal system? ____________________________
______________________________________________________________________
8. Do you control involuntary muscles? ________ list two ________________________
______________________________________________________________________
9. Explain the relationship between flexor and extensor muscles. __________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
10. What type of exercise increases your muscles? _____________________________
❑ Prepare for the frog dissection lab
Due April 26
❑ We are skipping 19.2 and there is not a test for chapter 19
❑ Take the quiz on 19.1
❑Project
❑ Read section 20.1
Define:
Central nervous system ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Peripheral nervous system ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Nerve impulse ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Withdrawal reflex ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Sensory nerves ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Motor nerves ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Cerebrum ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Cerebellum -Science Homework April 13 - end of school
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Medulla ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. What are the major divisions of the nervous system? AND what do they do?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What are the three parts of a neuron?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Why does a withdrawal reaction occur?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. Trace the route of the withdrawal reaction. (use page 432)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. How many nerve impulses does your body fire off in a second? ________________
6. How many dendrites can a single neuron have? ____________________________
7. In just one cubic millimeter of your brain, how many connection are there between
cells? _____________________________________________________________
8. What are the two types of tissues that make up your nervous system?
__________________________________________________________________
9. What is gray matter responsible for?
___________________________________________________________________
10. What is white matter responsible for? _____________________________________
11. What is the largest part of your brain? _______________________________AND
what does it do? ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
12. What does the cerebellum do? _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
13. What does the medulla control? ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
❑ Read Section 20.2
Define:
photoreceptors - ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Optic nerve - ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Cone cells - ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Rod cells - _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. What does refracted mean? ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Explain using the information on page 435 how sight works.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. What is color? (top of 436) ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. True or False - Red has the highest energy and violet the lowest.
5. Which photoreceptor responds to color? ___________________________________
6. Which photoreceptor responds to light intensity? ________________________And
what shade do they see? ________________________________________________
7. Why do colors seem washed out at night?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
8. How many rods cells does the average eye have? ___________________________
9. How many cone cells does the average eye have? __________________________
10. How often does the brain process the 137 million dots per second? ____________
11. What are the three primary colors? ______________________________________
12. If you see green, what does your brain ‘think’?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
13. What percentage of males are color blind? ___________ Females? ____________
14. How is color blindness most often caused?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
15. What is the most common type of color blindness?
______________________________________________________________________
❑ Start organizing your notebook - your semester 2 exam is open notebook. You will
want to make tabs for your notebook so you can find information easy. There will be a
study guide.
Due May 3
No lab report!
YOUR PROJECT IS DUE!
❑Read section 20.3 and take notes
❑Define:
reflection ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
refraction - _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
lens - _________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
focal point - ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
focal length - ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
virtual image - __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
real image - ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
pupil - ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
image - _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. At what speed does light travel? _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. What kind of lines does light travel? _______________________________________
3. What occurs when a light bounces off a surface?
______________________________________________________________________
4. Draw the figure 20.11 on page 440 and label:
5. What is the angle of incidence always equal to?
_____________________________________________________________________
6. What kinds of materials will light pass through? _____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Is the speed of light changed when it passes through different materials? ________
8. If you put a glass rod in a glass of water explain why the glass rod looks bent.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
9. What is an axis?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
10. What are the two type of lenses, and what are their differences?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
11. Draw and label the diagrams on page 442 showing the differences between concave
and convex lenses.
12. Explain in your own words how you see your image in a mirror.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
13. Which can see a real image? a convex or concave lens
14. What is the focus?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
15. What controls the amount of light that enters your eyes? ______________________
16. What is the pigmented part of your eye called? _____________________________
17. What is the fovea? ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
18. What is one way that the lens in your eye is different from the lenses we use in
science class?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
19. What is the cornea? __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
❑ Read section 20.4
❑ Define:
wave - ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
frequency - ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
pitch - ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
cochlea - ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. What are sound waves? _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. When is a sound wave created? __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. True or False: The molecules in a sound wave are pushed by the vibrations and
create a layer of higher pressure.
4. How are sound waves measured? ________________________________________
5. Which has the higher pitch? A siren or a bass guitar
6. How is the loudness of sound measured? __________________________________
7. What is the typical dB of a conversation? ___________________________
8. How do we recognize voices?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
9. What does the other ear do? ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
10. What does the middle ear do? What important parts are located there?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
11. What does the inner do?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
12. How does the cochlea work? ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
❑ Prepare your model and bring to class.
Due May 10
Prepare your notebook for the semester two exam.
Review and make sure everything is complete.
The exam will begin at 9:15. We will have a class review at
9:00. You do not need to arrive until 9:00. Please bring two
sharp pencils, an eraser, your notebook, and a book to
read when you are finished.
Happy Summer!!!