Name
CHAPTER
17
Date
TELESCOPING THE TIMES
The Progressive Era
CHAPTER OVERVIEW In the first two decades of the 1900s, Americans embrace
the Progressive movement and many of its reforms.
Summary
1
The Origins of Progressivism
MAIN IDEA Political, economic, and social change in
late 19th century America led to broad progressive
reforms.
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A
s the 1900s opened, reformers pushed for a
range of changes to society in a movement
called Progressivism, which had four major goals:
• Protecting social welfare by easing the ills of
urban society. The YMCA built libraries and
exercise facilities while the Salvation Army
offered the urban poor food and nursery care.
• Promoting moral improvement, especially
by working to ban alcoholic beverages.
Prohibitionists—many of whom were members
of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
(WCTU)—often came into conflict with immigrant groups. The saloons the reformers
attacked served vital functions such as offering
cheap meals in immigrant communities.
• Reforming the economy. Some criticized the
vast wealth amassed by industrialists and the
treatment of workers. Journalists called “muckrakers” published stories about business corruption and unfair practices.
• Making businesses more efficient and profitable. Scientific management and the adoption
of the assembly line for the manufacture of
goods enabled factories to increase production.
Progressives also reformed politics at the local
and state levels. Reform mayors routed corruption
out of Detroit and Cleveland, among other cities.
Wisconsin Governor Robert M. La Follette took
steps to regulate businesses in his state. Reformers
managed to pass laws in almost every state to ban
child labor and limited the number of hours
women could work. Reform-ers passed laws requiring the use of secret ballots in elections and allowing voters to remove elected officials from office.
The Seventeenth Amendment allowed for voters to
elect senators directly.
2
Women in Public Life
MAIN IDEA Women won new opportunities in labor and
education that are enjoyed today.
O
n the nation’s farms, women continued to play
the vital roles they had filled earlier. They
helped with the farm’s crops and animals as well as
cooking, cleaning, sewing, and child rearing. Many
urban women who lacked education joined the
workforce by becoming servants. African-American
and unmarried immigrant women often used this
route to employment. At the turn of the century,
one in five American women held jobs outside the
home; 25 percent worked in manufacturing. Half of
them toiled in the garment industry. With the
growth of business, more and more women worked
in offices as stenographers and typists. As a result,
more women sought high school educations to train
for these jobs.
Many middle- and upper-class women joined
groups aiming to promote culture. The number of
women’s colleges grew, and many who graduated
from these colleges joined the reform movements.
Major goals of these movements were making
workplace and home safer. The National Association of Colored Women helped African Americans by creating nurseries, reading rooms, and
kindergartens.
Many women joined in the effort to seek the
right to vote, or suffrage. Spearheading the effort
was the National American Woman Suffrage
Association. Wyoming, in 1869, became the first
state to grant this right to women. Some other
western states followed suit. Another effort failed
when the Supreme Court ruled that the
Constitution did not guarantee women the right to
vote. Women pushed for an amendment to the
Constitution granting suffrage, but for the first two
decades of the 1900s, it did not pass.
The Progressive Era 33
Name
Teddy Roosevelt’s
Square Deal
MAIN IDEA As president, Theodore Roosevelt worked to
give citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms.
W
hen President William McKinley was killed
in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became president. He showed great energy and bold decision
making and won publicity. He launched a program
of reforms called the “Square Deal.” With his vigorous leadership, he changed the presidency.
Roosevelt thought that a more complex American
society needed a powerful federal government. He
intervened in a bitter 1902 coal strike to lead both
sides to an agreement. He had the government sue
business trusts to improve competition. He pushed
through laws increasing the government’s power to
regulate railroads. His actions during a Pennsylvania
coal strike set a precedent of government intervention when a strike threatened public welfare. After
reading a book, The Jungle, that exposed poor sanitary practices in the meatpacking industry, Roosevelt
gained passage of the Meat Inspection Act. The Pure
Food and Drug Act banned food processors from
adding dangerous chemicals to food or from making
false claims regarding medicines. Roosevelt also took
steps to preserve the nation’s wild natural areas.
Roosevelt, though, did not back civil rights for
African Americans. So black leaders, plus some
white reformers, formed the National Association
for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
in 1909 to push for full racial equality.
4
Progressivism Under Taft
MAIN IDEA Taft's ambivalent approach to progressive
reform led to a split in the Republican Party and the loss
of the presidency to the Democrats
W
illiam Howard Taft became president in
1909. He pursued many Progressive policies
but more cautiously—and with less publicity—than
Roosevelt. And he divided his own party.
One issue was the tariff. Taft wished to lower
the tariffs. When conservatives in the Senate
passed a weakened version of the measure, Taft
signed it anyway and Progressives complained. He
also angered conservationists by appointing officials
who favored development of wild lands rather than
preservation of them.
With the Republican Party split between
reformers and conservatives, Democrats won control of the House for the first time in almost two
decades. In 1912, Roosevelt tried to regain the
34 Unit 5, Chapter 17
Republican nomination for president. Failing that,
Roosevelt formed a third party—the Bull Moose
party—and ran on a platform of reform.
The Democrats nominated reformer Woodrow
Wilson, the governor of New Jersey. As Taft and
Roosevelt bitterly denounced each other, Wilson
won the election—and a Democratic majority in
Congress. About three-quarters of the vote went to
candidates in favor of economic reform.
5
Wilson’s New Freedom
MAIN IDEA Woodrow Wilson established a strong
reform agenda as a progressive leader.
A
religious and scholarly man, Wilson stayed independent of party bosses and pursued his policies
of reform called the “New Freedom.” With the
Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914, the government
strengthened laws against business trusts and workers’ rights. The Federal Trade Act created the
Federal Trade Commission to investigate unfair business practices. Another law lowered tariffs. With
decreased tariff revenues, the government began collecting taxes on workers’ income. Wilson also secured
passage of a law creating the Federal Reserve System
to improve the nation’s banking practices.
Meanwhile, women continued in their drive to
win the right to vote. As of 1910, women’s suffrage
was approved in five states. Defeats in other states,
though, led some women to try more militant tactics. Alice Paul organized a group that picketed the
White House and the Democratic Party. Finally,
the Nineteenth Amendment, ratified in 1920, gave
women the right to vote.
Wilson did not push social reform ideas. He did
little to support women’s suffrage, nor did he help
African Americans. In fact, he appointed southerners who took steps to extend segregation. Blacks
who had voted for Wilson felt betrayed, and a
meeting between Wilson and African-American
leaders ended in anger.
Review
1. Describe the four areas of Progressive reform.
2. How did women’s lives change in the early twentieth century?
3. What policies did Teddy Roosevelt pursue?
4. Why did the Republican Party split, and what
was the result?
5. What progressive reforms did Woodrow Wilson
advance, and which did he do little or nothing to
achieve?
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3
The Progressive Era continued
Name ______________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 17 Section 1 (pages 512–518)
The Origins of
Progressivism
BEFORE YOU READ
In the last section, you read about popular culture at the
turn of the century.
In this section, you will learn about the social reforms that
made up the progressive movement.
AS YOU READ
Use this web diagram to take notes. Fill it in with names of
the organizations and people who campaigned for the
four types of reform. The notes will help you remember
what you learned about the progressive movement.
Date ______________________
TERMS AND NAMES
progressive movement Social reform
movement in the early 20th century
Florence Kelley Social reformer
prohibition Making the sale or use of
alcohol illegal
muckraker Writer who exposes
wrongdoing
scientific management Using
scientific ideas to make work more
efficient
Robert M. LaFollette Progressive
Wisconsin governor and senator
initiative A way for people to
propose laws directly
referendum A way for people to
approve changes in laws by a vote
recall A vote on whether to remove
a public official from office
Seventeenth Amendment
Amendment providing for senators to
be elected directly
Moral
Social Welfare
YMCA
Progressive
Reforms
© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
Political
Four Goals of Progressivism
(pages 512–515)
What did reformers want?
As the 1900s opened, reformers pushed for a number of changes. Together their efforts built the progressive movement. The progressive movement
had four major goals: (1) to protect social welfare,
(2) to promote moral improvement, (3) to create
economic reform, and (4) to foster efficiency.
Reformers tried to promote social welfare by
easing the problems of city life. The YMCA built
libraries and exercise rooms. The Salvation Army
Economic
fed poor people in the cities and cared for children
in nurseries. Settlement houses helped families.
One reformer, Florence Kelley, helped to win the
passage of the Illinois Factory Act in 1893. The law
prohibited child labor and limited women’s working
hours. The law became a model for other states.
Reformers promoted moral reform by working
for prohibition—the banning of alcoholic drinks.
Many of these reformers, called prohibitionists,
were members of the Woman’s Christian
Temperance Union (WCTU). The well-organized
union became the largest women’s group the country had ever seen.
CHAPTER 17
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 169
1. How did reformers try to make businesses
more efficient and profitable?
Cleaning Up Local Government
(pages 515–516)
How did progressives change
city governments?
Progressives also reformed politics. City governments were sometimes corrupt. For instance, they
might be run by party bosses who gave jobs to their
friends and bribed people to vote for them. One
answer to this problem was a new system of city
government called the commission system.
In the commission system a group of experts
runs the city. Each expert takes charge of a different city department. By 1917, about 500 cities had
commission forms of city government.
Another reform idea was the council-manager
form of government. By 1925, nearly 250 cities had
managers. These managers were appointed by
councils elected by the people.
Some cities had progressive mayors. They
improved cities without changing their system of
government. They put in such reforms as fairer tax
systems and lower public transportation fares.
2. How did the commission system help clean
up city government?
Reform at the State Level
(pages 516–518)
How did state laws change?
Reformers also worked at the state level. Many
states had progressive governors. These states
170 CHAPTER 17 SECTION 1
passed laws to regulate railroads, mines, telephone
companies, and other large businesses.
Robert M. La Follette, as governor of
Wisconsin, led the way in regulating big business.
His reforms of the railway industry taxed railroad
property at the same rate as other business property. He set up a commission to regulate rates and
forbade railroads to issue free passes to state
officials.
Progressives also worked to improve conditions
in the workplace and to end the employment of
children. Factories hired children because children
could do the same unskilled work as adults for less
money. Often wages were so low that every member of the family needed to work.
Progressive reformers did not get a federal law
to ban child labor. They did, however, get state legislatures to ban child labor. States also set maximum hours for all workers.
Progressives also won some reforms from the
Supreme Court. In the case of Muller v. Oregon, the
Court decided that a state could legally limit the
working hours of women. In 1917, the Supreme
Court upheld a ten-hour workday for men.
Electoral reforms at the state level gave voters
more power. Oregon was the first to adopt the secret
ballot, giving voters privacy. Three other reforms
were important: (1) initiative gives voters themselves the right to propose a law, (2) voters could
accept or reject the initiative by a direct vote on the
initiative, called a referendum, and (3), voters got
the right of recall, which meant they could force a
government official to face another election.
Minnesota became the first state to use a mandatory statewide direct primary system. This meant
that voters, instead of political machines, would
choose candidates for public office through a special
popular election. The direct primary led to the
passage of the Seventeenth Amendment to the
Constitution. This amendment called for senators to
be elected directly by the people instead of by state
lawmakers.
3. What are three ways progressive reforms
helped ordinary people?
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Reformers tried to make economic changes by
pointing out the great inequality between the rich
and the poor. They pushed for better treatment of
workers. Journalists called muckrakers wrote stories
about corruption and unfair practices in business.
To help make businesses more efficient and
profitable, some reformers promoted the idea of
scientific management. The idea was to apply
scientific ideas to make each task simpler. One outcome was the assembly line.
Name ______________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 17 Section 2 (pages 519–522)
Date ______________________
TERMS AND NAMES
NACW National Association of
Colored Women; founded in 1896 to
improve living and working conditions
for African-American women
suffrage The right to vote; a major
goal of women reformers
Susan B. Anthony Leader of the
woman suffrage movement, who
helped to define the movement’s
goals and beliefs and to lead its
actions
NAWSA National American Woman
Suffrage Association; founded in 1890
to help women win the right to vote
Women in Public Life
BEFORE YOU READ
In the last section, you read about the progressive
movement.
In this section, you will learn about the new, active roles
women were taking in the workplace and in politics.
AS YOU READ
Use this diagram to take notes. Fill it in with details about
women and their work in the four settings shown. The
notes will help you remember what you learned about
women’s work in the late 1800s.
Farms
cooking
Homes
Women
Workers
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Factories
Women in the Work Force
(pages 519–520)
What jobs did women do?
Before the Civil War, most married women worked
at home. They cared for their families and did not
have paid jobs. By the end of the 19th century,
however, many women had to work outside the
home in order to earn money.
Farm women continued to work as they
always had. They did the cooking, cleaning,
sewing, and child rearing. They helped with the
crops and animals.
As better-paying opportunities in towns and
cities became available, more women began work-
Offices
ing outside the home. By 1900, one in five
American women held jobs; 25 percent of them
worked in manufacturing. About half of the women
working in manufacturing were employed in the
garment trades. They typically held the least skilled
positions and were paid only half as much as men.
Women also began filling new jobs in offices, stores,
and classrooms. Women went to new business
schools to learn to become stenographers and typists. These jobs required a high school education.
Women without a formal education took jobs as
domestic workers, cleaning, and taking care of children of other families. Almost two million AfricanAmerican workers—forced by economic necessity—worked on farms and in cities as domestic
CHAPTER 17
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 171
workers, laundresses, scrubwomen, and maids.
Unmarried immigrant women did domestic labor,
took in piecework, or cared for boarders at home.
1. What are three jobs that women without a formal
education often held?
Women Lead Reform
(pages 520–522)
What reforms did women want?
Dangerous conditions, long hours, and low wages
caused working women to fight for reforms. The
Triangle Shirtwaist fire in New York City in 1911
killed 146 young workers, mostly women, and
spurred the cause for reform.
Women who became active in public life
attended college. New women’s colleges such as
Vassar, Smith, and Wellesley opened. By the late
19th century, marriage was no longer a woman’s
only alternative.
In 1896, African-American women founded the
National Association of Colored Women (NACW).
This organization created nurseries, reading rooms,
and kindergartens.
Women’s crusade for suffrage, or the right to
vote, began at the Seneca Falls Convention in
1848. The women’s movement split over whether
or not to support the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Amendments which granted the vote to AfricanAmerican men, but not to women of any race.
Susan B. Anthony led the opposition. By 1890,
suffragists had united in the National American
Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).
Women tried three approaches to win the vote:
(1) they tried to convince state legislatures; (2) they
went to court to clarify whether the provisions of
the Fourteenth Amendment meant women should
be allowed to vote, and (3) they pushed for a
national constitutional amendment. This was voted
down several times.
2. What are three ways in which women
tried to win the vote?
Skillbuilder
Use the photograph to answer these questions.
2. Cite one example of what you think
workers might strike over.
Angry crowds confront the militia at the Lawrence mill workers’
strike in 1912. Credit: Corbis-Bettmann
172 CHAPTER 17 SECTION 2
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1. Name the two sides confronting each other.
Name ______________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 17 Section 3 (pages 523–531)
Teddy Roosevelt’s
Square Deal
BEFORE YOU READ
In the last section, you read about women who worked for
reforms in their communities and for the right to vote.
In this section, you will learn about President Theodore
Roosevelt’s success in promoting reforms at the national
level.
AS YOU READ
Use this diagram to take notes. Read the list of problem
areas on the left and fill in the columns to give examples
of how these problems were solved.
PROBLEM AREAS
Strikes
EXAMPLES
Date ______________________
TERMS AND NAMES
Theodore Roosevelt President from
1901 to 1909
Square Deal President Roosevelt’s
program of progressive reforms
Upton Sinclair Novelist who
exposed social problems
The Jungle Novel by Upton Sinclair
describing meatpacking
Meat Inspection Act Law reforming
meatpacking conditions, 1906
Pure Food and Drug Act Law to stop
the sale of unclean food and drugs,
1906
conservation The planned
management of natural resources
NAACP National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People,
founded in 1909 to work for racial
equality
SOLUTIONS
1902, Pennsylvania coal miners
Trusts
© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
Meat processing
The environment
A Rough-Riding President
(pages 523–525)
What was Roosevelt like?
Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901.
He was bold, ambitious, and full of energy. He had
been active in sports and politics. In the
Spanish–American War he led a fighting unit called
the Rough Riders. His personality made him a
popular president.
Roosevelt used his popularity to get his programs passed. He wanted to see that the common
people received what he called a Square Deal.
This term referred to a program of progressive
reforms sponsored by his administration.
1. How did Roosevelt’s personality shape his presidency?
CHAPTER 17
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 173
(pages 525–526)
How did Roosevelt handle
big business?
President Roosevelt used the power of the government to help solve the nation’s problems.
Roosevelt also used the power of his government
to deal with the problem of trusts. Trusts were large
companies that had control over their markets.
Trusts, or monopolies, first drove smaller companies
out by lowering their own prices. Then when the
smaller companies were gone, the trusts could raise
their prices. They no longer had any competition.
By 1900, trusts controlled about 80 percent of
U.S. industries. Roosevelt supported big business,
but he also wanted to stop trusts that harmed people.
He had the government sue harmful trusts under the
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. In all, Roosevelt filed
44 antitrust suits. He was called a trustbuster.
In 1902, about 140,000 coal miners in
Pennsylvania went on strike. The mine owners
refused to negotiate with them. President
Roosevelt called both sides to the White House to
talk. He threatened to have the government take
over the mines. The two sides agreed to have an
arbitration commission help settle their differences. The commission succeeded in reaching a
compromise. From then on, the federal government would often step in to help settle a strike.
In 1887, the Interstate Commerce Commission
(ICC) had been set up to regulate the railroad industry. It had not been effective. Roosevelt pushed
through laws such as the Hepburn Act of 1906,
which strictly limited the distribution of free railroad passes, a common form of bribery. Roosevelt’s
efforts resulted in fairer shipping rates and less
corruption in the railroad industry.
2. How did Roosevelt use the power of the federal
government to change business practices?
Health and the Environment
(pages 526–530)
What did Roosevelt do for public
health and the environment?
After reading The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
which described filthy conditions in the meatpack174 CHAPTER 17 SECTION 3
ing industry, Roosevelt pushed for passage of the
Meat Inspection Act. This law, passed in 1906,
called for strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers. It created a program of federal meat
inspection.
Also in 1906, Congress passed the Pure Food
and Drug Act which halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in
labeling.
Before Roosevelt became president, the federal government had paid little attention to the
nation’s natural resources. John Muir, a naturalist
and writer, persuaded Roosevelt to set aside 148
million acres of forest reserves and other land for
waterpower sites and mineral and water resources.
Roosevelt appointed Gifford Pinchot as head of
the U.S. Forest Service. Roosevelt and Pinchot
believed in the conservation of land, meaning
some land should be preserved as wilderness while
other areas would be developed for the common
good. Roosevelt and Pinchot were opposed by
Muir, who believed in complete preservation of the
wilderness. Indeed, Roosevelt signed the Newlands
Act which funded irrigation projects that
transformed dry wilderness into land suitable for
agriculture.
3. What are two ways that Roosevelt helped to make
people’s lives safer and healthier?
Roosevelt and Civil Rights
(pages 530–531)
What did Roosevelt do
for African Americans?
Roosevelt supported individual African Americans
like Booker T. Washington. But he did not help
African Americans in general. In 1909, black leaders, including W. E. B. Du Bois, founded the
National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP). The organization
pushed for civil rights and racial equality. The progressive movement, however, continued to focus
on the needs of middle-class whites.
4. What action did the NAACP take?
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Using Federal Power
Name ______________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 17 Section 4 (pages 534–537)
Progressivism
Under Taft
BEFORE YOU READ
In the last section, you read about the reforms of Teddy
Roosevelt’s presidency.
In this section, you will learn about the reforms and political problems of the next president, William Howard Taft.
AS YOU READ
Date ______________________
TERMS AND NAMES
William Howard Taft President from
1909 to 1913, successor to Roosevelt
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill meant to
lower tariffs on imported goods
Gifford Pinchot Head of the U.S.
Forest Service under Roosevelt, who
believed that it was possible to make
use of natural resources while
conserving them
Bull Moose Party Nickname for the
new Progressive Party, which was
formed to support Roosevelt in the
election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson Winner of the 1912
presidential election
Use this diagram to take notes. Fill in the boxes with
causes of Taft’s problems in office. The notes will help you
remember what you learned about Taft’s presidency.
Cause:
Cause:
Cause:
Cause:
Result: Taft’s Problems in Office
Taft Becomes President
(pages 534–535)
© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
Why did Taft have problems?
President Roosevelt promised not to run for another term. Instead, he wanted William Howard
Taft to become president. Taft had been
Roosevelt’s secretary of war, and Roosevelt felt Taft
would carry out his policies. Taft was elected in
1909, and he did continue many of the progressive
programs. In fact, he busted more than twice as
many trusts as Roosevelt had. However, Taft was
not as effective as Roosevelt had been. He had
many problems in office.
His first problem came over tariffs. Taft wanted to lower tariffs. He supported the Payne bill,
which was passed in the House. However, the
Senate passed a weakened version of the bill, the
Payne-Aldrich Tariff. The revised bill did not
lower tariffs much at all. The progressives in Taft’s
own Republican Party were annoyed.
Another problem for Taft arose over conservation. Conservationists like Gifford Pinchot, the
head of the U.S. Forest Service, believed that
wilderness areas could be managed for public enjoyment as well as private development. This meant,
for instance, that someone could make a profit by
logging land that belonged to the federal government. This was called a multi-use land program.
Taft appointed Richard A. Ballinger as secretary
of the interior. Ballinger did not want to keep so
much federal land in reserve. He wanted to free up
land for forestry and mining. He wanted to sell
some land for private uses. When he did these
things, Pinchot complained. Pinchot accused him
of misusing the natural resources for commercial
CHAPTER 17
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 175
interests. As a result of Pinchot’s criticism, Taft felt
he had to fire him from the U.S. Forest Service.
Democrats Win in 1912
1. In what two areas did Taft have problems?
Who won the election of 1912?
(pages 535–536)
Why did the Republican
Party split?
The Republican Party had two wings: (1) the progressives, who wanted change and (2) the conservatives, who did not want reform. Taft was not able
to hold the two wings of his party together.
The two groups disagreed over Taft’s support of
political boss Joseph Cannon. Cannon was Speaker
of the House of Representatives, and he ran the
House his own way. He appointed people to committee positions who weren’t the next in line. He
even made himself the head of the Committee on
Rules. This gave him the power to control what
bills Congress would take up. As a result, under
Cannon, the House often did not even vote on progressive bills.
The Republican party split over how to handle
Cannon. This gave the Democrats a chance to take
over the House in the 1910 midterm elections.
Democrats had control of the House for the first
time in almost 20 years.
By 1912, Teddy Roosevelt had decided to run
for a third term as president, after all. Taft had an
advantage because he was already in office. The
Republican Party nominated Taft, but Roosevelt’s
supporters broke off and formed the Progressive
Party. This third party was also called the Bull
Moose Party. It ran on a platform of reform. The
Democrats were in a stronger position now that the
Republicans were split. They nominated the
reform governor of New Jersey, Woodrow Wilson.
2. Who formed the Bull Moose Party?
176 CHAPTER 17 SECTION 4
The 1912 election offered Americans four main
choices: Wilson, Taft, Roosevelt, and the socialist
Eugene V. Debs.
Wilson campaigned on a progressive platform,
called the New Freedom. He wanted stronger
antitrust legislation, banking reform, and lower
tariffs.
Both Roosevelt and Wilson wanted to give the
government a stronger role in the economy. But
they differed over strategies, that is, how to do that.
Roosevelt supported government supervision of
big business. Wilson opposed all business monopolies, or trusts. Debs went even further. He wanted
the government to distribute national wealth more
equally among the people.
Wilson won the 1912 election. He also brought
in a Democratic majority in Congress. In all, about
75 percent of the vote went to the candidates who
favored economic reform—Wilson, Roosevelt, and
Debs. Because so many people supported reform,
Wilson had more power to carry out his reforms
once in office.
3. What did Wilson have in common with Roosevelt?
With Debs?
© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
The Republican Party Splits
(pages 536–537)
Name ______________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 17 Section 5 (pages 538–543)
TERMS AND NAMES
Clayton Antitrust Act Law that
weakened monopolies and upheld
the rights of unions and farm
organizations
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) A
federal agency set up in 1914 to
investigate businesses to help
enforce the laws
Federal Reserve System National
banking system begun in 1913
Carrie Chapman Catt President of
NAWSA, who led the campaign for
woman suffrage during Wilson’s
administration
Nineteenth Amendment Amendment
to the Constitution giving women the
right to vote
Wilson’s New Freedom
BEFORE YOU READ
In the last section, you read about the problems Taft faced
as president.
In this section, you will learn how Woodrow Wilson
managed to get some parts of his progressive platform
passed but had to give up others.
AS YOU READ
Use this time line to take notes. Fill in the boxes with key
events during Wilson’s first term.
1916
1914
1913
Sixteenth Amendment added to the
Constitution, gave Federal government
authority to collect income tax.
Date ______________________
1915
Wilson Wins Financial Reforms
© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
(pages 538–540)
What reforms did Wilson support?
Woodrow Wilson grew up in a religious family in
the South. He began his career as a lawyer and then
became a college professor, university president,
and finally state governor. As governor of New
Jersey, he worked for many progressive causes.
When he was elected president, he pushed for a
reform program called the New Freedom.
Under Wilson, Congress passed two antitrust
measures. The first was the Clayton Antitrust Act
of 1914. This law had several important effects.
The law (1) made it more difficult for monopolies
to form, (2) said that the people who ran a company could be held personally responsible if the company violated the law, and (3) ruled that labor
unions and farm organizations were not themselves
to be considered trusts. This made strikes, peaceful
picketing, and boycotts legal.
The second antitrust measure was the Federal
Trade Act of 1914, which set up the Federal
Trade Commission (FTC). This agency had the
power to investigate businesses for the government. The FTC became very active during
Wilson’s administration. It issued nearly 400 orders
telling companies to stop breaking the law.
Wilson also worked to lower tariffs. He believed
that high tariffs encouraged monopolies. By raising
the cost of imported goods, they cut competition
against American goods. He supported the
Underwood Tariff of 1913, which lowered tariffs
for the first time since the Civil War.
CHAPTER 17
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 177
1. What were three areas that Wilson reformed?
Women Win Suffrage
(pages 540–541)
How did women get the vote?
At the same time Wilson was pushing for reforms,
women continued to push for voting rights. By
1912, only five states had given suffrage to women.
But several things were happening that gave the
suffrage movement hope.
Local suffrage organizations used door-to-door
campaigns to win support. College-educated
women joined in reaching out to working-class
women. Women who had visited Europe adopted
the more bold tactics of British suffragists such as
heckling government officials.
Carrie Chapman Catt succeeded Susan B.
Anthony as president of NAWSA. Catt believed in
continuing the cautious tactics of the past. Lucy
Burns and Alice Paul formed the National
Woman’s Party and adopted more radical tactics
such as around-the-clock picketing of the White
House.
Some of the picketers went to jail and even
started a hunger strike. But it took World War I to
bring women the vote. A great number of women
became active in supporting the war effort.
178 CHAPTER 17 SECTION 5
Women ran committees, rolled bandages, and sold
liberty bonds in order to raise funds for the war.
Once they were active in public life, women felt
more strongly than ever that they should have the
right to vote. At last, in 1919 Congress passed the
Nineteenth Amendment. This amendment giving women the vote was ratified by the states the
next year.
2. How did World War I help women get the right
to vote?
The Limits of Progressivism
(pages 541–543)
Did Wilson support civil rights?
Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson backed away from
civil rights. During the 1912 campaign he won the
support of the NAACP by promising to treat blacks
equally. He also promised to speak out against
lynching, that is, mob killings of blacks. However,
once he was president Wilson opposed federal laws
against lynching. This was because he felt that
states, rather than the federal government, had the
right to make such laws.
Another blow for those who wanted integration
of blacks and whites was Wilson’s appointment of
his cabinet. Wilson chose cabinet members who
extended segregation, or separate facilities for
blacks and whites. Wilson’s angry meeting with an
African-American delegation led by a Boston newspaper editor brought African Americans’ feeling of
betrayal to a head.
Even before the U.S. entered World War I, the
war became a factor in dimming the reform spirit
as legislators had less interest in reform.
3. Why did African Americans feel betrayed by
President Wilson?
© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
With less money coming in from tariffs, however, the government needed another source of
money. It turned to an income tax. This tax on people’s earnings was created by the Sixteenth
Amendment to the Constitution, which was ratified
by the states in 1913. The tax gave to the federal
government a small percentage of all workers’
income and business profits.
After reforming tariffs, Wilson turned his attention to the banking system. It was difficult for people far from banking centers to obtain credit. The
new Federal Reserve System solved this problem by dividing the country into 12 districts, each
with a federal reserve bank. This system controlled
the money supply and made credit more easily
available. Setting up the federal reserve was one of
Wilson’s most important reforms.
Name ______________________________________________________________
Glossary
Date ______________________
CHAPTER 17 The Progressive Era
antitrust Against monopolies
arbitration Process of having a
third party make a decision when
two sides can’t settle an argument
assembly line An efficient way of
putting together a product in which
each worker does a different
specific task
boarders People who pay to live
and eat at another person’s house
boycott Protest in which people
refuse to buy a certain product
commercial Aimed at making a
profit
conservationist Person who favors
using natural resources carefully
efficient Done with the least
possible effort and expense
inequality Unfair difference in the
way people are treated
integration Mixing racial groups
journalist News writer
midterm The election halfway
between two presidential elections
negotiate To try to reach an
agreement by talking
party boss Person who controls a
political party
piecework Work, such as sewing,
that is paid for by the piece rather
than by the hour
platform Official statement of
political beliefs
profitable Earning a profit, for
instance, selling something for more
than it costs to make
regulate To set rules for
settlement house A center where
poor people can get help
stenographer Office worker who
takes notes in shorthand
tariff Tax charged on goods coming
into the country
term Length of time an official is
elected to serve
AFTER YOU READ
Terms and Names
© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
A. Write the letter of the choice that best completes the sentence.
_____ 1. Recall is
a. a bill initiated by citizens.
b. a vote on an initiative.
c. a vote to remove a public official.
d. a law making alcohol illegal.
_____ 2. Suffrage means the
a. separation of races.
b. denial of the right to vote.
c. illegal sale of alcohol.
d. right to vote.
_____ 3. The Clayton Antitrust Law
a. stopped the sale of spoiled foods. c. weakened monopolies.
b. created federal meat inspection. d. preserved wilderness areas.
_____ 4. The Nineteenth Amendment
a. established the FTC.
b. recognized woman’s suffrage.
c. made monopolies illegal.
d. decentralized private banking.
B. Write the letter of the name or term that matches the description.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
NAACP
Bull Moose Party
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
prohibition
NACW
_____ 1. A cause taken up by the Women’s Christian Temperance Union
_____ 2. An organization of African American women
_____ 3. An organization started by prominent African-American and white
reformers to promote civil rights for African Americans
_____ 4. Weakened bill that got Taft in trouble with the progressives
_____ 5. Supporters of Roosevelt who broke away from the Republican Party
CHAPTER 17
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 179
Name ______________________________________________________________
AFTER YOU READ
(continued)
Date ______________________
CHAPTER 17 The Progressive Era
Main Ideas
1. What were the four major goals of the progressive movement?
2. Name two women’s organizations and describe their mission.
3. How did the novel The Jungle lead to changes in American laws governing meatpacking?
4. Why was Roosevelt’s handling of the 1902 coal strike important?
Thinking Critically
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. How did Theodore Roosevelt expand the role of the Federal government?
2. How might you characterize most African Americans’ view of the progressive era? Why?
180 CHAPTER 17 AFTER YOU READ
© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
5. How did the Clayton Antitrust Act benefit labor?