GSA Data Repository Item 2005199
GSA Today: v. 15, no. 12, doi: 10:1130/1052-5173(2005)015<4:CSLBTM>2.0.CO;2
Continental-scale links between the mantle and groundwater systems of the western United
States: Evidence from travertine springs and regional He isotope data
Dennis L. Newell, Laura J. Crossey, Karl E. Karlstrom, Tobias P. Fischer, Dept. of Earth
and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA,
and David R. Hilton, Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La
Jolla, California 92093-0244, USA
METHODS
Water Sampling and Analysis (Table DR3)
Springs were sampled as close to source outlets as possible. Field temperature, pH and
conductivity were measured using an Oakton pH/con 300 portable meter. Anion concentrations
were analyzed on a Dionex 500X Ion Chromatograph. A Jarell-Ash S-12 and Perkin Elmer 303
were used for major cations. Alkalinity determinations were made by titration. Major ions are
reported as mg/l; charge balances are computed as the difference between the sum of cations and
sum of anions normalized to the total. Arsenic concentration was determined using graphite
furnace atomic absorption and is reported as µg/l.
Gas Chemistry (Table DR2)
Gas samples were collected in several ways. Direct gas sampling (exsolved gases) was
done by submerging a plastic funnel over bubbling springs/streams with gases then drawn into an
evacuated 1720- glass flask or an evacuated glass bottle filled with concentrated NaOH using
techniques developed for sampling volcanic systems, hot springs, and mineral springs
(Giggenbach and Goguel, 1989; Hilton et al., 2002). Water samples for gas extraction were also
drawn into the evacuated and NaOH-filled containers (Giggenbach et al., 1993). Helium isotope
samples were collected in copper tubes that were sealed with refrigeration clamps. Gas
compositional analysis on sample headspace volumes was performed on a gas chromatograph to
determine N2, Ar, O2, H2, He, CH4 and CO. Helium isotopic analysis was performed at Scripps
Institution of Oceanography using procedures described in Shaw et al. (2003). As a convention,
sample 3He/4He ratios (R) are reported relative to air (RA) which has a value of 1.4 × 10−6
(Graham, 2002). By definition, the value for air is 1 Ra. Air contribution (contamination) of He
isotopic measurements were corrected for using the factor X, which is the air-normalized He/Ne
ratio multiplied by the ratio of the Bunsun solubility coefficient of Ne to He as described by
(Hilton, 1996). Air corrected values are reported as Rc/RA. Air corrections resulted in small
adjustments (<5%) to the measured values.
Gas samples for carbon isotopic analysis were collected two ways. For several samples,
gas splits were acquired during sample extraction for helium isotopic analysis and were analyzed
as described previously (Shaw et al., 2003). Otherwise, gases were collected in 12 ml glass vials
with rubber seals using gas displacement of spring water (after Cartwright et al., 2002).
Cartwright et al. (2002) showed that results using this method were identical to results from
samples collected using evacuated glass bottles, and that samples stored for several months
retained their isotopic signature. Stable isotope measurements were made at the University of
New Mexico Stable Isotope Laboratory using a Finnigan MAT Delta Plus XL mass
spectrometer. δ13C values are reported relative to PDB with a precision of ±0.3‰.
Table DR1: Helium isotopic data for western North America by tectonic region
Tectonic Region
Spring/Well/Place name
State
Rc/Raa
CO2/3He
Alberta Basin
Turner Valley
Alberta
0.107
Alberta Basin
Redwater
Alberta
Alberta Basin
Medicine Hat
Alberta Basin
nr
Lat
(N)
50.6
Long
(E)
-114.2
Location
Confidence
1
0.110
nr
53.9
-113.0
1
Alberta
0.156
nr
50.3
-110.8
1
Chauvin
Alberta
0.244
nr
52.8
-110.0
1
Alberta Basin
Pembina
Alberta
0.492
nr
53.2
-115.8
1
Alberta Basin
Wimborne
Alberta
0.311
nr
50.8
-113.3
1
Alberta Basin
Drumheller
Alberta
0.224
nr
51.3
-112.8
1
Alberta Basin
Harmattan Elkton
Alberta
0.224
nr
51.7
-114.2
1
Alberta Basin
Hanlan
Alberta
0.119
nr
52.7
-116.0
1
Alberta Basin
Cold Lake
Alberta
0.010
nr
52.7
-110.2
1
Alberta Basin
Leduc Woodbend
Alberta
0.146
nr
53.3
-113.8
1
Alberta Basin
Okotoks
Alberta
0.387
nr
50.8
-114.0
1
Alberta Basin
Lone Pine Cr
Alberta
0.311
nr
51.6
-115.3
1
Alberta Basin
Kaybob South
Alberta
0.011
nr
54.5
-116.8
1
Alberta Basin
East Gold Cr
Alberta
0.009
nr
54.9
-121.0
1
Alberta Basin
Elmworth
Alberta
0.012
nr
-55.0
1
Alberta Basin
Little Smoky
Alberta
0.010
nr
123.
0
54.9
-117.2
1
Alberta Basin
Utikuma Lake
Alberta
0.022
nr
56.2
-115.2
1
Data Source
(Hiyagon and Kennedy,
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
Tectonic Region
Spring/Well/Place name
State
Rc/Raa
CO2/3He
Alberta Basin
Sturgeon Lake South
Alberta
0.010
Alberta Basin
Granor
Alberta
Alberta Basin
Pine Creek
Anadarko Basin
Anadarko Basin
nr
Lat
(N)
54.9
Long
(E)
-117.2
Location
Confidence
1
0.035
nr
56.3
-113.0
1
Alberta
0.010
nr
54.0
-116.3
1
Anadarko Basin Gas
Buzzard D-1
OK
OK
0.028
0.185
nr
nr
35.0
34.2
-98.1
-98.4
3
2
Anadarko Basin
Stonebraker A-69
OK
0.211
nr
34.4
-98.4
2
Arizona Transition
Fossil Creek - upper
orifice
Fossil Creek - downstream
Montezuma well
Well #4 Doc Cambell's
Gila Hot Sprs
Lightfeather Hot Spr
AZ
0.310
2.02E+09
34.4
-111.6
1
AZ
AZ
NM
0.975
1.16
0.112
2.64E+12
5.00E+11
nr
34.4
34.6
33.2
-111.6
-111.8
-108.2
1
1
2
NM
0.107
nr
33.2
108.2
2
NM
0.159
nr
33.1
-108.8
2
NM
0.425
nr
33.2
108.9
2
Arizona Transition
Turkey Creek Hot Spr Upper Spr
Bubbles Spr Lower Frisco
Area
Lower Frisco Hot Spr
NM
0.350
nr
33.8
-108.8
2
Arizona Transition
Upper Frisco Hot Spr
NM
0.363
nr
33.8
-108.8
2
Basin and Range
Basin and Range
Basin and Range
Basin and Range
Steamboat Springs
Ruby Valley
Roosevelt Hot Spring
Well #10 Burgette
Greenhouse Lightening
Dock
Well #1 Burgette
Greenhouse Lightening
Dock
NV
NV
UT
NM
5.900
0.260
2.310
0.679
nr
nr
nr
nr
39.4
40.2
38.5
32.1
-119.7
-115.4
-112.8
-108.2
2
2
2
2
NM
0.724
nr
32.1
-108.2
2
Arizona Transition
Arizona Transition
Arizona Transition
Arizona Transition
Arizona Transition
Arizona Transition
Basin and Range
Data Source
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Hiyagon and Kennedy
1992)
(Welhan et al., 1988)
(Ballentine and Sherwood
Lollar, 2002)
(Ballentine and Lollar
2002)
this study
this study
this study
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
(Welhan et al., 1988)
(Welhan et al., 1988)
(Welhan et al., 1988)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Tectonic Region
Spring/Well/Place name
State
Rc/Raa
CO2/3He
Canadian Cordillera
Hot springs cove
British Columbia
0.270
Canadian Cordillera
Meager creek
British Columbia
Canadian Cordillera
Pebble creek
Canadian Cordillera
nr
Lat
(N)
49.3
Long
(E)
-126.3
Location
Confidence
2
6.54
nr
50.6
-123.5
2
British Columbia
6.35
nr
50.6
-123.5
2
EMR-1 borehole
British Columbia
6.01
nr
50.6
-123.5
2
Canadian Cordillera
Halcyon
British Columbia
0.060
nr
50.5
-117.9
2
Canadian Cordillera
St Leon
British Columbia
0.100
nr
50.4
-117.8
2
Canadian Cordillera
Nakusp
British Columbia
0.060
nr
50.2
-117.8
2
Canadian Shield
WhiteShell Nuclear
Research Establishment
Chalk River Nuclear Lab
Fence Fault Spr
Lava Falls Warm Spr
Pumpkin Spr
Travertine Grotto Tapeats Spr
Travertine Grotto Mudpit Spr
McElmo Dome Gas
ARCO "EG" State
Bajillo Draw "WQ"
Middle Fork Federal
China Federal
Barn Federal
Carrot Federal
Macho State
Dee "OQ" State
Thorpe "MI" Federal
Williamson "LC" Federal
Duncan Federal
Manitoba
0.011
nr
50.2
-95.9
3
(Clarke and Phillips,
2000)
(Clarke and Phillips
2000)
(Clarke and Phillips
2000)
(Clarke and Phillips
2000)
(Clarke and Phillips
2000)
(Clarke and Phillips
2000)
(Clarke and Phillips
2000)
(Bottomley et al., 1984)
Ontario
AZ
AZ
AZ
AZ
0.015
0.100
0.158
0.125
0.150
nr
1.34E+10
3.68E+11
5.66E+10
~5E12
46.0
36.5
36.2
35.9
35.7
-77.7
-111.9
-113.1
-113.3
-113.4
3
2
1
1
1
(Bottomley et al., 1984)
(Crossey et al., in press)
(Crossey et al., in press)
(Crossey et al., in press)
(Crossey et al., in press)
AZ
0.068
3.47E+11
35.7
-113.4
CO
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
0.100
0.047
0.099
0.027
0.059
0.092
0.038
0.091
0.053
0.070
0.017
0.079
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
37.3
32.5
33.4
33.5
33.4
33.4
33.4
33.5
33.5
33.4
33.4
33.4
-109.0
-104.9
-104.4
-104.3
-104.4
-104.4
-104.4
-104.4
-104.2
-104.2
-104.2
-104.2
Canadian Shield
Colorado Plateau
Colorado Plateau
Colorado Plateau
Colorado Plateau
Colorado Plateau
Colorado Plateau
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Data Source
(Crossey et al., in press)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(Caffee et al., 1999)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
Tectonic Region
Spring/Well/Place name
State
Rc/Raa
CO2/3He
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Delaware Basin/Pecos Slope
Kansas-Hugoten Gas Field
Spear "OA"
City of Artesia "EQ"
Long Arroyo "OW"
Rio Penasco "KD"
Merland "A"
Ratzlaff D "A" #1
NM
NM
NM
NM
NM
KS
0.130
0.030
0.042
0.032
0.016
0.158
Kansas-Hugoten Gas Field
Hefner Gas Unit # 1
KS
Kansas-Hugoten Gas Field
Guldner Unit # 1
Kansas-Hugoten Gas Field
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
Lat
(N)
33.4
32.5
33.5
32.4
32.2
38.0
Long
(E)
-104.1
-104.3
-104.1
-104.3
-104.9
-101.3
Location
Confidence
2
2
2
2
2
2
0.161
nr
37.9
-101.4
2
KS
0.139
nr
37.7
-101.7
2
Guldner Unit # 2
KS
0.146
nr
37.7
-101.7
2
Kansas-Hugoten Gas Field
Keller, Ernest # 2
KS
0.201
nr
37.5
-101.3
2
Kansas-Hugoten Gas Field
Jarvis Unit # 2
KS
0.200
nr
37.5
-101.3
2
Kansas-Hugoten Gas Field
Wright "C" Unit # 1
KS
0.183
nr
37.4
-101.6
2
Kansas-Hugoten Gas Field
Crayton A-1
KS
0.193
nr
37.3
-101.6
2
Kansas-Hugoten Gas Field
Mills C-1
KS
0.206
nr
37.1
-101.2
2
Kansas-Hugoten Gas Field
Parsely A-1
KS
0.208
nr
37.0
-101.1
2
Kansas-Hugoten Gas Field
Oberly A-1
KS
0.192
nr
37.2
-102.0
2
Kansas-Hugoten Gas Field
Tucker B-1
KS
0.188
nr
37.1
-101.7
2
Kansas-Hugoten Gas Field
Mean of 10 gas wells- TX
Panhandle
Three-Sisters-Upper
Hinton group
Three Sisters-Upper Masa
group
Three Sisters-Indian Hole
group
TX
0.205
nr
36.1
-101.4
1
OR
6.80
~9E9
44.0
-122.0
1
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Phinney et al., 1978)
(Ballentine and Lollar
2002)
(Ballentine and Lollar
2002)
(Ballentine and Lollar
2002)
(Ballentine and Lollar
2002)
(Ballentine and Lollar
2002)
(Ballentine and Lollar
2002)
(Ballentine and Lollar
2002)
(Ballentine and Lollar
2002)
(Ballentine and Lollar
2002)
(Ballentine and Lollar
2002)
(Ballentine and Lollar
2002)
(Ballentine and Lollar
2002)
(Ballentine and Lollar
2002)
(Evans et al., 2004)
OR
8.05
~9E9
44.1
-121.8
1
(Evans et al., 2004)
OR
7.55
~9E9
44.1
-121.8
1
(Evans et al., 2004)
Cascade Volcano
Cascade Volcano
Cascade Volcano
Data Source
Tectonic Region
Spring/Well/Place name
State
Rc/Raa
CO2/3He
Cascade Volcano
Cascade Volcano
Three Sisters-Snow Cr.
Three-Sisters-Separation
Cr.
Mt. Hood Fumarole
Mt. Shasta Hot Spring
Mt. Baker Fumarole
Lassen Pk-Sulfur Works
Lassen Pk-Bumpass Hell
Lassen Pk-Morgan
Springs
Mammoth Mt.
Casa Diablo Fumarole
Red Meadow Hot Spring
Soda Spring
Hot Creek spring
Big Alkali
Little Hot Creek
South Mono Lake Hot
Springs
North Mono Lake Hot
Springs
Turk No. 1A
Turk State No.1
Bassett Goode No. 3
Bassett Broun No.2
Mayme K. Martin ETAL
No. 1
Mitchell 109 No. 2
Mitchell 5 No. 1
Mitchell 103. No. 2
Mitchell No. 6
Mitchell No. 3
Mitchell A-11 No.1
Mitchell No. 12
Upper Owl Spr
OR
OR
3.00
2.20
OR
CA
WA
CA
CA
CA
Cascade Volcano
Cascade Volcano
Cascade Volcano
Cascade Volcano
Cascade Volcano
Cascade Volcano
Long Valley Caldera
Long Valley Caldera
Long Valley Caldera
Long Valley Caldera
Long Valley Caldera
Long Valley Caldera
Long Valley Caldera
Long Valley Caldera
Long Valley Caldera
Permian Basin
Permian Basin
Permian Basin
Permian Basin
Permian Basin
Permian Basin
Permian Basin
Permian Basin
Permian Basin
Permian Basin
Permian Basin
Permian Basin
Rio Grande Rift
~9E9
~9E9
Lat
(N)
44.1
44.1
Long
(E)
-121.8
-121.9
Location
Confidence
1
1
Data Source
(Evans et al., 2004)
(Evans et al., 2004)
7.21
6.23
7.61
8.10
7.70
3.20
~9E9
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
45.4
41.4
48.8
40.4
40.5
40.4
-121.7
-122.2
-121.7
-121.5
-121.5
-121.5
2
2
2
2
2
2
(Welhan et al, 1988)
(Welhan et al., 1988)
(Welhan et al., 1988)
(Craig et al., 1978)
(Craig et al., 1978)
(Craig et al., 1978)
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
4.40
4.60
2.57
0.460
5.20
5.80
6.05
5.50
~1E9
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
37.4
37.4
37.4
37.4
37.4
37.4
37.4
37.9
-119.0
-118.5
-119.0
-119.0
-118.5
-118.5
-118.5
-119.0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(Welhan et al., 1988)
(Welhan et al., 1988)
(Welhan et al., 1988)
(Welhan et al., 1988)
(Welhan et al., 1988)
(Welhan et al., 1988)
(Welhan et al., 1988)
(Welhan et al., 1988)
CA
1.600
nr
38.1
-119.2
2
(Welhan et al., 1988)
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
0.543
0.527
0.502
0.504
0.372
1-10E10
1-10E10
1-10E10
1-10E10
1-10E10
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.3
30.4
-101.9
-101.9
-101.8
-101.8
-101.7
2
2
2
2
2
(Ballentine et al., 2001)
(Ballentine et al., 2001)
(Ballentine et al., 2001)
(Ballentine et al., 2001)
(Ballentine et al., 2001)
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
NM
0.400
0.478
0.246
0.264
0.240
0.272
0.267
0.384
1-10E10
1-10E10
1-10E10
1-10E10
1-10E10
1-10E10
1-10E10
nr
30.3
30.3
30.4
30.4
30.3
30.3
30.3
35.6
-101.7
-101.7
-101.6
-101.6
-101.6
-101.6
-101.6
-106.8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
(Ballentine et al., 2001)
(Ballentine et al., 2001)
(Ballentine et al., 2001)
(Ballentine et al., 2001)
(Ballentine et al., 2001)
(Ballentine et al., 2001)
(Ballentine et al., 2001)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Tectonic Region
Spring/Well/Place name
State
Rc/Raa
CO2/3He
Rio Grande Rift
Manby Hot Spr Pool near
bathhouse
Manby Hot Spr Pool S of
bathhouse
Ponce de Leon Hot Spr
Hottest in concrete
No Name Spr south of
John Dunn Bridge
Tierra Amarilla Anticline
- Grassy Spr
La Madera - Travertine
Spr
Salt Spr - Jemez Pueblo
Salado Arroyo Spr
Lucero Uplift Unamed
Mineral Spr
Truth or Consequences
Artesian Well
Geronimo Hot Spr - Truth
or Consequences
Bath House Radium Spr
Resort
Roy Smith Well Radium
Spr Area
Sedillo Spr Socorro
NM
0.316
NM
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rio Grande Rift
Rocky Mountains
Rocky Mountains
Rocky Mountains
Rocky Mountains
Sheep Mt. Gas Field
Zia Hot Well
C spr, Jemez
Chimayo Well
Pagosa Hot Spr travertine summit
Pagosa Hot Spr - south of
main terrace
Montezuma Hot Spr
(Bench Mark 290 1957)
Thermopolis Hot Spring
Sheep Mt. Gas
nr
Lat
(N)
36.5
Long
(E)
-105.7
Location
Confidence
2
Data Source
0.301
nr
36.5
-105.7
2
NM
0.199
nr
34.3
-105.6
2
NM
0.090
nr
36.5
-105.7
2
NM
0.198
4.20E+10
35.5
-106.8
1
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
this study
NM
0.330
4.56E+11
36.4
-106.0
1
this study
NM
NM
NM
0.114
0.606
0.470
1.33E+11
5.10E+12
nr
35.6
34.7
34.5
-106.8
-107.1
-107.2
1
1
3
NM
0.370
nr
33.0
-107.3
2
NM
0.410
nr
33.1
-107.3
2
NM
0.350
nr
35.5
-106.9
2
NM
0.292
nr
32.5
-106.9
2
NM
0.400
nr
34.0
-106.9
2
NM
NM
NM
CO
0.230
0.320
0.650
0.093
nr
nr
nr
nr
35.6
35.6
36.0
37.3
-106.9
-106.9
-105.9
-107.0
2
2
3
2
CO
0.113
nr
37.3
-107.0
2
NM
0.083
nr
35.7
-105.3
1
WY
CO
0.062
0.400
nr
nr
43.7
37.7
-108.2
-105.2
2
2
this study
this study
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
(Goff and Janik, 2002)
(Goff and Janik, 2002)
(Goff and Janik, 2002)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
Kennedy and van Soest
(unpub.)
(Welhan et al., 1988)
(Caffee et al., 1999)
Tectonic Region
Spring/Well/Place name
State
Rc/Raa
CO2/3He
Bravo Dome Gas Field
Harding Gas Field
NM
3.140
Bravo Dome Gas Field
Sacramento Basin
Sacramento Basin
Sacramento Basin
Sacramento Basin
Sacramento Basin
Sacramento Basin
Sacramento Basin
Sacramento Basin
Sacramento Basin
Sacramento Basin
Sacramento Basin
Sacramento Basin
Sacramento Basin
Sacramento Basin
Sacramento Basin
Salton Trough
San Andreas Fault
San Andreas Fault
San Andreas Fault
San Andreas Fault
San Joaquin Basin
San Joaquin Basin
San Joaquin Basin
San Joaquin Basin
San Juan Basin
Snake River Plain
Snake River Plain
Snake River Plain
Snake River Plain
Valles Caldera
Valles Caldera
Bueyeros Field
Durham
Corning
Moon Bend
Wild Goose
West Butte
Sutter Buttes
Florin
Robbins
Nicolaus
Poppy Ridge
Bounde Creek
Nies
Harte
Rio Vista
Crossroads
Cerro Prieto
Stone Canyon
Mercy Hot Spr
Middle Mtn oil well
Varian-Philips well
Union Island
Gill Ranch
Moffet Ranch
Chowchilla
San Juan Basin Gas
Ashton Hot Spring
Clarendon Hot Spring
Lava Hot Spring
Magic Hot Spring
Footbath Spr., Sulfur Spr.
Womens Bath House,
Sulfur Sprs
Baca wells
NM
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
NM
ID
ID
ID
ID
NM
NM
NM
Valles Caldera
nr
Lat
(N)
36.0
Long
(E)
-103.7
Location
Confidence
2
Data Source
4.26
0.620
0.600
2.75
1.97
1.73
0.960
0.420
0.990
0.990
0.995
0.730
1.01
0.260
0.125
0.140
6.32
0.500
4.00
2.10
1.50
1.26
0.340
0.353
0.694
0.126
0.280
0.250
0.510
0.140
5.16
6.16
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
>1 E13
>1 E13
>1 E13
>1 E13
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
nr
1.13E+09
2.86E+09
36.0
39.7
39.8
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.3
38.3
39.0
38.8
38.4
39.4
38.3
38.3
38.2
38.8
32.4
36.5
36.5
36.0
36.0
37.9
36.7
36.8
37.1
36.0
44.2
43.9
43.0
42.0
35.9
35.9
-103.7
-121.8
-122.3
-122.0
-121.8
-121.9
-121.9
-121.3
-121.8
-121.5
-121.4
-122.0
-121.2
-121.3
-121.7
-121.7
-115.3
-121.2
-120.9
-120.4
-120.4
-121.4
-120.2
-120.2
-120.3
-108.0
-111.8
-114.7
-112.0
-114.8
-106.6
-106.6
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
(Caffee et al., 1999;
Phinney et al., 1978)
(Ballentine et al., 2005)
(Poreda et al., 1986)
(Poreda et al., 1986)
(Poreda et al., 1986)
(Poreda et al., 1986)
(Poreda et al., 1986)
(Poreda et al., 1986)
(Poreda et al., 1986)
(Poreda et al., 1986)
(Poreda et al., 1986)
(Poreda et al., 1986)
(Poreda et al., 1986)
(Poreda et al., 1986)
(Poreda et al., 1986)
(Poreda et al., 1986)
(Jenden et al., 1988)
(Welhan et al, 1988)
(Kennedy et al., 1997)
(Kennedy et al., 1997)
(Kennedy et al., 1997)
(Kennedy et al., 1997)
(Jenden et al., 1988)
(Jenden et al., 1988)
(Jenden et al., 1988)
(Jenden et al., 1988)
(Zhou et al., 2002)
(Welhan et al, 1988)
(Welhan et al, 1988)
(Welhan et al, 1988)
(Welhan et al, 1988)
(Goff and Janik, 2002)
(Goff and Janik, 2002)
4.75
3.91E+09
35.9
-106.6
2
(Goff and Janik, 2002)
Tectonic Region
Valles Caldera
Valles Caldera
Valles Caldera
Valles Caldera
Spring/Well/Place name
State
Rc/Raa
CO2/3He
Lat
(N)
35.9
35.9
35.8
34.0
Long
(E)
-106.6
-106.6
-106.7
-105.3
Location
Confidence
2
2
1
1
Data Source
VC-2a well
NM
5.00
6.94E+09
(Goff and Janik, 2002)
VC-2b well
NM
5.72
2.37E+09
(Goff and Janik, 2002)
Soda Dam Hot Spr
NM
0.840
4.18E+11
(Goff and Janik, 2002)
Jemez Hot Spr Travertine
NM
1.27
5.07E+10
(Goff and Janik, 2002)
Mound
Yellowstone
Near Emerald Spring
WY
12.5
nr
44.4 -110.5 1
(Craig et al., 1978)
Yellowstone
Beryl Spring
WY
12.1
nr
44.4 -110.5 1
(Craig et al., 1978)
Yellowstone
Terrace Spring
WY
1.10
nr
44.4 -110.5 1
(Craig et al., 1978)
Yellowstone
Black Dragon's Cauldron
WY
15.6
nr
44.4 -110.3 1
(Craig et al., 1978)
Yellowstone
Ojo Caliente
WY
2.80
nr
44.5 -110.8 1
(Craig et al., 1978)
Yellowstone
Spur Spring Group
WY
5.20
nr
44.5 -110.8 1
(Craig et al., 1978)
Yellowstone
S. of Surprise Pool
WY
7.00
nr
44.5 -110.8 1
(Craig et al., 1978)
Yellowstone
Black Sand Basin
WY
7.20
nr
44.3 -110.5 1
(Craig et al., 1978)
Yellowstone
Terrace Spring
WY
7.40
nr
44.3 -110.5 1
(Craig et al., 1978)
a
3
4
3
4
Rc /RA is the air-corrected He/ He ratio divided by the He/ He in air
b
Location confidence 1-3 (high to low): 1=coordinates reported in literature or measured by GPS in this study; 2=coordinates from topographic map or mapping
program; 3=approximate location
nr = not reported
Table DR2. Gas composition for travertine-depositing springs of the southwest U.S.
Spring Location
xCO2 a,b xH2S b
xHe c
xH2
xAr
xO2
Rio Grande Rift – New Mexico
La Madera Spr
414
bd
4.90
12.3
6.57
5.31
Tierra Amarilla Anticline - unamed 1
816
37.1
7.74
<3.41E-03
2.470
4.19
Tierra Amarilla Anticline - unamed 2
915
bd
<3.99E-03
0.131
0.769
17.2
San Antonio Hot Spr - Valles Caldera
53.4
bd
<2.92E-02
0.127
9.35
164
Tierra Amarilla Anticline - unamed 3
852
121
0.572
2.05E-02
0.586
0.942
Tierra Amarilla Anticline - Grassy Spr
986
5.7
8.69E-02
<1.86E-04
8.81E-02
1.06
Tierra Amarilla Anticline - Blow-hole spr
984
bd
<3.92E-04
1.10E-03
0.173
1.53
Tunnel Spring – Sandia Pk
138
bd
<2.04E-02
8.02E-02
9.47
69.7
Tijeras Fault - Coyote Spr 1
432
bd
<1.15E-02
4.02E-02
5.50
108
Tijeras Fault - Coyote Spr 2
921
bd
7.03E-03
7.36E-03
0.743
16.6
Salado Arroyo - Comanche Fault Spr
71.9
21.1
<1.84E-02
3.61E-02
8.73
177
Salado Arroyo Spr
186
bd
6.19E-02
6.28E-02
7.83
159
Salado Arroyo – Stream
199
bd
2.44E-01
1.05E-01
7.57
168
Jemez Hot Spr
267
10.2
<1.18E-02
6.84E-02
6.68
164
Log Spring - Jemez Pueblo
bd
bd
<1.48E-01
4.40E-01
20.6
211
Indian Hot Well - Jemez Pueblo
463
bd
9.15E-01
<2.80E-03
5.21
100
Little Arsenic Spr
327
bd
<2.76E-02
1.57E-01
6.32
144
Salt Spr - Jemez Pueblo
984
bd
1.51E-02
8.42E-03
<2.96E-03
<2.93E-03
Eddleman Spr
991
bd
<1.67E-03
1.17E-02
<2.26E-03
<2.19E-03
Arizona Transition Zone (Verde Valley)
Fossil Creek, upper orifice
56.4
7.0
6.61E-02
1.72E-02
8.90
192
Fossil Creek, downstream
200
bd
<2.39E-02
5.98E-02
7.50
171
Fossil Creek, downstream
bd
bd
<9.93E-02
4.94E-01
16.5
352
Verde Hot Spr
594
4.0
4.32
<2.65E-03
4.52
19.3
Summer Spr
52.7
bd
2.26E-02
1.03E-02
9.24
174
Montezuma Well
469
bd
<1.25E-02
4.87E-02
5.71
54.5
a
Mole fraction in mmol/mol
b
CO2 and H2S determined by titration (Giggenbach and Goguel, 1989); bd: below detection limit of ~0.03 mmol
c
All other gases determined using gas chromatography (after Giggenbach and Goguel, 1989); < indicates below detection limit
xN2
xCH4
xCO
543
130
63.6
773
24.7
7.29
14.3
783
455
61.4
721
647
626
552
767
431
523
15.3
8.87
0.799
1.46
<9.64E-04
<7.05E-03
<5.94E-04
3.57E-03
7.63E-03
<4.93E-03
<2.78E-03
<3.38E-04
<4.43E-03
<4.25E-03
<4.16E-03
<2.86E-03
<3.91E-02
2.96E-01
<6.67E-03
5.08E-01
5.53E-02
13.40
0.989
0.753
0.606
6.69E-02
<4.49E-05
<9.48E-05
<4.93E-03
<2.78E-03
<3.39E-04
<4.44E-03
<4.25E-03
<4.17E-03
<2.86E-03
<4.01E-02
<8.44E-04
<6.68E-03
<7.30E-04
<5.83E-04
736
621
629
373
764
471
<1.38E-03
<5.75E-03
1.38
7.70E-01
<1.10E-03
<3.02E-03
<1.38E-03
<5.76E-03
<2.59E-02
<6.39E-04
<1.10E-03
<3.03E-03
Table DR-3 Field Parameters and Water Chemistry for Selected Springs – Rio Grande rift, New Mexico
Field Parameters
Spring
Tunnel Spring – Sandia
Pk (TN)
Eddleman Spring (ES)
Tierra Amarilla Anticline
- Grassy Spr (GS)
Pollen Spr – Jemez
Pueblo (PS)
Salt Spr Jemez Pueblo
(SS)
Salado Arroyo Comanche Fault Spr
(CF)
Salado Arroyo Spr (SA)
T
( C)
mg/L
pH
Cond.
(uS)
TDS
(ppm)
Ca
Mg
Na
K
Cl
SO4
Alk.
11.2
7.3
547
273.5
95.1
6.0
12.7
1.0
3.2
14.7
323.7
17.1
6.9
3660
1830*
590
135.8
302.5
22.4
84.6
2009*
21.4
6.3*
16520
8260*
497.5
127
4060
158.5
3091*
25.7
7.6
2840
1420*
35.0
15.1
590
28.5
17.5
7.4
11700
5850*
55.5
30.5
2610
11.6
7.0
46600
23300*
206
211
19.2
6.5
33900
16950*
565
472.5
* - parameters exceeding National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (CFR, 2004b)
** -As values exceeding National Primarily Drinking Water Regulations (CFR, 2004a)
As
(ug/l)
UTM Zone 13S
Balance
(%)
Northing
Easting
<5
0.6
3906333
369060
553.6
<5
1.1
3851933
280028
4208*
2314
87.9*
0.8
3932039
332692
250.1*
173
951.9
156*
5
3944220
345271
116
2482*
546.9*
1982
5374*
3.1
3940762
340523
12280
255
15333*
4461*
2996
54*
-0.6
3840630
307356
6040
122.8
8033*
3380*
2040
38*
0.4
3841512
305562
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