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Memory
•  Therearedifferentmemorysystems:
Sensorymemory
Workingmemory
–  Sensorymemory,short-term/workingmemory,
long-termmemory
•  Differentsystemshavedifferent
characterisAcs
–  DuraAons,capaciAes,contents
•  Unifyingmodel:Stagetheory
–  Or“modalmodel”
Stagetheory
Visualsensorymemory
NowoMencalled
workingmemory
Rehearsal
Encoding
Sensory
memory
Short-term
memory
Encoding
Masking
5
–  PresenAnganotheritematthatlocaAonmasks
(overwrites)thepreviousone
Storage
Visualsensorymemory
120msec
7
3
8
1
0
2
8
9
8
5
7
3 8
6 8
1
0
2 8
9 8
+
–  Auditorysensorymemoryiscalledechoicmemory
•  Holds1itemperspaAallocaAon
Retrieval
Long-term
memory
80msec
•  Alsocallediconicmemory
6
8
+
•  StoresunidenAfied“blobs”
–  A]endingtoablobandencodingitintoshorttermmemorytakesAme
•  Contentscanbeoverwri]en
•  ContentsalsodecayoverAme
–  Neuronsreturntobaseline
–  Aniteminiconicmemorylastsabout1sec
•  Aniteminechoicmemorylasts2-3sec
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Decay
4
A
E
7
B
X
S
+
P
X
X
X
2
R
X
X
D
9
3
SubiAzing
8
SubiAzing
•  Wecanencodethenumberofitemsiniconic
memory,uptoabout4or5,withoutcounAng
•  Formoreitems,wehavetocount
X
X
X
X
X
X X
+ X
X
XX
X
X
Visualsensorymemory
•  Probablystoredinoccipitallobe
–  OresAmate,ifitemsdecaybeforewecancount
themall
Workingmemory(WM)
•  Roughlyequivalenttoconsciousawareness
•  Hasverbalandvisualcomponents
–  OMencalled“buffers”
–  Verbalworkingmemoryisbe]erstudied
Verbalworkingmemory
•  DuraAonisafewseconds
–  Itemsdecay,butcanbemaintainedinanacAve
stateusingrehearsal
–  Withoutrehearsal,anitemlastsnolongerthan
about30seconds
•  Capacityislimited
–  TwodifferentesAmates:
•  7± 2 chunks
•  As many items as you can rehearse in 2 seconds
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Freerecallprocedure
•  You’llsee15words,oneataAme
–  Halfasecondapart
•  AMerwards,writethemdown,inanyorder
Typicalaccuracyresults
Primacyandrecencyeffects
(Glanzer&Cunitz,1966)
Recencyeffect
Primacy
effect
school
dog
road
tree
place
car
door
play
face
book
Ame
boy
thing
night
group
group
night
thing
boy
Ame
book
face
play
door
car
place
tree
road
dog
school
People counted
backwards for 30
sec before recall
•  Primacy:Earlyitemsgetmorerehearsal
–  Maintenancerehearsal:saytheitemrepeatedly
–  Elabora:verehearsal:linktheitemtoexisAng
knowledge
•  Recency:LateitemsareacAvebecauseyou
justencodedthem
–  LeMalone,theydecay
Verbalchunking
C
I
A
N
S
A
I
R
S
F
Visualchunking
B
I
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ImplicaAonsofchunking
•  Themoreyouknowaboutatask,theeasierit
istorememberdetailsaboutit
–  ExpertseffecAvelyhavelargeworkingmemories
intheirdomainsofexper:se
–  Inotherdomains,theirworkingmemoryisno
differentanyoneelse’s
The“working”inworkingmemory
•  You’llseetwonumbers
•  MulAplytheminyourhead
•  Whilethinkingoutloud
760x93
Altmann’sverbalprotocol:
Chunks
760
x93
2280
68400
Intrusion
so760Ames93,uh
3Ames760
so3Ames0is0,3Ames6is18,uh
itwas760,so3Ames7is21
pluscarry1is22,uh
so3Ames760is22,2280,ok
that’sthefirstline,thesecondlineis
IwasmulAplyingby93,Ithink,Ames760
so9Ames0is0,9Ames6is54
[?]the4,carrythe5,uh
9Ames7is,um…63
plus4is67,so6740
plus…2280
0plus0is0,8,uh
nowI’velostthesecondnumber
4