Name
CHAPTER
Date
16
Class
STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Energy and Chemical Change
Section 16.1
Energy
In your textbook, read about the nature of energy.
In the space at the left, write true if the statement is true; if the statement is false,
change the italicized word or phrase to make it true.
1. Energy is the ability to do work or produce heat.
2. The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be
created and destroyed.
3. Chemical potential energy is energy stored in a substance because
of its composition.
4. Heat is a form of energy that flows from a warmer object to a
cooler object.
5. A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature
of one gram of pure water by one degree Celsius.
6. A calorie is the SI unit of heat and energy.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree
Celsius.
8. Kinetic energy is energy of motion.
9. Chemicals participating in a chemical reaction contain only
potential energy.
10. One nutritional Calorie is equal to 100 calories.
11. One calorie equals 4.184 joules.
12. When a fuel is burned, some of its chemical potential energy is
lost as heat.
13. To convert kilojoules to joules, divide the number of kilojoules by
1000 joules/1 kilojoule.
Answer the following question. Show all your work.
14. If the temperature of a 500.0-g sample of liquid water is raised 2.00°C, how much heat is
absorbed by the water? The specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/(g°C).
Study Guide for Content Mastery
Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 16
91
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
Thermal Energy
Chapter
6
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms listed below.
insulators
radiation
forced-air
electrical
conductors
convection
Meeting Individual Needs
Thermal energy
is transferred by
conduction
whose transfer is
helped by
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3.
1.
2.
which is used in all the
conventional heating systems
in the form of
radiation
electromagnetic
waves
and hindered by
and
4.
5.
and
6.
Thermal Energy
19
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1
■
Section 2
■
Class
Temperature and Chapter
Heat
Transferring Thermal
Energy
6
Directions: In each of the following statements, a term has been scrambled. Unscramble the term and write it
on the line provided.
1. If particles move more llsowy the object’s temperature falls.
2. Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, and sages.
Meeting Individual Needs
3. Thermal energy includes both kinetic and ttnepoail energy.
4. Any material that can flow is lufdi.
5. Any material that allows heat to pass through it easily is a
roconcutd.
6. Materials with a high specific heat can absorb heat
without a large hngcae in temperature.
7. Radiation is the transfer of energy in the form of vaews.
9. Many conductors, such as silver and copper, are lemtas.
10. Energy that travels by radiation is often called darinta
greeny.
11. Insulators, such as wood and air, are poor conductors of
thea.
12. The transfer of thermal energy by convection and
conduction both require atterm.
Directions: On the lines provided, explain the differences between conduction, convection, and radiation.
Use the information in the exercise above to help you. Write your answers in complete sentences.
13.
20 Thermal Energy
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. When an object increases in temperature it naigs thermal
energy.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Key Terms
Thermal Energy
Class
Chapter
6
Directions: In each of the following statements, a term has been scrambled. Unscramble the term and write it
on the line provided.
1. The transfer of energy through matter by direct contact
of particles is called docniotucn.
2. The transfer of energy by the movement of matter is
called vecconniot.
Meeting Individual Needs
3. The type of heat transfer that does not require matter is
iadraniot.
4. Any material that does not allow heat to pass through it
easily is an roinsulta.
5. An ntieanrl busmcotoin engine burns fuels inside
chambers called cylinders.
6. Energy from the sun is lraos neeygr.
8. The thermal energy that flows from something with a
higher temperature to something with a lower temperature
is called eath.
9. Thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy by a
thea gennie.
10. A thea revmo moves thermal energy from one location and
transfers it to another location at a different temperature.
11. The pertreuamet measures the average kinetic energy of
all the particles in an object.
12. The total energy of the particles in a material is ethrlam
gyeren.
13. The pcciifes thea of a material is the amount of energy it takes
to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the material 1 kelvin.
22 Thermal Energy
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. A device on a building that absorbs radiant energy from
the sun is lraos lleocctro.
Name
1
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Chapter
Temperature and Heat
6
Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,
write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term that makes the statement true.
1. Particles that make up matter are in constant motion.
2. The faster particles move the less kinetic energy they have.
4. When temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particles
decreases.
5. The thermal energy of an object is the total energy of the particles in
a material.
6. A 5-kg chunk of aluminum and a 5-kg block of silver that are at the
same temperature have the same thermal energy.
7. Heat flows from a higher temperature to a lower temperature.
8. Heat is measured in newtons.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. Different materials need the same amounts of heat to have similar
changes in temperatures.
10. The amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a
material 1 kelvin is the specific heat of the material.
11. Water has a relatively low specific heat.
12. Materials with a high specific heat can absorb a lot of energy and
show little change in temperature.
Directions: Answer the following questions about specific and thermal energy.
13. Change in thermal energy can be calculated using the equation Q = m ✕ ∆T ✕ C.
a. In this equation, what does Q represent?
b. What does m represent?
c. What does ∆T represent?
d. What does C represent?
e. What does the symbol ∆ mean?
f. Why is the symbol ∆ used with T but not Q?
14. What formula is used to calculate ∆T?
Thermal Energy
27
Meeting Individual Needs
3. Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the
particles in an object.
Name
2
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Transferring Thermal Energy
Chapter
6
Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,
write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term that makes the statement true.
1. Materials that are poor conductors are poor insulators.
2. The transfer of energy through matter by direct contact of its particles
is convection.
3. The transfer of energy in the form of invisible waves is conduction.
Meeting Individual Needs
4. Solids usually conduct heat better than liquids and gases.
5. The R-value of insulation indicates its resistance to heat flow.
6. Air is a poor heat conductor.
7. Wind and ocean currents are examples of conduction currents.
8. Energy is usually transferred in fluids by radiation.
9. As water is heated, it expands, becomes less dense, and rises.
10. Dark-colored materials absorb less radiant energy than light-colored
materials.
12. The higher the R-value of insulation the less resistant it is to heat flow.
Directions: Circle the object in each pair that will take in more heat. In the blank, explain why that object will
take in more heat.
13. a silver spoon
a wooden log
14. a white shirt
a red shirt
15. foil in the sunlight
a sidewalk in the sunlight
16. single-pane window
double-pane window
17. R-5 insulation
R-35 insulation
28 Thermal Energy
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11. Only radiant energy that is reflected is changed to thermal energy.
Name
1
Date
Enrichment
Hot and Cold
Class
Chapter
6
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. If you put a heated rock in a bucket of water, the temperature of the water will increase and the
temperature of the rock will decrease until the temperature is equal for both substances. If you
drop a heated rock in the ocean, will the same thing happen? Explain.
3. Glass bottles have more mass than aluminum cans. When beverages in glass bottles are cooled,
ten times as much heat must be removed as when the same beverages in aluminum cans are
cooled. If you were a shop owner and had to pay the electric bills, would you rather sell
beverages in glass containers or aluminum?
4. During the winter, after a hot bath, is it more efficient to drain the tub immediately or let it sit?
Why?
30 Thermal Energy
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Meeting Individual Needs
2. Before the days of central heating, it was common to take a hot item to bed with you to keep
you warm. Would you rather have a 10 kg heated brick or a 10 kg jug of hot water that are at
the same temperature? Explain.
Name
Date
Thermal Energy
Chapter
Review
Class
Chapter
6
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: In the space at the left, write the term from the word list that best completes each statement. Use
each term once.
combustion
insulators
heat engine
radiator
radiation
solar collector
solar energy
kinetic energy
conduction
fluid
convection
1. Thermal transfer by convection takes place in materials that
are ______.
2. A type of heat transfer that does not require matter is ______.
3. Energy from the Sun is ______.
4. Energy is transferred through matter by direct contact of particles
by ______.
5. The rapid burning of fuels that takes place in engines is called ______.
7. Materials such as air, wood, and rubber that do not allow heat to
pass through them easily are called ______.
8. The transfer of heat energy by movement of matter is called ______.
9. A device that absorbs radiant energy from the Sun is a(n) ______.
10. A device that changes thermal energy into mechanical energy is
called a(n) ______.
11. The particles of an object with a high temperature have a high ______.
Directions: Explain the difference between the terms in each pair. Write your answers on the lines provided.
12. heat mover, heat pump
Thermal Energy
37
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. A device with a large surface area designed to heat the air near it by
conduction is a(n) ______.
Name
Date
Chapter
Test
Class
Chapter
Thermal Energy
6
I. Testing Concepts
Directions: In the blank at the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that completes the statement or
answers the question.
1. Refrigerators and air conditioners are examples of ______.
a. heat pumps
b. heat engines
c. heat movers
d. solar collectors
2. Wind and ocean currents are formed by ______.
a. radiation
b. convection
c. conduction
d. condensation
3. A material that reduces the flow of heat by conduction, convection, and radiation
is a(n) ______.
a. conductor
b. insulator
c. solar collector
d. radiator
4. All of the following are good conductors of heat EXCEPT ______.
a. silver
b. copper
c. aluminum
d. air
5. Of the following, the insulation that is most resistant to heat flow is rated ______.
a. R-40
b. R-20
c. R-10
d. R-1
6. The process by which engine fuels burn is ______.
a. radiation
b. convection
c. combustion
d. insulation
8. Gasoline and diesel engines are ______.
a. internal combustion engines
b. external combustion engines
c. heat pumps
d. heat movers
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. Through which of the following will convection most likely occur?
a. solids and liquids b. solids and gases c. solids
d. liquids and gases
9. The transfer of energy that does not require matter is ______.
a. combustion
b. conduction
c. convection
d. radiation
10. Solar collectors are parts of ______.
a. passive solar heating systems
b. active solar heating systems
c. internal combustion engines
d. external combustion engines
11. Energy from the sun travels to Earth as ______.
a. mechanical energy
c. radiant energy
b. chemical energy
d. combustion
12. Of the following, the best insulator would be ______.
a. silver
b. copper
c. air
d. iron
13. A device that heats your home by transferring thermal energy from a region of low
temperature to a region at a higher temperature is a ______.
a. heat mover
b. radiator
c. conductor
d. heat engine
14. A device that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy is a ______.
a. heat mover
b. radiator
c. conductor
d. heat engine
Thermal Energy
39
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Test (continued)
III. Applying Concepts
Directions: Use the figure below to answer questions 1–5. In the blank at the left, write the letter of the term or
phrase that completes each statement or answers the question.
1. How will the heat from the pot in room A move to its handle?
a. convection
b. radiation
c. conduction
d. both a and b
2. Thermal energy is transferred to the sunbather in room B by ______.
a. convection
b. radiation
c. conduction
d. both a and b
4. In room C, thermal energy is transferred to the people by ______.
a. convection
b. conduction
c. radiation
d. both a and c
Assessment
5. In room D, the thermal energy of the iron is transferred to the clothes by ______.
a. convection
b. conduction
c. radiation
d. none of these
IV. Writing Skills
Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.
1. Water has a very high specific heat. Why does this make it a very good substance for use in
cooling systems of automobiles?
2. A well-insulated house should have insulation with an R-value of at least R-19 in the walls
and an R-value of R-30 to R-44 in the ceilings. Why is a higher R-value needed in the ceilings?
3. Why do the pipes in a steam-heating system need to be insulated?
42 Thermal Energy
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Where does most of the heat provided by the fire in room C go?
a. up the chimney b. into the room
c. to the people
d. none of these
Thermodynamics Worksheet
Use the graphic to answer the questions below
1. _____ Solid Region
2. _____ Liquid Region
3. _____ Gas Region
4. _____ Sublimation Curve
5. _____ Melting Curve
6. _____ Boiling Curve
7. _____ Normal Melting Point
8. _____ Normal Boiling Point
9. Calculate the energy change if 10.0g of ice at -10.0ºC is heated to steam at 120.0ºC.
Specific Heats
ice = 2.06 J/gºC
water = 4.18 J/gºC
steam = 2.08 J/gºC
Hf
334 J/g
Hv
2260 J/g
CHAPTER 16
Energy and Chemical Change
Name:
1
Date:
Which of these increases when the sign of S is
negative?
A
Disorder
B
Temperature
C
Order
4
D Kinetic energy
This question covers TEKS 5A. This question tests
the material that was covered in the textbook on
pages 517–518.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2
When you eat a slice of pizza, the crust is often
less hot than the toppings or sauce. This most
likely occurs because the toppings and sauce have
a greater —
A
molar enthalpy of formation
B
specific heat
C
heat of fusion
D
mass
This question covers TEKS 5C. This question tests
the material that was covered in the textbook on
pages 492 and 494.
Use the equation below to answer question 3.
H 2 O(l)
3
H 2 O(g) Hvap = + 40.7 kJ
The equation shows the change in enthalpy when
one mole of liquid water vaporizes into water vapor.
This is called the molar heat of vaporization. Given
this information, which of these is the proper value
for the molar heat of condensation?
A
Hcond = –40.7 kJ
B
Hcond = 0 kJ
C
Hcond = –571.6 kJ
D
Hcond = +571.6 kJ
Which of these is required for a reaction to be called
exothermic?
A
The enthalpy of the reactants must be less than
that of the products.
B
The sign of the change in enthalpy for the
reaction must be positive.
C
The enthalpy of the products must be less than
that of the reactants.
D
Heat must flow from the surroundings into the
system.
This question covers TEKS 5B. This question tests
the material that was covered in the textbook on
pages 499–500.
5
Leila is given a sealed flask of sugar water at room
temperature. She places it over a Bunsen burner for a
few minutes and notes condensation on the sides.
Then she places the flask in an ice bath for ten
minutes, and notices that ice crystals begin to form.
Leila knows that the one statement that cannot be
true is that —
A
the kinetic energy of the sugar water at the end
of the experiment is less than at the beginning of
the experiment
B
the total energy in the sugar water at the end of
the experiment is less than at the beginning of
the experiment
C
the entropy of the sugar water at the beginning
of the experiment is greater than at the end of
the experiment
D
the total energy in the sugar water at the
beginning of the experiment is greater than at
the end of the experiment
This question covers TEKS 5C and 15A. This
question tests the material that was covered in the
textbook on pages 492–494, 502, and 509.
This question covers TEKS 5B. This question tests
the material that was covered in the textbook on
pages 502–503.
Reviewing Chemistry: Mastering the TEKS
Chemistry: Matter and Change
31
CHAPTER 16
Energy and Chemical Change, continued
Name:
6
Date:
Fusion, or melting, is an endothermic process
because it —
A
requires heat to be transferred from system to
surroundings and has a H that is negative
B
requires heat to be transferred from
surroundings to system and has a H that
is positive
C
involves a decrease in entropy
D
involves a decrease in kinetic energy
This question covers TEKS 5C. This question tests
the material that was covered in the textbook on
pages 502–503.
7
9
Entropy
B
Endothermy
C
Temperature
D
Enthalpy
A
A reaction with a –S and a +H
B
A reaction with a –H and a –S
C
A reaction with a +H and a +S
D
A reaction with a +S and a –H
This question covers TEKS 5A and 5B. This question
tests the material that was covered in the textbook
on pages 517–518.
10
Which of the following is NOT a variable in the
Gibbs free energy equation, which determines
reaction spontaneity?
A
Which of these would always be called a
spontaneous reaction?
Which of the following reactions is a spontaneous
process at 25ºC?
A
2Fe2O3(s) ➝ 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) H = 1625 kJ
B
H2O(l) ➝ H2O(s) H = –6.01 kJ
C
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ➝ 2Fe2O3(s) H = –1625 kJ
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ➝ CH4(g) + 2O2(g) H =
891 kJ
This question covers TEKS 5A and 15B. This
question tests the material that was covered in the
textbook on pages 513–514.
D
8
Professor Bothwell determined from the wrapper the
number of calories in a candy bar. He then burned
the entire candy bar and measured the amount of
heat released. His experiment was most likely
designed to demonstrate —
A
the law of conservation of matter
B
the law of disorder
C
the law of conservation of energy
D the law of constant composition
This question covers TEKS 15A. This question tests
the material that was covered in the textbook on
pages 490–491.
32
Chemistry: Matter and Change
11
The Gibb’s free energy equation is
Gsystem = Hsystem – TSsystem. Which of the
following combinations of factors must be true
for a reaction to be nonspontaneous?
A
Gsystem negative, Suniverse positive
B
Gsystem positive, Suniverse positive
C
Gsystem negative, Suniverse negative
D
Gsystem positive, Suniverse negative
This question covers TEKS 5A and 15B. This
question tests the material that was covered in the
textbook on pages 517–518.
Reviewing Chemistry: Mastering the TEKS
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
This question covers TEKS 5A. This question tests
the material that was covered in the textbook on
page 517.