94 RECALIBRATING CENTERS AND MARGINS
The Luxury of Languor
MICHAEL A, MCCLURE
University of Louisiana-Lafayette
URSULA EMERY MCCLURE, AIA
Louisiana State University
Tht, present econorna, cultu~e.and built enrironrnent of the
United States relT on efficient, and <peed. The prima? gage of
the rornrnodita of Time is its acceleration. The space5 wr
construt t reflect that pate: strip malls. drix e-thru uindou +.
parhinp loti. and freeuaji. Speed spates +uch as t1ie.e halts
become the puhlic spates of America. As tlie pace of the
Imerican lifeitjle increa-ei. so does the need for temporan
escape. into the oppwite. People sale Inone? and arcrue
1 dcation time for the momentan opportunit)
to tral el and
..
experience a languid cultural landscape. In tlie tourism induit?
of Southern Louisiana. like other areas (of cultural arid
infrastructural uniqueness. the built enaironment is esserltial to
this escape. -"It". buildings that giae tities their identit!.
especiallj in \eaz Orleans."' T h e area finds itielf i11 a
contemporary c cmtradiction of presening and promoting it<
' l a n p i d spacesq of touris~n\tithin an atnlospllere of con1 erlient
arid immediate speed. Onr of the greatest commodities of the
lmter Ilississippi ria er a alle!. from l a t c h e z to Ne\t Orleans. i,i
its huilt enairorlment and the p e r c e i ~ e dculturdl meaning that
this enaironment holds for those u h o lixe outside of it.
Retainiry and proaiding access to an idea of *languid space' is
one of South Louisiana"~major economic products. ranlted the
fixth largest tourist economn! in the United Statei. (It ernploas
o ~ e r87.000 uorlrers and generates 5.2 billior~ dollars per
annum). Retained and re-used architecture of the area creates
'lanpid space' and it ii eaident at many ccalei. The most
appdrent scale is that of he\\ Orleans arid its building*. It ia a
cit) ltr~oun prirnarilj as a tourist destination of languid
r.capiim. eaen though it contains the United States' third
largest port. It is the accesr point to four of the eleaen largeit
U.b. p r t s ( i n foreign c ommerc e tonnage) and the! handle more
than 1;57million ton< of L1.S. naterborne cornnlerce a !ear.
including nearlj half of all -11iierican grain exportc. In it. stale.
style. arid planning. one ~ i t n e s s e sa direct contrast to the
n
e and capitalism iound
normatia r t orn~nodit\ of c o ~ enienr
throughout most of the LTrlited Statra. Immediatel~adjacent to
N e ~ tOrleani' urban wale slouneii. ime finds *languid space' at
a smaller scale along the Scenic B7;\taai. The Mississippi riaer.
the small towns. and the singular apace\ of plantations frame
these routes and contribute to the region's spatial sloatmess.
North to Natchez. the>e ren1ai1iin.g restored places stand as
s j m 1 d s of a slouer time and of larlguid h n l a n interaction
without the distractions of modern speed.
For this paper. we define Southern Louisiana'> 'languid spaces'
1)) their differenc r. from what is seen as the American norm. If
the efficiencies in cornrnur~ication.conaenienr e. and accelerated obsolest ence define r~orrnatiae hnerican space. then t h e
opposite; the inrfticienties. define unique 'languid ipace'.
Inefficiencies in c onmlunication are mostly spatial arid historic:
portheb. porticos. and plaza<. These tangiblc places encourage
inefficient human interaction (chatting, lounging. and strolling).
Inefficiencies in spatial cona enient e decrease acceleration:
pedestrian districts. nlearldering bytahr. and tree-lined. residential thmoughfare~.T h e j entourage and sometimes force
one to stop and ol~serle.I)ela!ed obwlestence has aalue in a
'languid ~ p a c e - B
. e meaiure the aalue of these qpaces b j t h e
difference from athat is progresGae. Thusl\. the older. less
contormablr and least similar spa( es ir~crcase in ~ a l u eand
define a 'languid spa( e'. Through adlertising. historic example.
rnmies. books. and tele~isioncommercials. the idea of languid
spate also int'reases in lalue and has hecomr as i~nportaritas
the space itself. People are draa\n to the area through prornises
like this bjline of something other: "The small roads that
traaerse the countrjside from \ate hez to Ye\\ Orleans offer
l
4 m ~ r i c a. . . rharming toatn< and \ illages
act ess to s ~ u a l toam
a\hith d l celebrate a st!le of life that has become increasinglj
elusiae for man! of us.'"
9lst ACSA ANNUAL MEETING
LOUISVILLE KY
MARCH 14-17 , 2003 95
Souther11 Louiiiana lei) d l i t i w t h anti p~ogresci\el! tatera.
t~agg"att.i mcl prutm t* I)otl~t h r idva dncl tht' realit\ t ~ f its
gredtt.st ( o m n o d i t \ : 'hlguid <pa(e' as an alterilati~eto thr
~ (
to 111od~111izc
irom t h
n o r ~ i ~ a t i \ e .it11 little e( ~ I I ~ I I I111oti\12
end of the c i ~ i liar
l
to t 1 1 ~mid-20th ~ e n t u r there
)~
~ + ano
< need
to demolish the 11uilt idl~ric.Fol exmiplr. a. of RIarch 2000.
$000 of Louicia~~rl's
reiide~~tial
stru(t u ~ pre-date
~ i
1050. Thik
l~uiltal~atidls l o ~ n e s -c oexiit. ill t l ~ crni0.t of highly ex 011 rd
port/fac t o n economy ar~tltouris111 rerrlains the primarj per( ri\cd (ornmodit\ of the area. Thib Irdds to the ( ontemporan
( ontradi( tion
Southe~n Louisidna relie- on: maintaining iti
obsoleecenr e in ordcr to rernain I iable as t h e alterriati\ e.
Touricts flock to e\perirnc r a 'languid space". The! do so.
ho\+erer. within s u c l ~.hurt periodi of time and u i t h w c h I igor.
the, u%u;lll\ord! experie~~ce
~ I idea
I
of illace. a flattened \iiual
~ r l r r r r ~r c(thcl po-t ( ard experience). The main goal seems t o 1 1 t ~
a proof-of-attendm e or the post card. t-shirt. and collee mug
that s e n e ~i a 1ner11on oj attenddnc e t h i ~unique spate. Rarrl!
ill the\ experient e the inefficient iec and slou T alue of the
spat e that dreu them therc initialh .
Because the T alue of the "languid space' i* both per( ei\ ed and
actual. Iir\in Lynch's notionc of ho\+ me come to understand
our po.itiori mithin ipace bet umes iniportant. 'Imageabilit!.. or
the qualitj of a ph~sical enrironnwnt that gixes it a high
prohabilitj of el oliing a strong image in the mind, i i essential in
to uuderstandir~gthe l d h e a h i l t crnironment has on the
eicapist 'languid space'. Because of this significanc3e in under~tandingarid nomentldture. u e \+ill nou briefl, examine three
examples oi Ljnt 11's elemrnts of in~agealditjin relation to the
lanpiid spacesof tourism of Southern Louiiiaria: paths. and
districts/landmarks. For the purpoue of this stud!. n e \+ill
discuss them in terms of their physical space. uqe. and cultural
meaning. Each space exists as a c o~nplexox ella! / t o m p r e q s i o ~ ~
k)ct\+een the artiiact. of a languid space arid the cwntempora?
effit ient condition of \peed spat e.
PATHS: rrhan and Rural
T u o of the rllort identifidbk paths of the area are the urban St
Charle. 41 enue in \e\+ Orleans. and the rural Rix er Road. The
-1anguitl space' of St. Charles -l\erilie is composed of the
inefficient and ol)solesterit o~erlayof uses and wales. It ib a
thoroughlare for cars: it ii a corridor tor the outdated. -Ion.
unrrlial~lrpuhlic transportation of the electric trolley*: it is a
I+alking. running. bii ~ c l epath. Corinec tine uptott n to do~tritown. it ih both d linear puhlit park arid a n important
thoroughfare for the tit). The uie of St. Charles ii all ol thew.
and not mu( 11 ha< t hanged from its intended use. T h e cultural
meaning has also remained coniistent. hut critical balance has
( hanged. No\+. the ~ i i i t o r iv
. h o ha\ e alrtajs come to St. Charles
to xieu the elaborate homcc of the sorial ~ l i t eunder a carlop!
of lil e oalis. I it'\\ it a i an artifact in a nlusrurn. The experience
is singular and linear. The real urhan I alue is not a concern nor
96 RECALIBRATING CENTERS AND MARGINS
of taluc. The \ i d o r rneasures the a ~ e n n e~aluc.
" ~ as a f o r t - h e
~ninute burface tour for orir dollar. riot a \\ell-wtabli4lcd
( h i 1irig url)an thorou,rrhfare.
one side and che~nicalpldriti and -11gar ( any kirld- o ~ the
i
otlirr.
OnI\ at occasional n~omerit-tluei one ( ome acrois a s~nallt o ~ n
or r e ~ n a i r i i n ~
plantation home. The F l i ~ e r Road ma! still
p11jsi~alljli11li the nlodern ( lienlic al plant- and s e n e a< accesi
for the r i d uplieep of t h r l m j . it5 n~eaniriga- a -1anpid <pace'
-'There was a grand feel of luxur! about the street( ar. hot o n l ~ nou o( curs in sep~nrntsbecause of the alternate routes that
\+as it tonstructed of much hetter material. ~nahoganj beats.
ha1 e replaced it. Its maill use i. the idea o~ image, not as a r ital
dout leather straps. solid hunk< of strel. than an\ form of
c o n t e n p r a ? spate. One can nou 1 r q efficieritl~,rxit the
puhlic trariiportation put together 111 the past 50 \Far<. and not
irema!. drile a short diita11re along the r i ~ e rat an ineffificient
on11 did ~ o pass
u blot li after blotli of nlarisioris oozing ronlarlce
pace. tour a plantation. drix e tl~rougha s11ial1 to\\n. eat a good
m d old prosper~tj.hut also the ride wa- slov as s ~ ~ m n i e r . " ~ meal. and then efiicirntl! return to 1-10,
Iriotlier identifiable path. the Rirer Road. is a rural languid
space that has changed more dramaticall5 horn its initial
t oridition. &-hat \z a i originall\ ari efiit ient. modern connector
of etonon~iccenters to the rixer. ports. and cities. Interitate 10
and be^ era1 high clearance hridges ox er the r i ~ e llab
r
replaced.
T h r Ri\ er Roacl", 1alue as a 'languid space' come> no14 f r o ~ nits
ol)solebcence. One must drix e slowlj through the tight c u n es.
caught in the fixed space hetween the filississippi nil er Le\> on
Along rach of these paths exist districts and landmarks that
identit4 uhat h a r e nov lm ome. through hihtoric a1 use and the
international ad\ ertiiirig ot a higlil! de\ eloped touriirn industrj. the ubiquitous "languid spat ea' of ect ape. Tht. French
Quarter in New Orlear~i. ywcificall! Bourbon Street and
91st
ACSA ANNUAL MEETING
LOUISVILLE KY
MARCH 14-17 , 2003
97
Iac 1,ion Sql~are.are i i n l u l t a n e 0 ~ 4 \a ( tual exan~plc'iof * l a n p i d
~paee. and intvn\e (.or111o11iIi1
ation- oj t11v ~ d c aor image. The
I ommodit\
i i rvliant or1 dn a( tual lwilt i p c c'. 1)ut the
I onmloditj ha- Iwc.c)n~c.priman. The outiidr [ ) I . I I cbption of
thew Y ~ J C I I e i hold. t h e i ~\dlue. Bourlron btleet Ira\ ~ r m a i n e d
1011.tmt ~ I Iiti .pace. uie. and cdturdl nlranlrrg. It i. itill d
den-cb pa^ e of n ~ u l t i ~ l ee r~l i 01
ial interaction. Iti 11-r is
.till a place tor cdel)ration and rc21edie drpendant on ilipport
yaw^ Hiitc~ricall~
those support spat es Mere the port. citx
honlei of countr! farrr~ers.and trdriiient houhing of the cit?.
\OM
t l ~ o ~sulrport
e
apace5 are exponentiall\ larger, more
efficient. and cour enierit. T l ~ eye\\ Orleans C.on~ention I enter
bring- in 1.5 n1illio11 people annuall?. The x olrime and inteniity
of Bourhori Street has alao grovn exponentiall! so that the idea
of the 'Bourbon Street Euperient e' is paramount to those that
uc c u ~ ~the
! spate. The idea of a night on Borirlmn Street haiu~pdlrsed the actual experience. Both thy idea and the
experience hone^ er. rel! on the phr sical yac e that has been
presened and re-dtlapted for the nev realit,. Thc proof-ofattendance shops (t-shirts. coffee mugs, etc) haxr become a
priman, program. no\\ r i ~ a l i n gthe bar5 and atrip joints of the
streeti in leased square footage.
On the other h a r d the tourism induitrj and contemporan,
y e e d space has changed the use and cultural rnedr~ingof
Jaclison Square. 4nv plaza is a rare space in the United States
in both its ply4cal form and conternporar~ ~ i t a l i tarid
~ use.
Based on the Law of the Indies uith church. go~ernment.and
con~mercial buildings octupying the sides of a central open
quare. Jackson Square once acted as the to\\n center. During
the ueek. it serled as a (hit meeting place. the ipatial tonn
bulletin. On the weekends. it acted a, a market and social
promenade. \o\\ that these spa1 es are no longer required to
infolrn and celebrate information exchange on a daih hisis. the
Dld~d'ause and cultural meaning has been tranifor~ned.The
contemporan realit! of use and meaning ib still exchange. hut
the exchange has changed. Experiential ~ a l u eis no longer
eswntial or ~ a l u a b l e for societ,. politics. and commerce.
Instead. like Bourbon Street. the poit-card lie\\ ii priinaq and
the exchange if a proof of attenda~iw.One non goes to the
r~lazato ~ i e ma street performel. tahe a photograph. and then
mo\ e on. Like dl1 of the 'languid spaces' of iouthern Louisiana.
the d e a has become primary: the experience secondan. T e q
ien lo1 als. if an!. does one find in Jar kson Square. The priniar!
change in the phksical space of the plaza is a telling addition to
the c 1ai.i~ plaza formed 1)x the Lax\ of the Indiei. X hat was
ont e an open side on the square to the r n e r ii nov a tourict
infornlation ere hange and s n a p d ~ o tplatform. lcress to 'rixer
~ a l h ' .trolle! tours. and boat> to the aquarium and zoo no\\
dominate the r i ~ e r d eof the plaza. Jaikso11 Square ii a prime
example of the ~ a l u eof a 'languid spare' in toda\"s iocietx. It
itill exernplifiec the spatial ineliiciencie. of a plaza and
denionstratei the tangible contradictions required for a 'languid
space' of tourisrn.
Fig. .iT-shirt
.
Shadi on Bourbon.
T L 6~ lackson )yurzrr
DISTRICTSILAhDRIARKS: Rural
T h e same contradictions in the conditions of adaptive re-use
and adaptixe re-meaning can be seen in the rural 'languid
98 RECALIBRATING CENTERS AND MARGINS
spaces' of t o u r i ~ ~ Plantation
n.
sites along the r i ~ e rroad ma!
llal e experient ed the greatest c hange in their use. meaning.
and ipace. "Their self-suffiiiencj beemi strange to&\. when
ilistance is so p a d , bridged: but in those d a ~ the
i houies \4ere
rernote indeed. Some of them stood a daj's long journe! from
the nearest tonn."< Orizinall, centers of economic and cultural
exchange. the! acted as the rural ~ e r ~ i o nofs Jatlcson Square.
NOT+
House RIuieuins. the remaining grand honles and fev
support buildings pro1 ide a n extreme11 lirrlited antage into the
bpatial and cultural space of a uorlAng rural factor! and social
center. Their xalue still relies on their spatial charac.teriitics.
The plantation's remote and infrequent locations along the
ZIiiiiisippi continue to accuratel! prolide an experience of a
slo~ter. non-connected. self-reliant space ai a comparati~e
e-cape from the norm. T h e hierarillie- of spac es, formal to
irrfornlal and puhlic to prilate also proxide an example not seen
in todaJ'a non-hierarchical architecture of instant total ac ceis
and conrenience. The! are artifacts of the formal public facade
ut1o.r \rstige. renlain in the public acc eif faces of strip mall?
and box qtores. These porches. 11o~e1
er. are spatial. not mere11
a flat sign located on the street facade. much like plazas are
\patidl artifacts ~ t h o b rxestiges can still he seen in food courts
and parlung lots. The porches proride the public threshold to
the ground floor. ~ h i c hconsiit. of the social gathering ?paces:
ballrooms. parlors. and grand dining rooms. These o~er-.caled
b
interior rooms coupled \\ith the deep. occupied facades are
unique. The! g i ~ ethe spaces ~ a l u cin the esrapiqt. tourisn~
econornl. T o contir~nethe illusion \te are expected to ignore
the ( or~temporaqextended lartdic ape for histon ha- remm ed
the \ast. exterior support spate- of fields. docks. Ljarns. slale.
and ~torlcersquarters. Cheniical factorief. large corporate fields.
and suhurhan dex elopments non oc cup! the on( e essential.
extended landscape spare? of plantationi. Lihr the entire
remaining 1 aluable 'languid spaces' of Louisiana. the plantation
houiei s u n i\ ed originall! through inattention and lack of
better econonlic dlternatil es. ;\OM the\ exiit as dn aiset because
of their lo\% availabilit! tu the rest of the cuuntq.
The small t o n n s along the Rixer Road exemplih some of the
last 'languid spaces" that the tourist industr! has not transformed. The! continue to operate in 1nuc.h the same ineficient
and isolated manner that the\ originated. The t o v n i along the
riler betueen hem Orlrariq and Natrhez were originall! local
centers for t h e Plantation culture outiide of the three larger
cities. Free plantation \+orldorce liled in these touns and a
romrnercial center fornled to Gerle the inmlediate area. Now.
the uorhers are emplqed rnostl~at the cllenlical factories (the
cwntrmporaq plantation crop). but the towns s e n e the same
function. T h e t o ~ n sahut the r i ~ e r l e y wit11 lo\+-densit)
91 s t ACSA ANNUAL MEETING
LOUISVILLE KY
MARCH 14-17. 2003
99
To further substantiate Southrrri Lauiiiana'i h i l t e m ironlnent
ial and (a11he w r n at it- ~ ) u l e -in
t LA<\ (pi.1 c ornpreiiion of
languid arid sprrtl \ p t e ( a n I N ' s t ~ 1 1i l l La< \ rga- and an!
o t h e ~tourist alra that originated f o ~tho-e u110 journe\ for
C
Sout11ern Louiiidna is
plea-uri.. Thv t l i l l c , ~c ~ r c~. cin anLd. ~ U 11
the existrricr and rr-csta1)liAed nwdrrin~ oi the original
artiidc ti. True. Harrah'i Ca411o i- a modern I n ~ r ~ i t acasino.
n
It* program and y a c es perform irr the m i l r ~ ' o n l p l emanner
~
ai
the nruest and moit ( o r i t e r n p o ~ aLa~ ~ \ ?;a- Casino. H a r ~ a h ' i
in h orlcanc ii uniqur I)c.cauw of it5 adjatenc! to t h r
original artifact. Ont. ( an find ipatial replicas of the ( driyoris of
Ye\\ l orli ~ r l dthc cdnali of \ vnic e in La\ \ egas Hour1 er. the
La< \ egai replications drr far renlo\ c.d Irorrl the originals. One
could Ii d the \ ega. \ rnic e and nex C I ha\ r ieen thr original.
This i i not posfihle in Ner\ Orlean.. h e experiences Harrali-s
flattrned imitation of the Frerrc 11 Quartrr mithin the lie\\ of the
ipatidl original. Couple thii \zit11 the c ontr~nporar\condition of
the French Quarter. it-elf a conternporar) ilatterled experience
of it< o r i g i n ~ c;patial.
l
and the contradictions/o~erla!s/ironies of
the neu languid spate are enormou-.
is riot j u ~ ta tinie capsule of artifacts from d s l m e r time, hut a
.
must
cornplex 01 erlap and collision of the speed and s l o ~ one
only looh to the ne\\ hjbrid buildi~lgof the area. Harra1i"s
Casino in clownton11 h e \ \ Orleans. This a r t h e t ~ p eof spatial
escapism. replication. and efficient captured audienie is famil-
The he11 J orh Historian. Kenneth Jackson. at a lecture gix e n at
the College of I r t and Ueiign at Louisiana State Unirersit~,
concludrd hiq lecture regarding Ne\+ Orleans b j d r a ~ t i n g
comparisons betneen ~noderrida! hew Orleans to turn of the
CONCLUSIOK
F y . 8. Louisiana.
100 RECALIBRATING CENTERS AND MARGINS
c rntlrr\ Ienic c3. Itah. H r a 4 t . d t l ~ ri~ueitionnllclther
(11 not
1 1 ~ dg i ~ e n1111 it- role a \ a \itdl ~ ~ r o p e s i i UIIMII
\e
Ye\\ 01lc~a11s
en\ ~ ~ ~ I I I I I Por
I I ~il.. lilkt. \ m i ( Y. it 11dd 11ecomr all artifac t frozrn
in ti111e. 1~1ut.dor111 ai a past thing. ?la111 iirrlilaritiec exid
I)rt\\twr tile t\+o citiri regarding the ~ a l u , .01 '~rcl~itrcture.
u r l ~ ~ i i ~and
n l . .pal c L \\~tliinit\ re orrori~ic\ iahilit! a- iornrthirrg
other. H o u r \ el. h e n Orlean< and S o u t l ~ r r rLouisiana
~
diflrr
from other lli>toric tourism centers lilw \mic e. Itall. That
tliflerrnc e exiit- in the \ast ( olnpre.sion and romplexitiri of
spa c. ecorio~ng.time. ruiture. and tou~i-m. The oxerla! of
inrflic irnc ies arid efficiencies arid of inc on\enirnce and w ~ n e 11it111ce ieern to demand a unique 117 hrid liuilding lihe Harrah'.
Lahino. It i. a t o u r i m \pa(,? that replicates a re-uie and reintrrpreted original onlx blorl\i ma!. It is a c o n t e m p o r a ~ ~
drchitecture that relie. on imitation. Thir same notion of
rornprt.iiio~i allons the cherr~ital plant- to hold the iamcL
ec ononiic p w i t i o r ~ iwithi11 their rural laridstapes that their
r~eighboring Plantation Hornei o r ~ t edid, wemingly nithout
(onflict. T h e h o m ~ exist
s
non a4 museumi c ~ fuhat \\a< uric e an
efficient culture. but now is outdated. Southern Louiiiana ha>
l q t its arcliitectural detritus. It is not in a zone or area
separated from modernitg. This detritu, i i its own unique
propes& eness reliant on ideas of r e p ~ e s i o n The
.
two ro-exiit
simultaneously. It i- not a simplified and samtired ~ e r s i o nof
entertainment (Disne~land)or a regre41 e tapqule of the past
(1illiarnsburg. 1 irginia), or a xihrant contemporan, cultural m d
economic center (Ne\\ 1 orli. Chicago). It is pard\ all of thew.
and not reall? any of them.
n
e he critical and/or relm ant \+ithin
Can a ( o n t e ~ r i p i ~ r apractit
the "culture of cmyestion". speciiicallg a xial~lelanguitl ipat e?
\ h a t tlpe of practice can relr\antlj negotiate in an) of the
infinite unique landscapes?
Can it be simultaneousl! local and global?
NOTES
\V~irehead. Ingrid. "Patricia Ga): K o r l i i ~ ~IIard
g
lor prczer\.ition
Eas\." Irchitecturi Record (08.02): 25h
Fox-Smith. .James. "Chmtr!
(f.1cr!
issue)
1)unbar. Ton!.
111
the Rig
Road* k c a ?lap." Courrtr! Roads hlagazine
Cit! of Beads. N r u l o r k : C.P. Putnarn', sons. 1905
1W8.
* " i r t requires a delicate adjubtrnent of tlie outer and innrr
' WConnor. Flanner!. hlystrr! and !Kinnrrs. Ucv l o r k : The Xoonda! Prraa.
worlds in such a \\a! that, uitlmut changing their nature. the)
190;.
can be seen through each other. To Itno\\ onecelt is to b n o ~
"
hoolhnas.
R e ~ n .delirious new !ark. Ne\\ lorli: Rlonacelli P r t x . 1qY4.
one's region. It is also to ltncm the world. and it is also.
paradoxicall!. a form of exile from that world."" T h i i in\t.stigation into notions regarding the complexities of space. econorm.
time. culture, and tourism. stems from d desire to teach arid
REFERENCES
practice relex ant architecture in Southern Louisiana. Southern
Louisiaria present5 a unique mitrocosin of the conditions found
I . \\x~r\.bea.doc.gor/l.1ea/d112/tour2(102l.ht~1
in conte~nporar?glohal enrironment. Its "languid space' is a
2. 1.ynch. Ke\in. T h e Image of the Cit!. Cambridge. 1\14: Trchnnlog! Press.
speed space that capitalizes on tlie idea and the experience of
1960.
~ u s l ~ 3. Heard. hlalcolm. French Quarter hlanl~al:4rchitrcturt: Guide to h e \ \ Orlcans'
the regressh e. Its built en%ironnient~ o n s i s st ~i ~ ~ ~ u l t a n eof
Vie~rx Carre. Jackson. blS. L n k . ol Rlissi4ppi Pre>s. 1Y9;.
adaptix e reuse. presen ation. c ontemporar\. induqtn, and repli1. \\~~~.n1etro\ision.org/tahle1-b.htm./tat)lel-YO.h1n~
cation. It is lar~dlockedby the Rlississippi h e r . the Gulf. the
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4tcliafalaga Basin. Lake Pontc lidtrain. and the numerous
sv amps. rix ers. and hapous. The r o~r~pression
and o~erlag of
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Saxon. I,+
Old Loui~iarra.Cretna. L.4: I'elican F'uhlishing Cornpan!.