2
TODAY, I WILL
LOOK AROUND AND
ENJOY ALL THE
BEAUTIFUL THINGS THAT
ARE AROUND ME RATHER
THAN YEARN FOR THINGS
THAT ARE BEYOND MY
CONTROL AND BECOME
MISERABLE - RVM
LOOK IN THE
MIRROR.
THAT'S YOUR
COMPETITION.
3
WHY DO YOU WANT A
NEW TRUTH WHEN
YOU DO NOT PRACTICE
WHAT YOU ALREADY
KNOW? FAR BETTER TO
READ A FEW BOOKS
AND MAKE THEM YOUR
OWN THAN TO READ
MANY BOOKS QUICKLY
AND SUPERFICIALLY
- Eknath Easwaran
STUDENT WORKBOOK
REVISED - MAY 1, 2017
PUT YOUR
HEART, MIND,
INTELLECT, AND
SOUL EVEN INTO
YOUR SMALLEST ACTS.
THIS IS THE SECRET OF
SUCCESS
- Swami Sivananda
WHAT YOU DO
MAKES A
DIFFERENCE, AND
YOU HAVE TO DECIDE
WHAT KIND OF
DIFFERENCE YOU
WANT TO MAKE
- Jane Goodall
WE ARE
WHAT WE
REPEATEDLY DO.
EXCELLENCE
THEREFORE IS NOT
AN ACT, BUT A HABIT
- Aristotle
BUILDING ENGLISH, NON-COGNITIVE & CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
Free one-year enrichment program
Student Workbook
About This Resource
The English classes organized by the Freedom English Academy are aimed at building comfort,
confidence and competence in oral communication. The one hour forty-five minute weekday class is
designed using international language learning framework. For 30 minutes, students listen and imitate the language as spoken by native speakers using an international software. Thereafter, for 1
hour 15 minutes, with the Facilitator’s guidance, the students practice the learnt concepts through
Workbook and planned oral communication activities.
Along with developing English communication skills, Freedom English Academy is also committed to building critical thinking skills among its students, making them independent and reflective
thinkers. The language lessons are layered with activities to nurture a problem-solving mindset
among students who become active contributors in their communities.
FEA students are also taught touch-typing or keyboarding and are also encouraged to develop an
interest in reading books by participating in a reading program. The purpose of this Workbook is to
serve as a comprehensive resource for first generation learners of English language, organizing information to boost confidence in language usage at the early Intermediate Level (Level 2).
At the end of every week, there is a review/consolidation lesson, where the students recapitulate the
learning of the week before moving on to new content. The facilitator is to ensure that the students
use a pencil to complete the workbook exercises as it will allow them to make changes, if required.
This Student Workbook comprises 48 lessons as a part of early Intermediate Level (Level 2) to be
completed in two months. After the successful completion of this book and meeting the promotion
criteria as assessed by the Student Evaluator, the student will be given Book 4 (later Intermediate
of Level 2).
The Student Workbook must be left behind at the Centre, after the completion of the 1 hour 45
minutes class. Students may be allowed to take the Workbook home after he/she completes Level 2.
1
Student Workbook
Table of Content
Lesson #
Topic
Page #
Week 17 - Review
Lesson #
Topic
Page #
Week 21 - Sewage
97
Introduction - Review
5
121
Reflections on Action Plan
51
98
Safety & Good Health - Review
6
122
Grammar Review - 1
55
99
Shopping - Review
8
123
Letter Writing
56
100
At the Office - Review
10
124
Grammar Review - 2
57
101
Pronunciation
12
125
Grammar Review - 3
59
102
Learning Contract - 3
13
126
Consolidation
62
Week 18 - Community
Week 22 - Personal Hygiene
103
My Community
16
127
Simple Present Tense
64
104
Me & My Community
20
128
Present Continuous Tense
66
105
The Good Samaritan
22
129
Simple Past Tense
69
106
Short Messages
24
130
Future Tense
72
107
Problem-Solving
26
131
Conversation
73
108
Consolidation
27
132
Consolidation
74
Week 19 - Waste Management
Week 23 - Case Studies
109
Articles - 1
29
133
Direct Speech
76
110
Articles - 2
33
134
Reported Speech
78
111
This, That, These, Those
34
135
Conversion of Speech
81
112
Let’s Talk
36
136
Comparisons - 1
84
113
Problem-solving
37
137
Comparisons - 2
87
114
Consolidation
38
138
Consolidation
90
Week 20 - Water Logging
Week 24 - Possibilities
115
Subject Verb Agreement - 1
40
139
Review - 1
92
116
Subject Verb Agreement - 2
43
140
Review - 2
95
117
Phrases
45
141
Review - 3
98
118
Phrases - Usage
47
142
Review - 4
101
119
Summing Up
49
143
Review - 5
103
120
Consolidation
50
144
Internal Evaluation
104
Appendix
#
Topic
Page #
#
Topic
Page #
1
Garbage Disposal - Articles
107
Reflections
115-124
2
Story of Rahul
112
Student Leave Application
125-126
3
Phrases
113
3
Week 17
LESSON 97
INTRODUCTION (REVIEW)
A. Write 10 sentences to introduce yourself.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
B.Write 5 sentences to introduce a famous person (dead or alive).
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5
Week 17
LESSON 98
SAFETY AND GOOD HEALTH (REVIEW)
1. MOTORBIKE SAFETY
98.6% of bikers who died didn't wear a helmet
Of the 1,453 two-wheeler riders who died in road accidents in Chennai between
January 1, 2013 and June 28, 2015, 1,434 were not wearing a helmet. In the
same period, just 19 two-wheeler riders wearing a helmet were killed in road
accidents.
"Helmets are for everyone's safety. These numbers clearly show the importance of
wearing helmets. It is not just enforcement for the sake of enforcement," said
commissioner of police S George.
Explaining the effects of a blow on the head, doctors say that unlike other parts of
the body, any injury to the brain is irreversible. Neurosurgeon Dr K Ganapathy
said, "The skull, on impact, swells up like any other bone. But the swelling
damages the brain and can cause permanent damage."
Many doctors are surprised why so many people still refuse to wear a helmet. "We
see patients whose helmets have cracked open but they sustained only minor
bruises. And there are several others who do not make it simply because they
were not wearing a helmet," said neurosurgeon Dr K Sridhar.
For those who shy away from wearing a helmet, the reasons range from heat and
humidity to vanity to fear of hair fall. But for those who do use them regularly, it is
a question of habit. "I cannot leave my house without a helmet. I feel unsafe
without one," said M Rajsekhar of Saligramam.
Officials of an ambulance service say even if a motorist not wearing a helmet
survives a fall, the quality of his / her life after the accident would come down
drastically. "The patient can get seizures and chronic headaches. All this can be
prevented if one wears a helmet," said B Prabhudoss of the 108 Ambulance
Service.
Adapted from http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
6
Week 17
2. GIVING ADVICE
A. Your younger brother has recently started riding his motor cycle. What 5 things will you
tell him so that he drives safely. Write in complete sentences.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
B.Your friend has been very ill. The doctor says that he has been eating unhealthy food
from unhygienic places. Write a conversation of 10 sentences between you and your
friend advising him about healthy eating habits.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
7
Week 17
LESSON 99
SHOPPING (REVIEW)
1. WHICH IS MORE EXPENSIVE?
A new sweater from a leading brand
A second-hand sweater, made in the 1980s
2. ROLEPLAY
A. Your friend from Germany is visiting India. He / she wants your help to go shopping for
gifts to take back with him / her. Write a brief conversation between you and your friend
using 5Ws and 1H.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
8
Week 17
B. You and your family are visiting a restaurant and order your favorite food. When the
food is served, the quality of food and the service is very disappointing. You complain
to the restaurant manager about it. Write a brief conversation between you and the
restaurant manager in not less than 10 sentences.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
C. COMIC
9
Week 17
LESSON 100
AT THE OFFICE (REVIEW)
A. The office secretary was absent and you have been asked to take over her
responsibilities. You take two calls in the morning. Fill up the telephone message cards
below giving all relevant information about the calls you received.
Telephone Message Card 1
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Telephone Message Card 2
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
10
Week 17
B. You have been invited by the Principal of a school to make a presentation to the
students telling them about different professions.
i.
Make a list of items you need for the presentation
a. _______________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________
d. _______________________________________________________________
e. _______________________________________________________________
ii.
Write down the details of the professions you will talk about.
Profession
Details (at least 2)
________________________________________________
______________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
______________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
______________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
______________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
______________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
11
Week 17
LESSON 101
PRONUNCIATION
Measure
A. WORDS USING THE SAME SOUND:
1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________
4. _____________________________
5. _____________________________
B. PRACTICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
He measured his pleasure in treasure.
Join in my vision for this joyful occasion.
He usually checks his equation on the quiz.
Collision results in abrasion.
Asian zebras usually jump.
MAKE YOUR OWN
1. ____________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________
12
Week 17
LESSON 102
LEARNING CONTRACT - 3
Tick the appropriate box:
How comfortable are you:
Not at all
Somewhat
Very
introducing yourself and others?
▢
▢
▢
describing people, places, objects and events?
▢
▢
▢
expressing your Likes and Dislikes?
▢
▢
▢
understanding instructions and directions?
▢
▢
▢
filling up personal information forms?
▢
▢
▢
framing questions?
▢
▢
▢
using polite phrases?
▢
▢
▢
How comfortable are you:
Student
Facilitator
Not at all
Somewhat
Very
Not at all
Somewhat
Very
speaking in English?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
reading English ?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
understanding English?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
writing English?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
using the correct
keyboarding technique
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest, rate your:
Student
Facilitator
English vocabulary
Pronunciation
Grammar
How often are you reading
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Mostly
Always
FEA Library books?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
English newspaper?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
13
Week 17
Others:
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Mostly
Always
How
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
Do you help at home and in the
center?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢ Yes
Are you working towards achievement of your goal/s?
▢ No
How successful have you been? Explain.
Have you revised your goals? Elaborate.
Have you been:
Student
Facilitator
attending classes regularly?
▢ Yes
▢ No
▢ Yes
▢ No
participating in activities?
▢ Yes
▢ No
▢ Yes
▢ No
speaking in English in the
center?
▢ Yes
▢ No
▢ Yes
▢ No
speaking in English with your
friends/family?
▢ Yes
▢ No
▢ Yes
▢ No
reading regularly during D.E.A.R
time?
▢ Yes
▢ No
▢ Yes
▢ No
Do you understand why a sentence is correct or not?
▢ Yes
▢ No
Are you aware of the problems in your own community?
▢ Yes
▢ No
Have you finished reading one book from FEA Library?
▢ Yes
▢ No
Others:
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Mostly
Always
Do the problems in your
community affect you?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
How often do you discuss these
issues/problems?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
Do you take any action to solve
these problems/issues?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
14
Week 17
Others:
Can there be more than one view
about/solution of an issue/topic?
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Mostly
Always
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
Do you feel that you should be able to solve the problems of your
▢ friends only?
▢ family only?
▢ community only?
▢ friends and family?
▢ friends, family and community?
Going forward, I will:
Continue -
Start -
Stop -
15
Week 18
LESSON 103
MY COMMUNITY
A. Quantity of objects/ people/ places:
1. Changing singular to plural
i. Adding ‘s’ :
Some words can be changed from singular to plural by adding ‘s’ after the word.
Singular
Plural
A car
Four cars
A lamp
Six lamps
A hat
A cup
+s
A desk
A game
A pencil
A bike
ii. Adding ‘es’:
Words that ends with s, sh, x, ch, j or z can be changed from singular to plural by
adding ‘es’ after the word.
Singular
Plural
A box
Four boxes
A sandwich
Some
A dish
Many
+ es
A kiss
A bus
A few
A quiz
16
Week 18
Exercise
Change the underlined words into plural and rewrite the sentence.
Singular
Plural
Rajat gave me a watch.
I have a car.
I need to buy a sari.
I have a wish.
The fox ran very fast.
Please serve tea in a cup.
B. MY ROLES:
Write down the roles that you play in your house / family / community:
1. Student of Free English Class
4
2. Son / Daughter / Wife / Husband
5
3. Brother / Sister / Cousin
6
My Community: Take any 4 roles mentioned above and in the outer circle write who you
are connected with in that role:
17
Week 18
2
ME:
3
ME:
18
Week 18
C. Read the passage and complete the exercise that follows:
I said something mean to my friend. He got upset and ran home crying. When
his dad saw him crying, he got angry and broke a branch of a tree to beat him.
The branch had a bird’s nest on it. The bird’s egg fell out and cracked. Street
dogs started fighting over the egg. One of the dogs was badly injured.
1. Read the passage given above and mention the people affected by my action:
Me
Friend
2. Think of an incident (real or imaginary) and explain the sequence of events that
followed:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Mention the people affected by your actions:
Me
19
Week 18
LESSON 104
ME AND MY COMMUNITY
A. To change words ending with ‘y’ into plural:
i. If there is a vowel before ‘y’, add ‘s’ after the word:
Singular
Plural
A day
Seven days
A toy
+s
A guy
A key
ii. If there is a consonant before ‘y’, change ‘y’ to ‘i’ and add ‘es’
Singular
Plural
A body
A lot of bodies
A country
A story
A lady
A city
Change
‘y’ to ‘i’
+ ‘es’
A penny
A party
B. WHOSE JOB IS IT?
Many people have been escaping from war-torn
Syria to Europe. These people, called refugees,
come in boats. Usually, the boats are filled up
with too many people, and they sometimes
sink. Many boats arrive in Greece, which is one
of the poorest countries in Europe. Even though
they are poor themselves, the local people in
the Greek islands often try to help the refugees
who have lost their boats, to save them from
drowning. When the refugees arrive in Europe,
they have no homes and no belongings. They
do not speak the local language, and the
culture is very different.
20
Week 18
These people need our help to
start their lives over again. I can’t do
anything to help, but I will ask my
government to help them.
These people do not
belong here. They are just trying
to benefit from our economy, and
they don’t even speak our
language. They should go back
where they came from.
I have a spare room in my house. I will
invite a refugee to stay there until he finds a
job and a place to live.
21
Week 18
LESSON 105
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
A. PLURAL RULES
To change words ending with ‘f’ or ‘fe’ into plural:
i. For some words add ‘s’
Singular
Plural
A brief
Some briefs
A proof
A roof
+ ‘s’
A handkerchief
A dwarf
A giraffe
ii. For some words change ‘f’ or ‘fe’ to ‘v’ and add ‘es’Singular
Plural
A calf
Half
A knife
Five calves
Change ‘f’
or ‘fe’ to
‘v’
A life
Self
+ ‘es’
A thief
B. SUMMARIZE
iii. A funny incident (real or imaginary).
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
22
Week 18
iv. Most memorable day of your life.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
C. THE GOOD SAMARITAN
Once there was a man walking along a road. The road was rocky and there were small hills all around. The man was just
humming to himself and enjoying the nice day when suddenly a group of men
jumped out from behind a hill. They took all his belongings and tore off his clothes. They didn't want him to follow them so they beat him up very badly, and left him lying
and bleeding on the road.
A few minutes later a priest walked down the same path and noticed the man lying
on the side of the road. Do you know what he did? You'd think he would run over
and help the man. Instead he crossed the road and walked on the other side and
acted like he didn't see the man.
About an hour later, another man walked down the road. His family helped the
priests with their work. He slowed down and walked a little closer to the man, but
then kept walking without helping him at all.
We might think that maybe the man lying by the side of the road looked like he was
resting or something, that's why the priest and the other man didn't stop to help. But
it was easy to tell he was badly hurt. The man was bleeding, had most of his clothes
ripped off, he was bruised and hardly breathing.
Just a few minutes later, another man came walking. He was a poor, ordinary
man. As soon as he saw the man he went over to him and put bandages on his
sores and poured oil on the sores to prevent them from getting worse. Then he lifted
the man on his own donkey and took him to a hotel to take care of him.
The next day, the Samaritan earned enough money so the man could stay at the
hotel until he was well enough to leave. He paid the hotel manager and asked him
to take care of the man.
Summarize:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
23
Week 18
LESSON 106
SHORT MESSAGES
A. PLURALS
Some words follow no rules:
Singular
Plural
Man
Men
Woman
Women
Foot
Feet
Child
Children
Tooth
Teeth
Mouse
Mice
Some words remain unchanged in their plural form:
Singular
Sheep
Plural
Three sheep
Deer
Fish
B. SHORT MESSAGES
1. Birthday note
It is your brother’s birthday tomorrow. Write a short message to wish him on birthday:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
24
Week 18
2. Thank you note
Your uncle gave you a lovely present for New Years. Write a thank you note to him.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Congratulatory note
Your friend has passed his exams. Write a congratulatory note.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. Get well soon note
Your aunt is unwell and hospitalised. Write a get well soon message for her.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
25
Week 18
LESSON 107
PROBLEM SOLVING
A. PLURAL PRACTICE
Write the plural of the word below.
Singular
Plural
Pen
Person
Home
Thirty
Fish
Tree
Branch
Man
Woman
Child
B. NOTES
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
26
Week 18
LESSON 108
CONSOLIDATION
A. POEM
OH, THE PLACES YOU’LL GO
Congratulations!
Today is your day.
You’re off to great places!
You’re off and away!
You have brains in your head.
You have feet in your shoes.
You can steer yourself
any direction you choose.
You’re on your own. And you know what
you know.
And YOU are the guy who will decide
where to go.
You’ll look up and down the streets. Look
‘em over with care.
About some you will say, “I don’t choose to go there.”
With you head full of brains and shoes full of feet,
you’re too smart to go down any not-so-good street.
Dr. Seuss
B. Read the advertisement given below and explain the message:
I
PIZZA DELIVERY BOY
Part time - Sat / Sun. Timings: 6 - 10 pm.
Drivers license must
Call Dominoes - 124 - 623 - 9331
_This advertisement is about the job/position of a Pizza Delivery Boy.________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
27
Week 18
II
SALES PERSON
Full time. Minimum 3 years experience
Apply in person. Must speak good English
Call Furniture Mart - 124 - 623 - 9331
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
III
HOUSE FOR RENT
1 bed; 1 bath; 1 Kitchen. Rent Rs. 10,000 pm.
AC. New Locality
Call - 124 - 623 - 9331
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
i. Would you like to rent this house? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
28
Week 19
LESSON 109
ARTICLES - 1
A. A singular word, that is not specific, usually has ‘a’ or ‘an’ before it.
Rules:
1. If a singular countable noun starts with a consonant sound, write ‘a’ before it.
Example:
a. This is a chair.
b. ____________________________________________________.
2. If a singular countable noun starts with a vowel sound, write ‘an’ before it.
Example:
a. This is an apple.
b. ____________________________________________________.
Note - With ‘few’ use ‘a’ - a few boy, a few chairs etc.
With ‘lot of’ use ‘a’ - a lot of noise, a lot of love etc.
Exercises
i. Complete the following sentences using ‘a’ or ‘an’:
1. We saw _________ elephant at the zoo.
2. Uttar Pradesh is _________ large state.
3. I use _________ umbrella when it rains.
4. It has been _________ hour since he left.
ii. Make 2 sentences about garbage and littering using ‘a’:
1.
2.
iii. Make 2 sentences about garbage and littering using ‘an’ :
1.
2.
29
Week 19
iv. Look at the comic below and answer the questions that follow:
1. What do you see in the comic?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think is the message that the artist is trying to communicate?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Does the cartoon surprise/puzzle you?
__________________________________________________________________
30
Week 19
B. Review the pictures below:
1.
Source: http://www.chrisjordan.com
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2.
Source: Unknown
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
31
Week 19
3.
Source: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4.
Source: Unknown
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
32
Week 19
LESSON 110
ARTICLES - 2
A. Use of ‘the’
Sometimes ‘the” is used before singular and sometimes before plural words.
Rules:
1. For something that has already been mentioned before:
Examples:
i) I saw a lovely red jacket yesterday. The jacket was very expensive.
ii) Boys climbed a guava tree. The tree was full of dirt. The boys got dirty.
2. For something that both the speaker and the listener know about:
Examples:
i) Where are my shoes? They are on the rack.
ii) How did you get here? I took the same train as you.
3. For some specific group of things:
Examples:
i) The boys of my class are going for a picnic.
ii) The Himalayas are in India.
iii) The giraffe in our resort is taller than all other animals.
Exercise:
Put ‘the’ in the correct place and rewrite the sentences:
1. He is best teacher in my school.
___________________________________________________________________
2. Hurry up! Movie starts in 15 minutes.
___________________________________________________________________
3. Red apples from this tree are sweet.
___________________________________________________________________
4. What time does party begin?
___________________________________________________________________
5. I have read book that won Pulitzer prize last year.
___________________________________________________________________
DO NOT USE ‘A’, ‘AN’, ‘THE’ BEFORE THE NAME OF A SPECIFIC PERSON OR PLACE
LIKE RAVI, DELHI.
33
Week 19
LESSON 111
THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE
A. ’This’, ‘That’, ‘Those’ and ‘These’
Words like ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘those’ and ‘these’ are used to point out things and people.
‘This’ and ‘These’
‘That’ and ‘Those’
We use ‘this’ and ‘these’ for things or
people that are near us.
We use ‘that’ and ‘those’ for things or
people that are not near us.
‘This’ - Singular
‘That’ - Singular
‘These’ - Plural
Examples
‘Those’ - Plural
Examples
This is my book.
These are my
books.
Where did that car
come from?
Where did those
cars come from?
This boy runs fast.
These boys run
fast.
That boy in the
corner is my friend.
Those boys in the
corner are my
friends.
B. Exercises:
1. Complete the sentences with ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’ and ‘those’:
i.
How much are ________ hats? (near)
ii.
Look at ________ stars!
iii. Please bring ________ fan closer to me.
iv. ________ pens are mine. (near)
v.
________ boats sailed away.
vi. ________ is my house, and ________ is my uncle’s house over there.
vii. How much do
viii. I have
apples cost? (far)
shirts (near) but I want
ix.
place on the map is not far! (near)
x.
book was a lost last month. (far)
(far).
34
Week 19
2. Make 2 sentences relating to proper garbage disposal using singular and near:
i)
ii)
3. Make 2 sentences relating to proper garbage disposal using plural and far:
i)
ii)
4. Make 2 sentences relating to proper garbage disposal using singular and far:
i)
ii)
5. Make 2 sentences relating to proper garbage disposal using plural and near:
i)
ii)
C. WHOSE RUBBISH, WHOSE PROBLEM
There is a bad rubbish problem in my village. A large pile of
plastic packaging is growing next to my home, and it gives off a
terrible smell. The shopkeepers are the worst – every morning,
I see a man dumping lots of plastic and boxes from his shop. In
the summer, an enormous cloud of mosquitoes gathers there.
Last year my son was bitten by a mosquito, and he got sick. I
think the mosquito gave him malaria. I am fed up with the
shopkeepers!
I opened a shop in my village three years ago. I had to take out
a loan from the bank, and I have to make a large payment
every month. The shop is open every day, and I never get a
holiday. Now, an angry neighbor is saying that I made her son
sick, because I left packaging near her house. I can’t keep the
packaging in my shop, because the shop is small and it does
not look good. There isn’t a bin nearby, and I don’t have the
time to carry the rubbish elsewhere, because I have to mind
the shop.
35
Week 19
LESSON 112
LET’S TALK
Notes:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
36
Week 19
LESSON 113
PROBLEM - SOLVING
Notes:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
37
Week 19
LESSON 114
CONSOLIDATION
A. Fill the blank spaces with ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ or leave blank if none is appropriate:
i)
______________ Paris is ______________ capital of France.
ii)
I have been playing ______________ football for three years.
iii)
I am ______________ only person in class who speaks ______________ English.
iv)
I have ______________ house.
v)
Can I have ______________ few candies?
vi)
Let’s meet tomorrow to play ______________ cricket for ______________ hour.
B. Fill the blank spaces with ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’:
Rahul, ______________ old friend of mine, used to work in Lucknow. He had
______________ good job in one of ______________ biggest restaurants in
______________ city. He was ______________ honest, hard-working chef, but
he hated his job. So he decided to resign and become ______________ cricketer
instead. Now Rahul spends his days playing cricket on ______________ banks of
River Gomti. It is not ______________ easy life, but it makes him happy.
C. Change the underlined words into plural and rewrite the sentence using ‘the’ at the
correct place:
Example:
Boy of my class are going home now.
The boys of my class are going home now.
1. Salman Khan and Hritik Roshan are main actor in movie.
___________________________________________________________________
2. Two knife that I bought yesterday, are very sharp.
___________________________________________________________________
3. Two deer were eating rice from yellow lunchbox.
___________________________________________________________________
38
Week 19
4. Ask man to stand near door and woman to stand near gate.
___________________________________________________________________
5. Country on east, see sunrise first.
___________________________________________________________________
6. Handkerchief on sale were faded.
___________________________________________________________________
7. I have lost key to my house.
___________________________________________________________________
8. Man who stole lady’s bag were in their thirty.
___________________________________________________________________
39
Week 20
LESSON 115
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT - 1
(‘IS’ & ‘ARE’)
A. Subject in a sentence
Subject is the thing or person that the sentence is about.
Example:
a. My brother wears a hat.
The sentence is about ‘my brother’ and describes what he wears.
b. This book belongs to Kabir.
The sentence is about ‘this book’ and describes its ownership.
c. These men in red shirts are from India.
The sentence is about ‘__________________’ and describes where
they are from.
B. (i) Exercise - Underline the subject in the sentences below:
1.
Movie stars are very popular.
2.
Sahil put up a good performance in the movie.
3.
The piano keys are broken.
4.
Old Delhi shops are popular with tourists.
5.
The puppet show for children was a big success.
6.
The box of chocolates is broken.
7.
All students are late.
8.
Fifty percent of the Students’ Union is against the rule.
9.
Ram or his sister has been given the award.
10. Sophia and her mother are planning to go for the movie tomorrow.
B. (ii) From the above write down the number of statement where the subject is
singular/plural:
Singular Subject
2,
Plural Subjects
1,
40
Week 20
B. (iii) Rules:
Subject
Verb
Sentence
I
am
I am very happy.
You
are
He/She/It
is
We
are
You
are
They
are
Some/All/Most/Many/A few
are
Either/Neither
is
Any one/Each
is
B. (iv) Exercise:
Make any of the 5 sentences given in exercise B. (i) into questions:
1. ________________________________________________________________.
2. ________________________________________________________________.
3. ________________________________________________________________.
4. ________________________________________________________________.
5. ________________________________________________________________.
41
Week 20
C. Discussion
Look at the images given below and discuss:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
42
Week 20
LESSON 116
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT - 2
A. Verb in a sentence:
Verbs are action words. E.g. run, eat, sleep, work, etc. They tell us what the subject
is doing.
Example:
a. Sandeep talks very fast.
b. Akeeb sleeps in the day and works at night.
B. Exercise:
Write the subject and verb for the given sentence:
Sentence
Subject
Verb
My brother runs in the morning.
I sing in competitions.
You eat a lot of junk food.
Subject
Verb
I
run/sing/eat
You (sing.)
run/sing/eat
He/She/It
runs/sings/eats
We
run/sing/eat
You (pl.)
run/sing/eat
They
run/sing/eat
Some/All
run/sing/eat
Sentence
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the action words (given in brackets):
1. Mrs. Singh ______________ (bake) tasty cakes.
2. I ______________ (write) a letter to my friend everyday.
3. My sister and I ______________ (need) more paint for her artwork.
4. We ______________ (love) your red dress.
5. Do you and your brothers______________ (work) in the hospital?
43
Week 20
Exercise:
Complete the following sentences with the correct action verb (given in the
brackets):
1. My kitchen drain ______________ (is / are) blocked.
2. A lot of water ______________ (has / have) accumulated in the cooler.
3. He ______________ (do / does) not throw garbage on the streets.
4. The rivers in our city ______________ (has / have) run dry.
5. Builders ______________ (build / builds) houses and shops over drains/
waterways.
6. Water-logging ______________ (become / becomes) a big problem during
the rainy season.
7. Low-lying areas ______________ (suffer / suffers) from heavy water-logging.
8. Potholes on roads ______________ (is / are) dangerous.
44
Week 20
LESSON 117
PHRASES
A. Subject verb agreement (Recap)
Everyone need calcium for health. Calcium are important for strong teeths and
bones. Shortage of calcium can be serious problems. Many woman in India have
less calcium in their body. This make bones weak and they breaks easily. Milk
and spinach is high in calcium. Childs who are growing up also needs lot of
calcium to grow strong bone and teeths.
Rewrite correctly:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
B. What is a phrase?
Sometimes two or more words are used together to mean something. These are
called phrases.
Example:
a. Key words: main words.
b. Road signs: large board and banners on the road with a message.
45
Week 20
C. Common business phrases:
i)
For apologizing
➡ I am sorry for the delay in ...
➡ I regret the inconvenience caused by ...
➡ I would like to apologise for ...
ii) For ordering
➡ I would like to place an order for ...
➡ I would like to cancel my order for ...
➡ I confirm receipt of your order for ...
➡ Sorry, these items are out of stock.
iii) Attaching / enclosing documents
➡ I am enclosing / attaching ...
➡ Please find enclosed / attached ...
iv) Closing remarks
➡ For further details ...
➡ Thank you for your interest / assistance.
➡ I / We look forward to hearing from you.
➡ I would appreciate a reply at the earliest convenience.
➡ We will be in touch.
➡ Our best offer is...
v) Presentation
➡ The topic of my presentation today is...
➡ The purpose of this presentation is to...
➡ Let’s start with...
➡ I would like to show you...
➡ Let’s move on.
➡ I would like to explain...
➡ I would like to end my presentation with...
➡ I would like to invite any questions that you may have.
46
Week 20
LESSON 118
PHRASES - USAGE
Inept drains cause water-logging: LU study
LUCKNOW: Close to 60% water logging in Lucknow is due to improper drainage
system. Blockage in existing drains is the major cause of water logging, concludes
study by a research scholar of department of Geology, Lucknow University. The study
finds that low lying areas report 20% water logging while remaining 20% is due to loss
of water bodies, rainfall pattern, unplanned development, encroachment of low-lying
areas and lack of public awareness.
According to the study carried out over three years - 2010, 2011, 2012 - there is
improper drainage in the low-lying areas. In other localities there is absolutely no
drainage system, thus making life hell for the residents. Blockage in canals due to
accumulation of garbage and silt leads to water logging in some areas. "It seems that
the canal has not been cleaned for many years,'' said Purnima Sharma, the researcher.
Another cause of water logging is open field with accumulated water and no drainage
system. Overflowing of nullahs in slums also leads to water logging.
Loss of water bodies that would drain the water off is also a major cause of water
logging in some areas. “Water bodies have a natural tendency to store water, but in
Alambagh, all five water bodies are converted into concrete areas thus leading to water
logging,'' said Purnima. Old city areas like Chowk and Aminabad are comparatively not
water logged because they are formed on raised areas, says the report.
The study recommends that a detailed mapping for both natural and man made drains,
having a solid waste management system, removal of obstructions, unauthorized
constructions and encroachments from the existing natural drainage system by Nagar
Nigam. Regular cleaning-up of the nullahs and drains, not only during the pre-monsoon
period but throughout the year will go a long way to ease the problem.
Source (adapted from): http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/
Group 1: Problem of water logging:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
47
Week 20
Group 2: Causes for water-logging:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Group 3: Suggestions to address the problem:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Group 4: Summarize the discussion:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
48
Week 20
LESSON 119
SUMMING UP
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
49
Week 20
LESSON 120
CONSOLIDATION
A. V AND W SOUNDS
B. PRACTICE
1. Woollen vests for wailing
wolves are worn in the vast
woodlands.
2. Which is worse verse - Wendy's
verse or Wayne's verse?
west
vest
1
2
3
3. When there are vipers, it’s wiser
to wear a visor.
4. Will was roving while rowing in
the vast river.
5. The violent whale wore a violet
veil to a wild, white wedding.
4
5
C. MAKE YOUR OWN TONGUE TWISTERS
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________
50
Week 21
LESSON 121
REFLECTIONS ON ACTION PLAN
A. Personal Pledge - Garbage Disposal (Refer to Lesson 108):
What was your pledge? _________________________________________________
Did you prepare this pledge yourself?
☐ Yes
☐ No
Did you take any action based on your pledge?
☐ Yes
☐ No
IF YES, what action did you take?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Did it help in reducing the problem of garbage in your surroundings? If yes, how?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How do you feel about it?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
IF NOT, then why not?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Did it help in reducing the problem of garbage in your surroundings? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How do you feel about it?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How would you rate your fulfilment of the pledge? Circle number of stars. ✮✮✮✮✮
51
Week 21
B. Action Plan - Water-logging (Refer to Lesson 113):
What was your plan?_____________________________________________________
Did you prepare this plan yourself?
☐ Yes
☐ No
Did you take any action based on your plan?
☐ Yes
☐ No
IF YES, what action did you take?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Did it help in reducing the problem of water-logging in your surroundings? If yes, how?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How do you feel about it?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
IF NOT, then why not?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Did it help in reducing the problem of water-logging in your surroundings? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How do you feel about it?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How would you rate your fulfilment of the pledge? Circle number of stars. ✮✮✮✮✮
52
Week 21
C. Read the adapted article given below and answer the questions that follow:
Indian holy river more toxic than ever
despite £600m make-over
The Yamuna, a holy river for the Hindus, is
now a sewage drain by the time it reaches
Delhi, according to a report by the Indian
parliament.
The Indian government has spent more than
£600 million on schemes to clean up the
Yamuna River but it is now more toxic than at
any other time in its long history, according to Indian Members of Parliament.
The Yamuna is worshipped along with the Ganges as a holy river. For Hindus, it is a living
goddess that flows from the Yamunotri glacier in the Himalayas down through Haryana to
Delhi and on to Agra, past the Taj Mahal. But before it reaches the Indian capital, most of its
water is used for irrigation and drinking.
The growth in Delhi’s population to 22 million and the rise of illegal slums has led to a great
increase in human waste and rubbish, much of which is dumped in the river. More than 400
million gallons of sewage enters the river from Delhi’s drains without passing through the
city’s treatment plants. Human ashes, leather tanning chemicals, pesticides and painted
religious idols all add to the toxicity.
Its black, foaming water has long been an embarrassment to the Indian government. More
than £600 million has been spent on sewage treatment plants, toilets, waste pipes and plans
have been drawn up to transform it from a large latrine into an urban parkland with waterside
paths and playgrounds. But according to the Indian parliament’s Standing Committee on
Urban Development, despite the money spent on saving the Yamuna, the river is more toxic
than ever before.
“[The] Yamuna is dirtier than ever, even after a huge amount of Rupees ... 6,500 crore (£620
million) has already been spent to clean the river,” MPs said in a review of schemes to save
the river. “The Committee came to know that more than 1,500 crore (£145 million) has been
spent on cleaning the Yamuna river in the last two decades under the Yamuna Action Plan ...
By now, the Yamuna’s water - polluted and black - should have been cleaner. However, that
has not happened,” their report added.
The committee called on the government to speed up work on new “interceptor pipes” to take
waste from the capital to sewage treatment plants before being returned to the Yamuna. It
also highlighted that less water should be diverted into canals to increase the flow – much of
the solid waste which makes Delhi smell would be washed away if the river flowed faster.
Manoj Mishra, a leading environmentalist and campaigner to save the river, said government
officials had created the problem by allowing so much of the Yamuna’s water to be diverted
into canals. Haryana state takes 60 per cent before it reaches Delhi, the capital draws 10 per
cent, and Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state, takes 20 per cent. The remaining 10
per cent is “100 per cent sewage, waste water in the city,” Mishra said. “The hundreds of
millions of pounds spent on cleaning the river have been lost to corruption and wasted on
flawed treatment plants, awareness schemes, toilets and beautification - activities where the
kickbacks are good.”
By Dean Nelson, New Delhi
24 Feb 2014
53
Week 21
Answer the following questions:
What is sewage? (Use singular and plural correctly)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Where does it come from?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Is there anything new that you learnt from the article ? If yes,what?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Has the article created any new questions/doubts in your mind?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Is this a problem in your area?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
If yes, how does it affect those living around it?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
54
Week 21
LESSON 122
GRAMMAR REVIEW - 1
Notes:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ 55
Week 21
LESSON 123
LETTER WRITING
Letter to the editor:
(Your address)___________
________________________
________________________
________________________
Phone: _________________
Date: ________________
The Editor
Times of India
Wazirpur, New Delhi.
110052
Dear Sir or Madam,
Subject: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Sincerely,
_________________ (Your name)
56
Week 21
LESSON 124
GRAMMAR REVIEW - 2
A. Read the information given below and answer the following questions:
FROM DRAIN TO DRINK
When we turn on the taps at home, we expect the water to be clean drinkable water, yet it
isn’t. Raw sewage from homes and businesses is being pumped directly into rivers and
lakes. It is true that nature is capable of cleaning water, but pollution created by millions of
people and industry has overwhelmed nature’s cleaning ability.
Clean drinking water does not happen by accident. It can take quite a bit of work to get our
water ready for drinking. And the waste water we send down the drain has to have a great
deal of clean- ing performed on it before that waste water is clean enough to drink/reuse.
Water Treatment Process:
Step 1: Filtration
Big solids are removed from the waste water. 40%-50% waste can be removed at this stage.
Step 2: Chemical decomposition
Microorganisms are added to waste water to remove waste. 80%-90% waste can be removed by this stage.
Step 3:
Safe, disinfecting chemicals are added to purify wa
Step 4: Testing
Water is tested for presence of bacteria and harmful chemicals.
1. List the drains in your house.
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
2. What materials do you send down/pour into these drains?
Drain 1 : ________________________________________________________________
Drain 2 : ________________________________________________________________
Drain 3 : ________________________________________________________________
Drain 4 : ________________________________________________________________
57
Week 21
3. Are you creating toxic waste water? If yes, why? If not, how can you say that?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
58
Week 21
LESSON 125
GRAMMAR REVIEW - 3
A. My Language Goals
While speaking in English, I struggle with ______________________________________.
To correct this, I will ______________________________________________________.
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Review the table given below and answer the questions that follow:
Sl.No
Name of Sewage Treatment
Plant (STPs)
Capacity (Million
Gallons per Day)
Actual Treatment
as on 31.3.2012
% of Utilization
1
Okhla
140
112.1
80.09
2
Keshopur
72
46
63.89
3
Timarpur
46
7.63
16.59
4
Rithala
80
42.03
52.54
5
Kondli I, II, III & IV
45
56.4
125.33
6
Yamuna Vihar I, II
20
10.95
54.75
7
Vasant Kunj
5
4.1
82
8
Ghitorni
5
----
----
9
Pappankalan
20
17.73
88.65
10
Narela
10
1.1
11
11
Najafgarh
5
0.9
18
12
Delhi Gate
2.2
2.37
107.73
13
Sen Nursing Home
2.2
2.54
115.45
14
Rohini
15
----
----
15
Nilothi
40
14.58
36.45
16
Mehrauli
5
2.74
54.8
17
CWG Village
1
0.09
9
18
Molarbad
0.65
0.5
76.92
19
Bakkerwala
0.7
0.13
18.57
514.75
321.92
62.54
Total
Source:Delhi Jal Board
1. How much sewage water can the treatment plants in Delhi purify?
___________________________________________________________________
2. How much do these plants actually purify?
___________________________________________________________________
59
Week 21
3. Is that enough? What makes you say that?
___________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think they are not used to full capacity?
___________________________________________________________________
B. Read the article together with a friend:
An ecologically-friendly and profitable technology could revolutionise the way Indian
cities recycle sewer water
Sewage treatment plants work, but many civic authorities do not want to use them. Why? As
it turns out, they have high installation, running and maintenance costs. Additionally, they
require technical manpower and high amounts of energy. As a result, many sewage
treatment plants are dysfunctional for long intervals due to power disruptions and
breakdowns.
There is a new, environment-friendly and cheaper wastewater purification technology
developed by the Water Technology Centre (WTC) of the New Delhi-based Indian
Agricultural Research Institute (IARI). Significantly, the new technology uses a plant, Typha
latifolia, which grows naturally in wetlands, instead of chemicals, to purify dirty water. The
technology does not require much power to operate and it improves the quality of
wastewater to levels comparable with Delhi's groundwater.
Typha latifolia has some handy special traits for wastewater purification. The most
significant of these is its ability to transfer oxygen gathered by its leaves to its roots which, in
turn, release it in the water around them. This causes water-cleansing micro-organisms to
grow around the roots. These organisms remove pollutants, including heavy metals, present
in sewer water, or modify them into relatively less hazardous types. The treated water is,
thus, safe for irrigation and several other uses without further purification.
Some facts and figures:
The WTC plant has a capacity to handle 2.2 million litres of sewage every day, and costs
around Rs 1.2 crore. That gives it the potential to supply adequate treated wastewater to
irrigate 132 hectares of farmland. This technique is claimed to require just one per cent of
the energy normally consumed by conventional wastewater treatment plants. Besides, it
does not need skilled people to operate it. By Surinder Sud
Business Standard, July 7, 2014.
60
Week 21
Pair up with a friend and think what can be done to recycle sewage water effectively in
Delhi. Use the information from the proposals and the article.You may write or draw.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
61
Week 21
LESSON 126
CONSOLIDATION
5 Shortcuts to Increase Your Typing Speed
We all know that typing speed matters. Being able to type quickly and accurately might be
the only skill that stands between you and another equally qualified applicant.
If you didn’t have the benefit of taking a typing course or two in school, how do you get
those skills up to par in a short period of time so that you can compete for these high
paying positions?
Here’s 5 shortcuts that will help you increase your typing speed in no time. We don’t
guarantee overnight results but, if you follow these tips you’ll definitely get a leg up on the
competition.
Technique Matters
Touch typing is 80% technique, 10% accuracy and 10% speed. People who are masters
at touch typing will tell you that without proper hand position and typing technique, you’ll
only be able to type at a moderate pace. Using proper technique will make learning to type
much easier and improve typing speed.
Errors are Opportunities for Improvement
When you first start learning to touch type, you’re going to make some errors. In fact you
might make a lot of them. Your success really depends on how you view making those
mistakes – do you see them as a failure or as an opportunity to improve?
People who see their mistakes as an opportunity to improve generally learn faster than
people who don’t. Your mindset plays a big part in how quickly you learn and how much
information you are able to take in.
Repetition Never Gets Boring
Touch typing is all about muscle memory, which means that your muscles will need some
time to adjust to the new techniques that you are learning. The best and quickest way to
do this is through repetition.
By doing the same exercise over and over you will be able to ingrain those movements
into your muscle memory. If you are using an online typing tutor, set a high standard for
yourself. Make a decision to master a technique 100% before moving on to the next
lesson.
This may seem more time consuming upfront but, if you do this the subsequent lessons
will be easier since they are built upon the techniques taught in the previous lessons.
Good Posture Can Work Wonders
Posture is one of the most overlooked factors when it comes to learning to type quickly.
Poor posture not only takes a toll on your muscles, but can affect your energy levels and
accuracy as well.
Good posture while typing will keep up your energy levels and also allow your fingers to
rest in the correct position. Keeping correct posture allows you to type faster, more
accurately and will help prevent injury. The correct posture to have while typing is relaxed
with feet squarely on the floor and wrists level with the keyboard.
62
Week 21
Don’t Look at the Keyboard
Another great trick to help you increase your typing speed in a short period of time is to
avoid looking at the keyboard. Initially, this may result in more mistakes, but you will learn
the positions of the keys at a much higher rate without using the keyboard as a crutch.
Because it can be tempting to simply look down at the keyboard, try covering the keyboard
and your hands with a piece of paper while you type.
Practice, Practice, Practice…
Finally, the best way to increase your typing speed is through good old practice. While
practice isn’t necessarily a shortcut and requires dedicated effort, it really is the best way
to see results. If you practice your typing skills regularly, you will see an improvement that
can make all the difference in helping you land your dream job.
Adapted from - http://www.typingtest.com/
63
Week 22
LESSON 127
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
A. Read the story:
This is Bobby.
He used to have dirty habits. Bobby would see a sweet
on the floor, he would pick it up and eat it. But Bobby’s
mum would shout, “No, Bobby! That’s dirty, Bobby.” If
Bobby had a boogie up his nose, he would try to pick it
out. But Bobby’s dad would shout, “No, Bobby! That’s
dirty, Bobby.” Bobby liked to go hunting for slugs and
worms in the garden and play with them…but Bobby’s
big sister Sonia would shout, “No Bobby!…That’s dirty,
Bobby.” Sometimes, Bobby’s dog would lick his face so
Bobby would lick him back. But Bobby’s grandmother
would shout, “No Bobby!…That’s dirty, Bobby.” If Bobby
would see his cat pee on the flowerbed… Bobby would
pee on the flowerbed too..and the everyone would
shout, “No Bobby!....That’s dirty, Bobby!”
So he stopped.
B. Past, Present, Future:
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
Past
... last year, last week, yesterday
now
Future
tomorrow, next week, next year...
C. Simple Present Tense:
Examples:
Rule: We use present tense for
• Things that are generally true
• Habits or repetitive actions
• Unchanging situations
1. Tigers have stripes.
2. He studies English everyday.
3. My cousins live in Delhi.
64
Week 22
Exercise:
Recall: Subject-verb agreement (Lesson 115 and 116)
I sing
He sings
They sing
You sing
She sings
We sing
a. Complete the following sentences in simple present tense:
i. Does he _______________?
ii. He _______________ his breakfast at 8:00 am everyday.
iii. Sometimes I _______________ my father in his work.
iv. I must __________ everyday for 30 minutes.
v. The box of chocolates _______________ Rs. 100.
b. Rewrite the following sentences correctly:
i. Everyday Mr. Batra clean his house.
__________________________________________________________
ii. Raju work in the bank.
__________________________________________________________
iii) The students completes their work regularly.
__________________________________________________________
65
Week 22
LESSON 128
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Past
... last year, last week, yesterday
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
now
Future
tomorrow, next week, next year...
Rule
For actions that are happening right now as we speak (not in the past, nor in
the future), we add “ing” to the action word.
Examples:
1. I am learning English.
2. The teacher is teaching English.
3. My friends are playing in the park, but I am sitting in the class.
Exercise:
Write the verb on the line and add “ing” at the end. Write a sentence for each word:
play
___playing_______. ____I am playing with my friends right now___.
climb ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
look
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
draw ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
jump ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
cry
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
see
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
66
Week 22
Rule
If the letters of action word are in the sequence consonant+stressed vowel
+consonant, double the last letter of the word before adding ‘ing’ to the action
word.
Examples:
1. Please believe me, I am begging you.
2. Samir was speeding and he had no intention of stopping the car.
3. Seema for punished for hitting her friend Radha.
Exercise:
Add “ing” to the verbs. Don’t forget to double the last consonant. Write a sentence
for each word:
Run
___running_____. The dog is running away with my shoe in his mouth.
sit
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
plan
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
begin ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
get
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
hum
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
kid
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
swim ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
Rule
If the letters of the action word are in the sequence vowel+consonant+’e’,
drop the ‘e’ and add ‘ing’.
67
Week 22
Examples:
1. Are you coming to the college tomorrow?
2. Samir is having a party for his birthday next month.
3. My friend Shamsher is making a special dinner this evening.
Exercise:
Add “ing” to the verbs. Don’t forget to drop the silent ‘e’. Write a sentence for each
word:
ride
riding
.
I am riding a horse at the farm
_____________________________________________________________.
joke
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
take
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
bite
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
smile ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
love
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
68
Week 22
LESSON 129
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
A. My Habits
Good Habits
Bad Habits
Causes
B. Past Tense:
For actions that happened and finished before now are written using past tense.
Past
... last year, last week, yesterday
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
now
Future
tomorrow, next week, next year...
69
Week 22
Examples:
1. I learned English last year.
2. The teacher taught till 10:00 p.m. yesterday.
3. My friends played a soccer match last week.
Rule:
For some action words, we add ‘ed’ after the word to use it in past tense.
Exercise:
Read the story. Make the past tense of the verbs by adding ‘ed’ and write them on
the line to complete the story.
Last year for my birthday, my mother __________ a cake. She also __________
bake
organize
a secret birthday party for me. My friends __________ the secret and _________
guard
knock
on the door in the evening. Then they __________ for a place to hide.
look
I __________ the door. They __________ “Surprise!”. I __________.
open
shout
scream
Everyone __________. Then we __________ games.
It was time for cutting the cake. Everyone __________. I __________.
enjoy
smile
Rule:
For some action words, we change the word when using in past tense. For
example, ‘go’ changes to ‘went’ when used in past tense.
Word
Past tense
Word
Past tense
Word
Past tense
begin
_________
get
_________
run
_________
bite
_________
give
_________
say
_________
blow
_________
go
_________
see
_________
break
_________
grow
_________
sell
_________
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Week 22
Word
Past tense
Word
Past tense
Word
Past tense
build
_________
have
_________
shake
_________
bring
_________
hide
_________
sing
_________
buy
_________
hear
_________
shoot
_________
catch
_________
hold
_________
sit
_________
can
_________
hurt
_________
speak
_________
choose
_________
keep
_________
stand
_________
come
_________
know
_________
sleep
_________
dig
_________
lay
_________
spend
_________
do
_________
lead
_________
steal
_________
drink
_________
leave
_________
swim
_________
drive
_________
lie
_________
smell
_________
draw
_________
light
_________
take
_________
eat
_________
lose
_________
teach
_________
fall
_________
make
_________
tell
_________
fit
_________
mean
_________
think
_________
feed
_________
meet
_________
throw
_________
find
_________
mistake
_________
wear
_________
feel
_________
pay
_________
wake
_________
fly
_________
put
_________
win
_________
forget
_________
read
_________
write
_________
forgive
_________
ride
_________
understand
_________
freeze
_________
ring
_________
fight
_________
rise
_________
71
Week 22
LESSON 130
FUTURE TENSE
A. Future Tense:
For action that has not happened or is happening, but will happen after now, we use
future tense:
Past
... last year, last week, yesterday
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
now
Future
tomorrow, next week, next year...
Examples:
1. I will learn English next year.
2. The teacher will teach me a new lesson tomorrow.
3. My friends will play a soccer match next Monday.
B. Exercise:
Read the story. Use the verbs in future tense by adding the helping verb ‘will’ to the
main verb to complete the story.
Next month, the space craft ____________ off! It ____________ on Mars. The
blast
land
astronauts ____________ out of the spaceship. They ____________ in space.
get
walk
They ____________ weightless. One astronaut ____________ information,
be
gather
second ____________ the rover and the third ____________ for Martians! Do
drive
look
you think the astronaut ____________ them? Then the astronauts ___________
find
come
back to earth. Their families ____________ them.
greet
72
Week 22
LESSON 131
CONVERSATION
A. Checklist:
My bad habit: ________________________
____________________________________
I will:
Lesson 139
Yes
No
Lesson 144
Yes
No
1
2
3
My bad habit: ________________________
____________________________________
I will:
Lesson 139
Yes
No
Lesson 144
Yes
No
1
2
3
73
Week 22
LESSON 132
CONSOLIDATION
THE PEPSODENT SMILE
One day in the early 1990s, a successful advertising executive named Claude C. Hopkins
was approached by an old friend with a new business idea. The friend had discovered an
amazing product, he explained, that he was convinced would be a hit. It was a toothpaste,
a minty, frothy concoction he called “Pepsodent.”
It was no secret that the health of Americans’ teeth was in steep decline. As the nation had
become wealthier, people had started buying larger amounts of sugary, processed foods.
When the government started drafting men for World War I, so many recruits had rotting
teeth that officials said poor dental hygiene was a national security risk.
At the time, selling toothpaste was financial suicide. The problem was that hardly anyone
bought toothpaste because hardly anyone brushed their teeth. In the end, however,
Hopkins managed to turn Pepsodent into one of the best-known products on earth and, in
the process, helped create a toothbrushing habit across America.
To sell Pepsodent, Hopkins needed a trigger that would justify the toothpaste’s daily use.
He needed to create a habit. Reading dental textbooks, he found a reference to a naturally
occurring film that builds up on teeth. He then resolved to sell the toothpaste as a creator
of beauty – to remove the film. People had never paid much attention to this film. You can
get ride of it by eating an apple, running your finger over your teeth, brushing or swirling a
liquid around your mouth. Toothpaste didn’t do anything to help remove the film.
That didn’t stop Hopkins, though. “Just run your tongue across your teeth,” read one ad.
“You’ll feel a film- that’s what makes your teeth look ‘off color’ and invites decay.” The
brilliance of these ads was that they relied upon a cue – tooth film – that was universal and
impossible to ignore. Tell someone to run their tongue across their teeth, and they were
likely to do it! And when they did, they were likely to feel the film. And Hopkins had
convinced them this was a problem.
Before Pepsodent appeared, only 7% of Americans had a tube of toothpaste. Ten years
later, that number had jumped to 65%. And Hopkins became a millionaire.
~ Adapted from The Power of Habit by Charles Duhigg
1. Why was selling toothpaste “financial suicide” before?__________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. How did Hopkins convince people to buy toothpaste? ___________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Do you think what Hopkins did was right to wrong? Give reasons. _________________
________________________________________________________________________
74
Week 22
NOTES:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
75
Week 23
LESSON 133
DIRECT SPEECH
A. Read the poster given below:
B. Direct speech
There are two ways to report what someone says or thinks:
1. We use exact words that the person spoke and put them in quotation marks “...”.
Example:
Direct speech
Madan: Where are you going?
Madan asked, “Where are you going?”
Mohan: I’m going home.
Mohan replied, “I’m going home.”
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Week 23
2. We use our own words, with no quotation marks, to report conversation.
!
Example:
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Madan: Where are you going?
Madan asked Mohan where he was going.
Mohan: I’m going home.
Mohan said that he was going home.
C. Exercise
Match the direct speech to the reported speech:
Direct speech
Reported speech
1. “I am hungry”
a. She said that she couldn’t remember
my name.
2. “I saw them leave”
b. I asked Ravi if he would help me.
3. “Where have they gone?”
c. She said that she was hungry.
4. “Will you help me?”
d. Sita wondered where they had gone.
5. “I can’t remember your name”
e. He said that he had seen them leave.
77
Week 23
LESSON 134
REPORTED SPEECH
A. Reported Speech
!
Since the person who is reporting what someone said is usually different from
the person who originally said it, ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘my’ etc often change in reported
speech.
Examples:
Example 1
Example 2
1. “I am hungry” said Rohit.
“Have you seen my glasses?” she said.
2. Rohit said that he was hungry.
She asked me if I had seen her glasses.
Exercise
Write the following direct speech into reported speech:
1. “Can you help me?”
She asked me if I could help her.________________________________
2. “My book is torn”.
________________________________________________________________
3. “Your mother is my aunt”
________________________________________________________________
Words telling about place and time also change in reported speech.
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
This
That
Here
There
Tomorrow
The next day
Yesterday
The day before
Next week
Following week
Last week
Previous week
Today
That day
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Week 23
Exercise:
Change the following direct speech into reported speech:
1. “I will see you here tomorrow”, she said.
She said that she would see me there the next day._______________________
2. “I saw him today”, he said.
________________________________________________________________
3. “I’ll see you tomorrow”, Ravi told Rani.
________________________________________________________________
4. “I was on a holiday last week”, said the boss.
________________________________________________________________
5. “I am buying a new car next month”, said Ria.
________________________________________________________________
B. Questions in reported speech:
Questions are written just as statements in reported speech with no question
mark at the end.
!
Example:
Question in direct speech
Question: Are you ready?
Question in reported speech
She wanted to know if I was ready.
Question: What did you think of the She asked me what I thought of the new
new movie?
movie.
Exercise:
Change the following questions into reported speech:
1. “Can you please help me?” Rajat asked Rita.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. The shopkeeper asked Renu, “How many bananas do you want?”
_______________________________________________________________________
3. “Is your work more important than my life?”, the woman enquired from her husband.
_______________________________________________________________________
79
Week 23
C. Read the two articles on littering in the UK:
Article 1
More than 1,300 litter fines in two months
More than 1,300 fines have been dished out in just two months as part of a trial of a new
enforcement team targeting environmental crime.
The nine-month trial involves the targeting of hotspots by a new team of four Waltham Forest
council officers. The officers wear body cameras which they can turn on whenever they spot a
potential perpetrator to gather evidence. So far the team has handed out more than 1,300 Fixed
Penalty Notices (FPNs) to people caught littering, spitting or urinating in public.
The council said it spends more than £5million a year keeping the streets, parks and open spaces
clean. Clyde Loakes, cabinet member for the environment, said the biggest issue is people
throwing their cigarette butts onto the pavement. Recent research has revealed that smokingrelated rubbish makes up more than a third of litter.
“It’s about time some cigarette smokers learned to clean up after themselves,” he said. “It simply
isn’t acceptable to throw your cigarette butt onto the pavement once you have finished with it.
There is surely nothing more disgusting than the thought of a small child picking up someone’s
cigarette butt from the ground, but guess what, that’s exactly what happens if you are too selfish
to throw them away properly.”
Adapted from http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/
Article 2
City of Westminster trials ways to tackle cigarette butt litter
Research undertaken by Keep Britain Tidy in revealed that 89% of observed smokers littered their
cigarette butt, rising to 99% at night. On the basis of Keep Britain Tidy’s findings, Hubbub, Veolia
and the City of Westminster have designed a number of interactive installations and
performances, aimed at targeting litterers and encouraging them to change their behaviour.
The installations and performances being introduced to tackle cigarette litterers this month
includes:
Fumo musical pole – Fumo is an interactive smoker’s pole that rewards the public when they use
it to dispose of their cigarette butts. The reward is an audio-visual display, with an energetic tune
and LED lights.
A cigarette voting ashtray – the ashtray will engage smokers and encourage them to bin their
cigarette butts, by providing a series of weekly sports questions, and allowing smokers to choose
their answer by selecting a compartment of the ashtray.
To investigate how effective the different behaviour change trials are, Keep Britain Tidy will be
monitoring littering habits in Villiers Street, and reporting on their findings in October.
Richard Beddoe, of Westminster City Council, said: “Cigarette butts cost needless millions every
year. The results so far are hugely encouraging, and we hope the next phase will help highlight the
issue nationally and inspire people to tackle the root causes. The old excuses of ‘there are not
enough bins’ simply do not wash.”
Adapted from http://www.recyclingwasteworld.co.uk/
80
Week 23
LESSON 135
CONVERSION OF SPEECH
A. Exercise
Change the following reported speech into direct speech:
1. The doctor said that I had to stay in bed until the following week.
The doctor said, “Stay in bed until next week.”____________________________
2. Raj told me that he had met Anu that day.
________________________________________________________________
3. Dr. Khan asked me if I slept well.
________________________________________________________________
4. I asked her why the baby was crying.
________________________________________________________________
5. Mona said that she hadn’t read the book.
________________________________________________________________
6. He said that he was late for work.
________________________________________________________________
7. She said that her mother was writing a letter.
________________________________________________________________
8. She told me that German was easy to learn.
________________________________________________________________
9. The policeman told me to wear a helmet when I drive my bike.
________________________________________________________________
10.My mother asked me to help the kids cross the road.
________________________________________________________________
81
Week 23
B. Read the following article and answer the questions that follow:
Seepage from pit latrines may also be affecting the underground water. Kharoudi village in
Hoshiarpur district of Punjab received the first Nirmal Gram Puraskars as a “model” village that
understood the necessity of clean drinking water, sanitation, solid and liquid waste management and
hygiene as a method to foster public health of the village community. The NRIs of the village have
done enough in bringing about dramatic improvement in its sewage disposal system, the
maintenance of roads, computers, schools, parks and libraries in Kharoudi village of Punjab.
Kharoudi village in Hoshiarpur district of Punjab received the first Nirmal Gram Puraskar as a “model”
village that understood the necessity of clean drinking water, sanitation, solid and liquid waste
management and hygiene as a method to foster public health of the village community. The NRIs of
the village have done enough in bringing about dramatic improvement in its sewage disposal system,
the maintenance of roads, computers, schools, parks and libraries in Kharoudi village of Punjab.
Kharoudi has a population of 800 persons living in 150 households. The village has a large NRI
population. Dr Raghbir Singh Bassi and Dr Gurdev Singh Gill of Canada, were appalled at the
squalor and filth around the village, during one of their trips back home,. The village practically
floated in sewage. During the monsoons, it was impossible to cross the street. Stagnant water,
overflowing drains and waste piling up ankle deep, made the village a health hazard. ''We didn't
know our efforts would be so special that the President would visit our village, "says Dr Gurdev Gill of
Canada.
''Being a doctor, I realised that the future of developing countries lay in safe drinking water and
proper sanitation. Today through the efforts of many NRIs of the village, who set up the Kharodi
Village Life Style Improvement Trust, and with the help of the government that eventually participated
in the project as an equal partner in investment, the village has a fully automated sewage treatment
plant,'' he added. A total of Rs. 79 lakh has been spent on the development of the village with the
NRIs contributing approximately Rs. 52 lakh and the rest coming from the government through a
special NRI scheme, he said.
NRIs along with the help of state government has laid the underground sewerage system with a
stabilization tank and activated sludge system. With the availability of this underground sewage
system the whole village has been able to have toilets in houses, schools, hospitals and other public
places. Kharoudi village also boasts of concrete paved roads along with primary schools with
computer education. Four new parks have been added and one exclusively for children. Solar street
lights, a new cemetery, internet kiosk, and an ultra modern Panchayat Ghar with residential facilities
are the other highlights. Kharoudi has changed the face of the Indian village largely due to an
efficient system of sanitation and wastewater management.
The practice of open defecation
has been totally eliminated and all
the schools, households, hospitals,
public places have toilets and are
being put to use. In addition, all the
toilets have functional water supply
as the village has a 1,50,000 litres
capacity 27.43 meters over head
service reservoir with 8 hours of
daily pumping. A 30-foot deep pond
that overflowed every monsoon has
now been converted into an open space. In addition, the marshy land has been converted into
beautiful parks, concrete lanes have replaced the muddy and dirty roads with open drains and solar
lights light-up the entire village.
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Week 23
1. What do you think about efforts at Kharoudi?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Can this be adopted in your neighborhood / city?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. While the money came from NRIs and government, what kind of help do you think the
people living in Kharoudi offer?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Do you think people in Kharoudi have maintained the cleanliness of the city? If yes,
how? If not, why not?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
83
Week 23
LESSON 136
COMPARISONS - 1
A. Comparison of two persons, things and actions:
For short (one syllable words) like old, small, big, tall etc, we add ‘er’ after the
word.
Examples (comparing Reena and Juhi):
1. Reena is taller than Juhi.
2. Juhi is shorter than Reena.
3. My bag is smaller than yours.
For longer (more than one syllable) words like beautiful, interesting, intelligent,
etc, we add ‘more’ before the word.
Examples:
1. Mrs. Singh is more graceful than Mrs. Kumar.
2. Chimpanzees are more intelligent than birds.
3. This examination was more difficult than the previous examination.
For some words, the last consonant is sometimes doubled during comparison
and ‘er’ added to the word.
Examples:
1. Rohit is bigger than Rahul.
2. This movie by Rehman is sadder than the previous one.
3. This apple is redder than the one you are holding.
For words ending with ‘y’, ‘i’ replaces ‘y’ during comparison and ‘er’ is added to
the word.
Examples:
1. The clothes coming out of this machine are drier than the ones from that machine.
2. Sunita looks happier after marriage than she did before.
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Week 23
Some words are exceptional when used for comparing objects / people / events.
Examples:
1. ‘Good’ becomes ‘better’ when used in comparison.
2. ‘Bad’ becomes ‘worse’ when used in comparison.
3. ‘Far’ becomes ‘farther’ when used in comparison.
B. Exercise
Make comparative sentences:
1. Tom - tall - Jerry
Tom is taller than Jerry._____________________________________________
2. Europe - small - Asia
________________________________________________________________
3. Vegetable - good - sweets
________________________________________________________________
4. English - interesting - Chemistry
________________________________________________________________
5. Gold - valuable - silver
________________________________________________________________
85
Week 23
C. Read the case study:
The place of birth of a famous poet saint Tukaram, Dehu is an old city on the banks of River Indravati
about an hour’s drive from Pune, Maharashtra.
As per the 2001 census, Dehu had a population of 5340. Dehu has settlements from huts to
constructed buildings also including educational institutes like schools and colleges.
Dr. SV Mapuskar (a medical doctor) started to work in the village of Dehu, and found that the village
did not have any toilets at all. Thus, the main motivation to install toilets in Dehu village was the
rampant practice of open defecation. After spending a few days in Dehu, Dr. Mapuskar was
convinced that the illnesses and deaths in the village were due to various infectious diseases caused
by inadequate sanitation facilities and bad water supply.
Dr. Mapuskar felt that the only remedy to this situation was improving sanitary conditions. Dr.
Mapuskar executed awareness programmes to improve sanitary conditions in Dehu. He started a
‘latrine construction programme’ in 1960 by constructing 10 toilets. These toilets collapsed in the
monsoons and villagers became more negative about toilets and Dr. Mapuskar became unpopular
among people.
After 4 years he showed to the villagers a stool sample and a mud sample of Dehu under a
microscope. Both samples contained roundworms. He told the people that by open defecation, the
soil is getting polluted by harmful pathogens, which in turn is ingested by us through food leading to
spread of infectious diseases all around. He suggested that a sanitized surrounding will reduce the
spread of diseases and develop a positive attitude to building of toilets in Dehu for better sanitation.
He then came across Apparao Patwardhan‘s “Sopa sandas” – a 2 pit latrine design. Thus, he
constructed a few ‘2 pit latrines’ in Dehu. After researching, he developed the design of Malaprabha
technology. Malaprabha technology basically is a ‘toilet – linked biogas plant’ where human excreta
are converted to biogas in a specially designed digester chambers. This gas can then be used for
cooking and other purposes.
SOURCE: www.susana.org
D. Compare Dehu before and after Dr Mapuskar constructed the toilets. (5-7
sentences)
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86
Week 23
LESSON 137
COMPARISON - 2
A. Comparison of more than two persons, things and actions.
For short (single syllable) words like small, tall, etc we add ‘est’ after the word.
Examples:
1. Reena is the tallest girl in the class.
2. Juhi is the oldest sister in the Sharma family.
3. Sumita is the fastest runner in the team.
For longer (more than one syllable) words like beautiful, interesting, expensive
etc, we use ‘most’ before the word.
Examples:
1. Mrs Singh is the most beautiful lady in the club.
2. This was the most difficult examination that I have ever taken in my life.
3. India is the most interesting country in the world.
For some words, like sad, red, etc the last consonant is doubled before adding
‘est’ to the word.
Examples:
1. The day my mother died was the saddest day of my life.
2. This is the reddest apple in the basket.
3. In area, Russia is the biggest country of the world.
For words ending with ‘y’, ‘i’ replaces ‘y’ during comparison and ‘est’ is added
after the word.
Examples:
1. Egypt is the driest country in the world, even drier than Chile in South America
2. As per the survey, the Danish people are the happiest in the world.
87
Week 23
Some words are exceptional when used for comparing more than 2 objects /
people / events.
Examples:
1. ‘Good’ becomes ‘best’ when used in comparison.
2. ‘Bad’ becomes ‘worst’ when used in comparison.
3. ‘Far’ becomes ‘farthest’ when used in comparison.
B. Exercises
Complete the table:
Word
1
Bad
2
Beautiful
3
Big
4
Fast
5
Friendly
6
Good
7
Loud
8
Popular
9
Slow
Comparison of 2
Comparison of more than 2
Worse
Worst
10 Strange
88
Week 23
C. Decomposition chart for waste materials
Material
Decomposition time
Bus ticket
2-4 weeks
Banana
3 to 4 weeks
Paper bag
1 month
Cotton fabric
1-5 months
Rope
3-14 months
Woolen fabric
1 year
Cigarette butt
2 to 5 years
Painted wood
13 years
Leather boot
40 to 50 years
Rubber sole (of the boot)
50 to 80 years
Tin
50-100 years
Aluminum can
100-200 years
Plastic bottle
Around 450 years (depending on its chemical
characteristics)
Glass bottle
Unknown (glass items made 3000-4000 years ago
survive to our day)
Plastic jug
1 million years
See more at: http://www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/03/lp308-04.shtml#sthash.dzW4J3cp.dpuf
89
Week 23
LESSON 138
CONSOLIDATION
"Why?"
Why do the babies starve
When there's enough food to feed the world?
Why when there're so many of us
Are there people still alone?
Why are the missiles called peace keepers
When they're aimed to kill?
Why is a woman still not safe
When she's in her home?
Love is hate.
War is peace.
No is yes.
And we're all free.
But somebody's gonna have to answer.
The time is coming soon.
Amidst all these questions and contradictions.
There're some who seek the truth.
Why do the babies starve
When there's enough food to feed the world?
Why when there're so many of us
Are there people still alone?
Why are the missiles called peace keepers
When they're aimed to kill?
Why is a woman still not safe
When she's in her home?
Love is hate.
War is peace.
No is yes.
And we're all free.
But somebody's gonna have to answer.
The time is coming soon.
When the blind remove their blinders.
And the speechless speak the truth.
By Tracy Chapman
90
Week 23
India’s cities seem to be in the news for
the wrong reasons. On Tuesday, India’s
urban development ministry released a
list that ranked cities with at least 100,000
people on how well they’re handling
sanitation. The unsurprising answer is —
not very well at all.
According to the rating system, cities that
get more than 90 points are
“green” (“healthy and clean”), while those
that get between 67 and 90 points are
“blue” (“recovering but still diseased”). On
the bottom end, cities that get from 34 to
AFP/Getty Images
66 points are “black” (“needing
Water from a drain in the northern Indian city of Kanpur
considerable improvements”), while red
flows into the Ganges river.
cities (“on the brink of public health and
environmental ‘emergency’”) manage to
get only 33 points or less. Points were
awarded after looking at a number of different indicators, including whether cities have been able
to get rid of open-air defecation and improve the quality of drinking water.
No city scored more than 75 points. And only four cities managed to squeeze into the “blue”
category. With around 74 points, Chandigarh, capital of Punjab and Haryana, was the cleanest
city in India. Churu in Rajasthan, was dead last on the list of 423 cities.
Bangalore, India’s IT capital came in at 12th place with around 53 points, while Kolkata came in
25th and greater Mumbai was at 45th place, both with less than 50 points. Up in the Himalayan
region, Srinagar in Kashmir came in at 420.
Capital city Delhi got three different rankings, since parts of the city are managed by different
administrations. The tiny central part of Delhi that is administered by the New Delhi Municipal
Council and home to VIPs got around 68 points and was number four on the list. Delhi’s
cantonment area, administered by an agency that answers to the Ministry of Defence , was in the
number five spot. Trailing far, far was the rest of Delhi, administered by the Municipal Corporation
of Delhi, in 168th place with just under 37 points.
91
Week 24
LESSON 139
REVIEW - 1
A. Journey of a Plastic Bottle (Draft 1)
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92
Week 24
B. Plastic Possibilities - 1
1
Plastic drink bottles that are lit from inside with
colored lights. They make up a wall-sized display
at the Light Up the Night exhibit on New Year's
Eve 2010 in Raleigh, North Carolina.
3
The Plastiki is a 60-foot sailboat made from
12,500 plastic bottles. British environmentalist
David de Rothschild arrived in Sydney harbor on
June 26, 2010, after a 12,860-kilometer (8,000mile) journey from San Francisco.
5
Pictured are two plastic fish, each made of
thousands of discarded water bottles, rising from
Botafogo beach in Rio de Janeiro.
2
Walls of recycled plastic bottles line this pavilion
at a 2010 flower show in Taipei. Plastic bottles
trap heat, which makes them useful for building
inexpensive greenhouses.
4
A group of men paddle a boat made of plastic
bottles, on Lake Amatitlan in Guatemala.
6
Bottles trap moisture and make useful minigreenhouses that help small plants grow.
93
Week 24
7
8
Yahaya Musa, a 19-year-old mason, builds a
home from earth-filled plastic bottles in the village
of Sabongarin Yelwa, in northern Nigeria.
In Bolivia, a wall of sand-filled plastic bottles
protects a farmer's field from wind and dust.
9
Ponce, 76, stands inside her home made almost
entirely from plastic bottles and bottle caps, in the
village of El Borbollon, El Salvador, in 2007.
Source :http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2012-10-02/the-life-of-a-plastic-water-bottle.html
Exercise
What do you see in these images?
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What do you think about these images?
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What questions do you have after viewing these images?
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94
Week 24
LESSON 140
REVIEW - 2
A. Journey of a Plastic Bag (Draft 2)
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95
Week 24
B. Plastic Possibilities - 2:
Give a catchy title to the photographs below:
1
Title: __________________________________
3
Title: __________________________________
5
Title: __________________________________
2
Title: __________________________________
4
Title: __________________________________
6
Title: __________________________________
96
Week 24
7
8
Title: __________________________________
9
Title: __________________________________
Title: __________________________________
10
Title: __________________________________
SOURCE: http://www.designswan.com/?s=plastic+bags
Exercise
What do you see in these images?
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What do you think about these images?
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What questions do you have after viewing these images?
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97
Week 24
LESSON 141
REVIEW - 3
A. Journey of a _________________: (Draft 1)
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Journey of a _________________: (Draft 2)
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98
Week 24
B. Plastic Possibilities - 3:
1
Photo-frame
2
Coasters
3
Candle Holders
4
Note Pad
5
Wall Display
6
Clock
99
Week 24
8
Ear Rings
9
Newspaper Basket
10
Photo frame
11
Newspaper Lamp
Source: http://www.kwikdeko.com/, http://www.instructables.com/, http://bestoutofwaste.org/
Exercise
What do you see in these images?
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What do you think about these images?
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What questions do you have after viewing these images?
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100
Week 24
LESSON 142
REVIEW - 4
A. Plan your Best out of Waste possibility:
What materials will you use?
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What will the finished product look like?
101
Week 24
What are the steps involved in making the product as per your design?
Step 1: ______________________________________________________________
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Step 2: _______________________________________________________________
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Step 3: ______________________________________________________________
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Step 4: ______________________________________________________________
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Step 5: ______________________________________________________________
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Step 6: ______________________________________________________________
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Step 7: ______________________________________________________________
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Step 8: ______________________________________________________________
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Step 9: ______________________________________________________________
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Step 10: _____________________________________________________________
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102
Week 24
LESSON 143
REVIEW - 5
A. Write a letter to a local shopkeeper to stock your product for sale OR Create an
advertisement for a local newspaper to sell your product.
103
Week 24
LESSON 144
INTERNAL EVALUATION
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104
Student Workbook
Appendix
105
APPENDIX 1
GARBAGE DISPOSAL - ARTICLES
Article 1
November26,2013:Wastedisposalisthebaneofmanyanew-agecity,andbustling
metrossuchasChennai,Delhi,MumbaiandBangalorearenoexception.
Theproblemdoesnotentirelyliewithgarbagecollectionagencies,whoaredoingtheir
besttoliftalltherefuse.Rather,thethousandsoftonnesofsolidandliquidwaste
generatedeverydaybythegargantuanpopulationofthesethrivingIndiancitiespose
theconundrumwithrespecttowastedisposal:wherewillitallgo?
Oneproposedsolutionhasbeenincinerationofthewastetomakeitmorecompactand
manageable.Burningofwastecanreducethevolumebyupto90percent.Energycan
alsobegeneratedasausefulby-productoftheprocess.
Butplanstosetupsuchwaste-to-energyunitsinIndiahavemetwithstaunch
resistancefromenvironmentalists.OlderplantsthatweresetupinDelhi,Hyderabad,
VijayawadaandLucknowwereshutdownforreasonsrangingfromlowcaloriTicvalue
ofwastetolackofTinancialviability.
Source: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/
107
Article 2
BINTHERE,DONETHAT
Learnings
Experts from Singapore, however, assure that modern technology can mitigate the
pollutioncausedbyincinerationofwaste.Singaporehasfourwaste-to-energyplantsin
operationaroundtheclock,handlingsome7,600tonnesofgarbagethrownawaybyits
5-million-strong population every day. The ash left after the burning process is
transported by boat to Semakau Island, a man-made landTill site in the middle of the
ocean. During a site visit to the largest of these plants, dubbed the Tuas South
IncinerationPlant,GeneralManagerChongKuekOn,emphasisedthatcarbonmonoxide
emissionsfromtheplantarelessthanathirtiethofthepermissiblelimits.Particulate
substancescontentisjustone-hundredthofSingapore’ssafetylimits,whichareinline
withbestpracticesaroundtheworld.
Builtin2000atacostof$890million,theplantcanhandle3,000tonnesofwasteevery
daytogenerate80MWofelectricity.Chonghighlightedtheabsenceofsmokefromthe
chimneystackoftheutilitytodrivehomehispointaboutcleanemissions.
Theprocess
The plant is highly automated and Chong underlines his requirement of 11 crew
members at all times to ensure that the plant is running smoothly. Giant claws heave
piles of rubbish brought by trucks into the incineration chambers, where it is burnt.
Subsequently,theashiscartedbyconveyorbelttoanotherareaforloadingontoships
fortransporttothelandTillsite.Meanwhile,wastegasesfromtheprocessarefunnelled
through a puriTication system that neutralises the harmful chemicals and Tilters out
particulate content. The chamber is pressurised in order to keep vapours from
escaping.Inaddition,metalcontentwithinthewasteissortedoutfromthedebrisand
soldasscraptosteelmillsandotherusers.
ChongoftheTuasSouthIncinerationPlantsaysthatIndiacouldmakeuseofthewasteto-energytechnologyharnessedbyhiscountryinordertocometotermswithitsown
garbage disposal problems. The opposition to the process is unjustiTied, according to
Chong, who says the technology has helped Singapore keep clean. Convincing the
opponents,therefore,willhingeonscientiTicdatathatveriTiesthebeneTitsofwaste-toenergytechnology.
Source: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/
108
Article 3
SEPARATEYOURGARBAGE
Recycle
Recycle even small scraps of paper. Reuse glass and plastic bottles instead of just
throwing them away. Recycle egg cartons, boxes that your pizza came in and milk
cartons.
Practicevermiculture
While vermiculture is not a total solution to waste disposal, it does help reduce the
amount of garbage being disposed off. Humans generate millions of tons of garbage
everyday,andthedisposalofthisgarbageisbecomingaproblemtoobigtohandle.Most
of this garbage is just dumped into barren lands or used as landTills. By practicing
vermicultureandgeneratingcompost,youwillnotonlyreducetheamountofgarbage,
butyouwillalsoenrichthesoil.
Method
• Take a large wooden, clay or plastic bin with a cover. Make sure there are holes on
top,soyourwormscanbreathe.
• Makeabedforthewormsbyusingmoss,driedleaves,twigsandsoil.
• Addredearthworms,notbrown,tothebed,andsprinklealittlewatersothebedis
damp.Burykitchenwasteandfoodscrapssuchasfruitpeels(eg.bananaandorange
peels), vegetable peels and waste (eg. carrot tops, potato peels, rotten vegetables),
eggshells,etc.inthebedding.
• Donotadddiaryproducts,meat,friedfoodorthefecesofyourpetcatordog.
• Keepshiftingthebeddingaroundandaddingmorekitchenwaste.
• Withinafewmonthsthewormswouldhaveconvertedthewastetomanure.
Do you recycle, separate your garbage or practice vermiculture? How do you
contributetobetteringtheenvironment?
109
Doyourecycle,separateyourgarbageorpracticevermiculture?Howdoyoucontribute
tobetteringtheenvironment?It'seasytopointaTingeratothersortolamentaboutthe
environmentdamagecausedbypollutionordeforestationbutwhenitcomestolending
ahelpinghandmostofusdon'thavethetimewhichiscompletelyunderstandable.How
doyoucontributetobetteringtheenvironment?Herearesometips.
It'seasytopointaTingeratothersortolamentabouttheenvironmentdamagecaused
bypollutionordeforestation,butwhenitcomestolendingahelpinghand,mostofus
don't have the time, which is completely understandable. You may not be able to
volunteeryourservices,butyoucandeTinitelydoyourbittohelp.
Don'tuseplasticbags
Oneofthemostannoyingstatementsoftenheardinshopsis:"CanIhaveanotherbag
please?"Afterall,plasticbagsareforfree,sowemightaswelltakehomeanextraone.
"Oh, I really need plastic bags," we say. May we do, but the earth deTinitely doesn't!
Perhaps some day in the future we would be able to send all our non-disposable
garbageintoouterspace,butuntilthatdaycomes,thoseplasticbagsarejustgoingto
bepilingupinever-expandingjunkyards.
The extremely thin plastic bags (less than 20 microns) that most grocery and general
storesstock,aretheonesthatarethemosthazardoustotheenvironment.Sothenext
timeyougoshopping,carryyourownclothorplasticbaginsteadofusingaplasticbag
supplied by the shopkeeper. Take a colourful cloth bag or haversack with you to the
supermarket,andhanditoveratthecheckoutcountersoyourshoppingcanbeTilledin
it.
Separateyourgarbage
Keepadustbinineverybedroomandthrowdrywastesuchaspaper,oldbills,pencil
shavingsetc.inthisdustbin.Collectthisgarbageinaseparatebag.Thisconstitutesyour
drygarbage,andcanberecycled.Wetgarbageconstituteskitchenandbathroomwaste,
andcanbeturnedintomanureandfertilizers.Ifyoudon'tseparatethegarbageatthe
initialstages,alotoftime,energyandmanpowergoesintoseparatinggarbagelateron,
andbythenalotofthedrygarbagewouldhavebeenspoilt.
SOURCE:http://www.indiaparenting.com/home-and-decor/63_607/separate-your-garbage.html
110
Article 4
GARBAGEDISPOSAL-AREALPROBLEM
Garbage has become a big problem in most Chinese cities. People have begun a heated
debate on the best and most efTicient way of disposing waste, which is divided mainly
between "for" and "against" incineration, says an article in Huaxi Metropolis Daily.
Excerpts:
Largeandmedium-sizedcitieshavebeentryingtoTindthebestandmostenvironmentally
friendly way of disposing waste. Many cities want to realize a win-win situation of
disposingwasteinanincineratorandgeneratingelectricityfromit.
Practice shows that garbage can be reduced by 20 percent by burning, and the heat it
producescangenerateelectricity.Buttheproblemisthatburningwasteisnotassafeas
we think. The incineration technology is still immature, and the toxic substances
incineratorsdischargeareharmfultotheenvironmentandhumanhealth.
The discharge of toxic substances and pollution of air, water and soil can be reduced if
recyclable and non-recyclable substances are separated before garbage is put into
incineratorsorburiedindumps.ButChinesepeopledonottakethetroubleofseparating
them even at home. And it is doubtful whether waste disposal agencies do it efTiciently,
either.
Given the situation, implementing the incinerator project hastily would be like taking a
"greatleapforward".LetusTirstmakeeffortstodothegroundworkofgarbagecollection
and separation of recyclable and non-recyclable substances at source. Otherwise, we
cannot implement the project of incinerators, which requires high technology and high
professionalethics.
Source:www.chinadaily.com.cn
111
APPENDIX 2
STORY OF RAHUL
In a village not far away, lived a young handsome boy named Rahul. Rahul was in the
10th standard and had just received his =inal term results. He was the topper and he
could not wait to tell his parents. Rahul bid his friends at school goodbye and
scamperedoffhometotellhisparents.
Hehopped,skippedandjumpedonhiswaybackhome.Nosoonerhadhelefttheschool
campusthanhecameacrossahugepuddleinthemiddleoftheroad.Thepuddlehad
been created because of a hand – pump situated nearby. There was no drain for the
watertogosoitfoundarestingplace,smackinthemiddleoftheroad.Thatwasnot
goingtostopRahul.Hewaswaytooexcitedabouthisresult.Heskilfullynegotiatedhis
wayaroundtheobstruction,likeatrainedwarriorandvictoriouslycrossedthepuddle.
His uncle, who ran the sweet shop at the corner, saw this and shouted out an
encouragement. Unaware of the fact that he had splashed some of that water on his
trousers,heranhomeinexcitement.
Rahulhadalwaysbeenabrightstudentandwasalsothecaptainofhisschoolfootball
team.Hehadalwaysgonehometohisparentswithgoodresultsbuttodaywasspecial.
It was his =inal result. He ran into the house and straight into the kitchen where his
motherwasmakinglunch.
“Icame=irstmamma!”Heyelledinexcitementandhuggedhismother.Hisfatherheard
allthecommotionandcamerunningintothekitchenaswell.Whatfollowedwasahuge
celebration.
ThenextmorningRahulwasreallyexcitedtogotoschool.Thefootballteamselection
was going to start. He was hoping to get the spot for captain this year as well. He
dressedinhisbestsportattireandmarchedtoschool.Thepuddleswerestilltherebut
bynowhewasskilledincrossingthemorsohethought.Thiswasaregularschedule.
Days and weeks passed and Rahul was looking forward to The Inter- School football
matchwhichwasscheduledtobegininafewdays.Hewasthecaptainoftheteamafter
all.Theexcitementwasoverwhelming.
Summer was round the corner and one Rahul’s father asked him to clean the desert
coolerandinstallitinthelivingroomwindow.WhenRahulwenttocleanthecooler,he
realisedthattherewasdirtywaterthathadcollectedinthecoolerbecauseoftheraina
few days ago. He somehow managed to clean the cooler and installed it in the living
roomwindow.
The=inalmatchwasonthenextday.Rahulateanicedinnerandwentofftosleep.The
nextmorning,Rahulwokeupwithaveryhighfeverandwasnotabletogotoschool.He
missedthematchandwasverydisappointed.AdoctorhadtobecalledtolookatRahul.
Afterafewweekshewas=inebuthehadmissedhismatchandhadtowaituntilnext
yeartotryoutagain.Feverhadalsolefthimveryweaksohecouldnotattendschool
andmissedclasses.Asaresult,hecouldonlymanagetoget5thpositioninclass.
112
APPENDIX 3
PHRASES
Phrase
Meaning
Example
1
Abide by
Respect or obey
If you want to join the center, you must
abide by the rules.
2
Agree with
Say / think the same thing as
someone else
I agree with you that English is an
important language.
3
Brush up on
Improve
You must brush up on your English.
4
Carry on
Continue
Don’t stop. Carry on with your work.
5
Close down
Stop operating
The center closed down due to damage to
the building.
6
Deal with
Take care of (person, problem
or situation)
The facilitator helps me deal with my poor
pronunciation.
7
Drop in
Visit
I drop in to see my grand parents on my
way home everyday.
8
Drop out
Leave school / classes /
college without finishing
If you drop out of class, you will find it
difficult to speak English.
9
Find out
Get information
Please find out why Reema is absent.
10 Figure out
Understand or find the answer
I am trying to figure out the location of the
center.
11
Have a good relationship
Students and facilitator get along well in
the center.
12 Get off
Leave (bus, train, plane)
Get off the bus at Chandni Chowk.
13 Get rid of
Remove / give away
Do not get rid of your books after you have
completed Level 1.
14 Hand out
Distribute
Hand out the test paper to the students.
15 Hang up
End phone call
Do not hang up the phone as I am still
talking.
16 Hold on
i. Wait
ii. Hold tightly
i. Hold on! I will go with you.
ii. Hold onto something or else you will fall.
17 Hurry up
Be quick
Hurry up! I do not want to be late for class.
18 Keep on
Continue doing something
Keep on working hard and you will do well.
19 Left out
Not added
If your name is left out during attendance,
inform the facilitator.
20 Look after
Take care of
Look after the laptops and other items in
the center.
Get along with
113
Phrase
Meaning
Example
21 Look for
Try to find something
I am looking for students who are
interested in learning English.
22 Look forward to
Wait with pleasure
I look forward to seeing you soon.
23 Make fun of
Laugh at something /
someone
Do not make fun of your fellow students at
the center.
24 Pass out
i. Finish the class / school /
college.
ii. Faint
i. When you pass out of Level 3, you will
get a certificate.
ii. She passed out when she heard the bad
news.
25 Set up
Start a business
She set up her own company 10 years
ago.
26 Take care of
Look after something/
someone
I will take care of your books when you go
out for some work.
27 Work out
i. Physical exercise
ii. Find a solution
i. I work out twice a week in the gym.
ii. I need to work out the cost of buying a
house.
114
REFLECTIONS
Use this space to write down your thoughts on the topic given on Drop Everything And
Write (D.E.W.) days.
Topic: ______________________________________________Date: _____________
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IF YOU HAD STARTED
IF YOU THINK YOU
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ARE TOO SMALL TO
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Free one-year enrichment program
WE MUST EXPERIENCE
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AAM Foundation - Valmiki Temple 1, Vasant Gaon, Near C8/8 , Vasant Vihar
New Delhi 110057 | +91 11 2615 3809 | www.FEAIndia.org
ALL AROUND.
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