Fac. Ltrs.Rev (37), Otemon Gakuin Univ.,Dec.20,2001
Logic and Language
INAKI,
Akiko
Alice, the main
character
at the ＭａｄTea-Party
and ＯＫＩＴＡ√Ｒ)ｍｏkｏ
1. Introduction
In
Wonderland,
curious, queer
or out-of-the-way
VII of the book.
and the Dormouse.
the very beginning
by the very
minor
Adventures
things. one after another.
party. narrated in Chapter
From
in Alice's
conversational
The
One
in Won面r/皿rf,experiences
of the most
extreme
tea-party is held by the March
of the tea-party, everything
gap between
Alice and them.
And
Hare
goes
many
case occurs
at ａ tea-
with the Mad
Hatter
wrong,
which
is triggered
the party results in mad
and
stupid
one to Alice.
According
chimneys
to the Cheshire
Alice
Hare.
proportion
to the house.
Nibbling
tea at one
between
them.
Since they
Under
corner
When
some
pieces
of ａ large table, using
them,
Alice is stopped
together at one comer
room!"
means
physically.
She
considered
implication.
not have
never
why
involved
there is no room
From
the intention
the thing present
plot of the tea-party.“method
to the contrary
insisting
two
by their crying
out,“No
for
feet high
in
Hatter
are
the Mad
which
sat sleeping
room!
for her sitting on and argues
She
present
Hare
situation. This
No
deeply
room!"
them
down
by
thinks that she is told the thing being
was
of the phrase
and
contradicts them
ｅχchangers.
She
as if not present. or what
said what
was
which
was
would
their
clearly false, she would
very first conversational
as if it is not present,"
serves
ｅχchange suggests
to foreshadow
the
in madness."
situatioB of insisting
the thing of “mock"
and
of her conversational
the March
this on. in return for her self-righteous insistence
according
speak,
mad
to about
Hare
Its
be the right house
the Dormouse,
takes the literary meaning
at this point why
in the following
the March
sits down.
they insisted that the thing being
the situation, “insisting
underlying
simply
thinks of inferring
If she considered
been
She
thinks it must
Hare.
at one end of the table｡
telling there's plenty of vacant seats, actually, and
present is as if not present.
of the March
of the table. she retorts firmly that there's plenty of room
Alice
this“No
the house
she raises herself
as ａ cushion
in ａlarge arm-chair
understands
with fur. She
ａ tree in front of the house,
she approaches
are crowded
up towards
of mushroom.
and forces herself to sitdown
have
walks
are shaped like ears and the roof is thatched
the March
having
Cat's advice,
Alice is retorted and argued
the thing unpresent
ｅχistence.
This
−13−
twisted
and
down
thoroughly,
as if it is present, which
therefore
illogical way
is, so to
of saying
Logic and Language atthe Mad Tea-Party
appears in various forms one afteranother at the tea-party. Here we will reconstructthe story from the
point of mock
ｅχistenceand investigate how language supports this theme. and how
the party goes
wrong and comes to the mad one.
2. Mock
in Logic
2.1. Mock
Alice
Wine
is offered
find any wine.
isn't any."
wine
wine
She
by the March
says, “l don't see any
saying “Have
wine."
It is quite natural that Alice doesn't
some
wine."
the mock
present
quite irritating to Alice.
see any
wine,
to offer it." Her
down
without
than
is retorted by
By
party.
should
because
sentence
argument
The
means
Hatter
who
scolds
and impolite
common
pattern for ａ lecture.
2｡2. Mock
it and
they
have
being
saying “Then
saying “It wasn't
some,
it wasn't
very
civil of you
which
very
is
civil of
civil of you
to sit
to," she is blamed
told to do so. This indicates for them
she is an
down。
it was
Hare
your
table, it's laid for a great many
himself
is one
should leani not to（make
begun
mean
that you
hidden
part clear, compared
March
Hare
with
is tricky in knowing
cannot, however,
to ａ mock
by the March
think you
The
asking riddles. and
tells that she believes she can guess
Alice is given the response
answer.
as if it is present.
of the guests invited
silent all the time. says suddenly, “Your
she says, "You
natural collocation, but this comes
you
Hare,
this lecture. the Hatter gives Alice ａ riddle.
Alice is glad
answer
the serious saying. “There's
hair wants
more
for the
cutting."
To
personal remarks）", which
his
is the
Guessing
respond
desk?"
remark,
wine
them.
but cannot
in the first place, there isn't any
pattern of“it is very
that she thinks the March
has been
around.
thing fools the use of the word
the March
without
receive due
personal
“Do
the same
and
Alice ｅχcuses herself saying, “l didn't know
three," which
To
she remonstrates
etiquette of sitting down
impolite intruder who
Then
blaming
being invited."
on her bleaching
thing as if it is the present
Then
She looks
To this saying is returned
at all. This is the first case of retaliation. serving “unpresent"
Offering
you
Hare,
Hare
which
guess
verb
with
saying of the March
saying,“Eχactly so."
−14
guess
guess though
and
She
wants
the word
it is impossible
to challenge
riddle make
no
guarantee
−
Hare.
and
of existence
the
and says
making
presupposition.
yet using the word
to
to guess.
to it?” The ･word find out implies
that this riddle has no answer,
notice this cunning
fun.
is ａ raven like ａ writing-
substitutes find out for guess cunningly,
can find out the answer
the word
feels some
that. The
case of saying
riddle is “why
find
out.
the
The
She
She faUs into a trap and gives ａ positive
INAKI,
2.3.
Mock
Taking
Akiko
and OKITA.
Tomoko
Watch
the watch
her response.
reproaches
out of his pocket,
the Hatter
him.
Hatter is angry
The
with
sighs and
March
bread knife and some
days
apologizes
Hare:
crumbs
best butter as the March
says. “Two
Hare
the March
the Hatter says to Alice,“What
He looks
telling that it was
he put the butter. instead
got in as well. The
Hare
wrong!"
insisted. The
watch
March
does
Hare
day
of the month
angrily
is it?” Hearing
at the March
the best butter.
This
Hare,
explains
why
the
with
the
it was
the
of the watch-oil, in the watch
not work
well, of course, though
dips the watch into his cup
and
of tea. but the watch
is stillout of order｡
Hearing
“Two
days
wrong,"
Alice is so curious
watch
does
not tell what
o'clock
watch
does
not tell what
year it is. so is the case
cannot imagine
it is. but tells the day
such ａ mechanism
year for such ａ long
time
that she looks
of his watch
together and it does
at the watch,
of the ｍｏｎth、The
with
Ms
watch
finds out that his
Hatter
explains
that as her
not telling what
o'clock
it is. Alice
while she understands
not tell what
and
well that her watch
year it is. His remark
puzzles
stays the same
her. though
he
is sure to speak English｡
Later
the Hatter's remark
held by the Queen
same
time, which
seems
is clarified. He
of Hearts, and
means
Here
the day of the month
If the time
won't
his friend Time
move
it is of no use to tell what
to be the active factor.
markedly
Time
and
which
and
ａ new
and
Riddle
Suddenly
the Hatter asks Alice,“Have
up," Alice
demands
then the March
evades
and
Alice
follows
can find out the answer
Disgusted
wasting
also the year should
at the mock
wouldn't
stays the
day of the month,
idea
which
that his watch
tells
keep
the same.
But
here Time
the time hierarchy･
Hare's
you guessed
the riddle yet?"
this is returned “l haven't
suit. The
Honestly
that the riddle
must
confirmation
confessing “No,
the slightest idea." from
Hatter's riddle turns out to be nothing
previ)us
have
an appropriate
with find out, "Do
you
l give it
the Hatter and
but ａ mock
riddle.
This
answer. Here
reveals ａ
mean
think you
that you
to it?"
riddle. Alice blames,
it in asking riddles that have
as l do, you
Time,
To
takes for granted
significance in the March
watch
Time
the answer.
Haxe
who
Mock
and reversing
His
as Alice's｡
is particularly personified, and gains “his" identity free from
2.4. Mock
since the great concert
siχo'clock.
o'clock it is. So it tells what
to be unmarked
stops, actually, the day, the month.
quarreled
so it is always
the Hatter introduces
used
have
talk about
the Hatter introduces,
"I think you
no answers."
wasting
so to speak.
might
do something
better with the time than
To this retorts the Hatter, “If you know
it. It's him."
the mock
−15−
With
Time,
the personification
as if it were
of time
Time
as well
as capitalized
ｅχisting. He finds fault with
Logic and Language atthe Mad Tea-Party
Alice's literalwording and demands
the right pronoun
him instead of it. Here matters how
to deal with
time or how to go around with Time.
Contrary to the Hatter's saying of“ifyou only kept on good terms with him, he'd do almost anything
you liked with the clock," he confesses that they quarreled so that Time
requested. The quarrelresultsin Time
wouldn't
do ａ thing he
being always at 6 o'clock, tea-time. This is just the reverse of
what the Hatter cited for advantage of being on good terms with Time; to skip the time forlessons to the
time for dinner and keep it aslong as he likes｡
Their quarrel occurred at the great concert. To the Hatter's song. the Queen
the time!"
To murder
asserted“He's murdering
the time is ａ variation of to kill the time meaning
to sing out 可決lythm.
Interpreting this expression with the personificationinvitesａ misunderstanding on the part of Time; the
Hatter was going to murder him｡
The revenge of Time is not to do what the Hatter likes with the clock and thisexplains an endless teaparty. Time
goes on strikeso for them it is always at the tea-time. With no chance to wash the tea
things, they are compelled to keep moving
round for clean cups, which gives advantage only for the
Hatter taking the lead. There also aiisesa problem. as Alice points out,“ what happens when
you come
to the beginning again?”
At
thispoint Alice can understand the reason so many
tea things are put out on the large table. Here
we can also understand why they refused her in terms of“No room!" though plenty of room.
to keep always moving
round for clean things, they could predict their second rounds with only used
things so they could not help affording any room
2.5. Mock
The
for her.
Awakening
Dormouse
has been fast asleep with a few exceptions which seems “to be talkingin its sleep."
The Hatter and the March
The Dormouse,
Hare pinch the Dormouse
from both sides demanding
for ａ change of subject.
slowly opening its eyes. says.“l wasn't asleep. l heard every word you fellows were
saying." Ａ story he tells,however, involves careless substitutionof words or meanings
which leads to
the nonsense world. This indicates that he is talking half asleep which might be called mock
To the Dormouse
itself.awakening
others, sleeping is the unmarked
awakening.
Then
toldin mock
awakening isａ mock
In the meantime
March
Destined
is the unmarked
for him though
so that he might be seemed
he insists himself awake
his nonsense story reinforces that he is in mock
awakening.
awakening.
in mock
which
asleep; to
suggests mock
It follows that the story
talk with no coherence｡
are introduced some curious episodes.implying mock.
Hare offers“some more tea" to Alice who
The firstis mock
tea. The
hasn't had nothing yet. Alice retortsback in offended
−16−
INAKI,
Akiko
and OKITA,
Tomoko
tone to this hypocritical offering, pointing there could not be another
The
second
is the case
retorts“Nobody
her, "Who's
asked
making
of mock
your
personal
opinion."
personal remarks
now?"
Her
utterance is not, needless
reproachful.
The
Hatter over-generalizes
personal
The
from
The
Hatter who
the change."
The
the tea-time.
2.6. Mock
Remarks
the puzzling
answer,
wording
clean things. The
Hatter demands
takes the lead IB the move.
question, “did you
and fires“Then
to make
you
however,
do with
shouldn't
you
speak.
This is too much
situation is just the contrary
their suggestion, “No
ａ mock
and
makes
up
her pending
world
makes
comes
to her, and
to the beginning
The
of the circular move
unusual
a further counterattack;
Alice begins
Hatter does
intonation
brings
and
what
if you
when
she
sat down
to
not miss her
will follow,
implication
that she is
don't think, then
she gets up in great disgust, and
of this chapter
one
got any advantage
of ａ muchness?",
ask me, l don't think−"
talk." Ignoring
one who
things because
ever see such ａ thing as a drawing
on this implication
Such
into personal remarks
somewhat
“l want ａ clean cup, let's ａ!ｌmove
used
not the thinker at all. Based
ignoring
as he insists. though
is“the only
with period. “l don't think," which
shouldn't
of the Hatter, Alice
your, the Hatter in return blames
remark
your
the Hatter takes her remarks
you
interruption
it 可
to say, the personal
collecting her thoughts, “Really, now
hesitation
makes
her
her ｅχpression with
rest are compelled
throughout
To
He
the nonsense
of what is not at all｡
remarks｡
third is the case of mock
place on."
To
Particular about
use of your.
mock
remarks.
helping
walks
without
off.
This
invitation,
room!"
Alice disgusted
and
say, "It's the stupidest tea-party l ever was
at in all my
life."
3. Language
for
3.1. Language
From
Mock
in Logic
and
Presupposition
the following
conversational
（1）"Have
some
ｅχchange starts the method
in madness
of the story･
wine," the March Hare saidin an encouraging tone.
Alice looked allround the table.but there was nothing on it but tea. l don't see any wine. she
remarked.
There isn'tany," said the March
Hare.
−17−
Logicand Language attheMad Tea-Party
The word some presupposes the ｅχistenceo f something, which the March
Hare neglects. The word is
used cunningly to support mock logically. It may be said that this part is the firstlandmark.
Then
this
way of wording will be more complicated in the laterｅχample with some more, where some is combined
with comparison.
3.2. Language
The
in Saying
March
and Meaning
Hare finds fault with Alice's wording and gives her advice concerning her saying and
meaning･
(2）"Come,
believe
we
shall have
ｌ can guess
“Do
you
mean
“Ｅχactly
“Then
“l
fun now!"
that," she added
that you
think you
thought
Alice. "I'm
glad
they've
begun
asking
riddles-I
aloud.
can find out the answer
to it?” said the March
Hare.
so," said Alice. −
you should
do,"
some
say what
you
mean,"
the March
Alice
hastily replied; “at least -at
the same
thing a bit!" said the Hatter.
Hare
went
least ｌ mean
on.
what
I say-that's
the same
thing. you
know."
“Not
is
the same
might just as well say," added
get
l like'!"
“You
breathe
might just as well say," added
when
l sleep' is the same
Alice's responding
changed,
you
might just as well say that 'I see what l eat'
thing as 'I eat what l see'!"
“You
what
"Why,
to them
her proposition
the March
Hare, “that 'Ilike what l get' is the same
the Dormouse,
thing as 'I sleep when
causes another
trouble.
of utterance remains
Their points are if her saying is trae, they might
Her
the same.
which
seemed
to be talking in its sleep.“that 'I
l breathe'!"
point is that even if the order of say and mean
But she gets counterattacks
from
as well say like the following.
①□□］⊇コ
Alice:
“l say whatｌ mean" isthesame thingas“ ｌmean what l say."
the Hatter:
“l see whatｌ eat"isthesame thingas“ ｌeatwhatl see."
the Dormouse:“l breathewhen I sleep"isthe same thingas“ l sleepwhen l breathe."
18-
thing as 'I
is
three of them.
INAKI, Akiko and OKITA, Tomoko
Though
following
verbs, make
all cannot
Alice
the same
up the sentences.
meaning,
condition
meaning
what
make
and
the March
l like."
simply
implication
choosing
and
implication
though.
mean,
are the same,
and
her saying
It follows
the total meaning
because
saying
equals to
is her meaning. To
This
her.
is the sincerity
that she can freely take either ｅχpression
means｡
former
possibilities in interpreting
what, one of which
is to
choose
two
one is for Alice, to be sure｡
arbitrary and
two
unrelated
in indefinite meaning,
thing as“ｌ eat whatever
verbs
verbs, make
whatever,
and
sentences.
make
and
tease
her believe “l see
I see" and “1 like what l get" is the same
produces
metalinguistically,
occurrence
between
the uneχpec ted but rather convincing
the ideal
“saying"
verbs and reversing
will become
verbs are also chosen
The
she means,
say with
thing as“l
story of ａ
state of speech
and “meaning." While
time
relation between
between
Alice and
two
act. where
they
aim
verbs, which
there is no gap
at making
produces
fun
in
of her,
graver gap in
and occurrence｡
gap
verbs.
But
asleep
when
to support
they
person｡
explains.
unrelated
between
what
one
to use what
So their replacing
eater and ａ greedy
be also trae. But
thing in the true sense of interlocution.
what
unrelated
（definite interpretation）, and the other one is to interpret it as whatever
Hare
are sure to intend
get what
with say or replacing
definite. there are two
meaning
ｌ eat" is the same
breathe
says
be the same
one says or saying
whatever
Alice
mean
two
to be cancelled｡
and “I say what ｌ mean,"
（indefinite interpretation）. The
Alice. They
two
always
the situation more
Hatter
The
She
should
interpret it as that which
heavy
I say"
I（V2）｡1, the three choose
that if her saying is trae, theirs should
in the ideal state of talk eχchange,
of meaning
The
what
at least to her.
and
meaning
and insinuate
to say that even if replacing
of the sentences. “ｌ mean
To
as Alice's, [ I (Vi）what
say to be trae, and so her point will come
wants
saying
pattern
more
arbitrarily, with the conjunction
cynically
and
curious
awake,
this last saying
mock
her argument
following
when,
fits the Dormouse
awakening
l sleep" or "I sleep when
the Dormouse.
during
which
In the case
this time suggests
thoroughly. Being
the tea-party.
l breathe," it is true all the time
So
whether
of the Dormouse,
the concurrence
a night･animal,
it is
the expression
is “l
with the Dormouse,
which
of duality unexpectedly｡
is the sentence
pattern of the four.
且且二千Ｏ
Alice I
(say)whatI(mean)＝I(mean)whatI(say) definite
Hatter I
(see)whatI (eat)≠I(eat)whatI (see) indefinite
Dormouse I(breathe)when
I(sleep)＝I
(sleep)whenI (breathe) concurrent
−19
in
comes
Logic and Language atthe Mad Tea-Party
At
this point,we should remember
the settingup that the main character, Alice,is an innocent. 7-year-
old child. Her proposition shows her sincere propositional attitude,so thisis true with her allthe time.
But this may be the only ideal statein the conversational eχchange. Actually, there is the gap between
meaning
and saying. and in the ｅχtreme case. meaning
meaning.
contradicts saying. or saying contradicts
Participantsinvolved in the conversational eχchange usually notice thissituationand manage
to interpretthe appropriate meaning.
In this case they take advantage of Alice's innocence
and makes
up a teasing.
3.3. Language
The
with Personified
Hatter has his own way
reality with full emotion.
moreover
Time
to personify time as Time
with a capitalletterand describes Time
as a
The treatment of Time, he insists,requires the third personal pronoun
and
thoughtfulness for him.
Hereafter follows word
plays owing
to differentinterpretationsof
time expressions between Alice and the Hatter. She literally
i nterprets the idiomatic time expressions;
the Hatter interpretsTime literallyas the object,which might be called the Mock
Time
expressions; in
waste, speak to,beat, and murder.
Alice
the Hatter
waste
wasteit
waste him
speak to
？
speak tohim
beat
keep time to a beat
beat him
murder
singout ofrhythm
murder him
Notice that murder in“He's murdering
Time." is an achievement
verb which
means
incompletive
activityin the progressive aspect;while murder in“He's murdering the time!" is an activityverb which
means
activityin progress with the progressive form.
This comes
to be under the case of attempted
murder, so Time in turn takes revenge on the Hatter. Notice again that murder requires an object with a
semantic feature, [十human], which
also supports the attempted
murder
of Time
and moreover
the
Hatter's personificationof Time.
3.4. Language
In
in the Dormouse's
the Dormouse's
story are many
Story
implications of incoherence due to his mock
Alice can't help talkingback from time to time. which brings new arguments among
The
Dormouse
awakening.
To these
them｡
introduces three sistersliving atthe bottom ofａ well. This is soon changed into“living
on treacle"in response to Alice's question. Living on treacleis talked back by Alice who indicates ａ
−20−
INAKI,Akiko
probability
minds
of “being
ill," To
only the wording
angrily
its story.
be one."
but the idea.
This
She
The
one is a pronoun
angrily.“One,
indeed!"
The
Dormouse
resumes,
collocation
Dormouse
with
understand.
Where
insiders can really draw
（3）“Ｙｏｕ
can draw
Hatter's help
however,
This
answer
draw
puzzles
Alice
the treacle from?”
in it from
She
much
Yawning
all manner
to have
his wording
and
word
puzzle
pinched
out of implies
Dormouse
say there may
you
and
talks
ｋｎｏｗ-”
considering
In
at all," the
cautiously, “But
l don't
feels it an ｅχtraordinary situation in which
think you
not choosing
situation of insiders.
To
may
draw
could
draw
treacle out
to notice this last remark.
her
treacle out of the treacle-well, but
the treacle-well?
out of, which
the subjects
comes
Notice
that here the Hatter
to matter what
as outsiders.
which
confirmation
of the location.
were in the well" and “they
its eyes, for it was
implication
too decisive to make
to
“well in."
to Alice: outsiders
from
order. “They
getting very
that begins
apart from
Alice and
Alice to ask why.
（4）Ｔｈｅ
draw
of things−everything
another
not
were
serves
to draw
to evade
rather
Alice's
the Dormouse
well in" are not the same
with
in wording｡
rubbing
is also familiar with
annoys
Draw
of paradoχical
of a muchness
to draw,
as to ask very
said the Hatter; “so l should
said the Dormouse:
gives another
in changed
threatening
there. This reveals ａ paradoχ of location.
into draw
answers
ill" as if it
interprets it as ａ numeral
asks. “Without
in the well," Alice said to the Dormouse,
to draw.
the Dormouse's
learning
so much
cunningly
indication
meets
as Alice
the treacle from
where
“very
on treacle," surprises Alice into denying
were
can insiders in the treacle-well really draw
than
conventionally
stupid?"
they were,"
changes
and
the ｅχistence of treacle-well, saying “l dare
an object
out of ａ water-well,"
they were
“Of course
This,
three sisters-they
requires
something
ａ treacle-well-eh,
“But
"so these
did they
simply
for treacle-well. but the Dormouse
well, to draw
says “Treacle."
returns
association. “living
can't help conceding
back
The
this the Dormouse
the ｅχistence of the treacle-well.
continue
of
and OK【TA､Tomoko
with
to which
an M-"
the collocation
the story proceeds
is“Why
sleepy, the Dormouse
on,“and
In this saying, the meaning
with we/L.The
in the new
not?" by
goes
new
meaning
perspective.
the March
Hare.
The
they μΓew
of draw
of learning
seems
to draw
condition “with
This, without
an M”
specific reason, is
her silent.
had
closed its eyes
by the Hatter, it woke
by
this time. and
was
up again with ａ littleshriek, and
−21−
going
went
off into ａ doze;
ｏｎ:
“−that
but, on
begins
being
with an M，
Logic and Language atthe Mad Tea-Party
such as mouse-traps.and the moon. and memory. and muchness-you
know
you say thingsare
'much of a muchness'-did you eversee suchａthingas a drawing ofａmuchness?"
“Really,
n ow you ask me," saidAlice,very much confused.
“l don'tthink-"
“Then you shouldn'ttalk,"s aidtheHatter.
In proportion
to the Dormouse's
into not only
in draw
associates learning
results
to draw
tea," the March
more
mean
“Nobody
making
more
not be another
suggests
more
what
take.皿merically
another
helping
before
speaking,
utterances, she prefers “more
“less than
nothing."
"You
This
curious
Notice
that change
which
easily
Hare
arguments.
said to Alice, very earnestly.
tone: “so ｌ ca'n't take more."
said the Hatter: “it's very easy
now?"
to take more
than nothing."
the Hatter asked triumphantly.
for offering another
helping
this wording,
is not at all,logically.
isn't so senseful
mean
you
ａ negative
Alice, logically
Contrasting
as more
he proceeds
number
than something"
of tea. Some
than
but
to“more
in assumed
what
something
ca'n't take less, it's very
than nothing.
difference
ｅχpression, muchness.
fall
lessons.
Particular with
of what
nothing
words,
comes
one.
objects of drawings
said Alice.
personal remarks
than
changing
Contrasting
opinion,"
tea" is ａ stock phrase
ｅχistence and implies
cunningly
ca'n't take less"
The
feature. [＋11qｕid],in the objects,
yet," Alice replies in an offended
asked your
“Who's
some
you
of semantic
with the drawing
some
“You
she
lack
story are some
“I've had nothing
could
from
the Dormouse's
(5)"Take
“Take
into nonsense.
things material or moral, but ａ part of idiomatic
of meaning
During
sleepiness. its story mns
easy
than nothing";
wording
explains
presupposes
speaking,
comes
is.
The
idea
Hatter
(than).
retorts,
than nothing."
that Alice could
In full reconstruction
the Hatter “more
their discrepancy
the
points there
after more
to take more
to point out ａ new
positive number.
more
of their
than nothing"
which
not
to
presents ａ
curious logic-play.
To
the Hatter's interruption, Alice blames. “Nobody
by her for personal
making
remarks,
personal remarks.
he insists. The
discourages
is choosy
With
Hatter, however,
enough
asked
about your
your
opinion."
expression
Hatter, blamed
to be personal
remarks
her ｅχpression with your into personal remarks.
her to proceed.
−22−
before
to indicate that she herself is now
the use of your, her utterance is not intended
over-generalizes
The
as
which
INAKI,
3.5. Language
for Mock
Akiko and OKITA,
Tomoko
Utterance
The Hatter has his own
way to cut in and make
up mock
utterance of“l don't think" from Alice's,“ I
don't think." Suggesting the implication that Alice is not the thinker at all.he adds rude insult with
“Then you shouldn't talk." Notice that the Hatter's ad hoc interraption makes
utterance into main
the negative in mock
verb negative. which is neg-raised in her wording. The
Hatter literallytakes
negative to the effectthat she is not the type of thinker.which could not be in the original.
4. Conclusion
We
can see how
tricky wordings.
part develops
remarks.
which
some
These
beginning
amplification
As
the chapter
complicated:
of episodes
of mock
title shows.
awakening.
all. Most
of them
ｅχistence are used
and Time.
to be which
ｅχistence，which
leads
strained interpretation
serves
things but Alice cannot
have
can't be helped
into
to escape
from
It is natural, considering
These
and
the participants
invented,
had no answer
sleeping
deeply,
therefore nonsensically
awakening.
an answer
proceeds
then in chapter
from
but mock.
as shown
for word-play
many
personal
against Alice's ignorance,
room!"
in the
with clear plenty
of
are mad
mad
in March
The
and
of wine
The
in the 1897
ａ mock
according
As
is not present
at
the presuppositions
or tea. or the Hatter's riddle. So
tea-party is also ready
with
tea
in logic and she
at all. The
Mock
existence
to the theme “mock." Urged
he confessed, “the Riddle,
by
−23−
readers'
as originally
Until this chapter, Alice seems
a light sleeper. Mock
world
to have
in Wonderland
tea-party. especially in the story of the Dormouse
cannot
of
but our theory of ｍｏｃｋ｡
in the Alice's dream.
VIII, she becomes
no answer
riddle as if a real riddle.
edition where
supports nothing
Alice, in this tea-party however.
is
stupidest tea-party," so
overthrow
in this chapter. that the Hatter's ridd!ｅ has
reflected in the mad
Alice
and the Dormouse
ｅχistence of which
episodes
fun.
to make
of logic and language.
Alice calls“the
mock
in case
enough
party.
significantly
at all." This
story in Wonderland
goes
tea-party which
is nothing
this nonsensical
the theme
and
tale. In the latter
tea after all. To her the tea-party turns out to be mock
in the riddle functions
requests. Can-oil published
of mock
ｅχistence or mock
Alice gets into ａ labyrinth
aim is not in the riddle itself. but to introduce
the answer
Hare
are occurred
to absurdity.
any
way
in madness.
the mad
as pretext
part; mock
Alice by saying “No
as the Hatter, the March
are accumulated
by
on the Dormouse
for counterattacks
to boycott
Just as in the liar's paradox,
appear
bordering
in the former
this tea-party
the Hatter is as mad
with the case of the Hatter
The
parts in contents
significally reveals the method
slight differences
main
tea-party chapter is constructed
of this chapter, of their intention
This
of mock
this mad
consists of two
episodes
room.
in mock
complicated
sense the discrepancy
been
is
in mock
so that there is no end to the
Logic
controversy between them.
and Language at the Mad Tea-Party
After enteringinto the beautiful garden, she can sense itin terms of mock.
which develops into the Mock
Turtle's world where the realitygradually presents itselfto the climaχ of
the cards' trial.At last Alice cannot bear the gap between
mock
and reality;and exposes it to the cards
with the words “you are nothing but ａ pack of cards!" After all Alice awakens
from the dream of Wonderland,
to the realitiesof life
which eχplainsallthe nonsense in terms of mock.
TEXT
Carroll, Lewis, (1984). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
London/ Basingstoke: Macmillan
A facsimile of the firstedition of 1866.
Children's Books.
REFERENCES
Batey,Mavis, (1980). Alice'sAdventures in Oxford. London: PitkinPictorials.
Bloom, Harold, ed.,(1987). Lewis Carroll、New
York: Chelsea House.
Gardner, Martin, ed.,(1970). The Annotated Alice. New
,ed･,(1990). More Annotated Alice. New
York: Penguin Ｂｏｏｋs｡
York: Random
House.
Hudson, Derek, (1977). Lewis Carroll一-An IllustratedBiography. New
Inaki, Akiko
and Tomoko
Okita, (1991). Alice no Eigo一Fushigi一no-Kuni
Adventures in Logic and Language). Tokyo: Kenkyusha
Sutherland, Robert D., (1970). Language
Williams, S. H., Falconer Madan
Oxford:
York: New
American Library･
no Kotoba-gaku
(Alice's
Shuppan.
and Lewis Carroll. The Hague: Mouton･
and Roger Lancelyn Green, eds･，
(1962). The Lewis Carroll Handbook.
Oxford University Press.
−24−