IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 2 | Issue 12 | May 2016
ISSN (online): 2349-6010
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of
Fine Aggregate by Granite Powder in Concrete
Mr. G. Raja
PG Scholar
Department of Civil Engineering
PGP College Of Engg &Tech, Namakkal - 637207
Mr. K. M. Ramalingam
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
PGP College Of Engg &Tech, Namakkal - 637207
Abstract
Granite fines which are the by-product produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks to the desired shapes, while
cutting the granite rocks, the powder produced is carried by the water and this water is stored in tanks. After drained of water the
granite dust remained is disposed on the lands. Disposing this granite fines is a major problem due its fineness. Hence an effect is
made to utilize this fine granite powder in as a filler material in concrete. For that the basic properties of granite fines such as size,
fineness, specific gravity, and moisture content were tested. The result shows that the property of granite fines is similar to that of
ordinary sand. Therefore, granite fines can be effectively used as a replacement material for fine aggregate in concrete. For
investigation purpose cubes are casted with 7 different proportions of granite fines and fine aggregate. The replacement percentage
of granite fines to fine aggregate are 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 100 for M20 mix proportions, specimens are tested after 28 days of
curing, for compression strength, flexural and split tensile strength. The specimen casted with 40 % replacement of granite fines
to fine aggregate gives higher strength when compared to control specimen.
Keywords: Granite Powder, Aggregate, CGF, OPC
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
I.
INTRODUCTION
General:
Concrete is a composite construction material composed primarily of aggregate, cement and water. Generally Concrete is strong
in compression and weak in tension. The aggregate is generally coarse gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, along
with a fine aggregate such as sand. The cement, commonly Portland cement, and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and
slag cement, serve as a binder for the aggregate. Various chemical admixtures are also added to achieve varied properties. Water
is then mixed with this dry composite which enables it to be shaped (typically poured) and then solidified and hardened into rockhard strength through a chemical process known as hydration. The water reacts with the cement which bonds the other components
together, eventually creating a robust stone-like material. Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but much lower tensile
strength. For this reason is usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (often steel). Concrete can be damaged by
many processes, such as the freezing of trapped water.
Concrete is acknowledged to be a relatively brittle material when subjected to normal stresses and impact loads, where tensile
strength is only approximately one tenth of its compressive strength. As a result for these characteristics, concrete member could
not support such loads and stresses that usually take place, majority on concrete beams and slabs. Historically, concrete member
reinforced with continuous reinforcing bars to withstand tensile stresses and compensate for the lack of ductility and strength. Steel
reinforcement adopted to overcome high potentially tensile stresses and shear stresses at critical location in concrete member.
Introduction:
Modifications have been made from time to time to overcome deficiencies of cement concrete yet retaining the other desirable
characteristics. Extensive research in the field of concrete technology has led to development of special types of concrete which
are capable of eliminating, to a great degree these basic deficiencies.
Construction aggregate, is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed
stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined material in the world. Aggregates are a
component of composite materials such as concrete and asphalt concrete; the aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength to
the overall composite material.
Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value as compared to most soils, aggregates are widely used in drainage
applications such as foundation and French drains, septic drain fields, retaining wall drains, and road side edge drains. Aggregates
are also used as base material under foundations, roads, and railroads. In other words, aggregates are used as a stable foundation
or road/rail base with predictable, uniform properties (e.g. to help prevent differential settling under the road or building), or as a
low-cost extender that binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to form concrete.
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Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Granite Powder in Concrete
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Source:
Almost all natural aggregate materials originate from bed rocks. There are three kinds of rocks namely igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic. These classifications are based on the mode of rocks .It may be recalled that igneous rocks are formed by the cooling
of molten magma or lava at the surface of the crest or deep beneath the crest. The sedimentary rocks are formed originally below
the sea bed and subsequently lifted up. Metamorphic rocks are originally either igneous or sedimentary rocks which are
subsequently metamorphosed due to extreme heat and pressure.
Development In Construction Technology:
The improvements in the performance of concrete can be grouped as follows:
 Better mechanical properties than that of conventional concrete such as compressive strength, tensile strength, impact and
toughness, etc.
 Better durability attained by means of increased chemical and freeze-thaw resistances, Improvements in selected properties of
interest, such as impermeability, adhesion, thermal insulation and abrasion etc.
Objective Of The Investigation:
The objectives of the present investigations are to investigate the development of Concrete Strength using granite powder as a fine
aggregate and also trial mixes by replacing 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 100 percent of the weight of river Sand by Granite powder
The investigation is also aimed at finding out the optimum percentages of sand replacement using Granite powder for superior
strength.
Scope Of The Present Investigation:
The scope of the present investigation can be summarized as follows:
 To study the effect on workability, and strength properties of concrete mix with varying percentage replacement of sand by
Granite powder, at a constant percentage dosage of super plasticizer.
 To find out optimum percentage of sand replacement by Granite powder for which the concrete yields superior mechanical
properties.
 To achieve 28 days characteristic compressive strength
 Hence in the present investigation more emphasis is given to study the concrete using sand replacement by Granite powder
and Super plasticizer so as to achieve better concrete composite and to encourage the use of granite powder to overcome the
environmental impacts caused due to over depletion of river sand.
 To compare the conventional concrete results and Granite Powder concrete results.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Divakar Y., et al., (2012) Highlighted the compressive strength has increased by 22% with the use of 35% replacement of fine
aggregates with granite fines. With increase of granite fines up to 50% increasing compressive strength will limit to 4% only. The
split tensile strength remains same for 0%, 25% and 35%. For 5% replacement there is an increase of 2.4% of strength and for 15%
replacement there is a reduction of tensile Strength by 8%. However we can conclude that with the replacement of 35% granite
fines the test results shows no decrease in strength compared with the conventional mix using fully sand as fine aggregates. The
flexural strength of prism of 10cm x 10cm x 50cm without reinforcement, we can conclude that, there is 5.41% increase in flexural
strength with 5 % replacement, and there is a small decrease up to 5% in flexural strength at 15%, 25% and 35% replacement with
granite fines and further reduction in strength (i.e. 6%) at 50% replacement of granite fines in comparison with test results of
nominal concrete mix of 1:1.5:3 (M-20) without granite fines. However there is no much change in flexural strength test conducted
of all the variations.
Joseph O. et al., (2012) concluded that the flexural and tensile strength properties were found to compare closely with those for
normal concrete. Hence, concrete with mixtures of lateritic sand and quarry dust can be used for structural construction provided
the proportion of lateritic sand content is kept below 50%. Both flexural and tensile strengths were found to increase with increase
in laterite content. Further work is required to get data for long-term deformation characteristics and other structural properties of
the experimental concrete. These include: shear strength, durability, resistance to impact, creep, etc. Also, it may be necessary to
investigate the optimum contents of lateritic sand and quarry dust in relation to the structural properties of the concrete. These will
assist engineers, builders and designers when using the materials for construction works.
Felixkala.T et al., (2010) concluded that the study on the performance concrete made with granite powder as fine aggregate and
partial replacement of cement with 7.5% Silica fume, 10% fly ash, 10% slag and 1% super plasticiser subjected to water curing is
conducted for finding the characteristic mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of
o
o
o
o
elasticity, plastic and drying shrinkage strains of concrete mixtures at 26 C (±2 C) and 38 C (±2 C) for 1, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days
of curing for 0.40 water-cement ratio. The test results show clearly that granite powder as a partial sand replacement has beneficial
effects of the mechanical properties of high performance concrete. Of all the 6 mixtures considered, concrete with 25% of granite
powder (GP25) was found to be superior to other mixtures as well as GP0 and NA100 for all operating conditions. Therefore the
conclusions are made based on a comparison of GP25 with the conventional concrete with 0% of granite powder, GP0. Mechanical
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Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Granite Powder in Concrete
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properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, particularly in all the ages at both curing
o
o
temperature of 26 C and 38 C higher than that of the reference mix, GP0. There was an increase in strength as the days of curing
increases and decreases as the curing temperature increases. The plastic shrinkage strain was primarily affected by the type of
admixtures or other cementitious material used. Plastic shrinkage strain in the GP25 specimens was more than that in the CC
specimens. The plastic shrinkage strain in the GP25 specimens was on an average 60% more than that in the CC specimens. The
drying shrinkage strain in the granite powder concrete specimens was more than those in the CC specimens.
Manasseh Joel (2010) explained that the use of crushed granite fine to partially replace Makurdi river sand in concrete production
will require a higher water to cement ratio, when compared with values obtained with the use of only Makurdi river sand. Peak
compressive strength and indirect tensile strength values of 40.70N/mm2 and 2.30N/mm2 respectively were obtained when
Makurdi river sand was replaced with 20% CGF in concrete production. Peak compressive strength and indirect tensile strength
values of 33.07N/mm2 and 2.04N/mm2 respectively were obtained when crushed granite fine was replaced with 20% river sand
as fine aggregate in the production of concrete.The use of only CGF to completely replace river sand is recommended where CGF
is available and economic analysis is in favour of its usage.
Based on findings from the study the partial replacement of Makurdi river sand with 20% CGF is recommended for use in
concrete production for use in rigid pavement. Where crushed granite is in abundance and river sand is scarce, the complete
replacement river sand with CGF is recommended for use in low to moderately trafficked roads.
Kanmalai Williams C.et al.,(2008) concluded that the compressive strength, Split tensile strength modulus of elasticity,
particularly in all the ages higher than that of the reference mix (GP0). There was an increase in strength as the days of curing
increases. The water penetrability was about 5% less than the conventional concrete mixture. This result suggests that the proper
use of the granite powder can produce high in concrete. In general, the behavior of granite aggregates with admixtures in concrete
possesses the higher properties like concrete made by river sand. Thus granite aggregates performance concrete. The drying
shrinkages of all the five concretes were very similar with a maximum value of 420 micro strain after 90 days. As regards shrinkage
performance, these concretes are high performance.
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
Materials Used In Concrete:
Cement:
Ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS: 4031 was used for the preparation of test specimens.
Fine Aggregate:
The fine aggregate used in this experimental investigation was natural river sand confirming to zone II of IS: 383 – 1970.
Coarse Aggregate:
Crushed granite aggregates particles passing through 20mm and retained on 4.75mm I.S sieve was used as natural aggregates
which met the grading requirement of IS: 383 – 1970.
Granite Powder:
Granite fines which are the by product produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks to the desired shapes .While
cutting the granite rocks, the powder produced is carried by the water and this water is stored in tanks.
Mix Proportion For M20 Grade Concrete:
 Water cement ratio of 0.45
 Mix design used in concrete is 1:1.5:3.0
Properties Of Materials:
Tests On Cement:
Cement is the most important ingredient of concrete. One of the important criteria for the selection of cement is its ability to
produce improved microstructure in concrete. The selection of proper grade and good quality of cement is important for obtaining
HSC. Some of the important factors, which play a vital role in the selection of the type of cement are compressive strength at
various ages, fineness, heat of hydration, alkali content, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) content, tricalcium aluminate (C3S) content,
dicalcium silicate (C2S) content and compatibility with admixtures etc., Nowadays practically in site most of the constructions are
being done by Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).
Different brands of cement have been found to possess different strength development characteristics and rheological behavior
due to the variations in the compound composition and fineness. Hence, it was decided to use the cement from a single supplier.
For the present investigation, Ordinary Portland Cement of brand name “JAYPEE” conforms to IS: 1489 (PT 1): 1991 were used.
Tests On Fine Aggregate:
Fine aggregate used for HSC should be properly sieved to give minimum void ratio and free from deleterious materials like clay,
silt and chloride contamination etc., Grading of fine aggregates should be such that it does not cause increase in water demand for
the concrete and should give maximum voids so that the fine cementitious to fill the modulus for making workable and strong
concrete. ACI committee reports that sand with properties such as void ratio, gradation, specific gravity, fineness modulus, free
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moisture content, specific surface and bulk density have to be assessed to design dense mix with optimum cement content and
reduced mixing water.
For the present investigation, locally available sand was used and tested as per IS: 383-1970. From the test, specific gravity of
the fine aggregate 2.6 was obtained.
Table 3.2 gives the results obtained from the sieve analysis of fine aggregate.
Table - 3.1
Fineness modulus calculation
SIEVE SIZE SAND % PASSING
4.75 mm
100
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 µm
300 µm
150 µm
89
88
93
86
45
Tests On Coarse Aggregate:
The coarse aggregate is the strongest and least porous component of concrete. As far as the shape of the aggregate is concerned,
crushed granite coarse aggregate provides better interlocking and hence it helps to achieve higher strength than rounded gravel
aggregate. The coarse aggregate meeting the requirements of IS: 383-1970 is suitable for making Concrete. Considering all the
above aspects, angular coarse aggregates of maximum size 20mm were taken for the present investigation. As per IS: 383-1970
procedure the specific gravity of the coarse aggregate obtained as 2.78.
Water:
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it chemically participates in the reactions with cement to form the hydration product
C-S-H gel. The strength of cement concrete depends mainly from the binding action of the hydrated cement paste gel. A higher
water-binder ratio will degrease the strength, durability, water-tightness and other related properties of concrete. As per Neville,
the quantity of water added should be the minimum required for chemical reaction of hydrated cement, as any excess of water
would lead end up only in the formation of undesirable voids (capillary pores) in the hardened cement concrete paste. Hence, it is
essential to use a little paste as possible consistent with the requirements of workability and chemical combination with cement.
From concrete mix considerations, it is important to have the compatibility between the given cement and the chemical and
mineral admixtures along with the water used cement and mineral admixtures along with the water used for mixing. With its high
content of cementitious materials is susceptible to a rabid loss of workability on account of high amount of heat of hydration
generated. Therefore attention is required to see that the initial hydration rate of cement should not be significantly affected. Quality
and quantity of water is required to be looked very carefully.
The water used for making concrete should be free from undesirable salts that may react with cement and admixture and reduce
their efficiency. Silts and suspended particles and undesirable as they interfere with setting, hardening and bond characteristics.
Algae in mixing water may cause a marked reduction in strength of concrete either by combining with cement to reduce the bond
or by causing large amount of air entrainment in concrete.
Water conforming to the requirements of BIS:456-2000 is found to be suitable for making concrete.
Chemical Admixtures:
HSC is a low water binder ratio and has ultra fine particles in the form of mineral admixture such as SILICA FUME. Effective
dispersion of cement and silica fume is necessary to achieve proper microstructure of the hardened concrete as well as the
workability of the concrete without increasing the unit water and cement content of a mix. Hence, the chemical admixtures are
essential ingredients in the HSC mix, as the increase in the efficiency of cement paste by improving the workability of the mix and
there by resulting in considerable decrease of water requirement. Thus, with W/B ratio as low as 0.3 or less, the concrete can be
produce with the use of chemical admixtures. The water content could be reduced, thereby effective control on W/B ratio could be
maintained to achieve the desired strength and improved durability. Chemical admixtures are used primarily in concrete mixes in
order to accomplish the following effects.
1) Increasing the workability without altering the mixture proportions.
2) Reducing both water and cement content in the mixture for purpose of reducing creep, shrinkage and thermal strains caused
by cement hydration.
3) Reducing the mixing water volume and water-binder ratio in order to increase concrete strength and improved durability.
Through there are many types of chemical admixtures available, the following are the commonly used admixtures.
 Plasticizers and the superplasticizer
 Retarders
 Air entertaining
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Plasticizer and superplasticizer, being surfactant in nature to disperse the cementitious particles in the mix, thus fluidity of the
concrete mix is increased. Retarders reduce the initial rate of hydration of cement so that the fresh concrete retains its workability
for a longer time. Air entertaining agents artificially introduce (entrain) air bubbles, which increase the workability of the mix by
their wall bearing action and also enhance the resistance to deterioration of hardened concrete.
Superplasticizers:
Super plasticizers procedure extreme workability and thus flowing concrete. They achieve reduction in the water content without
loss of workability. Their use generally leads to an overall reduction in the cost.
Super plasticizers are water reducers, which are capable of reducing water contents by about 30%. However, it is to be noted
that full efficiency of super plasticizer can be noted that full efficiency of super plasticizer can be got only when it is added to a
mix that has an initial slump 20-30mm. addition of super plasticizer to stiff concrete mix reduces its water reducing efficiency.
Depending on the solid content of the mixture, a dosage of 1-2% weight of cement is advisable.
For the present investigation, a super plasticizer by the name CONPLAST SP430 has been used for obtaining workable concrete
at low W/B ratio. CONPLAST SP430 complies with BIS:9103-1999 and BS:5075-part3 and ASTM C494.
Table - 3.2
properties of superplasticizer
PROPERTIES
Type
Specific gravity
Chloride content
Recommended dosage
Approximate additional
air entrainment
Compatibility
Solid content
Workability
Cohesion
Compressive strength
RESULTS OBTAINED
Sulfonated naphthalene
formaldehyde
condensate
1.22 to 1.225 at 30°
Nil as per BIS:456 and
BS:5075
0.6 to 1.5 liters per
100Kg of cement
1% at normal dosage
All type of cement
except high alumina
cement
40%
Produce high workable
flowing concrete mix
without
segregation
and
requires
no
compaction.
Minimizing
segregation
and
improving
surface
finish
Early strength up to 40
to 50%
Granite Powder:
Granite powder is obtained from the crusher units in the form of finer fraction. The highest compressive strength was achieved in
samples containing 40% granite powder. This is a physical mechanism owing to its spherical shape and very small in size, granite
powder disperses easily in presence of superplasticizer and fills the voids between the quarry sand, resulting in a well packed
concrete mix.
Granite powder can be used as filler as it helps to reduce the total voids content in concrete. Granite powder and quarry rock
dust improve pozzolanic reaction. The quarry rock dust and granite powder can be used as 100% substitutes for natural sand in
concrete. The compressive, split tensile and durability studies of concrete made of quarry rock dust nearly 15% more than the
conventional concrete. The concrete resistance to sulphate attack was enhanced greatly.
The combination of pozzloanic and filler action leads to increase in compressive and split tensile strengths, reduction in bleeding
and segregation of fresh concrete, reduction in permeability, reduction in alkali silica reaction, reduction in sulphate attack,
chemical attack and corrosion attack, leading to increased durability and reduction in heat of hydration. From the test, specific
gravity of the fine aggregate 2.65 was obtained.
Physical Properties Of Granite Powder:
 Specific Gravity (g/cc) = 2.77 - 2.82
 Density (lbs/ft3)
= 166.5
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Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Granite Powder in Concrete
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





Melting Point (°F)
= Approx. 3,000
Solubility In Water
= Insoluble
Boiling Point (°F)
= Approx. 4,000
Thermal Conductivity (K) = ~ 2.2
Odor and Appearance = Black and white speckled rock No odor
Color
= Pink, light gray, dark gray
Chemical Properties Of Granite Powder:
General Content
 Feldspars (65 to 90%)
 Quartz (10 to 60%)
 Biotite or other accessory minerals (10 to 15%) Nominal Chemical Composition, 70-77% silica, 11-13% alumina, 3-5%
potassium oxide, 3-5% soda, 1% lime, 2-3% total iron, and less than 1% magnesia and titania. Fineness modulus calculation
of the granite powder is given in Table 3.4.
Table - 3.3
Fineness modulus calculation
SIEVE SIZE % OF PASSING
4.75 mm
99
2.36 mm
98
1.18 mm
98
600 µm
98
300 µm
98
150 µm
7.5
Determination Of Bulking Of Sand Of Granite Powder:
Empty weight of cylinder W1 = 2.690 Kg
Cylinder +sand
W2 = 5.070 Kg
W2-W1 = 2.380Kg
s.no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
% of
water
added
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Amount of water in
ml
47
94
141
188
235
282
329
Table - 3.3
Bulking of sand
Height of g.p without
Height of g.p with
water(H1)
water(H2)
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12.5
13.0
13.5
13.3
13.0
11.2
10.8
H1H2
% of increase in bulk H1H2/H2
1.5
2.0
2.5
2.3
2.0
0.2
0.2
12
15.38
18.52
17.29
15.38
1.79
1.8
Fig. 3.1: Bulking of sand
Result
Maximum increase in bulk = 18.52%
Optimum moisture content = 6%
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Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Granite Powder in Concrete
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




Material Test Result:
Specific gravity of fine aggregate
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate
Specific gravity of cement
Specific gravity of granite powder
Optimum moisture content
=
=
=
=
2.6
2.78
3.15
2.65
IV. METHODOLOGY
Flow Chart For Methodology:
V. EXPERIMENTATION
Introduction:
This chapter presents the details of the experimental investigations carried out on the test specimens to study the workability and
mechanical properties of HSC using granite powder as a partial replacement for quarry sand and silica fume as a constant
percentage for cement. In addition, the performance of granite powder and silica fume in concrete also required to ensured.
In present investigation, a specified mix design procedure for HSC using Granite powder, and superplasticizer which was
formulated. Based on the above procedure, a concrete mixture properties with a characteristics target compressive strength of
70MPa is designed with 0% partial replacement of quarry sand y Granite powder. However the use of several trial mixes is
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important in the design of HSC mixes. Therefore, to get the optimum proportions, trail mixes with varying percentage replacement
of fine aggregate (river sand) by Granite powder (0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%,100%) where arrived.
Experimental investigation have been carried out on the test specimen to ascertain the workability such as slump test, compaction
test and mechanical properties such as compressive strength and split tensile test, flexural strength test of the M20 grade trail
mixes. Minimum three specimens were tested for each trial mix for nor mal water. All the tests were conducted as per specifications.
Preparations Before Tests:
The test specimens where cast in cast-iron moulds. The inside of the mould were applied with oil to facilitate the easy removal of
specimens. For obtaining the binder content, the cement and silica fume were thoroughly mixed with one another in dry condition.
The fine aggregate and the Granite powder were thoroughly mixed with one another in dry condition. The coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate and the binder content were placed in a concrete mixer machine and then mixed thoroughly in dry condition. For addition
of water initially 75% of the mix water is added to the dry mix and mixed thoroughly. The super plasticizer was added to the
remaining 25% of the mix water and added to the mix and then the mixing was carried out about 2 to 3 minutes. The concrete was
then placed in the moulds in three layers of equal thickness and each layer was vibrator. For each series of test specimens, specimens
were cast to study the strength and shear related properties of the HSC mixes. After 24 hours, the test specimens were demoulded
and set of specimens were placed in normal water curing, till the age of test.
Mix Design:
Conventional And Granite Powder Concrete M20:
M20 grade of concrete has been designed as per IS code and the mix proportions is given in the table
Cement
1
Table-5.1
Mix proportions
Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
1.5
3
W/C Ratio
0.5
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