Defining the Metropolis
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Association Deltametropolis
jan 2011
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What makes a big city a metropolis; its sublime location, its metro system, its inspiring history, its concentration of headquarters, its multicultural population, its exciting
nightlife? The Metropolitan Program is a design research that investigates the development of the metropolis. By examining several aspects of development a metropolis, at
an international, regional and local scale, Association Deltametropolis in collaboration
with the universities situated in the Randstad acquires more insight into the possible
further development of the Randstad.
More thinking about the further development of the Randstad, an urbanised area of 8
million inhabitants, form the appeal of a Metropolis is needed. The population growth of
the Randstad is expected to occur by the immigration and migration of youngsters out
of the periphery towards the city. For these groups employment, education, acquaintances and kindred spirits are the main reasons for staying. If the Randstad is to compete
with other urban agglomerations, employment, housing and facilities must be of top
reputation.
‘Defining the Metropolis’ researches the influence of global top urban programs on the
development of urban agglomerations in the world. This publication is an update of
primarily results of the project.
The research is based on the Index of Metropolitan Functions developed by the Federal
Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development. The Index
of Metropolitan Functions defines five areas: politics, economy, science, transport and
culture. The five areas of metropolitan functions are supported by indicators: specific
urban programs. When allowed by available data, the global top list of these different
urban programs are used.
Defining the Metropolis exist on the one hand of a quickscan of the distribution of the
top urban programs in the world and on the other hand of the thirty largest (by population) urban agglomerations in the world in 2010 and 2025, valued by the presence of top
urban programs.
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- national capitals,
- offices of international organisations
2. Economy
- headoffices of the top 500 world largest corporations (2010, revenues), source: CNN,
money
- top 20 stock exchanges in the world (2009, Market Capitalization, USD billions),
source: World Federation of Exchanges
3. Science
- top 200 universities in the world (2010, overall score), source: Times Higher Education
- top 20 international congress cities (2009), source: International Congress and Convention Association
- top 20 international congress countries (2009), source: International Congress and
Convention Association
- top 50 countries with patent grants relative to the population
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- top 30 airports by passenger traffic (2008, passengers), source: Airports Council International
- top 50 airroutes by passenger traffic (2010 seats per month), source: Centre for Asia
Pacific Aviation
- top 30 airports for cargo (2009, Metric Tonnes), source: Airports Council International
- top 30 world ports by container traffic (2008, TEUs - Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units),
source: American Association of Port Authorities
5. Culture
- top 100 most visited museums in the world, source: The Art Newspaper Annual Reports (http://www.theartnewspaper.com/)
- top 20 most visited cities by international tourist arrivals, (2007-2008), source: Wikipedia
- number of Olympic Games, World Championship Football and World Exihibitions,
source: Wikipedia
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There is a clear north-south division in the transcontinental organisations. On the Southern Hemisphere there is a group of 77, a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members’ collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint
negotiating capacity within the United Nations.
On the Northern Hemisphere there are the Organization for Security and Co-operation
in Europe (OSCE), the world’s largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization,
and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), an intergovernmental military alliance between North America and different countries of Europe. Both organisations
are a result of World war II and the Cold War. Their head offices are situated in Europe.
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Almost every country in the world is a member of the IMF, an organization formed with
a stated objective of stabilizing international exchange rates and facilitating development
through the enforcement of liberalising economic policies on other countries as a condition for loans, restructuring or aid.
Two third of all the countries in the world are a member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), which intends to supervise and liberalize international trade.
The G20 economies comprise 85% of global gross national product and 80% of world
trade. Most of these countries also belong to the Bank of International Settlements,
which “fosters international monetary and financial cooperation and serves as a bank
for central banks.”
Generally speaking, the Western World (North America, Europe, Japan and Australia) is
a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), a
forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seeking answers to common problems, identifying
good practices, and co-ordinating domestic and international policies of its members.
Specific for oil, there is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC),
of whom half of the participating countries also are part of the largest exporting countries in the world (export relative to population). The head offices of most of these organizations are located in Europe.
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THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
economic stability
World Trade Organization
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
Group of Twenty
Group of 77
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
United Nations
Head offices organizations
political stability
Bank for International Settlements
Internationaal Monetair Fonds
Head offices organizations
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Worldtrade
South-America is mainly an exporting continent (export relative to population) and the
United States is the main importer of the world. Asia, the Middle-East and Europe have
a mix of importing and exporting countries. The European Union is the biggest exporter
of the world.
East-Asia has the highest concentrations of harbours and cargo airports in the world.
Northwest-Europe has a concentration of medium-sized harbours and cargo airports.
America has mostly cargo airports, situated more inland, which form concentrated
points of cargo transport. The mainstock exchanges are located in the proximity of the
big international cargo hubs.
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The head offices of the world largest corporations are in Northwest-Europe (concentrated in Paris and London), North-America (concentrated in New York and San Francisco) and Northwest-Asia (concentrated in Beijing and Tokio). The 3 stock exchanges
situated in New York, make New York the most important financial centre in the world.
In Europe and East Asia the stock exchanges are spread over different cities. Only New
York, Tokio and Northwest-Europe have is a concentration of both the worlds largest
corporations asndthe worlds most important stock exchanges.
The metropolitan economies in Northeast-Asia, India, East-Europe and North-Africa are marked by a strong growth in income and employment during the crisis years
between 2007 and 2010. The metropolitan economies in Latin-America and Oceania
performed average. The metropolitan economies surrounding the high developed
economies of New York and Northwest-Europe show a lesser decrease in income and
unemployment than high developed economies.
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The Eurozone, as a large economic and monetary union, is unique in the world. In the
coming decades more economical and monetary unions will be formed in Africa (the
participating countries sometimes even overlap), South-America and Southwest-Asia.
Potential economic and monetary Unions are located in North-America, the MiddleEast and Oceania.
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top 50 world largest corporations (2010, revenues),
source: CNN, money
top 20 stock exchange (2009, Market Capitalization, USD billions),
source: World Federation of Exchanges
Old economy, new economy
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top 30 cargo airports (2009, Metric Tonnes ),
source: Airports Council International
top 30 world ports by TEUs - Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (2008),
source: American Association of Port Authorities
top 20 stock exchanges (2009, Market Capitalization, USD billions),
source: World Federation of Exchanges
Worldtrade
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top 25 exporting countries,
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top 50 global metropolitan economies economic
recovery 2007-2010,
evolution income postitive en negative,
source: metropolitan policy program, the brookings institution, global metro monitor, the path to economic recovery.
top 50 global metropolitan economies economic recovery 2007-2010,
evolutie unemployment postitive en negative,
source: metropolitan policy program, the brookings institution, global metro monitor, the path to economic recovery.
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3. Science
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The top 50 universities in the world are concentrated on the East and West Coast of the
USA, around Chicago, in Northwest Europe (mainly London, Paris and Switzerland)
and spread over East-Asia and Southeast-Oceania.
The countries where the most international congresses take place, are mainly countries
with top universities. When specifically looking at cities with the highest concentration
of international congresses, it shows that these are noth the cities with the top universities.
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The 50 countries top with the highest amount of patent grants relative to the population
are situated in North-America, the European Union, Russia and some East-European
countries, Japan, South-Korea, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand. Except China,
all countries with top universities are also in the top 50 of countries with the highest
amount of patent grants relative to population.
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top 50 universities in the world (2010, overall score),
source: Times Higher Education
top 50 amount of patent grants relative to the population (2008),
source: WIPO Statistics Database, September 2010,/www.wikipedia.com
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top 50 universities in the world (2010, overall score),
source: Times Higher Education
top 20 international congress countries (2009),
source: International Congress and Convention Association
top 20 international congress cities (2009),
source: International Congress and Convention Association
Knowledge development
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USA has many passenger airports, spread over the country. Between the big cities on the
East and West Coast there is a strong air connection. In East-Asia and Oceania air traffic is concentrated between the big cities. These have the largest airports for passenger
traffic in Asia.
The largest airports for passenger traffic in Europe are concentrated in Northwest-Europe and in Madrid and Rome. London-New York is the only transcontinental flight in
the top 50 passenger flights.
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East-Asia has the highest concentrations of harbours and cargo airports in the world.
Northwest-Europe has a concentration of medium-sized harbours and cargo airports.
America has mostly cargo airports, situated more inland, which form concentrated
points of cargo transport.
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top 30 airports by cargo (2009, Metric Tonnes), source: Airports Council International
top 30 world ports by container traffic (2008, TEU’s Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units), source: American Association of Port Authorities
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top 30 airports by passenger traffic (2008), source: Airports Council International
top 50 airroutes by passenger traffic (2010), source: Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation
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A concentration of top museums, opera and concert halls are situated in the European
Union and the East Coast of the USA. These facilities are strongly connected to Western
Culture, so it is not surprising that there are no concentrations in Asia, except from
Japan.
The cities, which are mostly visited by international visitors are located in Europe and
the east coast of Asia.
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Countries in North-, South-America and Europe have organised, some even more then
once, the World Championship Football. Since 2002 the World Championship Football
is heading East (Japan, South-Korea and Russia) and South (South-Africa). The Olympic Summer and Winter Games have taken place in Europe, the USA, West-Russia, Northeast Asia and Australia.
At times the World Championship, organised by a country, and the Olympic Games,
organised by a city, take place in one country within a couple of years.
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top 50 most visited museums in the world,
source: The Art Newspaper Annual Reports (http://www.theartnewspaper.com/)
top concerthalls and Operabuildings in the world,
source: http://quazen.com/arts/performing-arts en http://classicalmusic.about.com
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Olympic Summer Game, 1896- 2016
Olympic Winter Games, 1924-2014
Wereld Championship Football, 1930-2022
Sporting events
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top 10 most visited countries by international tourist arrivals (2008), source: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
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The average annual growth of the top 30 urban agglomerations between 1950 and 2025
has an upward trend until 2000. Looking at the separate urban agglomerations there are
two peaks visible, one in the period 1960-80 and one in the period 1990-2005.
The period between 1960-80: Cities in Latin-America (Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires, Rio
de Janeiro, Mexico City, Bogota), Northeast-Asia (Tokio, Osaka-Kobe en Seoul), West
Coast of USA (Los Angelas-Long Beach-Sancta Ana) and Paris have the largest annual growth. After 1985 most of these cities have had an annual growth lower than the
average growth. After 2015 all of these cities will have an annual growth lower than the
average growth.
The period between 1990-2005: Cities in East-China (Shangai, Bejing, Shenzen, Guangzhou, Hong Kong), West-America (New York-Newark and Chicago) and Europe
(London and Moscow) have the largest annual growth. After 2025 these cities grow less
strong and after 2025 they are all below the average of the top 30.
Cities in West-Asia (New Delhi, Dhaka, Mumbai, Karachi and Calcutta) have had a
strong growth since 1985. Around 2000 there is a peak, then a decline for a decade and
from 2010 on their annual growth rises again far above the average annual growth.
The top 30 urban agglomerations have know a distinctive geographical shift between
1950 and 2025:
Africa
Asia
Europe
Latin-America
North-America
Highest population in top 30
Lowest population in top 30
1950
1
7
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12,34 million
1,76 million.
2000
2
16
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34,45 million
6,67 million
2025
3
15
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37,09 million
9,94 million
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision.
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0,80
0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40
0,30
Manila
Cairo
0,20
average of top 30
Jakarta
0,10
Type 1
fase 1
—
50-­55 55-­60 60-­65 65-­70 70-­75 75-­80 80-­85 85-­90 90-­95 95-­00 00-­05 05-­10 10-­15 15-­20 20-­25
-­0,10
-­0,20
0,80
0,70
0,60
0,50
Delhi
Kinshasa
Dhaka
Mumbai
Karachi
Calcutta
0,40
0,30
0,20
average of top 30
0,10
Type 2
fase 2
—
50-­55 55-­60 60-­65 65-­70 70-­75 75-­80 80-­85 85-­90 90-­95 95-­00 00-­05 05-­10 10-­15 15-­20 20-­25
-­0,10
-­0,20
0,80
0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
Type 3
fase 3
Hong Kong
London
—
Shanghai
average of top 30
Beijing
Shenzhen
Guangzhou
New York-­ Newark
Chicago
Moscow
50-­55 55-­60 60-­65 65-­70 70-­75 75-­80 80-­85 85-­90 90-­95 95-­00 00-­05 05-­10 10-­15 15-­20 20-­25
-­0,10
-­0,20
0,80
0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
Type 4
fase 4
—
50-­55 55-­60 60-­65 65-­70 70-­75 75-­80 80-­85 85-­90 90-­95 95-­00 00-­05 05-­10 10-­15 15-­20 20-­25
average of top 30
Lima
Buenos Aires
Los Angeles-­Long Beach-­Santa Ana
Mexico City
Rio de Janeiro
Sao Paulo
Parijs
Tokio
Osaka-Kobe
-­0,10
Seoul
-­0,20
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As a basis for further research, the 30 largest urban agglomerations in the world in 2010
and in 2025 were used. This resulted in list of 33 urban agglomerations. Out of the annual growth of these 33 urban agglomerations, 4 types can be distinguished. The 4 types
each define a different phase of the growth (by population) of a city.
Type 1: The annual growth of the urban agglomeration is increasing between 2000-25
and it is around the average annual growth of all the urban agglomerations.
Type 2: The annual growth of the urban agglomeration is increasing between 2000-25
and it is higher then the average annual growth of all the urban agglomerations.
Type 3: The annual growth of the urban agglomeration is decreasing between 2000-25
and it was at its peak between 1985-2000.
Type 4: The annual growth of the urban agglomeration is decreasing between 2000-25
and it was at its peak between 1955-1985.
The size of the population of the urban agglomeration (all the urban agglomerations
have at least 6,7 million inhabitants) has no real influence on the presence of global top
facilities, but there is a correlation between the growing phase of an urban agglomeration and the presence of global top facilities.
Urban agglomerations in the first phase have a national or international political centre
and have a top traffic infrastructure. In the second phase top economic facilities are added. In phases 3 and 4 cities start to score on all the metropolitan functions. Science and
culture mostly develop together.
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5
4
3
2
1
0
transport
culture
Manila
Cairo
Jakarta
economy
science
10 million inhabitants
20 million inhabitants
30 million inhabitants
politics
Type 1
New Delhi
Mumbai
Dhaka
Calcutta
Karachi
Lahore
Type 2
Kinshasa
Beijing
Guangzhou,
Guangdong
Shenzhen
Chongqing
Hong Kong
New York-Newark
Chicago
Shangai
Istanbul
Lima
Lagos
Type 3
London
Moscow
Tokio
Sao Paulo
Mexico City
Bogota
Paris
Buenos Aires
Rio de Janeiro
Type 4
Seoul
Los Angeles Long Beach Sankta Ana
Osaka-Kobe
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The European urban agglomerations have a high rate of top facilities and a low number
of inhabitants.
The North-American urban agglomerations have a high rate of top facilities and a medium to low number of inhabitants.
The Latin-American urban agglomerations have a low rate of top facilities and a mix of
high and low number of inhabitants.
The East Asian urban agglomerations have a mix of low and medium rate of top facilities
and a mix of low and high number of inhabitants.
The Southwest Asian urban agglomerations have a low rate of top facilities and a mix of
medium and high number of inhabitants.
The African urban agglomerations have a low rate of top facilities and a low number of
inhabitants.
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transport
culture
economy
Lima
Bogota
Mexico City
science
10 million inhabitants
20 million inhabitants
30 million inhabitants
politics
Los Angeles Long Beach Santa Ana
Chicago
Buenos Aires
Sao Paulo
Rio de Janeiro
Latin-America
New York-Neward
North-America
Lagos
Paris
Kinshasa
Africa
London
Europe
Istanbul
Cairo
Moscow
Mumbai
Lahore
Karachi
Asia
New Delhi
Calcutta
Dhaka
Jakarta
Chongqing
Shangai
Seoul
Oceania
Hong Kong Shenzhen
Tokio
Osaka-Kobe
Manila
Guangzhou, Guangdong
Beijing
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[email protected]